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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

 In DSSS system, NRZ data modulates PN sequence to produce spread signal.
 This product signal’s BW spreads instantaneously in the frequency domain.
 Also the capacity of the DSSS system to reject jamming is dependent on PG. Grater the PG, more
effectively the jamming is rejected and more will be the transmission BW.
 But due to limitation of the capabilities of physical devices used for generation. There is
limitation on the maximum value of processing gain and hence on the capability to reject
jamming
 Under such conditions ,alternate system called frequency hopping spread spectrum is used
 In FHSS system ,NRZ data is used to modulate carrier and then this modulated signal ( carrier) is
randomly hopped from one frequency to the other.
 Due to this ,the spectrum of transmitted signal is spread sequentially rather than
instantaneously .
 M-ary FSK is the modulation type which is generally used in FHSS and together it is called
FH/MFSK
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FH-MFSK
Transmitter Receiver

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Depending upon the rate of frequency of hopping ,FH/MFSK system are classified as follows.
1. Slow frequency hopping
2. Fast frequency hopping
 Slow frequency hopping
In slow frequency hopping, symbol rate (Rs) of MFSK is integer multiple of hop rate (Rh) that is in
each frequency hop, several symbols are transmitted.
Therefore each frequency hop several symbols.
 Fast frequency hopping
In fast frequency hopping , the hop rate (Rh) is integer multiple of symbol rate (Rs) of MFSK that is
during transmission of one symbol several hops are made
Therefore each symbol transmission several frequency hops.

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Formulae for FHSS

For FHSS, chip rate = max (Rs, Rh) –> general eq.
For slow FHSS, chip rate = Rs =Rb/N ≥ Rh
For fast FHSS , chip rate =Rh =Rb/N ≥ Rs
PG = (2n * fs)/fs = 2n where n is bits in PN seq per Hop & fs is symbol
frequency
Or
PG = No. of Symbols per Hop X No of bits per Symbol
𝑃 = 𝑒

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Numerical of Slow FHSS

Consider a slow FHSS system with m-ary FSK with number of bits per symbol =2, two symbol per hop &
PN sequence generated output with binary message of 011011011000. The message is transmitted
using following PN sequence with K=3 { 001 110 101 000 101} . Plot output of the system.
Solution:
Data message is having 2 bits per symbol, so possible combinations and different frequencies used for
them are

Possible Symbol 00 01 10 11

Frequency for
FH+f1 FH+f2 FH+f3 FH+f4
each symbol

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Relation between data symbol and PN sequence with K =3 is as follows

Data symbols 01 10 11 01 10 00

PN seq 001 110 101

Here we are using 3 different groups of PN sequence so 3 different hopping frequencies used
as FH1, FH6, FH5, Output plot is as shown in figure

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1/Rs

1/Rh

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FH2 11
10
01
00
FH1

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Numerical on Fast FHSS

Ex 2: Represent the variation of frequency of a fast hop spread spectrum
system with MFSK with following parameters.
◦ Number of bits per MFSK symbol = N =2
◦ Number of MFSK tones =M =2N= 4
◦ Length of PN segment per hop = 3
◦ Total number of frequency hop = 2K = 8
◦ Binary message :01111110001001111010
◦ PN Sequence: 110001001101011110

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Relation between data symbol and PN sequence with K =3 is as follows

Data 01 11 11 10 00 10 01 11 10 10
symbols

PN 110 001
001 011
110 001
001 011
110 001
001 011
110 001
Seq 101 110 101 110 101 110

Here we are using different groups of PN sequence so different hopping frequencies used as FH6,
FH1, FH5, FH3, & so on
Output plot is as shown in figure

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1/Rs

1/Rh

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Comparison of SS Techniques
Parameter Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Definition PN sequence of large bandwidth in Data bits are transmitted in different
multiplied with narrowband data signal frequency slots which are changed by PN
sequence
Spectrum of Signal Data Sequence is spread over entire Data Sequence is spread over small
bandwidth of spread Spectrum frequency slots of spread Spectrum signal.
Chip Rate Chip rate is fixed. It is the rate at which Chip rate is maximum of hop rate or
bits of PN sequence occur Ri=i/Tc symbol rate Ri=Rh*Rg
Modulation Normally Uses BPSK Modulation Normally Uses M-PSK Modulation
Technique
Processing gain Pg-Tb/Tc=N Pg=2t here t is bits in PN Sequence
Probability of /
Pe=1/2 erfc√ Pe=1/2 𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑌𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏/𝐽0
Error
Effect of Distance This is distance relative Effect of distance is less
Acquisition Acquisition time is long Acquisition time is Short
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