1

KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu'alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh.

Alhamdulillah, I pray and praise the presence of Allah

SWT who always bestows all His blessings, taufik, and
guidance so that the author can complete this module.
This module is designed to meet the educational
needs of participants to become professional
educators in Paragraph Writing subjects. This module
is designed with undeniable qualifications according to
the segmentation of students.
The presentation style used is integrated and there is
no selection depending on the level of education. This
technique is expected to reduce the frequency of
repetition of topics based on education level. The
benefits of this module can be seen in the integration
of Paragraph Writing. The conversation will be followed
by questions that can be used to assess the level of
achievement and completeness.
The author realizes that there are still many
shortcomings in this module, therefore the author is
very open to ideas and constructive input. I hope this
module is useful.
Bengkulu, January 6th 2022

Penulis

i
DAFTAR ISI
CHAPTER I:
1
TENSES IN ENGLISH
CHAPTER II:
15
WH AND H QUESTIONS
CHAPTER III:
19
DEGREE OF COMPARISON
CHAPTER IV
21
MODAL AUXILIARY
CHAPTER V
23
PASSIVE VOICE
CHAPTER VI
26
RELATIVE PRONOUN
CHAPTER VII
28
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
CHAPTER VIII
30
EXAMPLE OF ARTICLE IN ENGLISH
CHAPTER IX
41
TOEFL PRACTICES
REFERENCES

ii
CHAPTER I:
TENSES IN ENGLISH
Grammar Focus: Simple Present Tense & Present
Continuous Tense

Present Tense
S + V1 + O
I Cook a fish

Source: https://bit.ly/3z1SGKr

1
Present Continuous Tense
S + To be + V1-Ing + O
I am Cooking a fish

2
Grammar focus: Present Perfect Tense & Present
Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is a verb tense used to
express actions that occurred at a non-specific time.
The present perfect tense is also used to express
actions that started in the past but continue to the
present

Nominal

3
 I

You
Have
We

They Been

He

She Has

It

Examples,
 She has been a doctor since 2016
 She has not been a doctor since 2016
 Has she been a doctor since 2016

Verbal

4
 I

You
Have
We

Past Participle
They
(V3)

He

She Has

It

Examples
 They have studied English for 1 year
 They have not studied English for 1 year
 Have they studied English for 1 year?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

The present perfect continuous (also called present
perfect progressive) is a verb tense which is used to
show that an action started in the past and has
continued up to the present moment. The present

5
perfect continuous usually emphasizes duration, or
the amount of time that an action has been taking
place.

Verbal

You

Have

We

They Been V1-Ing

He

She Has

It

6
Examples
 She has been playing a card for 10 minutes
 She has not been playing a card for 10 minutes
 Has she been playing a card for 10 minutes

auxiliary auxiliary main

subject
verb verb verb

for one
+I have been waiting
hour.

+ You have been talking too much.

- It has not been raining.

- We have not been playing football.

? Have you been seeing her?

their
? Have they been doing
homework?

Grammar Focus: Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous

& Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense

A. Simple Past Tense

Nominal

7
 I was

You

We Were

They

He

She Was

It

Examples,
 She was a doctor last year
 She was not a doctor last year
 Was she a doctor last year

Verbal
I
Did
You

8
 We

They

He

She

It

Examples
 They studied English yesterday
 They did not study English yesterday
 Did they study English yesterday?

B. Past Continuous Tense

Nominal
I was
You
We Were Being
They
He
She Was
It

9
Examples,
 She was being a doctor last year
 She was not being a doctor last year
 Was she being a doctor last year
Verbal

I was

You

We Were V1-Ing

They

He

She Was

It

Examples,
 She was studying English Last week
 She was not studying English Last week
 Was she studying English Last week?

C. Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense is used to describe an action or
event that has been completed in the past.

10
Formula :
( + ) S + had + V3
( - ) S + had + not + V3
( ? ) Had + S + V3

Example :
( + ) I had gone when He arrived at my Home.

( - ) She hadn’t been at home.

( ? ) Had you studied English when your father come

here?

D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express
an action or event that has started in the past and is
still continuing until a later time.

Rumus :
( + ) S + had + been + Ving
( - ) S + had + not + been + Ving
( ? ) Had + S + been + Ving

Example :
( + ) He had been living in here before he moved to
Semarang.
( - ) They had not been sleeping until I can me to meet
him.
( ? ) Had she been finishing her duty before her leader
inspected it?

Future Tense

11
Future Tense is used to express an action or event
that happens or is done in the future. The markers
include the words tomorrow, next month, next year,
next saturday, and so on.

Rumus :

( + ) S + will + V1

( - ) S + will + not + V1

( ? ) Will + S + V1

Example :

( + ) I will do to Bali next week.

( - ) They will not sail to the sea.

( ? ) Will he do then?

Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense is used to express an action

or event that will happen in the future.

Rumus :

( + ) S + will + be + V1-ing

( - ) S + will + not + be + V1-ing

( ? ) Will + S + be + V1-ing

12
Example :

( + ) My father will be teaching English at o’clock next

week.

( - ) We shall not be working at 7 p.m.

( ? ) Will you be going out if she comes here to night?

Future Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense is used to express an action

or event that has started in the past and is soon
completed in the future.

Rumus :

( + ) S + will + have + V3

( - ) S + will + not have + V3

( ? ) Will + S + have + V3

Example :

( + ) He will have been at home.

( - ) The cat will not have been here for a year by next
month.

13
( ? ) Will you have been a doctor by next month?

Exercise
Fill in the blank with the appropriate verb form.

1. She ________ (go) to the market yesterday.

2. He ________ (play) soccer when it started to rain.
3. They ________ (watch) a movie tonight.
4. She ________ (not finish) her homework yet.
5. He ________ (work) on this project for two weeks by
next Monday.
6. If she ________ (study) harder, she would get better
grades.
7. They ________ (live) in this house since 2010.
8. He ________ (write) a letter when his phone rang.
9. She ________ (visit) her grandparents tomorrow.
10. They ________ (arrive) by the time we get there.

Choose Incorrect Answer !

11. The president, with his wife and daughter, are returning
A B C
from a brief vacation at Sun Valley
D

12. Sugars like glucose is made up of carbon, hydrogen and

A B C D
oxygen atoms.

13. Part of the electricity used in the United States today

A B

14
 come from hydroelectric Sources.
C D

14. The liquid crystals in a liquid crystal display affects the

A B C D
polarized light.

15. The rise of multinationals have resulted in a great deal

A B C D
of legal ambiguity.

15
 CHAPTER II:
WH AND H QUESTIONS
Objectives:
In this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Know how to formulate WH and H-question
2. Implement WH and H question in conversation

WH Fungsi Contoh Kalimat

Question
Words
what Menanyakan What is your name?
informasi
tentang sesuatu.
Menanyakan What? I can't hear
pengulangan, you.You did what?
menanyakan
kenapa.
what...for Menanyakan What did you do that
alasan, for?
menanyakan
kenapa.
when Menanyakan When did he leave?
tentang waktu
where Menanyakan Where do they live?
posisi atau
tempat.
which Menanyakan Which color do you
tentang pilihan. want?
who Menanyakan Who opened the

16
 subject orang. door?
whom Menanyakan Whom did you see?
object orang.
whose Menanyakan Whose are these
tentang keys? Whose turn is
kepemilikan. it?
why Menanyakan Why do you say that?
alasan.
why don't Memberikan Why don't I help you?
saran.
how Menyakan How does this work?
tentang cara.
Menanyakan How was your exam?
tentang kondisi
atau jumlah.
how + Menanyakan How long is the
adj/adv tingkatan pipeline?
how far Jarak How far is Pattaya
from Bangkok?
how long Panjang (waktu How long will it take?
atau ruang)
how many Jumlah How many cars are
(countable) there?
how much Jumlah How much money do
(uncountable) you have?
how old Umur How old are you?
how come Menanyakan How come I can't see
(informal) alasan, her?
menanyakan
kenapa.

17
Arti dan Contoh WH Question Words

WH Question Arti Contoh Kalimat

Words
who Orang Who's that? That's
Nancy.
where Tempat Where do you live? In
Boston
why Alasan Why do you sleep
early? Because I've got
to get up early
when Waktu When do you go to
work? At 7:00
how Cara How do you go? By car
what Object, ide atau What do you do? I am
tindakan an engineer
which Pilihan Which one do you
prefer? The red one.
whose Kepemilikan Whose is this book?
It's Alan's.
whom Object dari kata Whom did you meet? I
kerja met the manager.
what kind Deskripsi/ What kind of music do
gambaran you like? I like quiet
songs
what time Waktu What time did you
come home?
how many Jumlah How many students
(countable) are there? There are
twenty.
how much Jumlah/ How much time have
kwantitas, we got? Ten minutes

18
 harga
(uncountable)
how long Durasi, panjang How long did you stay
in that hotel? For two
weeks.
how often Frekwensi How often do you go to
the gym? Twice a
week.
how far Jarak How far is your
school? It's one mile
far.
how old Umur How old are you? I'm
16.

19
 CHAPTER III
DEGREE OF COMPARISON

Degree of comparison
Degree of comparison refers to adjectives being
written in different forms to compare one, two or more
nouns which are words describing persons, places and
things.

A. Positive degree.
For example,
 Mika is beautiful
 Agnes is beautiful
Maka:
 Mika is as beautiful as Agnes
Atau
 Mika is the same beautiful as Agnes

B. Comparative degree.
For example,
 This house is bigger than that one.
 This flower is more beautiful than that.
 He is more intelligent than this boy.
 He is taller than Andik.

20
C. Superlative degree
For example,
 This is the biggest house in this street.
 This flower is the most beautiful one in this
garden.
 He is the most intelligent in this class.
 He is the tallest student in this class.

Exercise
Fill in the blank with the appropriate adjective form.

1. This is the ________ (big) cake I have ever seen.

2. She is ________ (happy) than her sister.
3. He is ________ (good) at math than me.
4. This book is ________ (interesting) than that one.
5. She is ________ (beautiful) girl in the class.
6. He is ________ (tall) boy in his family.
7. She sings ________ (well) than him.
8. This is ________ (bad) movie I have ever watched.
9. He is ________ (young) than his brother.
10. She is ________ (friendly) person I know.

21
Choose Incorrect Answer !

11. Protein molecules are the most complex than

A B C
the molecules of carbohydrates.
D

12. The earliest the CVS procedure in the pregnancy, the

A B C
greater the risk to the baby.
D

13. Harvard is probably most prestigious University in

A B C
the United States.
D

14. The warmer the weather, the greatest the attendance

A B C
at the outdoor concert.
D

15. The hotter the food is, harder it is to eat.

A B C D

22
 CHAPTER IV
MODAL AUXILIARY

Grammar Focus: Modal Auxiliary

Present Past

May Might
Can Could
Will Would
Shall Should
Must
Have/Has to Had to

For example:
 She can be angry
 They have to be clever
 I will go to school
 She could climb the tree

23
Exercise
Fill in the blank with the appropriate modal auxiliary.

1. You ________ leave your phone on silent mode during

the meeting. (Use a modal auxiliary to express obligation
or necessity.)

2. He ________ play the guitar very well. He has been

practicing for years. (Use a modal auxiliary to express
ability or skill.)

3. She ________ not eat too much chocolate. It is bad for

her health. (Use a modal auxiliary to express prohibition
or negative obligation.)

4. He ________ drive a car when he was only ten years old.

He was very talented. (Use a modal auxiliary to express
ability or skill in the past.)

5. He ________ not smoke so much. It is bad for his health.

(Use a modal auxiliary to express advice or suggestion.)

6. You ________ be tired after working all day. Do you

want some coffee? (Use a modal auxiliary to express
possibility or uncertainty in the present or future.)

Choose Incorrect Answer !

7. A patient suffering from amnesia may had partial or
A B C
total loss
D
8. Sunlight can penetrates through water to a depth of
A B C
only about 800 feet.

24
 D
9. The weatherman said that it might snowing tonight.
A B C D
10. The Interviewer will asking you many difficult
A B C
questions.
D

25
 CHAPTER V
PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present Tense:

Object + am/is/are + V3 + by + Object/Pronoun
Example:
The kitchen is cleaned by mother once a week.

Simple Past Tense:

Object + was/were + V3 + by + Object/Pronoun
Example:
The car was repaired by my father.

Simple Future Tense:

Object + shall/will + V3 + by + Object/Pronoun
Example:
The work will be finished by Andrew at 4:00 P.M

Present Continuous Tense:

Object + am/is/are + being + V3 + by +
Object/Pronoun
Example:
The letter is being written by Anita.

Past Continuous Tense:

Object + was/were + being+ V3 + by + Object/Pronoun

26
Example:
The customer was being asked by the police when the
thief came into the store.

Future Continuous Tense:

Object + shall/will + V3 + by + Object/Pronoun
Example:
At 7:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by
my mother.

Present Perfect Tense:

Object + have/has + been+ V3 + by + Object/Pronoun
Example:
That beach has been visited by many tourists.

Past Perfect Tense:

Object + had+ been + V3 + by + Object/Pronoun
Example:
Many cars had been repaired by those mechanics
before they received their licenses.

Future Perfect Tense:

Object + shall/will + have + been + V3 + by +
Object/Pronoun
Example:
The project will have been completed before the
deadline.

27
Exercise:
Rewrite the sentence in passive voice.

1. The teacher gave us a lot of homework yesterday.

2. They will finish the project by next week.
3. The company has launched a new product in the
market.
4. She will write a letter to her friend tomorrow.
5. The waiter served us delicious food at the
restaurant.
6. They can solve this problem easily.
7. He can speak three languages fluently.
8. The police arrested him for stealing a car.
9. The company will launch a new product next
month.
10. They have built a new bridge across the river.

Choose Incorrect Answer !

11. During this period, $ 206 was spend annually

A B
on food by families in the lower third income
C D
Bracket.

12. Particular issues that concern teenagers

A B

28
 were covering in the half-hour program.
C D

13. After the old radiator have be replaced, the

A B C
travelers continued their cross-country trip.
D
14. In 1785, Henry Knox was appoint the new
A B
Republic’s first secretary of war.
C D
15. In English these questions have be formed
A B
by changing the word order of a statement,
C
whereas in some languages the word order
remains the same .
D

29
 CHAPTER VI
RELATIVE PRONOUN

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to connect

two sentences and describe a noun. A noun can be a
person, an animal, or a thing. A relative pronoun also
relates to the noun or pronoun before it, which is
called the antecedent. There are five types of relative
pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, and that.

Here are some examples of sentences with relative

pronouns:

 The girl who lives next door is my friend.

(Who is the relative pronoun that connects the
two sentences and describes the girl.)

 The book that I bought yesterday is very

interesting.
(That is the relative pronoun that connects the
two sentences and describes the book.)

 The man whom I met at the party was very

funny.
(Whom is the relative pronoun that connects
the two sentences and describes the man.)
 The dog which belongs to my neighbor is very
cute.

30
 (Which is the relative pronoun that connects
the two sentences and describes the dog.)

 The car whose owner is a famous actor is very

expensive.
(Whose is the relative pronoun that connects
the two sentences and describes the car.)

Exercise
Fill in the blank with the appropriate relative pronoun.

1. The man ________ I met yesterday was very

friendly.
2. The book ________ I read last week was very
interesting.
3. The girl ________ brother is a famous actor is my
friend.
4. The car ________ was stolen last night has been
found by the police.
5. The woman ________ house is next to mine is a
doctor.
6. The movie ________ we watched last night was
very boring.
7. The person ________ you are talking to is my
boss.
8. The boy ________ I saw at the park is my
neighbor’s son.
9. The restaurant ________ we had dinner last night
was very expensive.
10. The company ________ I work for is a
multinational corporation.

31
Choose Incorrect Answer !

11. The car which is in the garage has flat tire

A B C D
12. The doorman who works at this hotel is his
A B C
brother .
D
13. Manchester United consist of players whose
A B
talents are incredible.
C D
14. Mount Merapi which is a volcano in Central
A B C
Java Indonesia exploded tremendously in
D
2010.

15. The movie that we saw last night was very

A B C D
good

32
 CHAPTER VII
Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are sentences that express the
relationship between a condition and a consequence.
Conditional sentences usually consist of two parts: an
if-clause and a main clause. There are four types of
conditional sentences: type 0, type 1, type 2, and type
3. Each type uses different verb tenses to indicate the
degree of possibility or reality of the condition and the
consequence.

Here are some examples of conditional sentences:

 Type 0: If you heat water, it boils. (This is a

general fact or scientific truth.) This example
shows that the condition and the consequence are
always true and valid in the present.

 Type 1: If you study hard, you will pass the

exam. (This is a possible or realistic situation in
the future.) This example shows that the condition
and the consequence are possible and realistic in the
future.

 Type 2: If I had a million dollars, I would travel

around the world. (This is an unreal or
improbable situation in the present or future.)
This example shows that the condition and the

33
 consequence are unreal or improbable in the present or
future.

 Type 3: If I had studied harder, I would have

passed the exam. (This is an unreal or
impossible situation in the past.) This example
shows that the condition and the consequence are
unreal or impossible in the past.

Exercise:

1. If I ________ (have) more money, I would buy a

new car.
2. If she ________ (study) harder, she would pass the
exam.
3. Unless you ________ (study) more, you won’t pass
the test.
4. If he ________ (not be) so lazy, he would have
finished the project by now.
5. If we ________ (not miss) the train, we would have
arrived on time.
6. Should you ________ (need) any help, just let me
know.
7. If they ________ (not come) soon, we will leave
without them.
8. Were he more sociable, he ________ (have) more
friends.
9. If you ________ (not be) so careless, you wouldn’t
have lost your keys.
10. Had I known about the traffic jam, I ________
(take) another route.

Choose Incorrect Answer !

34
11. If a crisis would occur, those unfamiliar with the
A B C
procedures would not know how to handle the
D
situation.

12. If Rama would have studied German in college, he

A B
would not have found the scientific terminology so
C
difficult to understand.
D

13. If Dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth,

A B
man would have evolved quite differently.
C D

14. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accident occur.

A B C D

15. If you don’t register before the last day of regular

A B
registration, you paying a late fee.
C D

35
 CHAPTER VIII
EXAMPLE OF ARTICLE IN
ENGLISH

36
 CHAPTER IX
PRACTICE TOEFL

41
 REFERENCES

Astuti, H., Yulianto, A., & Widiyanto, W. (2022). The

Influence of Pedagogic Competence, Academic
Supervision, and Organizational Culture, on
Performance Through Teacher Work Motivation
at SMPN 1 Kaloran. Educational Management,
11(2), 265-275. Retrieved from
https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/edum
an/article/view/64342
Azar, B.S, Understanding and using English
grammar.New York: Longman
Binarupa Akasara Fountain, R.L (1971). An English
language course for first-year student of English
at IKIP. Yogyakarta: FKSS IKIP Yogyakarta.
Hinkel, E. (2005). TOEFL test strategies. Binarupa
Aksara
Hasianbuan, S.R. (2012). English for Specific
Purposes: Law. Jakarta: PT Dian rakyat
Hewings, M. (1999). Advanced Grammar in Use.
Cambrige: Cambrige University Press.
Murphy, R. (1985). English Grammar in Use. .
Cambrige: Cambrige University Press.

Internet Source:
https://bit.ly/3EuRxw5
https://bit.ly/3z1SGKr
http://www.rong-chang.com/qa2/stories/story049.htm
 REFERENCES

Astuti, H., Yulianto, A., & Widiyanto, W. (2022). The

Influence of Pedagogic Competence, Academic
Supervision, and Organizational Culture, on
Performance Through Teacher Work Motivation at
SMPN 1 Kaloran. Educational Management,
11(2), 265-275. Retrieved from
https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/edum
an/article/view/64342
Azar, B.S, Understanding and using English
grammar.New York: Longman
Binarupa Akasara Fountain, R.L (1971). An English
language course for first-year student of English
at IKIP. Yogyakarta: FKSS IKIP Yogyakarta.
Hinkel, E. (2005). TOEFL test strategies. Binarupa
Aksara
Hasianbuan, S.R. (2012). English for Specific Purposes:
Law. Jakarta: PT Dian rakyat
Hewings, M. (1999). Advanced Grammar in Use.
Cambrige: Cambrige University Press.
Murphy, R. (1985). English Grammar in Use. .
Cambrige: Cambrige University Press.

Internet Source:
https://bit.ly/3EuRxw5
https://bit.ly/3z1SGKr
http://www.rong-chang.com/qa2/stories/story049.htm