Lectures - Heat Transfer Fundamentals

Ch.
E 205: Heat Transfer Fundamentals
A.N. Tabish (PhD, TU Delft)

Assistant Professor
Deptt. of Chemical Engineering
UET Lahore (New Campus)
antabish@uet.edu.pk
1.1: Heat Transfer Fundamentals
Course Content Review

(1) Introduction to heat transfer (2) Applications and importance of heat transfer (3)
Modes of heat transfer (4) Steady state one-dimensional conduction including heat
sources and convective boundary conditions (5) Extended surfaces (6) Transient
conduction: lumped capacity method (7) Free and forced convection under various
flow patterns (8) Dimensional analysis (9) Importance of temperature in mechanism
of heat transfer (10) Calculation of caloric and wall temperature (11) Momentum and
heat transfer analogies (12) Boiling and condensation (13) Principles of radiation
heat transfer (14) Introduction to heat transfer equipment and their configurations
Recommended 1. Theodore L. Bergman, Frank P. Incropera, Adrienne S. Lavine, David P. DeWitt,

Books: (6th ed, 2011) “Introduction to Heat Transfer” Wiley & Sons
2. Yunus A. Cengel, (2nd ed) "Heat Transfer: A practical Approach", McGraw-Hill
3. D. Q. Kern (1965) “Process Heat Transfer”, McGraw-Hill
Dr. AN TABISH (antabish@uet.edu.pk) University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (New Campus) 2
Course Learning Outcomes

Description Domains & PLOs,
CLO
Levels Levels
Discuss different modes and laws of heat transfer
CLO1 Cognitive, 2 PLO1, Low
and their application in chemical process industry
Apply energy balance and dimensional analysis
CLO2 concepts to derive relationships for industrial heat Cognitive, 3 PLO2, high
transfer applications
Calculate rates of different heat transfer modes to
PLO2,
CLO3 examine heat transfer processes using basic laws Cognitive, 4
Medium
and analogies.
ODL Course Plan

Week Topics Reading Material
- Steady state one-dimensional conduction including heat
1 Book 1, Section 3.5,
sources and convective boundary conditions
2 - Heat conduction in extended surfaces Book 1, Section 3.6,
3 - Introduction to Free and forced convective heat transfer Book 1, Section 6.1-6.2,
Book 1, Section 6.3-6.3,
4 - Free and forced convection under various flow patterns
Book 3, Chapter 3, pp 30-
Book 1, Section 6.6-6.7,
- Dimensional analysis in heat transfer
5 Book 3, Chapter 3, pp 30-
- Importance of temperature in mechanism of heat transfer
Lecture notes
6 - Calculation of caloric and wall temperature Book 3, Chapter 5, pp 93-
- Momentum and heat transfer analogies
7 Book 1, Chapter 10,
- Boiling and condensation
8 - Principles of radiation heat transfer Book 1, Chapter 12
- Introduction to heat transfer equipment and their Book 1, Chapter 11
9
configurations Lecture notes
Heat Transfer - Flash Back
Modes of heat transfer
Fourier’s law:
Newton’s law
of cooling:
Stefan–Boltzmann law
Illustration of modes of heat transfer

Thermal resistance: The increase in the amount
of energy stored in a
control volume must equal
the amount of energy that
Thermal resistance (Rtc) for conduction is:
enters the control volume,
minus the amount of
Relationship with energy that leaves the
thermodynamics: control volume.
First law of thermodynamics
Homework:
Label pathways (q1 - q8) for heat transfer from coffee to the surrounding
Homework:
Example 1.7: Introduction to Heat Transfer by Bergman (6th ed, 2011)
Heat Transfer Fundamentals: week - 2
Steady state one-dimensional conduction

Assistant Professor
antabish@uet.edu.pk
Week-2: Steady state one-dimensional conduction
The Conduction Rate Equation

• Fourier’s law of heat conduction
• Phenomenological law y
• Temperature distribution in 3-dimensions
• Rate of heat transfer in x-direction
x
where k, the thermal conductivity (W/m K) is
an important property of the material.
z
For very small ∆x value, heat rate
The Conduction Rate Equation

• Heat flux in x-direction
y
• Heat flux in 3(x,y,z) dimensions
x
z
where del is three-dimensional operator and T(x, y, z) is
the scalar temperature field
Heat diffusion equation/ the heat equation
• Determine the
temperature field
• General heat diffusion

equation

• Assumptions
• Energy balance equation
• Energy generation term
• Energy storage term
• Notations used:
Quantity Description Unit

q Rate of thermal energy W
qx , qy , qz Rate of heat conduction W/m
q’’ Heat flux W/m2
𝑞ሶ Rate of heat generation per unit W/m3

volume differential control volume

Rate of energy
Rate of energy out Rate of energy generation Rate of energy storage
in
Rate of heat Rate of heat energy Rate of heat generated within Rate of change of energy of
energy entering leaving the control volume the control volume due to the control volume due to
the control of differentia thickness (dx, chemical, electrical, etc. unsteady conditions
volume dy, and dz) sources. q.dot refers to rate of
heat generated per unit volume
Heat conduction can be

represented by
Fourier’s law
Make use of Fourier’s law and divide the whole expression

by
General form of heat equation:
For a special case of steady state:
If the thermal conductivity is

constant, the heat equation is:
For steady state heat conduction

in one (x) dimension
Home work
Further reading
1. Theodore L. Bergman, Frank P. Incropera, Adrienne S. Lavine, David P. DeWitt, (6th ed, 2011)
“Introduction to Heat Transfer” Wiley & Sons
Section 2.3

Section 2-2
3. Video lectures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjtS_ibzwCY&list=PLZOZfX_TaWAE6nTX50dJl0Jia8iQTIhrG
&index=3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhEq689YhqM&list=PLAW72wr5Soa5zmqCYtqS_UWhBJMp
CCZTz&index=2&t=0s
General form of heat equation:
For a special case of steady state:
If the thermal conductivity is

constant, the heat equation is:
For steady state heat conduction

in one (x) dimension with no
source term
Analysis of heat transfer problems

K
Sc
Home work
Solution - Home work
900.0
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Temperature distribution in the wall:
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Determine temperature distribution in the wall?
1. Initial condition (T @t=0) to initiate the solution with respect to

time.
2. Two boundary conditions for each domain to specify the solution

within the domain
e.g. T@x=0 ? T@x=L?
Week-2: Steady state one-dimensional conduction Boundary conditions for the heat diffusion equation
e.g. Ice bath / saturated

Dirichlet condition steam
e.g. Radiation source/

electric heater
Neumann condition
e.g. no source at al /
perfect insulation
e.g. no source at al /
perfect insulation
Home work
1. Derive heat equation for cylindrical geometry
2. Solve following problems from “Introduction to Heat Transfer” by Bergman

(6th ed, 2011)
2.30 - 2.32, 2.34
Further reading
Section 2.3

Section 2-2
3. Video lectures
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjtS_ibzwCY&list=PLZOZfX_TaWAE6nTX50dJl0Jia8iQTIhrG
&index=3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhEq689YhqM&list=PLAW72wr5Soa5zmqCYtqS_UWhBJMp
CCZTz&index=2&t=0s
Heat Transfer Fundamentals: week-3
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

Assistant Professor
antabish@uet.edu.pk
Week-3: Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces What is the difference between
heat transfer area for
Extended surfaces conduction and for convection?
Electrical transformer Motorcycle engine

Car radiator
Convective heat transfer by

Newton’s law of cooling:
AC indoor unit (evaporator)
Week-3: Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Extended surfaces
annular fin
straight fin
(a) Bare surface. (b) Finned surface
Schematic of typical finned-tube heat exchangers
Extended surfaces
Extended surfaces analysis
Energy balance on the control volume:
Balance across dx

Heat energy in due to Heat energy out due to conduction Heat energy out due to
conduction convection
Cross section area (Ac)

vs
surface area (As)
As is the surface area measured from the

base to x and P is the fin perimeter
Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
Home work
1. Derive heat equation for cylindrical geometry

(6th ed, 2011)
2.30 - 2.32, 2.34
Further reading
Section 3.6

Section 3.6
3. Video lectures
Heat Transfer Fundamentals: week 4:
Convective heat transfer - Fundamentals

Assistant Professor
antabish@uet.edu.pk
Week-4: Convective heat transfer - Fundamentals
Key Concepts: Name the mechanism involved
Key Terms
✓Conduction Conduction Convection
: the transfer of heat through : movement in a gas or liquid in
✓Diffusion matter by communication of which the warmer parts move up
✓Convection kinetic energy from particle and the cooler parts move down
to particle with no net
✓Advection displacement of the particles
Diffusion Advection
: the process whereby particles of liquids, : the usually horizontal
gases, or solids intermingle as the result movement of a mass of fluid
of their spontaneous movement caused (such as air or an ocean current)
by thermal agitation and in dissolved also : transport (as of pollutants
substances move from a region of higher or plankton) by such movement
to one of lower concentration
Key Terms
✓Laminar flow Laminar flow Boundary layer
: uninterrupted flow in a fluid : a region of fluid (such as air)
✓Turbulent flow near a solid boundary in moving relative to a nearby
✓Boundary layer which the direction of flow at surface (such as that of an
airplane wing) that is slowed by
every point remains constant
✓Shear stress the viscosity of the fluid and its
adhesion to the surface
Turbulent flow
: a fluid flow in which the Shear stress
velocity at a given point : a stress in a fluid caused by a shear
varies erratically in which tends to make different layers
magnitude and direction move in different directions and that is
measured by the force per unit area
exerted by the different sections on each
other in a direction parallel to their plane
of contact
Boundary layers
• Stagnant surface retards flow
• For most situations it velocity of surface adjacent

layer is zero
• Profile developed thus known as velocity boundary

layer
• Thickness of layer refers to the flow development and

boundary layer effects
• Thermal boundary layer develops if fluid

temperature differs from surface temperature
Boundary layer analysis
ẟt is the value of y for which

𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇
= 0.99
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
Relation between conditions in the boundary layer and

the convection heat transfer coefficient can be
developed as:
Heat conduction at the surface:
Heat convection in the boundary layer:
Heat transfer coefficient:
Boundary layer analysis
Heat transfer coefficient:
Local and Average Convection Coefficients
Heat transfer coefficient depends on conditions in the boundary

layer, which are influenced by surface geometry, the nature of
the fluid motion, and an assortment of fluid thermodynamic
and transport properties.
The total heat transfer rate
For flat plate:
1. Known
2. Find
3. Assumption
4. Schematic
5. Analysis
6. Comments

average heat
transfer coefficient:
Given: local heat

transfer coefficient:
Upon substituting
and integrating
Heat Transfer Fundamentals: week-5
Convective heat transfer – External flow

Assistant Professor
antabish@uet.edu.pk
Week-5: Convective heat transfer – External flow
Flow Classifications
• Internal vs external flow:

• Laminar vs turbulent flow:
• Natural vs forced flow:
• Steady vs unsteady flow:
Nusselt Number
Abs. conductive heat flux:
Convective heat flux:
Convective to
Conductive ratio
Nusselt Number
The larger the Nusselt number,

the more effective the convection.
Nusselt number of Nu = 1 for a fluid layer represents

heat transfer across the layer by pure conduction
Velocity boundary layer
• Laminar boundary layer

• Turbulent boundary layer
Regions/zones
1. Viscous sublayer
2. Buffer layer
3. Turbulent region
Transport mechanisms
1. Via diffusion
2. Via turbulent mixing
Velocity boundary layer
• Velocity gradient
• Shear stress
friction coefficient
Reynolds number
critical Reynolds number
For flow over a flat plate
Thermal boundary layer
Example: local and average convection coefficient distributions for the plate
Prandtl Number
for laminar boundary layers
Prandtl Number
The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary layers is described by the
dimensionless parameter Prandtl number
• the ratio of the kinematic viscosity, also referred to as the

momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity
• provides a measure of the relative effectiveness of

momentum and energy transport by diffusion in the velocity
and thermal boundary layers, respectively.
Dimensionless numbers
Home work
(6th ed, 2011)
6.5, 6.7, 6.12, 6.13, 6.18-6.23
Convection equations
Conservation of Mass Equation
Continuity equation:
Conservation of Momentum Equations
Momentum equation:
Conservation of Energy Equation
Energy equation:
For the special case of a stationary fluid
CONVECTION EQUATIONS FOR A FLAT PLATE
Velocity boundary layer thickness:
the boundary layer thickness:

• Increases with increasing kinematic viscosity and
• Increases with increasing distance from the leading edge x,
• Decreases with increasing free-stream velocity
Local frictional coefficient:
Local Nusselt Number:
Thermal boundary layer thickness:
Example
Summary of convection equations
Velocity boundary layer:

Laminar:
Turbulent:
Thermal boundary layer thickness:
The average Nusselt numbers for cross flow over a cylinder
Example-1: external flow over flat plate
Film temperature.

Engine oil at 60°C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate whose temperature is 20°C
with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.

The local atmospheric pressure at elevation 1610 m is 83.4 kPa. Air at this pressure and 20°C flows with a velocity of
8 m/s over a 1.5 m 6 m flat plate whose temperature is 140°C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate if
the air flows parallel to the
(a) 6-m-long side and
(b) the 1.5-m side.
Combined laminar and turbulent flow
The average Nusselt

number over the entire plate
Example-3: external flow over a pipe

A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external
surface temperature is 110°C passes through some
open area that is not protected against the winds.
Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of
its length when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 10°C
and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a velocity of
8 m/s.
Example-3: external flow over a pipe
Practice Problems: external flow
1. Solve problems from “Introduction to Heat Transfer” by Bergman (6th ed,

2011) chapter # 7 related to convective heat transfer over flat and circular
geometries
Heat Transfer Fundamentals – week-6:
Convective heat transfer – Internal flow

Assistant Professor
antabish@uet.edu.pk
Week-6: Convective heat transfer – Internal flow
External flow vs Internal flow

• the fluid has a free surface to flow over
• the boundary layer over the surface is free
to grow indefinitely
flow over a flat plat: External flow
• fluid flow confined by the inner

surfaces of the tube,
• there is a limit on how much the
boundary layer can grow
hydrodynamic entrance region
hydrodynamic entry length, Lh flow through pipes or ducts: Internal flow
Hydraulic diameter
hydraulic diameter
Boundary layer development
Boundary layer development

Surface heat flux for internal flow:
In the thermally fully developed region of a tube:

• the local convection coefficient is constant (does not vary with x)
• the friction and convection coefficients remain constant
hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths:
Const. heat flux vs const. surface temperature
Constant Constant surface

heat flux temperature
Nusselt number
Nusselt number:
For thermally fully developed flow:
The Nusselt number reaches a constant

value at a distance of less than 10
diameters
Example-1: internal flow
For heat transfer coefficient:
Overall heat transfer coefficient

In many applications, it is the temperature of an external
fluid, rather than the tube surface temperature, that is fixed
Overall heat transfer coefficient
It is sometimes convenient to
express heat transfer through a
medium in an analogous manner
to Newton’s law of cooling as
for a unit area, the overall heat transfer

coefficient is equal to the inverse of the
total thermal resistance
Combining the energy balance with the rate equation, the

average convection coefficient is given by

Laminar fully developed flow:
Turbulent fully developed flow:
The inside convection coefficient may be obtained from

knowledge of the Reynolds number.
Practice Problems: internal flow
1. Solve problems from “Introduction to Heat Transfer” by Bergman (6th ed,

2011) chapter # 8 related to convective heat transfer through circular
tubes/pipes
Heat Transfer Fundamentals – week-7:
Boiling and Condensation

Assistant Professor
UET Lahore (New Campus) Boiling is probably the most familiar
form of heat transfer, yet it remains to be
antabish@uet.edu.pk the least understood form.
Week-7: Boiling and Condensation
Boiling and Condensation: key features
• When the temperature of a liquid at a specified pressure is raised to the saturation

temperatureat that pressure, boiling occurs.
• Likewise, when the temperature of a vapor is lowered to saturation temperature,
condensation occurs.
A liquid-to-vapor phase change

process is called evaporation if it
occurs at a liquid–vapor interface
and boiling if it occurs at a
solid–liquid interface.

• The boiling processes in practice do not occur under
equilibrium conditions, and normally the bubbles are not in
thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding liquid.
• When the liquid is at a lower temperature than the bubble, heat

will be transferred from the bubble into the liquid, causing
some of the vapor inside the bubble to condense and the bubble
to collapse eventually.
Boiling occurs when a liquid is
• When the liquid is at a higher temperature than the bubble, heat brought into contact with a surface
at a temperature above the
will be transferred from the liquid to the bubble, causing the saturation temperature of the liquid.
bubble to grow and rise to the top under the influence of
buoyancy.

• When the temperature of a liquid at a specified pressure is raised to the saturation
temperatureat that pressure, boiling occurs.
• Likewise, when the temperature of a vapor is lowered to saturation temperature,
condensation occurs.
• Considered to be forms of convection heat transfer since they involve fluid motion
• Depends on latent heat of vaporizationof the fluid and the surface tension at the
liquid–vapor interface, in addition to the properties of the fluid in each phase
• The surface tension decreases with increasing temperature and becomes zero at the
critical temperature
• Heat transfer coefficients h associated with boiling and condensation are typically much
higher than those encountered in other forms of convection processes that involve a
single phase.
Boiling classifications:
Boiling is called pool boiling in the Boiling is said to be subcooled (or local) when the
absence of bulk fluid flow and temperature of the main body of the liquid is below
flow boiling (or forced convection the saturation temperature and saturated (or bulk)
boiling) in the presence of bulk flow. when the temperature of the liquid is equal to
saturation temperature.
Pool Boiling: boiling regimes & boiling curve
boiling heat flux
Pool Boiling: boiling regimes & boiling curve
boiling heat flux

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Ch.

E 205: Heat Transfer Fundamentals

A.N. Tabish (PhD, TU Delft)

Course Content Review

Recommended 1. Theodore L. Bergman, Frank P. Incropera, Adrienne S. Lavine, David P. DeWitt,

Course Learning Outcomes

ODL Course Plan

Heat Transfer - Flash Back

Modes of heat transfer

Heat Transfer - Flash Back

Heat Transfer - Flash Back

Illustration of modes of heat transfer

Heat Transfer - Flash Back

First law of thermodynamics

Example 1.7: Introduction to Heat Transfer by Bergman (6th ed, 2011)

Steady state one-dimensional conduction

A.N. Tabish (PhD, TU Delft)

The Conduction Rate Equation

For very small ∆x value, heat rate

The Conduction Rate Equation

Heat diffusion equation/ the heat equation

• General heat diffusion

Heat diffusion equation/ the heat equation

Quantity Description Unit

qx , qy , qz Rate of heat conduction W/m

q’’ Heat flux W/m2

𝑞ሶ Rate of heat generation per unit W/m3

Heat diffusion equation/ the heat equation

Heat diffusion equation/ the heat equation

Heat conduction can be

Make use of Fourier’s law and divide the whole expression

Heat diffusion equation/ the heat equation

General form of heat equation:

For a special case of steady state:

If the thermal conductivity is

For steady state heat conduction

Example 2.3: Introduction to Heat Transfer by Bergman (6th ed, 2011)

2. Yunus A. Cengel, (2nd ed) "Heat Transfer: A practical Approach", McGraw-Hill

Heat diffusion equation/ the heat equation

General form of heat equation:

For a special case of steady state:

If the thermal conductivity is

For steady state heat conduction

Analysis of heat transfer problems

Example 2.3: Introduction to Heat Transfer by Bergman (6th ed, 2011)

Solution - Home work

Solution - Home work

Temperature distribution in the wall:

Solution - Home work

Solution - Home work

Solution - Home work

Solution - Home work

Initial and Boundary Conditions

Determine temperature distribution in the wall?

1. Initial condition (T @t=0) to initiate the solution with respect to

2. Two boundary conditions for each domain to specify the solution

e.g. Ice bath / saturated

e.g. Radiation source/

2. Solve following problems from “Introduction to Heat Transfer” by Bergman

2. Yunus A. Cengel, (2nd ed) "Heat Transfer: A practical Approach", McGraw-Hill

Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

A.N. Tabish (PhD, TU Delft)

Electrical transformer Motorcycle engine