Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter consisted of five parts: (1) Research Design, and (2) Respondents

of the Study, (3) Data Gathering Instrument, (4) Validity of the Instrument,

(5) Reliability of the Instrument, (6) Data Gathering Procedure, (7) Data-Analysis and

(8) Statistical Tools Used.

Part One, Research Design, described the research design as well as the

variables employed in the study.

Part Two, Participants, included a detailed description of the participants and the

method of selection.

Part Three, Data Gathering Instruments, discussed the questionnaire used.

Part Four, Validity of the Instrument, discussed the steps in validation the

instrument used.

Part Five, Reliability of the Instrument, discussed the actions in ensuring the

reliability of the instrument.

Part Six, Data Gathering Procedure, describes the method of gathering data used.

Part Seven, Data Analysis Procedure, presented the procedures used to analyze

the data.

Part Eight, Statistical Tool Used, presented the different statistical used and

employed to answer the research questions.

Research Design

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 This study employs the procedures of descriptive research design. Descriptive

research is a useful mode of inquiry to know what is happening or to explain a

phenomenon where people have conflicting beliefs about what is happening (Church in

Sioco and De Vera, 2018). Descriptive survey design will be employed in this study for

its requirement to describe the sets of data gathered from the respondents such as age,

sex, monthly family income and parents’ educational attainment. It helped to gather

relevant data from a large number of audiences, which helps arrive at a valid and

objective conclusion. Survey research was a gateway to collect specific information from

defined respondents, first-hand. This research design helped in assessing the

independent and dependent variables. The independent variables involved in this study

were age, sex, monthly family income and parents’ educational attainment, while the

dependent variables were the opportunities and challenges of flexible learning modality.

Respondents of the Study

This study will be conducted to determine the reading comprehension level and

the extent of the listening skills of SHS learners. Thus, the respondents of the study will

be the Grade 9 learners of Jalandoni Memorial National High School who enrolled in

School Year 2022-2023.

The respondents will be taken as a whole and will be further classified according

to age, sex, monthly family income and parents’ educational attainment.

Table 1 Distribution of Respondents

Categories f %
Age

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 Below 15

15 and above

Sex

Male

Female

Monthly Family Income

High

Average

Low

Parents’ Educational Attainment

High School Level and below

High School Graduate

College Graduate

Total

Table 2 showed the distribution of the respondents based on their sections

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Section N n
9-Athena 44
9-Poseidon 43

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 9-Zeus 44
9-Hermes 43
9-Apollo 42
9-Aphrodite 43
9-Hera 44
9-Hestia 43
9-Nepomuceno 39
Total 385

Data Gathering Instruments

A researcher-made survey-questionnaire was used in this study to determine the

reading comprehension and listening skills of the learners in Grade 9 in Jalandoni

Memorial National High School for School Year 2022-2023.

The questionnaire was composed of three (3) parts: Part I contains the

questionnaire to gather the profile of the learners which include the name (optional),

age, sex, monthly family income and educational attainment.

Part 2 of the questionnaire contains thirty (30) items on reading comprehension.

Part 3 of the questionnaire contains fifteen (15) items on listening skills. The

questions in the survey-questionnaire will provided in checklist form and were

answerable by following options: (5) Always, (4) Often, (3) Sometime, (2) Rarely and

(1) Almost Never.

Raw scores will be converted to mean scores as follows:

Mean Range Interpretation

4.21 - 5.00 Very Highly Competent

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 3.42 - 4.20 Highly Competent

2.62 - 3.40 Average

1.81 - 2.60 Less Competent

1.00 - 1.80 Poor

Validity of the Research Instrument

A panel of experts validated the researcher-made survey questionnaire and tests

in order to ensure its validity. The validators, who were experts in their fields of

specialization and were selected to analyze each item found in the questionnaire. The

jury determined whether the question found is appropriate, not appropriate or needs

revision. Then, all the suggestions made by the jurors/validators that were incorporated

in the questionnaire for validity testing.

Reliability of the Research Instrument

The research instrument will be pilot-tested to selected thirty-five (35) Grade 10

learners as respondents. The respondents Grade 10 learners of Jalandoni Memorial

National High School enrolled in School Year 2022-2023.

After gathering the survey-questionnaires and tests, the data gathered were

analyzed in order to determine whether the items were consistent or not.

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Data Gathering Procedure

Prior to the conduct of the study, a letter of permit will be submitted to the

Office of the Superintendent of the Schools Division of Iloilo City. After the

superintendents’ endorsement, a letter of permit will be submitted to principal of

Jalandoni Memorial National High School. The researcher will also give a letter to the

learners who will be the respondents of this study. In the letter, the participants will be

informed that there is no harm foreseen in their answers. Confidentiality shall be and

will be used exclusively for the purpose of the study only. In addition, the participants’

scores will not affect their grades and they have the right to withdraw from the study at

any time.

A researcher-made survey-questionnaire was used in this study to determine the

reading comprehension level and listening skills of Grade 9 learners. A panel of experts

in their fields of specialization validated the researcher-made survey questionnaire to

ensure its validity.

After the validity and reliability tests of the researcher-made survey-

questionnaire, the researcher conducted the survey to gather and collected data

needed for the study. Then, the survey will be administered during a class schedule.

Each of the respondents a printed copy of a questionnaire.

After the conduct of the survey, the gathered data were encoded, analyzed, and

explained with the use of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).

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Statistical Tools Used

After the data will be collected and collated for analyses, appropriate statistical

measures will be employed to answer the problem set for the study. The data that will

be gathered for this study will be subjected to the following statistical analysis.

Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percent distribution, and rank will

be used to describe the respondents’ profile and reading comprehension and listening

skills. Inferential statistics such as the Kruskall Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney U Test

will be employed to determine the significant differences as well as relationship of the

reading comprehension and listening skills.

All statistics were computer-processed using the Statistical Package for Social

Sciences (SPSS) software. All inferential tests will be set at 0.05 alpha levels.

Frequency Count. This will be used to get the occurrences of the responses of

the respondents when categorized according to the different variables.

Percentage. This will be utilized to determine rate index of the given variables.

Mean. This will be used to determine the learners’ reading comprehension level

and the extent of listening skills.

Kruskal Wallis Test. This will be employed to determine the significant

differences in the reading comprehension and listening skills when grouped

according to monthly family income and parents’ educational attainment.

Mann Whitney U Test. This will be employed to determine the significant

difference in the reading comprehension and listening skills when grouped

according to age, and sex.

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