Philippine Republic

 “The New Republic”

The Philippine Republic or the republic of the

Philippines refers to a succession of republics during
and after the philippine revolution in the philippines.

We have the first republic from 1899-1901. It is also

called as Philippine REPUBLIC, and as malolos republic
by historians. It is also sometimes characterized as the
first proper constitutional republic in Asia.

The second republic from 1943-1945, third philippine

reppublic from 1946-1972. Then the fourth phil.
republic from 1981-1986, and lastly is the fifth phil
republic from 1987 up to the present.

 After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in

1946, the problems of land tenure remained. These became
worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines
revised the tenancy law.
the land reform initiatives of the government have been combinations of
(though not limited to) regulation on land tenancy, resettlement to public
lands, and appropriation and redistribution of private lands. Since the
Commonwealth period, among these three broad categories of land
reform measures, governments in the past tended to rely more heavily
on the tenancy regulation and resettlement) rather than on the politically
contentious land redistribution. However, as the relative scarcity of land
increased due to the closure of the frontier areas, and in response to the
continuing peasant unrest, redistributive land reform has become
increasingly high on policy agenda./////////
 So the next administration we will discuss is the administration of
President Manuel A. Roxas.

But first of all let us all know who is Manuel A Roxas.

Manuel Acunya Roxas is the fifth president of the Philippines, who

served from 1946 until his death in 1948. He served as the third and
last president of the commonwealth of the Philippines and the first
president of the independent Third Philippine republic.

During his term, he displayed profound statesmanship and

intelligence, making his mark as a master of economics. He was
among the “ seven wise men “ who drew up the Constitutional
Convention and accordingly became, as I had said before, the last of
the Commonwealth presidents and the first for the Republic of the
Philippines.

Manuel L. Quezon’s administration is strongly influenced by the

American land reform policy, and at that the time, the main focus
was on resettlement and tenancy regulation rather than on land
redistribution. The land reform initiatives by the successive
administrations of Manuel Roxas, as well as Elpidio quirino, although
each had its own policy initiatives they were both influenced by
manuel l. quezon’s administration.

What happened to the estates took over by the HUKBALAHAP during

the Japanese occupation? These estates were confiscated and
returned to its owners. Because of this, some of the farmer- tenants
preferred to join the HUK movement rather than go back and serve
their landlords under the same conditions prior to World War II.

 He enacted the RA. No. 34 and RA. No. 55.

A Republic Act is a law passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives
signed by the President. It becomes a Law after publication in a newspaper of
general circulation or in the Official Gazette

 Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing
arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.
Republic act no.34 is also known as The Phil. rice share
tenancy act. It was enacted to establish a 70-30 sharing arrangement
between tenant and landlord. The 70% of the harvest will go to the person
who shouldered the expenses for planting, harvesting and for the work
animals.
It also reduced the interest of landowners’ loans to tenants at not more than
6%.

So to clarify, the tenant will receive 70 per cent of the net produce
of the land and the landowner will just receive the 30 per cent .

President Roxas also negotiated for the purchase of 8,000 hectares of lands
in Batangas owned by the Ayala-Zobel family. And were sold to landless
farmers.
However, due to lack of support facilities, these farmers were forced to resell
their lands to the landowning class. This failure gave basis to doubt the real
meaning of land reform program.

Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard

against arbitrary (hindimakatwiran) ejectment of tenants (hindi
makatwiran na pagkuha ng propertty)

Ejectment is a summary procedure that determines who has a

better right to possess a property.
AN ACT TO IMPOSE A WAR PROFITS TAX

ELPIDIO QUIRINO
Then let us know the next administration under president Elpidio
Rivera Quirino. He was a filipino lawyer and a politician who
served as the sixth president of the philippines from 1948-1953.

He enacted the the executive order no. 355.

Let us define first what is an executive order. If the republic act is a law passed by the
Senate and the House of Representatives The Executive Order is an order from the
President or from any bureau or office or board or instrumentality reporting to and
under the direction or supervision and control of the President. It has the effect of a
law after effectivity after publication in a newspaper of general circulation. Such as in
the official gazette.

Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 which

replaced the name of National Land Settlement Administration
with Land Settlement Development Corporation or what we
known as LASEDECO, it takes over the responsibilities of the
Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and
Corn Production Administration.
.
As I had said before although he had its own policy initiatives he was
influenced by manuel l. quezon’s administration., wherein his main focus
was on resettlement and tenancy regulation rather than on land
redistribution. The LASEDECO was established to accelerate and
expand the peasant resettlement program of the government .
However, due to limited post-war resources, the program was not
successful.

To repeat, the lasedeco was created to facilitate the acquisition,

settlement and cultivation of agricultural lands, to afford
opportunity to landless tenants and small farmers to own farms
and to encourage migration to aparsely populated regions.
As of now the republic act no. 1160 of 1954, abolished the
lasedeco and established the national resettlement and
rehabilitation administration or NARRA