VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
---------------***---------------

AERODYNAMIC PROJECT (TR2011)

REPORT

Class: CC01
Group: 09
Team members:
1. Bùi Trí Hiển - 2152563
2. Phạm Hữu Quyền - 2152934
Semester: HK221
Lecturer: Pr. Lê Thị Hồng Hiếu
Submission date: 10/3/2023
Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

CONTENTS

I . BT3_NACA4415_ALPHA0...............................................................................................................
1. Topic..................................................................................................................................................
2. Execution..........................................................................................................................................
2.1.Determine the stagnation point.................................................................................................
2.2. Determine the position of maximum perssure and maximum pressure value on the
wing.................................................................................................................................................
2.3. Determine the position of minimum perssure and minimum pressure value on the
wing.................................................................................................................................................
2.4. Graph the NACA 4415 wing profile from the data..................................................................
2.5. Apply the method of estimate force and moment coefficients on the blade profile,
showing the graphs for CN, CA, CMX, CMZ; thereby determine the lift coefficient, drag
coefficient and moment at position c/4............................................................................................
2.6. Determine the center of pressure...........................................................................................
I I. Exercise 2........................................................................................................................................
III. Houghton and Anderson’s exercise..............................................................................................
1. Exercise 8 - Houghton.....................................................................................................................
2. Excercise 1.1 and 1.2 - Overview of Aerodynamics........................................................................
3. Excercise 1.3 - Overview of Aerodynamics.....................................................................................
4. Excercise 1.15 - Overview of Aerodynamics...................................................................................
REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................................

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

FIGURES

Figure 1. Calculate the pressure of each position....................................................................................5

Figure 2. The largest value of pressure of the given data.........................................................................5
Figure 3. The smallest value of pressure of the given data......................................................................6
Figure 4. The NACA 4415 airfoil plotted by the horizontal ratio and vertical ratio................................6
x
Figure 5. The distribution of CN depending on Cp and ........................................................................7
c
Figure 6. Coefficient of Normal Force component on each position.......................................................7
Figure 7. Value of Normal Force Component coefficient on an airfoil...................................................8
c
Figure 8. CN at the point ......................................................................................................................8
4
y
Figure 9. The distribution of CA depending on Cp and ........................................................................9
c
Figure 10. Coefficient of Axial Force component on each position.........................................................9
Figure 11. Value of Axial Force Component coefficient on an airfoil.....................................................9
c
Figure 12. CA at the point ....................................................................................................................9
4
x x
Figure 13. The distribution of CMz depending on Cp . and ...........................................................10
c c
y y
Figure 14. The distribution of CMx depending on Cp . and ..........................................................10
c c
Figure 15. Coefficient of Moment relative to the x and z axis respectively on each position................11
Figure 16. Coefficient of Moment relative to the x and z axis respectively on an airfoil.......................11
c
Figure 17. CM at the point ..................................................................................................................11
4
Figure 18. Pressure distribution due to the change of the angle of attack α...........................................12
Figure 19. Calculate Cp..........................................................................................................................14
Figure 20. The distribution of Cp depending on θ..................................................................................14
Figure 21. Calculate the drag coefficient CD..........................................................................................15
Figure 22. The distribution of CD depending on α.................................................................................15
Figure 23. Calculate the total drag coefficient CD..................................................................................16
Figure 24. Calculate the drag force........................................................................................................16
x cp x ac
Figure 25. Calculate the CN, CA and , .......................................................................................18
c c
Figure 26. Section CL and CN as a function of AOA..............................................................................18
Figure 27. Section CD and CA as a function of AOA..............................................................................19
x cp
Figure 28. as a function of AOA....................................................................................................19
c
x ac
Figure 29. as a function of AOA....................................................................................................20
c
x cp x ac
Figure 30. Calculate lift coefficient, drag coefficient, moment coefficient, and ......................21
c c
Figure 31. CL and CN as a function to AOA...........................................................................................21
x cp
Figure 32. as a function to AOA....................................................................................................21
c
x ac
Figure 33. as a function to AOA....................................................................................................22
c

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

L
Figure 34. Calculate CL, CD and ratio..............................................................................................23
D
L
Figure 35. The ratio with the velocity V..........................................................................................23
D
Figure 36. The CL with the velocity V...................................................................................................24
Figure 37. The CD with the velocity V...................................................................................................24

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

I. BT3_NACA4415_ALPHA0
1. Topic
Pressure coefficient distribution chart on NACA 4415 wing profile, angle
of attack 0 degrees
t max x
The NACA 4415 wing has a maximum thickness of =0.15, at =0.4 and
c c
x
maximum curvature at =0.04.
c
For movement speed of 30 m/s, standard sea level conditions.
1- Determine the stagnation point.
2- Determine the position of maximum pressure and maximum pressure
value on the wing.
3- Determine the position of the minimum pressure and the minimum
pressure value.
4- Graph the NACA 4415 wing profile from the data.
5- Apply the method of estimating force and moment coefficients on the
blade profile, showing the graphs for CN, CA, CMX, CMZ, thereby
c
determine the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and moment at position .
4
6- Determine the position of the center of pressure.

2. Execution
2.1. Determine the stagnation point
The stagnation point is the point in the airfoil that has the maximum pressure
value. By applying the formula:
1 2
P= ρ V C p + P ∞ (1)
2
We manage to calculate the pressure distribution on the airfoil:

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

Figure 1. Calculate the pressure of each position

Using the MAX function for the Pressure column, we find the point that has the
largest pressure value:

Figure 2. The largest value of pressure of the given data

So, the stagnation point is at (0.00002, 0.00093), which means that it is on the
leading edge.
2.2. Determine the position of maximum pressure and maximum pressure
value on the wing
The position that has the largest pressure value is the stagnant point which is at
(0.00002,0.00093) and its value is 101874.933 Pa.

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

2.3. Determine the position of the minimum pressure and the minimum
pressure value
Using the MIN function for the Pressure column, we find the point that has the
smallest pressure value:

Figure 3. The smallest value of pressure of the given data.

Thus, the point that has the smallest pressure value is at (0.2478, 0.1084) and
its value is 100820.97 Pa.
2.4. Graph the NACA 4415 wing profile from the data
x y
We plot the NACA 4415 airfoil by using the and columns:
c c
0.14

0.12
y/c
0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

Figure 4. The NACA 4415 airfoil plotted by the horizontal ratio and vertical ratio.

2.5. Apply the method of estimate force and moment coefficients on the
blade profile, showing the graphs for CN, CA, CMX, CMZ; thereby determine
c
the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and moment at position
4
2.5.1. Normal force coefficient CN
a. Graph of CN
We have the formula for CN:

C N =∮ C p cosε d ( sc )=∮ C d ( cx ) (2)

p

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

x
So, by plotting Cp relative to , we can have the area of the graph that
c
illustrates the distribution of CN:

Cn
1.5

0.5

0
Cp

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-0.5

-1

-1.5
x/c

x
Figure 5. The distribution of CN depending on Cp and
c
b. The value of total CN
Also, by using formula 2, we can calculate the CN for each point in the airfoil:

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

Figure 6. Coefficient of Normal Force component on each position.

Therefore, we can calculate the total CN on the airfoil by sum all CN of each
point in the airfoil:

Figure 7. Value of Normal Force Component coefficient on an airfoil.

c. The value of CN at the point c/4

c x
At the point , =0.25:
4 c

c
Figure 8. CN at the point
4
2.5.2. Axial force coefficient CA
a. Graph of CA
We have the formula for CA:

C a=∮ C p cosε d ( sc )=∮ C d ( cy ) (3)

p

So, by plotting CA relative to y/c, we can have the area of the graph that
illustrates the distribution of CA:
1.5

0.5

0
Cp

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

-0.5

-1

-1.5
y/c

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

y
Figure 9. The distribution of CA depending on Cp and .
c

b. The value of total CA

Also, by using formula 3, we can calculate the CA for each point in the airfoil:

Figure 10. Coefficient of Axial Force component on each position.

Therefore, we can calculate the total CA on the airfoil by sum all CA of each
point in the airfoil:

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

Figure 11. Value of Axial Force Component coefficient on an airfoil.

c. The value of CA at the point c/4

c x
At the point , =0.25:
4 c

c
Figure 12. CA at the point
4
2.5.3. The moment coefficient CMz, CMx
a. Graph of CMz, CMx
We have the formula for CMz, CMx:
x x
C Mz =∮ C p d
c c ()
(4)

c (c)
y y
C Mx =∮ C p d (5)

x x y y
So, by plotting C p . relative to and C p . relative to , we can have the area
c c c c
of the graph that illustrates the distribution of CMz and CMx:
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

x x
Figure 13. The distribution of CMz depending on Cp . and .
c c

0.02

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

-0.1

-0.12

y y
Figure 14. The distribution of CMx depending on Cp . and .
c c

b. The value of total CMz and CMx

Also, by using formula 4 and 5, we can calculate the CMz and CMx for each
point in the airfoil:

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

Figure 15. Coefficient of Moment relative to the x and z axis respectively on each position.

Therefore, we can calculate the total CMz and CMz on the airfoil by sum all CMz
and CMx of each point in the airfoil:

Figure 16. Coefficient of Moment relative to the x and z axis respectively on an airfoil.

c. The value of moment coefficient at the point c/4

c x
At the point , =0.25:
4 c

c
Figure 17. CM at the point
4
2.6. Determine the center of pressure
The center of pressure on an airfoil is the point where the total aerodynamic
force acting on the airfoil can be considered to be concentrated. This force
includes both the lift force, which is perpendicular to the direction of airflow,
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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

and the drag force, which is parallel to the direction of airflow. The center of
pressure is not a fixed point on the airfoil and can change as the angle of attack,
or the angle between the chord line of the airfoil and the direction of airflow,
changes. Generally, as the angle of attack increases, the center of pressure
moves forward towards the leading edge of the airfoil. It's important to note
that the center of pressure is not the same as the center of gravity of the airfoil.
The center of gravity is the point where the airfoil would balance if it were
suspended from that point, while the center of pressure is the point where the
aerodynamic forces are concentrated. Understanding the location and
movement of the center of pressure is crucial for designing and analyzing the
performance of aircraft and other aerodynamic structures.
We have the formula:
CM
x cp 1 1 0.00357
c

= − = − 4
=0.24316
c 4 C N 4 0.52208
II. Exercise 2
The angle formed between the chord line of the airfoil and the direction of the
entering airflow is known as the angle of attack (AOA). The pressure
distribution on the infinite airfoil changes when the AOA is altered. This may
be demonstrated by using the following reasons:

Figure 18. Pressure distribution due to the change of the angle of attack α.

1. When the AOA is increased to 5 degrees, the airflow over the airfoil must be
deflected more downward to follow the contour of the upper surface. This
results in a larger downward component of the velocity vector.

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

2. According to Bernoulli's principle, an increase in the velocity of a fluid

results in a decrease in its pressure. Therefore, the increased downward
velocity of the airflow over the upper surface of the airfoil causes a decrease in
pressure on the upper surface.
3. Conversely, the airflow over the lower surface of the airfoil is deflected less
downward and therefore has a smaller downward velocity component. This
results in a smaller decrease in pressure on the lower surface compared to the
upper surface.
4. As a result of the pressure decrease on the upper surface and the smaller
pressure decrease on the lower surface, a pressure differential is created across
the airfoil. This differential generates a lift force perpendicular to the direction
of the incoming airflow.
5. The magnitude of the lift force is proportional to the pressure differential,
which is in turn proportional to the change in AOA.

III. Houghton and Anderson’s exercise

1. Exercise 8 - Houghton

First, we calculate the dynamic pressure of the cylinder via the formula:
1 2
q 0= ρ V
2
Then, we calculate the pressure coefficient Cp by applying the formula:
p− p0
C p=
q0

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

Figure 19. Calculate Cp

which has the below distribution graph relative to the θ:

cp
1.5000

1.0000

0.5000

0.0000
00

45

91

36

81

27

72

17

63

08

53

99

44

89

35

80

25

71

16
0

4
0.0

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.7

2.9

3.1

-0.5000

-1.0000

-1.5000

Figure 20. The distribution of Cp depending on θ

By using the approximate trapezoidal rule formula:

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

f (x 1)+ f (x 2)
f (x 1)= (x 2−x 1)
2
We can calculate the drag coefficient CD of each point on the cylinder via:
C d=Cp . cos (θ)

Figure 21. Calculate the drag coefficient CD

and have the distribution graph relative to the θ:

Cd
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.0000 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000 3.5000

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

Figure 22. The distribution of CD depending on α

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

Subsequently, we can calculate the total drag coefficient on the cylinder by

sum all the drag coefficient of each point:

Figure 23. Calculate the total drag coefficient CD

We then calculate the drag force through:

D=q0 C d A frontal

Figure 24. Calculate the drag force

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

2. Exersie 1.1 and 1.2 - Overview of Aerodynamics (PH201.pdf)

x cp x ac
Firstly, we calculate the CN, CA and , for each α through:
c c
C N =C L cos (α )+C D sin (α )
and
C A=−C L sin(α )+C D cos( α )
and
x cp 1 C M
= − C /4

c 4 CN
and
x ac 1 δ C M
= − C/4

c 4 δ CN

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

x cp x ac
Figure 25. Calculate the CN, CA and ,
c c
x cp x ac
Then we graph CL, CD, CN, CA and , relative to α:
c c

Section CL and CN as a function of AOA

2.0000

1.5000

1.0000
CL & CN

Alpha (rad)
CN
0.5000

0.0000
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-0.5000
Alpha (deg)

Figure 26. Section CL and CN as a function of AOA

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

Section CD and CA as a function of AOA

0.05

0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-0.05

-0.1
CD
CD & CA

-0.15 CA
-0.2

-0.25

-0.3

-0.35
Alpha (deg)

Figure 27. Section CD and CA as a function of AOA

xcp/c as a function of AOA

1.5000

1.0000

xcp/c
xcp/c

0.5000

0.0000
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-0.5000
Alpha (deg)

x cp
Figure 28. as a function of AOA
c

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

xac/c as a function of AOA

0.2800

0.2700

0.2600

0.2500 Series1
xac/c

0.2400

0.2300

0.2200
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Alpha (deg)

x ac
Figure 29. as a function of AOA
c

3. Exercise 1.3 - Overview of Aerodynamics (PH201.pdf)

Using the given formula, we can calculate the lift coefficient, drag coefficient
and the moment coefficient at leading edge:

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

x cp x ac
Figure 30. Calculate lift coefficient, drag coefficient, moment coefficient, and
c c

Then we can have a graph for each parameter relative to α:

CL and CN as a function of AOA

2.0000

1.5000

1.0000
CL & CN

CN
0.5000 CL

0.0000
-0 73
-0 98
-0 24
-0 49

0. 75
0. 00
0. 75
0. 49
0. 24
0. 98
0. 73
0. 47
0. 22
0. 96
0. 71
0. 45
0. 20
94
8
6
5
3
1
00
01
03
05
06
08
10
12
13
15
17
19
20
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0

-0.5000
-0

-1.0000
Alpha (rad)

Figure 31. CL and CN as a function to AOA

xcp/c as a function of AOA

6.0000

5.0000

4.0000

3.0000
Series1
xcp/c

2.0000

1.0000

0.0000
-0 47
-0 73
-0 98
-0 24
-0 49
0. 75
0. 00
0. 75
0. 49
0. 24
0. 98
0. 73
0. 47
0. 22
0. 96
0. 71
0. 45
0. 20
94
0
8
6
5
3
1
00
01
03
05
06
08
10
12
13
15
17
19
20

-1.0000
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-0

Alpha (rad)

x cp
Figure 32. as a function to AOA
c

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

xac/c as a function of AOA (rad)

0.3500

0.3000

0.2500

0.2000
xac/c
xac/c

0.1500

0.1000

0.0500

0.0000
-0 47
-0 73
-0 98
-0 24
-0 49
0. 75
0. 00
0. 75
0. 49
0. 24
0. 98
0. 73
0. 47
0. 22
0. 96
0. 71
0. 45
0. 20
94
0
8
6
5
3
1
00
01
03
05
06
08
10
12
13
15
17
19
20
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-0

Alpha (rad)

x ac
Figure 33. as a function to AOA
c

4. Exercise 1.15 - Anderson – Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

For the steady flow, we can assume that the weight of airplane equal to the lift
force:
W =L
We then can calculate the lift coefficient CL and the drag coefficient CD via:
L
C L=
1
ρV 2 A
2
and:
2
C D =0.025+0.054 C L
L CL
Subsequently, we can calculate the ratio = :
D CD

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

L
Figure 34. Calculate CL, CD and ratio
D
L
We can plot the , C and CD relative to velocity V like below:
D L

The lift-to-drag ratio with the velocity

16.0000
14.0000
12.0000
Lift to drag raton

10.0000
8.0000 Series1
6.0000
4.0000
2.0000
0.0000
70 90 11
0
13
0
15
0
17
0
19
0
21
0
23
0

Velocity (m/s^2)

L
Figure 35. The ratio with the velocity V
D

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Aerodynamics report – Group 09 – Class CC01

The lift coefficient with the velocity

3.5000
3.0000
2.5000
Lift coefficient

2.0000
1.5000 Series1
1.0000
0.5000
0.0000
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Velocity (m/s)

Figure 36. The CL with the velocity V

The drag coefficient with the velocity

0.6000
0.5000
Drag coefficient

0.4000
0.3000 Series1
0.2000
0.1000
0.0000
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Velocity (m/s)

Figure 37. The CD with the velocity V

REFERENCE:

(1) Anderson, J.D., Jr (2017), Fundamentals of aerodynamics (6th ed.),

McGraw-Hill Education
(2) Houghton, E.L., (2003), Aerodynamics for engineering students (5th ed.),
Butterworth – Heinemann

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