GRID INTERCONNECTION SOLUTIONS

FOR WIND POWER PROJECTS

SUCCESS OF A WPP

The Electrical Power generated by the Wind

Turbine Generators (WTGs) needs to be brought
to the paying customer.

The paying customer is the sole contributor in

generating the revenue.

A project is only successful when it starts earning

the revenue
revenue.

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 2
SUCCESS OF A WPP

The Electrical Power generated by an individual

WTG within a Wind Park needs to be collected,
transmitted and distributed to the individual
customer.

If any
y of the above steps
p are not p
properly
p y
undertaken, the Wind Project is bound to fail.

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 3
Grouping of Wind Turbines

690 V / 50Hz
2300 kW

0.69/20 kV Wind Park 20 kV

Substation

Public Grid

132 kV Wind Park

Substation

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 4
Principal Overview Concept (Line Feeder Arrangement)

21 WTGs, 2.3MW each Wind park-20kV 132kV Main Station

No. of Lines: 5 - 6 Cable Network
WTGs per Line: 3/5
Approx.
pp Lengths
g
Oper Volt
Oper. Volt. : UN=690V/20 kV Cables/OH cond. Feeder 1
PLC
T3
MV:60km 1 Ph. Aux.-Power PAX
Coupling

WT Sub-station
LV:3.5km 3 Ph
Control:7km
. Capacitor

E thi
Earthing:25km
25k Busbar A: 20kV/132kV
n
40/50MVA
X

Gear ASG

Wind turbine 1
Feeder 3
. x x

n
X

Gear ASG
Surge Arrester
Wind turbine 4
Surge Arrester built in Feeder 4
at each outgoing feeder

. T3
Aux.-Power
WT Sub-station Busbar B:
n 20kV/132kV
X

Gear ASG
40/50 MVA
Wind turbine 20 . x x
Feeder 6
n
X

Gear ASG

Wind turbine 21 Surge Arrester

Wind turbines

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 5
HESCO
SCO Grid
G d Network
et o

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 6
10
VARIOUS STEPS
Facilitated by the sponsor (AEDB)
(AEDB), a WPP is developed by the Investor
Investor.
However before the power reaches the customer it goes through the
following steps:

1) WTGs make it available at 690V at the base of the tower

2) Stepped up to 20kV in the WTG substation and goes through the
collection system
3)) Stepped
pp up p to 132kV at the WPP main station and fed into the utility
y
operators network (HESCO).
4) Fed into the transmission company’s (NTDC) network at 220kV. The
t
transmission
i i company iis also
l ththe purchaser
h iin our case.
5) The energy is delivered to the consumers at appropriate voltage levels
by various DISCOs
DISCOs.
6) The generation, transmission and distribution charges are part of the
tariff determined by the regulator (NEPRA) and paid by the consumer.

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 7
STRENGTH OF A NETWORK
Network is strong if S/Pn ratio is > 25 at take off
Network is weak if S/Pn ratio is <25 at take off
At Gharo: S/Pn = 6 i.e. network is very weak
At Jhimpir: S/Pn = 17 i.e. network is weak
CONCLUSION:
Our HESCO Network at the point of common coupling is weak.
N t
Network
k can be
b strengthened:
t th d

ƒ by adding more generation capacity into the network

(conventional eg: coal based generation)
ƒ byy using
g WTGs which can support
pp the grid
g
(type D with full converter)
Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan
Page 8
Overview of wind turbine concepts
(power quality characteristics)
1) Fixed speed (variation by slip upto 1%)
2) Reactive power control: static, by capacitors, SVC
3) Power quality: high power fluctuations
4) Power Factor: 0.9 inductive

1) Variable speed (variation by rotor resistance upto 10%)

2) Reactive power control: static, by capacitors, SVC
3) P
Power quality:
lit smoother
th ththan ttype A
A, h
harmonics
i
4) Power Factor:0.99 inductive to 0.99 capacitive

1) Variable speed
2) Reactive power control: dynamic, converter 30% of generator independent
of active power within converter range.
3) Power quality: smooth output, low harmonics
4) Power Factor: 0.95 inductive to 0.95 capacitive
1)) Variable speed
p
2) Reactive power control: dynamic, converter 100% of gen.
independent of active power within converter range
3)) Power quality:
y smooth output, low harmonics
4) Power Factor: 0.9 inductive to o.9 capacitive.
Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan
Page 9
Network
et o Studies
Stud es

• Load Flow Studies

• Short-circuit Studies
• Stability Studies
• Power Quality Analysis

The impact
Th i t off WPP on the
th Network
N t k and
d
vice versa are studied under following
conditions:
• Varying operating conditions of WPP
from 100% to 0% output
• Network conditions of peak load and off
peak load with high hydro power
availability and low hydro (high thermal)
power generation.
generation
• The impacts are to be studied in steady
state as well as dynamic
y ((disturbed))
conditions
Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan
Page 10
 Network Studies

Load Flow Studies

¾Calculation of voltages, currents and power over the whole network.

¾Loading of electrical equipments during normal operation.
¾Weak-point Analysis.

Short Circuit Analysis

¾To determine the maximum and minimum values at 3-phase,2-phase

& 1-phase faults.

¾Short Circuit study used for;

9 Dimensioning of switching devices
9 Protection Coordination

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 11
 Network Studies

Stability Analysis

¾To determine
¾T d t i the
th impact
i t off Wind
Wi d Power
P on the
th Grid.
G id
¾Dynamic analysis to calculate the voltage fluctuations.
¾Transient stability of the wind turbine generators.

Power Quality Analysis

¾System Harmonics.
¾System Resonance
¾System Flicker
¾Unbalanced Conditions

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 12
Critical Points in Grid Code Release Report

No
No. Topic Agreement
1 Voltage Control, Wind Turbine Generators generally cannot provide Reactive
Power to the Grid.
Grid However Wind Power Plants should be able to
R
Reactive
ti PPower operate at 0.95 power factor (leading & lagging) at the point of
and Power Factor. common coupling.
2 Frequency
F Wind
Wi d Power
P plants
l t cannott provide
id dynamic
d i response tot variation
i ti
in load demand and thus cannot instantaneously change its
Control (reserve Active Power output. Similarly output from wind turbines in
margins load
margins, operation cannot be reduced at will and wind turbines will need to
rejection) be shut down for load rejection upon Despatch from the Grid
System Operator.
3 Black Start Wind Power plants are not capable of providing black start or
support islanded systems.
Islanded
operation
4 Low Voltage Ride For the initial Wind Farms (upto 1000MW), LVRT of 180 ms at 0.3
p.u. at point of common coupling has been agreed.
Through (LVRT)
Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan
Page 13
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 14
LVRT in various Grid Codes

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 15
LVRT Capability Requirement - Summary

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 16
Voltage
g dip
p under fault Condition

¾ Short circuit power of WTGs is low. KOTRI

JHERUK

¾ In case of short circuit near

the wind farms, Grids connected
in surrounding with high short
circuit power will have major JHIM PUR

contribution to short circuit GHARO

current resulting is excessive

Wind
voltage dips over a large area
area. Farms

¾ This may result in “Blackout “ FAULT TCF SUJAWAL

PIRPATHO
¾ Protection relays should be reset
accordingly to isolate the fault.
LADIUM

Area of voltage dip in case of fault near GHARO

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 17
 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS
TO SUPPORT WTGs AND THE UTILITY NETWORK

Biogas/Biodiesel run power plants of 15% WPPs capacity should

be installed in the Public Sector or under Private/Public Partnership
to provide ancillary services for the WPPs such as
ƒ VAR Compensation
ƒ Blackstart

A 50MW biogas/biodiesel
g plant
p can be established near the cattle
colony Karachi to support WPPs at the Khuttikun and Jhimpir site.

According
A di to t a bankable
b k bl feasibility
f ibilit study,
t d it is
i possible
ibl to
t produce
d
biogas for continuous 50MW Electrical Power generation from cow
dung from Karachi cattle colony.

Power for ancillary support should also be produced by using

biodiesel from jatofra to be planted in the Wind Farms.
Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan
Page 18
 The information provided in this presentation contains general
descriptions or characteristics of performance which in case of actual use
may not always apply as described or which may change as a result of
further development of the products. An obligation to provide the
respective products/services and their characteristics shall only exist if
expressly agreed in the terms of contract. Availability and technical
specifications are subject to change without notice. The trademarks used
are owned by Siemens AG or their respective owners.

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 19
Basic Concept of Sub
Sub--stations for Wind Turbines
Incoming cables from WTG

Cable Trench (for

Cable Trench (for

LV Cables)

MV Cables)
T1 Y Y T2

MV Side
e
LV Side
e
0.69/20kV
MV-Station Transformer

20 kV

RMU
Route for MV Cables Loop-in and Loop-out
Line - System

PRELIMINARY LAYOUT OF 20kV SUB-STATION (Typical)

WT Sub-station
2700kVA,
0.69/20kV
G Gear
Y

Box
T2

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 20
Design Consideration

Collection System Voltage. Why 20kV?

The limiting figure is the maximum operating voltage of the
equipment. This in accordance with IEC 24 kV.
ƒ Within this framework it is possible to operate with a nominal
voltage of 20 kV or 22 kV. The decision is necessary to select the
right rating of the transformer and the taps.
taps
ƒ 20 kV level is recommended to ensure a sufficient gap between
operating voltage and design voltage under all operating
conditions considering:
9 long radial feeder
9 switching operations
9 filter circuits
9 operational experience in other wind farms
ƒ The argument for 22 kV "loss reduction due to lower current
level" is not considered as to be first priority compared to
level
distribution networks and the technical benefits listed before.
Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan
Page 21
SUCCESS OF A PROJECT - II

All the stakeholders need to operate in unison to make the success happen

STAKEHOLDERS

SPONSOR AEDB
DEVELOPER GP, BEL, FFC, TENAGA, SAPPHIRE ,….

LENDER IFC, ADB, BANKS, …..

SUPPLIER SIEMENS NORDEX,

SIEMENS, NORDEX GE
GE, ……..

UTILITY OPERATOR HESCO

ENERGY PURCHASER NTDC

REGULATOR NEPRA
Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan
Page 22
132kV Grid Station

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 23
Reactive Power - Concepts

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 24
 Cable Requirements (50MW WPP)
21 X 2.3MW
2 3MW WTGs

MV Cable:

24kV Polymer XLPE isolated 3 core metallic screened cables with

longitudinal watertight screen area and radial watertight by a
polymer laminated sheath of following types suitable for laying in
wet and sometimes flooded ground (brackish water):

ƒ NA2XS(FL)2Y or equivalent for Aluminium conductor

ƒ N2XS(FL)2Y or equivalent for Copper conductor

ƒAl cables preferred due to cost issue

issue.

ƒSizes:
S es 120,
0, 240
0 & 400
00 sq mm ((in varying
a y g length)
e gt )

ƒTotal requirements: 60 – 70km single core

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 25
 Cable Requirements (50MW WPP)
21 X 2.3
2 3 MW WTGs

LV Cable:
690V Cu cable NYY-O Single core
Cross sections of 240 sq mm & 630 sq mm
The cable should be suitable for laying in wet & sometimes flooded
water (brackish water)
water).
Length: 03 – 3.5 km approx.

Earthing Conductor:
Bare Cu conductor 120 sq mm & 90 sq mm
L
Length:
th 20 - 25 k
km approx.

Control cables:
Multi core control cables in different cross sections
Length: 05 – 07 km approx.

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 26
SWT-2.3-101
Electrical Specifications

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 27
Reactive
eact e Power
o e - Co
Concepts
cepts

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 28
Approach Road

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 29
Turbine Foundation

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 30
Road And Culverts

Energy Sector, Siemens Pakistan

Page 31