Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Deemed to be University

Department of Electrical Engineering Document Number: Version: 1.2

SNU/MAN/EHS/EL/01 Effective Date: 02/01/2023
Title: Communication Engineering Lab Manuals Pages 3

LAB: 07
Frequency Division Multiplexing & De-multiplexing (FDM)
OBJECTIVES:
1. Study of the Frequency Division Multiplexing.
2. Study of the Frequency Division de-multiplexing.

MATERIALS / COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT: DSO, Training Kit, and connecting patch chords.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Multiplexing is the techniques, which allow more than one message to be transferred via the same communication
channel. The channel in this context could be a transmission line, e.g. a twisted pair or co-axial cable, a radio system
or a fiber optic system etc.

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM): FDM is the process of combining several information signals/channels
by shifting signals to different frequency groups within the frequency spectrum so that they can all be transmitted
over common transmission medium. Information signals are shifted in different frequency groups by making them
modulate carrier signals at different frequencies. The bandwidth of a FDM requires link should be greater than the
combined bandwidths of the various signals to be transmitted. These channels are then separated by the strips of
unused bandwidth called guard bands. These guard bands prevent the signals from overlapping. In FDM, signals to
be transmitted must be analog signals. Thus digital signals need to be converted to analog form, if they are to use
FDM.

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Functional Description of Blocks:

Modulating signal generator: This block generates the modulating signal with a variable frequency of 1 KHz to
10KHz. The frequency of the signal can be adjusted through the potentiometer given on the board.

Carrier signal Generator: Carrier generator block generates two sine waves of frequency 100KHz and 200KHz
frequencies. This frequency is used as carrier input to the modulator/ demodulator block.

DSBSC modulator/Demodulator: Modulator unit takes modulating wave as an input, it multiplies modulating
signal to the Carrier signal and generates the modulated output.
Demodulator unit takes the modulated wave as an input and multiplies it with carrier and generates the
demodulated output.
The DSBSC modulator/ demodulator is based on the LM 1496 balanced modulator IC. It has provision to set the
signal symmetry and carrier nulling, respectively. In the ideal case, if the carrier frequency is fc and the signal
frequency is fm, then the output has two components at fc – fm and fc + fm. Carrier nulling removes any fc
component.

Adder: This unit takes the modulated outputs as inputs and gives the composite base band signal. The output of
adder is FDM and is feed to the demodulator input.

Low Pass Filter: Low Pass filter consist of a second order active filter with a cutoff frequency of 10KHz. The filter
takes the demodulator output as an input and extract the message signal.

Exercise:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure using patch chords.
2) Observe DSB-SC 1 & DSB-SC 2 modulated signals using CH1 & CH2 of DSO. Record for one set only.
3) Observe the FDM at output of ADDER. Examine this composite signal on DSO. (attach time domain and
frequency domain FDM signal for same set only)
4) Connect the composite signal to demod-1 and demod-2.
5) Observe the output of DSB-SC Demodulator 1 and original message signal 1 at CH1 and CH2 of DSO
respectively. (record the waveforms for same set only)
6) Observe & compare the output of LPF 1 together with message signal 1.

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7) Observe the output of DSB-SC Demodulator 2 together with message signal 2 using CH1 and CH2 of DSO.
8) Observe & compare the output of LPF 2 together with message signal 2.

OBSERVATION TABLE 1:

Carrier signal 1 Carrier signal 2

Time Domain Frequency Domain
Vc1 fc1 Vc2 fc2

OBSERVATION TABLE 2:

Message Message Demodulator 1 LPF 1 O/P Demodulator 2 LPF 2 O/P

signal 1 signal 2 O/P O/P

Amp. Freq. Amp. Freq. FFT Time FFT FFT Time FFT
Domain Domain
Vm1 fm1 Vm1 fm1 Vm fm Vm fm Vm fm Vm fm Vm fm Vm fm
1KHz 2KHz
2KHz 3KHz
3KHz 4KHz
5KHz 6KHz
8KHz 7KHz
10KHz 9KHz

Graphs to be observed:

NOTE: Observe the given graphs using CH1 & CH2 of DSO. Label all the graphs properly.
Examine all the graphs and justify with reason.

1: Message signal 1 & Message signal 2

2: Carrier signal 1 & Carrier signal 2
3: DSB-SC 1 O/P & DSB-SC 2 O/P
4: Message signal 1 & Demodulator 1 O/P
5: Demodulator 1 O/P & LPF 1 O/P
6: Message signal 2 & Demodulator 2 O/P
7: Demodulator 2 O/P & LPF 2 O/P

Results:

Conclusion:

Undertaking:

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