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Introduction to Science

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 Introduction to Science
Science (L., scientia or scire, knowledge) – systematic knowledge based on facts,
observations and experimentations.

 On the basis of fields it occupies, science is divided into three main categories – abstract
science, social science, and natural science.

 Abstract science – study of relationship of magnitude and numbers, e.g., mathematics,

statistics, etc.

 Social science – study of social activities of man based on traditions and reasoning, e.g.,
sociology, political science, economics, geography, and so on.

 Natural science – also called basic science – study of facts of the nature.

 Based on the nature of study, natural science is divided into two fields – physical science
and biological science.

 Physical science – study of nonliving beings and natural phenomena governed by a set of
laws, e.g., physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, meteorology, metallurgy, and so on.

 Biological science – also called life science or biology – study of living beings.

 On the basis of nature of study it occupies, science is further classified into two branches
– pure science and applied science.

 Pure science – basic science with extension of knowledge, e.g., discovery, investigation,
research, invention, and so on.

 Applied science – application of basic knowledge as a technology in the benefit of men

in physics, chemistry, geography, geology, astronomy, meteorology, metallurgy, and so on.

 Similarly, based on the nature of study it occupies, biological science is also categorized
into two fields – pure biology and applied biology.

 Pure biology – basic biology with extension of knowledge, e.g., discovery, investigation,
research, invention, and so on in biology.

 Applied biology – application of basic knowledge of biology as a technology in the

benefit of men in agriculture, forestry, biotechnology, genetic engineering, and so on.

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