221

IP-type control panels are used, and thus the computer is connected to
the Data Switch, which delivers data to the Controller IP panel, and
thus the panel in turn controls the doors.
In this type, the 485RS cables are replaced with UTP cables. 6Cat
UTP cables are often used; Note that the maximum distance or
maximum path of these cables must not exceed 90 metres.
The following section explains the door control system via
Controller IP.- Through the Controller IP panel, we can control up

to four doors per panel.- The data switch is described by the number
of ports, as it is available in numbers up to 48 ports. For more details,
see the chapter on network data.
- The cables used are 6CAT UTP
- It is important to provide an electrical outlet for each door to supply
the Controller IP,
preferably from a
UPS source.
- The panel patch must be used with every switch.

222
 223
Practical example No. 2
 224

Practical example No.: 3

 225
General introduction
Nurse call system or hospital nurse call system; It is considered a
means to increase the efficiency of service in hospitals, as the system
displays the room or bed number on the dashboard in the nursing
station located in the nurses’ room, which allows the provision of the
best medical care and service. Nurse call systems aim to facilitate the
health care process for patients, assist them in the event of an
emergency, and facilitate communication between the medical team
of doctors and nurses.

The main components of the Call Nurse system

(Patient Station)
(Nurse Station) Nursing Station-B
(Master Nurse Call System Control Panel) Home Control
St
ati
on
-C
D-
C
ab
le
s
 226

First, the nursing station and ways

to call nurses
There are several methods or means of calling
nurses, and one of these methods is:Bedside Call
Cord or Call Point -1
When the patient requests the nursing station by pressing
On Call Point, the board guides a nurse
Reception, and a red light turns on on the door of the
patient's room
When the nurse comes into the room, she cancels the order
from the panel
.Bed Side Call Cord ‫الـ‬

- This panel can be installed in the head bed unit

 Unit at a height between 160 and 170 cm
The finished floor can also be installed on the wall next to the
p
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227
 - It is
possible to connect more than one Cord Call to
one indicator lamp.
The call cord is connected to the sensors and warning lights that are
hung above the door from the outside, to the Controller Room, which
is connected to the Station Nurse, as shown in the previous figure.
(Bathroom Pull Cord) Bathroom Pull Cord -2
From one of the methods of summoning, it is
placed next to
Aloe base, preferably right combination
Sitting at a height of about 120
cm from the final ground.
When the patient tightens the tensioner, it
lights up
The light is outside the room and shows an
emergency
In the main panel when nursing.
It is preferable to place another tensioner at the
shower place
shower and the tensioner reaches the ground
It is connected to the device on the ceiling.
The signal from the tensioner is considered an
emergency.
There is a device next to the Cord Call called a device
Device Blue Code is used only by the nurse, not the patient; It is used
to cancel an emergency when requesting service from the cashier in
the bathroom or requesting other assistance from the medical staff
team.
 228
-3 Call Emergency button
One of the ways to call, but only in case
of emergency. It is placed next to the bed
and can be pressed directly. There are
other types that have a tensioner. When
the patient pulls the tensioner or presses
the emergency button, the light outside
the room lights up and an emergency
appears on the main nursing panel. When
the nurse comes to the patient’s room, she
presses the cancel button to cancel the
signal.
Wearable Call Point -4
One of the advanced methods of calling is
a contact point that can be worn on the
hand like a watch. Its most important
feature is that it allows the patient to
request help anywhere in the room.
-5 Speaker Pillow
One of the ways to call, the Pillow is
characterized by the fact that it is
portable and easy to carry, like a
phone, and is placed under the
pillow on the bed. It has the
following functions as standard:
Calling the nursing staff - voice
communication with the staff, which
has a loudspeaker - controlling the
 lighting - turning on the TV. It is
available from Wire and Wireless
manufacturers

229
Bed Exit/Wet Sensor -6
The sensor sends a signal to the station nurse in case
The patient left the bed and water hit the bed; This is used
Sensitive to certain patient conditions.

-7 Light Dome indicator lamp

- The light dome is installed above the patient room door

Out to provide a visual indication of outgoing calls
Bedside and bathroom, in addition to the patient's
request
specific service.

- The dome light alerts the nurse or staff to...

Correct location of the call source to speed up the
response.

- The light dome is a multi-colored LED light

To provide high-definition advertising for patient calls
Each color expresses the nature and type of signal sent, such as an
emergency, a nurse call for anything non-emergency, or priority.
That is, if the nurse enters the patient's room and finds the
condition serious and presses the Blue Code button, it turns on
another color.

- For further clarification, when using the light dome, the white color
can be assigned to the Normal cases, the red color to the Emergency
cases, and the green color to the Priority cases; Meaning that if the
green bulb is lit at the top of a room; There is a red bulb on

Another room. The priority is for the nurse to go to the green room.-
More than one bed can be connected to one indicator lamp in the case
of wards and rooms in which there is more than one bed.

230
Corridor Display -8
The Display Corridor is a lighting unit placed in the corridors so that
it indicates to the nurse the room in which the
signal is located, which facilitates the process of
access.
They can be wall or ceiling mounted in hallways to provide a quick
and clear
communication
indicator for busy
nursing staff.
The screen must be 3 colors so that it is clearly visible from a distance
of at
least
10
metr
es.
 Room Controller -9
The room controller serves as the connection and feeding point for all
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231

Secondly, the nursing station

 The Station Nurse panel is installed at the reception and has an
indicator lamp that shows a red light at
The patient requests an emergency, and the panel outputs a sound to
alert the receptionist to the presence of a request from a patient in one
of the rooms or bathrooms. The panel is connected to a screen on
which a diagram appears showing the location of the room. It is also
equipped with a button to turn off the alarm without canceling the
light source. It is

232
Equipped with batteries that operate in the
event of an outage
electric current; Therefore a station is
granted
Nursing ability to communicate directly
With patients and listening to their needs
; Which eliminates the need for someone
else to go
Essential to patient rooms.

This should be taken into account when describing the Station Nurse

- Possibility of displaying at least three calls at the same time.

 - Visual indicators distinguish concurrent calls at the same time.
- The different call types should have different ring tones and colors
to make it easy to
distinguish between
them.
- The system must be easy to use by using Help buttons to show
step-by-step instructions on the screen.
- Calls must be displayed on the screen with the room number, bed
number, and call status.- Display the plan on the screen so that the
nursing team can see the entire area or ward.

233
Third, the main control station
Master Nurse Call System Control Panel The main

control station is the center

Management and control of a calling system
nurses; He monitors and controls everything
 Communications between system components
different.

The Control Center also serves as a central interface for data input
and output,
voice
communica
tions, and
system
messages.
Connects to mains power and includes full backup batteries to protect
system in case of mains failure; It also stores scripting information
and can be used to configure the system once a computer is
connected.

When designing, the following points should be taken into account.

- The main controller is available in 2 8-6-4- Loop.

- In one loop, about 100 to 120 Point Calls can be connected- It
is preferable to loop for each role
separately.
- It is preferable to supply the main control unit from an electrical
panel connected to a UPS device, or provide a UPS
device to supply the panel, provided that it operates
for a period of no less than 30 minutes.
- A computer with the operating software for the nurse call system
installed is connected to it; This allows monitoring of all movements
and activities of the visual and storage system.

234
 Practical example No. 1
The following figure shows a horizontal projection of a hospital floor
containing 6 patient
rooms in addition to a
nursing station.
Design steps
1) We begin by signing the locations of the call points in all
accommodation rooms as shown in the
plan and identifying each point on the
Legend symbol panel.
2) Determine the location of the Local Control Panel. It is often
placed at the nursing station,
as shown in the figure.

3) Collect all the points in the room at an outlet next to the indicator
lamp above the door of the patient’s room. According to this
example, there are 6 points in the room, and thus 6 wires are collected
from the indicator point, as shown in yellow in the following figure.

235

4) The unit is installed

At Room Controller
Indicator lamp; And according to
this
Example: The number 6 is
connected
Dots (color).The origin(
In addition to the entry point
And exit to loop(color
Blue(.
 236
5) Connect the floor panel, the Control Locale Panel, to the Station
Nurse, as well as the Controller Room at each patient room, as shown
in blue in the following figure.

6)
In
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 237
7) Connecting all role panels to Local Control
Panel with the Control Master panel located in
The building's control room (low current room).
8) It is preferable to connect the Isolator Fault System before
Go to the Local Control Panel

Practical example No. 2

238
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 General introduction
The central satellite system or the central satellite system is a system
used to receive and distribute signals from a satellite (such as Nilesat,
Arabsat, etc.) to the largest number of viewers efficiently and without
significant problems. Perhaps the most important feature of the
system is The central dish means that the user can connect any
number of receivers to just one dish without affecting the signal
strength or efficiency.

The importance of using a central shower system

With the emergence of huge buildings consisting of a large number of
residential units, or hotels consisting of a large number of rooms, as
well as hospitals consisting of residence rooms and waiting areas; It
has become necessary to rely on only one dish, and distribution is
made to all apartments or units in the place without any impact on the
signal strength or the efficiency of the devices. It does not make sense
to occupy the surface with a large number of reception dishes (shower
dishes); hence the importance of using a central shower.

Types of central shower systems

)Satellite Master Antenna Television( – SMATV - ‫الـ‬
1 )Master Antenna Television( – MATV2- ‫الـ‬
)Internet Protocol Television( – IPTV3- ‫الـ‬

243

It is also called Frequency Intermediate IF (this system allows

broadcasting an unlimited number of channels, but requires the
presence of a receiver for each television. This type is used in
 residential towers, multi-activity buildings, and villas..... ...... etc.

SMATV central shower system components

Multi-switch E-Antenna A-TV Sockets F-Dish Receiver B-
Dishes C-Lens LNB G-Cables D-Signal amplifier Amplifier

244
First: - The Antenna
Terrestrial television broadcasting is a method of broadcasting
television material without satellites; It is broadcast using radio waves
by sending an antenna from the transmitting station and then
receiving it using a simple antenna installed on the roofs of buildings.

Antennas are divided into two types according to their frequency capture.
The VHF Antenna(Very High Frequency Antenna), which operates
in the frequency range between 47-300 MHz. Some terrestrial
channels operate over this range
Frequencies such as the first, second, and third terrestrial channels.
 The Antenna UHF(High Frequency Ultra Antenna), which operates
in the frequency range between 300-862 MHz; This system is able to
pick up new terrestrial channels whose frequency range ranges from
300 to 862 MHz, such as the specialized terrestrial Nile channels. The
number of terrestrial channels has now reached about 69 terrestrial
channels.

245
Note:To obtain all terrestrial channels efficiently
High The rate for UHF reception is used
Antenna and the filter for VHF reception
Antenna, and they are connected through a device called an
antenna
Booster as shown in the following figure.

The Antenna not only captures the signal, but also amplifies it by a
small amount, as shown in the technical specifications. We also notice
in the specifications the Polarization, which expresses the direction in
which the electric field of the wave moves or oscillates through its
flow in the medium.
 Second: Dish dishes
The Dish collects electromagnetic waves
from the satellite and broadcast it with a dense beam
towards
The LNB lens.
Dish is recommended for several points, the most
important of which is size
And the material from which the dish is made, as well
as the company
Manufacturer.
Dish is available in different diameters, as larger dishes can receive
ً
signalsDirectly proportional. Weak signal capture
rate depends on the size of the dish
Types of dishes according to the material of manufacture

- Dishes made of iron (sheet iron), which are coated and well

insulat
ً
ed(It is

the

lowest
ً
price
And
come
forwar

dWellً
ADA; But at the same time, it is susceptible to rust and corrosion.
- Dishes made of aluminium; It has a greater ability to collect and
reflect signals back to the LNB lens than the aluminum helps to shape
the dish more accurately; In addition to its complete resistance to rust;
Therefore, its prices are high compared to dishes made of iron.

246
The table shows the technical specifications of sheet shower trays
from one of the manufacturers.

Note:Do not use a moving tray in the central shower system.

However, a dish is installed for each
Satellite; Meaning, if the customer wants to receive the Nilesat
satellite in addition to receiving the Arabsat satellite, in this case two
shower dishes must be installed.

LNB (Low Noise Block) - Third: Third

The LNB is used to convert electromagnetic waves whose frequency
ranges from 10750 MHz - 12750 MHz into electrical signals whose
range ranges from 950 MHz to 2150 MHz. The lens is also used to
amplify the signal and reduce noise. The lens captures four types of
 frequencies:

Vertical High (VH) Vertical Low (VL)

Horizontal Low (HL) Horizontal High (HH)

247
There are lenses with one output (i.e. one user), two (i.e. 2 users),
three or four, but the lens used in the central shower is the lens with

four exits.

Each channel is identified by two pieces of information:L / H

Horizontal & L / H Vertical). If the shower is used for one user, a lens
with one output can be used and then it is connected to the receiver
and then to the TV.
It is also possible to use a lens with two outputs if the housing unit has
two outputs. Each output is then connected to the receiver and then to
the TV. And so on for 3 and 4 exits. In the case of the central shower,
a lens with four outputs is used and they are connected to the
amplifier to strengthen the signal and then to the multi-switch, which
distributes the signals to the receivers and then to the TV.

Fourth: - Switch-Multi
The switch-Multi receives the signal from satellites and the terrestrial
antenna and distributes it to the receivers,
i.e. the users directly.

Technical specifications of switch-Multi

 -1 Number of entry and exit ports (Outputs/Inputs).
‫الـ‬Inputs Depends on the number of moons and Earth satellites;
Knowing that each satellite has four points (L / H Horizontal and L /
H Vertical), and the ground satellite has only one point. Therefore, in
the central shower, the minimum number of inputs is 5 ports.

248
If we use 2 satellites and a terrestrial antenna, we will need 9 inputs. As follows, the Multi-
switch is available in standard numbers (according to the producing companies), as it is
available in different capacities from Inputs - 5 - 9 - 17 - 13.
As for Outputs, it depends on the number of users (i.e. the number of receivers). According to
the producing companies, they are available in numbers of 8 - 12 16 - 24. 32-
249
The following table summarizes the standard switch-Multi ports in
terms of the
number of inputs
and outputs
according to
manufacturers.
Standard of Output
Multi-switch
8 12 16 24 32
Input 5 5/8 5/12 5/16 5/24 5/32
9 9/8 9/12 9/16 9/24 9/32
13 13/8 13/12 13/16 13/24 13/32
17 17/8 17/12 17/16 17/24 17/32
-2 ‫الــ‬Loss Through It means the value of the loss in the signal coming
out of the switch-Multi and transmitted to the next
switch-Multi, and it is measured in decibels (dB).

250
3- Range Frequency: means the range of frequencies that the
multi switch receives from the lens and the terrestrial antenna; As we
mentioned previously, the electrical signal (IF frequency) ranges
from 950 MHz to 2150 MHz and is related to the lens output.
Likewise, the RF frequency ranges from 47 MHz to 862 MHz for the
terrestrial antenna
output.

Important note:The signal level from the Antenna TV is measured in

microvolts. Due to the difficulty of calculations in microvolt units;
MATV system calculations are made in decibels, where decibels are
added if a signal booster or amplifier is used.
Its subtraction is the result of losses in the cables, switch-multi, and
outputs. Decibel is a way to determine the strength or status of a
signal compared to the desired reference level. The required value at
the TV output must be in the range of 65-80 decibels. The following
table shows the technical specifications of the switch-Multi according
to one of the producing companies.
 251
Some notes from the specifications shown above.
- An electrical power source must be provided for each multi-switch.
- There are two types of range frequency. The first type is specific to
satellite and ranges from 950 to 2150 MHz. The second type is
specific to the terrestrial antenna and ranges from 5 to 862 MHz.
What does it mean that the switch-Multi has the following specifications (8x5x5)

This
 means that the number of Inputs equals the number of Outputs
equals 5; In addition to that the
switch-Multi is capable of connecting up to 8 users (receiver); this
type is also called cascaded because it receives the signal and outputs
it to the next switch-Multi and also connects the receivers to it.
- One cable is connected from the multi-switch to the user (meaning
th
e
re
ce
iv
er)
ca
rr
yi
ng
all
fre
qu
en
ci
es.

252
- In the event that the switch-Multi is the last device in the Diagram
Riser or there is no other switch-Multi after it, in this case it is
described by the number of Inputs and the number of connection ports
to the receivers only.
 - The

figure above shows switch-Multi with 9 entry ports (TERR +

1SAT 8) and
This Multi-switch has no exit ports and is therefore called the
Multi-
Radial
switch.
We also notice in the technical specifications that the value of Losses
Through is about 3 dB in the case of SAT,
and in the case of Terr it is about 4.2 dB.

Fifth: - The signal amplifier

The amplifier is used to strengthen the signal, whether the signal is
through the terrestrial antenna or is
received from the satellite through the
LNB.
It must be taken into account that the signal strength at the TV socket
output before connecting it to the TV should be in the range of 65-80
dB. Therefore, it is necessary to use an amplifier device in the central
shower system to overcome the losses resulting from the cable paths
and the losses that occur as a result of the multi-switch.

253
 The amplifier device receives the signal and it exits it, and no
user feeds it to the opposite
of the multi-switch, as
shown in the following
image.

Amplifiers increase the strength of signals received to a level greater

amplifier gain than the losses in the distribution system. The
determines the level of signal increase, which should be high enough
to provide an acceptable signal level to all televisions in the system.

Technical specifications of the amplifier

1- Number of Inputs: depends on the number of satellites and Earth
satellites. It is available in capacities of 5
- 9 - 13 - 17 - as is the case with the multi-
switch.
2- The amplification factor for the Gain signal is measured in decibels.
3- Range Frequency means the range of frequencies that the amplifier
receives from the lens (Satellite) and
 the terrestrial antenna (Terr).

254
-4 The amplifier is powered by electrical power, and there are two
types: AC and
DC, according
to the
manufacturer.
The following table shows the technical specifications of the
amplifier according to one of the producing companies.
 From the technical specifications, we note some of the following points.
- In the technical specifications above, the amplifier requires a DC power supply.

255
- There are two types of range frequency, the first is specific to satellite
and ranges from 950 to 2200 MHz; The second is for the terrestrial
frequency and ranges from 10 to 862 MHz.
- The number of Inputs ports is equal to the number of Outputs ports,
which are 8 ports for 2 satellites. Because, as we mentioned previously,
each satellite needs four ports; In addition to a dedicated terrestrial
antenna port, the total number is 9 ports.
- The ability to modify and adjust the Gain within 10 dB, and this
value is the most
popular in all
amplifier devices.
Important note:The amplifier unit should be installed between the
switch-Multi Cascaded in the riser depending on the signal strength. It
is preferable to place the amplifier every two or three of the switch-
Multi because of the signal loss that occurs through the loss in the
cables and switches.
The amplifier’s specifications should be checked carefully to ensure
that the output level is sufficient to feed the system and the strength of
the input signal plus the gain of the amplifier does not exceed its rated
maximum output capability. Exceeding the maximum output
capability will result in overloading (cross
modulation in broadband amplifiers) and
overall signal distortion.

Sixth: - Socket TV director

The TV socket is installed and distributed on the wall
 Next to the TV, based on the architectural paintings
TV socket is not receiving the signal. Furniture plan
Collected from the multi-switch, which is the channel signal
Terrestrial and satellite channels through only one cable

256
There are three outputs from the TV socket for the TV, radio, and
receiver, as
shown in the
picture
above.
The following table shows the technical specifications of Socket TV.

We note in the technical specifications the value of Loss Insertion,

which is the signal loss in decibels that
occurs as a result of Socket TV.
The 3-connector wall outlet (Radio -TV - SAT) shall be suitable for
all FM, TV and satellite receivers. It shall be suitable for flush
mounted and fully shielded. The output impedance for the FM, TV
and SAT socket shall be 75 ohms.
a) Satellite socket shall be female type (IEC 169-24 Female).
b) TV socket shall be male type (IEC 169-2 Male).
c) Radio socket shall be female type (IEC 169-2 Female).

Seventh: - Cables
The cable used in the central shower system
Coaxial cable type.

257
The Coaxial Cable consists of a copper wire surrounded by a group of
twisted wires, separated by an insulating layer with a resistance of 75
ohms, as shown in the picture, and is made specifically for signal
transmission. Coaxial is available in different types (11RG - 6RG -
59RG) that vary in cross-sectional area and thus the maximum
distance or path of the cable.
UsesAl-11RGTo connect to the switch-Multi bin and some others. It
is also used to connect the amplifier and the multi-switch. Meaning, it
is used in the main riser. UsesThe 6RGTo connect to the multi-switch
bin and TV outputs.
6RG cables can transmit the signal up to 250 meters. As for the 11RG
cables, they can
transmit the signal up
to 600 meters.
The cable must be of the approved type and operate on frequencies
from 47 MHz
to 2400 MHz.

Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG 11 based on IEC Standard

 258
The following table shows the percentage of signal loss depending
on the cable length in the 11RG.

Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG 6 based on IEC Standard

 The following table shows the percentage of signal loss in 6RG.

259
Application example No. 1 on the SMATV system.
The following Diagram Riser shows the design of the SMATV central
shower network for a residential building consisting of 11 floors in
addition to the ground floor. There are 8 residential units on each
floor. It is required to provide two exits in each residential unit.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide 16 exits per floor.

Some information through the Diagram Riser

- There is one plate in addition to the ground fee; Therefore, the

number of entry ports is 5. Two types of antenna were used: The first

was UHF and the second was VHF, and they were connected through

a Booster device as shown in the drawing.

 - It is preferable to use an amplifier as it receives the signal from the

ground antenna in addition to the shower to strengthen the signal.

Therefore, the recommendation of the amplifier used is 5x.5 - The

output of the amplifier is the input of the first switch-Multi, and since

the number of outputs required in each turn is 16; Therefore, the

recommendation for the Multi-switch used in the drawing becomes

16x5x5 according to the standard numbers.

We notice the use of an amplifier between every 2 switch-multi. - All

cables between the switch-Multi and the amplifier shown in the

drawing in red are all coaxial cables of type 11 RG.

- All cables between the switch-Multi and the Socket TV outputs

shown in the drawing in black are all Coaxial

cables of type 6 RG.

260
 261
Application example No. 2 on the SMATV system.
 262

Application example No. 3 on the SMATV system.

 263

Application example No. 4 on the SMATV system.

In the case of projects with a large area, it is preferable to make more
than one riser in the project, as is the case in the electricity network
stalagmites. This is done by using a Splitter as shown in the Diagram
Riser, and thus the role can be divided into more than one switch-
multi.
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27
0
 It is also called the Distribution RF system, which allows
broadcasting a limited number of channels and does not require the
presence of a receiver for each television. It is used in hotels,
hospitals...etc. The idea of this system depends on the reception of the
channels to be broadcast in the facility from the Station End-Head
view. It has a receiver for each channel and a Card Modulator used to
convert and process the IF satellite signal into radio waves and single
RF, and it is broadcast from one cable at different frequencies, and
these frequencies are decoded from the television.

MATV central shower system components

-1 The riyalAntenna
-2 Dish dishes
-3 LNB lentils
-4 Station End Head signal processor overview
-5 ‫الـ‬Splitter
Tap -off-6
-7 Signal amplifier
TV Sockets -8
As for Antenna - Dish - LNB, it was studied by using the empty part
in the SMATV dish system, as well as the same type
of cable used.

The first station for processing station End-Head badges

 This unit is used to convert and process the IF satellite signal into
radio waves and single RF. From this unit we can control all the
channels to be broadcast.There are two types of End-Head Station
1- The first type is Compact

271
In this type, a receiver is provided for each channel, meaning that if
the customer wants to provide 20 channels, he must use 20 receivers
with a receiver frequency for each channel. The receiver is connected
to the Modulator, where it converts the video/audio signal into an RF
signal.
We can also add DVD player or viewing devices. The RF signals are
collected into a compiler, which collects all
frequencies into only one cable.
The following figure shows a model of the Station End-Head profile
of the Compact type.

Th
 e modulator receives the video and audio signals from the receiver
and combines them into one RF channel. Video and video editing
levels can be adjusted to achieve optimal performance based on the
desired output level.
- There is also a Station End Head Filters to get rid of unwanted
frequencies and provide
reception free of interference
and interference.

272
- The cable that transmits the signal from the station end-head
towards the Main Trunk Line is called Splitter
and then Amplifier.
- It should be taken into account that the Station End-Head is placed
in control
rooms or rooms
that are close to
IT.
The station End-Head is a single unit, instead of which there are
cards; Where a card is allocated for each channel, and sometimes a
card is allocated for 2 channels according to the card description.
Thus, the signal is received from the dishes and the terrestrial antenna,
and one cable comes out of it. The following figure shows an image
of the station End-Head
 -2 The second type is Professional
This type converts the signal directly from the IF satellite signal to
radio and
RF waves.
The first type is the most common, as it is characterized by a lower
price compared to the second type, but the
second type is more reliable and is used in more
important places, such as VIPs.

Secondly, the Splitter

273
The splitter in the MATV system works by distributing the signal to
several outputs to distribute it to the off-tap. The splitter is described
by the number of Way; Therefore, companies have barriers in
standard sizes 2 - 3 - 4 - 6 - 8 Ways.

The following table shows the technical specifications of the splitter

according to one of the leading companies.
 The splitter distributes the dialer’s signal to the outputs, with insertion
losses occurring according to the technical specifications of the splitter
and measured in dB. The signal loss values vary depending on the
frequency range indicative of the splitter.

Example for splitter losses calculation

When a two-way splitter is inserted in-line, the signal in each way
will be approximately 4.5 dB less than that of the main line. If a 4-
way splitter is inserted in-line, the signal in each way is 10 dB less
than that in the main line. The signal sent to each branch of the system
will be equal to the signal sent into the splitter minus the

274
splitter loss. That is, an input of 70 dB into a 2-way splitter will
deliver a signal of 70 dB minus 4.5 dB splitter losses, or 65.5 dB to
each branch of the System.
Third is the off-tap
It is a means of delivering the signal from the main distribution line to
the TV output. While providing sufficient support to prevent groups
from colliding with each other. The off-tap consists of a bucket (In), a
shake (Out), and a feed (Tap); As shown in urea.
 The off-Tap receives the feed cable from the In and outputs the feed
cable to the next off-Tab to feed it from the Out and uses the Tap to
feed the TV outputs. The off-tap is made of a zinc aluminum casing,
equipped with F connectors for easy installation. The off-tap is
available in different shapes depending on the number of outputs,
including 6-4-3-2-1, as shown in the following technical
specifications.
The technical specifications include loss input, which is a statement of
the loss values in the signal in dB
from the indicator “in” to the
“out”.
The technical specifications include signal loss values in decibels from
the In to the TV output. It is often available in values of -15-12-10 20
dB, depending on the technical specifications. All tap-off devices
inserted into the distribution system create signal loss. This type of
loss is called insertion loss, (sometimes called feed-

275
through loss). On the line, the insertion loss of each tap-off is
subtracted from the signal carried by that line. When estimating total
system losses, the insertion loss of each unit is added together to find
the total insertion loss for that system. For example, if there are five
tap-offs on the line, and each tap-off has an insertion loss of 0.8 dB ,
the total insertion loss is 4 dB. For initial calculation, the tap-off
values and the insertion losses are estimated as the output of the
amplifier and will influence the final selection tap-off values.

Fourth: - Socket TV
director
The TV socket is installed and distributed next to the TV.
It receives the combined signal from the off-tap, which is
Signal of terrestrial channels, satellite channels and TV
channels
There is only one cable on the radio and it comes out of
the TV

276
socket One or two ports; A port for the radio and a port for the
combined channels, and
through the TV, these
channels are decoded.
 The following drawing shows a model of the MATV system

− The figure shows the components of the system and also the

connection and connection of these components to each other.− The

Station End-Head receives the signal from the dishes and the
terrestrial antenna, processes it, and produces a single cable carrying

all frequencies of the selected channels.− This cable is connected to

the amplifier to strengthen the signal. Then it is connected to the

splitter, then to the off-tap, and then to the TV sockets output.

277
278
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