An-Najah National University

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Department of Construction Engineering

Experiment Name: Flow through pipes major and minor losses

Students:
Roaa Salman
Khaled Sami

Date: 19/3/2024
  Introduction

What are the major and minor losses in pipe flow?

Major losses occur due to the friction effect between the moving fluid and the
walls of the pipe. (material types, roughness, type of fluid.....)
The minor losses occur due to any disturbance that might occur to the flow,
which is mainly caused by the installed fittings bends, elbows extraction, and
contraction on the pipeline.

 Objectives:
 To determine loss of head in pipe using bends friction apparatus.
 To measure the friction loss head
 To determine the friction loss coefficient(f)
 And for minor losses (head and coefficient)

 Theory
2 2
P1 v1 P 2 v2
+ z 1+ = + z 2+ + h l
γ 2g γ 2g

P1 P2
h L= − …………………Total losses
γ γ

hl=hl major + hlminor ……….. Total losses

from 1 to 2 on the pipe only major losses

P1 P2
h Lmajor = −
γ γ
f∗L 2
∗ν
d
h Lmajor =
2g
Q
v=
A
Pinlet −Poutlet
∆ h=
γ water
γ water =9810 N /m

2∗g∗D∗∆ h
F exp= 2
L∗v

the∩e
F theo ¿ ∧R
d

ρ∗v∗D
ℜ=
μ

Ptheo −Pexp
% of Error = ∗100 %
Ptheo

ℜ≤ 2000 → Laminar flow

2000< ℜ≤ 4000→ Transiter

ℜ< 4000 →Turbuelent

 Apparatus
  Calculation:
Effect of the material types:
PVC pipe 20 x 1.5 d1=17mm length=1m wall roughness€=0.001mm

Material type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
PVC pipe 20 x 1.5 9 15 14 0.01019368
d1=17mm 10.2 31 28 0.03058104
length=1m
wall 14 86 40 0.468909276
roughness€=0.001mm 20 209 130 0.805300714
23 278 173 1.070336391

Q(L/min) Pinlet Poutlet h (m)▲ V(m/s) Fexp Ftheo Re e/d Error%

(mbar) (mbar)
5.88E-
9 15 14 0.01019368
0.661
0.0078 0.03289 8.03E+03 02 76.35%
6.06E- 5.88E-
10.2 31 28 0.03058104
7.49E-01 03 0.03176 9.10E+03 02 80.94%
3.21E- 5.88E-
14 86 40 0.468909276
1.03E+00 03 0.02915 1.25E+04 02 88.97%
1.57E- 5.88E-
20 209 130 0.805300714
1.47E+00 03 0.02658 1.78E+04 02 94.07%
23 1.19E- 5.88E-
278 173 1.070336391
1.69E+00 03 0.02567 2.05E+04 02 95.36%

 Sample of Calculations

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 15∗102 )−(14∗102 )

∆ h= = =0.01019368 m
γ water 9810

γ water =9810 N /m
 Q 9 /60000
v= = =0.6611862 m/ s
A π∗0.017 2
4

2∗g∗D∗∆ h 2∗9.81∗0.017∗0.0102
F exp= 2
= 2
=0.007778
L∗v 1∗0.6611862

the∩e
F theo ¿ ∧R
d

ρ∗v∗D 1000∗0.661186∗0.017
ℜ= = =8029
μ 1.4∗10
3

e 0.001 −5
= =5.88∗10
d 17

% of Error =¿ P theo−Pexp∨ ¿ ∗100 %=¿ 0.03289−0.0078∨ ¿ =76.35 % ¿ ¿

Ptheo 0.03289

Copper pipe, Cu, 18*1 d1=16mm length=1m wall roughness€=0.001mm

Material type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
Copper pipe, Cu, 18*1 11.4 46 36 0.102
d1=16mm 15 91 43 0.49
length=1m 18 143 59 0.86

wall 20 180 73 1.09

roughness€=0.001mm
23 255 102 1.56

Q(L/ Pinle Poutlet ▲h V(m/ Fexp Ftheo Re e/d %Error

min) t (mbar) (m) s)
(mbar)
11.4 46 36 0.102 0.0303 10805. 0.000062 18.22%
0.95 0.04 3 5
15 91 43 0.49 0.0281 14217. 0.000062 252.71
1.24 0.10 8 5 5 %
18 143 59 0.86 0.0268 17061 0.000062 350.51
1.49 0.12 9 5 %
20 180 73 1.09 0.0261 18956. 0.000062 374.87
 1.66 0.12 9 6 5 %
23 255 102 1.56 0.0253 21800. 0.000062 431.97
1.91 0.13 1 5 %

 Sample of Calculations:

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 46∗10 2 )−( 36∗102 )

∆ h= = =0.102 m
γ water 9810

γ water =9810 N /m

Q 11.4/60000
v= = =0.95 m/s
A π∗0.016
2

2∗g∗D∗∆ h 2∗9.81∗0.016∗0.102
F exp= 2
= 2
=0.04
L∗v 1∗0.95

the∩e
F theo ¿ ∧R
d

ρ∗v∗D 1000∗0.95∗0.016
ℜ= = =10805.3
μ 1.4∗10
−3

e 0.001 −5
= =6.25∗10
d 16

Pexp −P theo 0.04−0.0303

% of Error = ∗100 %= =18.22 %
Ptheo 0.0303
  Steel pipe galvanized 1/2:

Diameter =16mm, wall roughness ε =0.1, Length=1m

Material type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
Steel pipe galvanized
12 38 24 0.1427
1/2
d1=16mm
14 73 35 0.3874
length=1m
19 173 63 1.1213
wall
22 246 94 1.5494
roughness€=0.001mm
25 336 146 1.9368
Q(L/min) Pinlet Poutlet ▲h (m) V(m/s) Fexp Ftheo Re e/d %Error
(mbar) (mbar)
0.0
12 38 24 0.9950 0.02989 11372 6.25E-05 51.37%
0.1427 4525
0.0 214.55
14 73 35 1.1609 0.02869 13267 6.25E-05
0.3874 9024 %
0.1 434.55
19 173 63 1.5755 0.02653 18005 6.25E-05
1.1213 4182 %
0.1 471.39
22 246 94 1.8242 0.02558 20848 6.25E-05
1.5494 4616 %
0.1 470.74
25 336 146 2.0730 0.02479 23691 6.25E-05
1.9368 4149 %

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 38∗102 )−(24∗102 )

∆ h= = =0.1427 m
γ water 9810

γ water =9810 N /m

Q 12/60000
v= = =0.9950 m/ s
A π∗0.016 2
4
 2∗g∗D∗∆ h 2∗9.81∗0.016∗0.1427
F exp= 2
= 2
=0.04525
L∗v 1∗0.9950

the∩e
F theo ¿ ∧R
d

ρ∗v∗D 1000∗0.9950∗0.016
ℜ= = =11372
μ 1.4∗10
−3

e 0.001 −5
= =6.25∗10
d 16

Pexp −P theo 0 .04525−0.02989

% of Error = ∗100 %= =51.37 %
Ptheo 0.02989

 PVC 16:

Diameter =14.6mm, wall roughness ε =0.001, Length=86cm

Material type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
PVC 16 14 100 15 0.8665
d1=14.6mm 16 135 26 1.1111
length=0.86m 18 171 45 1.2844
wall 20 224 64 1.6310
roughness€=0.001mm
22 280 90 1.9368
Q(L/min) Pinlet Poutlet ▲h (m) V(m/s) Fexp Ftheo Re e/d %Error
(mbar) (mbar)
14 100 15 426.09
0.8665 1.395 0.1474 0.02801 14544 6.85E-05
%
16 135 26 434.43
1.1111 1.594 0.1447 0.02707 16622 6.85E-05
%
18 171 45 402.80
1.2844 1.793 0.1321 0.02628 18700 6.85E-05
%
20 224 64 430.91
1.6310 1.992 0.1359 0.0256 20778 6.85E-05
%
22 280 90 433.32
1.9368 2.192 0.1334 0.02501 22856 6.85E-05
%

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 100∗102 )−(15∗102)

∆ h= = =0.8665 m
γ water 9810

γ water =9810 N /m

Q 14 /60000
v= = =1.395 m/ s
A π∗0.014 62
4

2∗g∗D∗∆ h 2∗9.81∗0.014 6∗0.8665

F exp= 2
= 2
=0.1474
L∗v 1∗1.395

the∩e
F theo ¿ ∧R
d

ρ∗v∗D 1000∗2.390∗0.014
ℜ= = =14544
μ 1.4∗10
−5

e 0.001 −5
= =6.85∗10
d 14.6
 Pexp −P theo 0.1474−0.02801
% of Error = ∗100 %= =426.09 %
Ptheo 0.02801

 PVC 32:

Diameter =28.6mm, wall roughness ε =0.001, Length=86cm

Material type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
PVC 32 19 179 161 0.183486239
d1=28.6mm 21 221 151 0.713557594
length=0.86m 23 268 118 1.529051988
wall 25 308 228 0.815494393
roughness€=0.001mm
26 338 258 0.815494393

Q(L/ Pinle Poutlet ▲h (m) V(m/s) Fexp Ftheo Re e/d %Error

min) t (mbar)
(mbar)
19 179 161 0.493 0.481 0.0310 3.57E-
0.1835 9865 1452.55%
3 8 3 05
21 221 151 0.545 1.533 1090 3.50E-
0.71356 0.0302 4978.26%
2 6 3 05
23 268 118 0.597 2.739 0.0294 1194 3.50E-
1.5291 9196.46%
1 7 7 1 05
25 308 228 0.649 1.236 0.0288 1298 3.50E-
0.8155 4191.19%
0 7 2 0 05
26 338 258 0.675 1.143 0.0285 1349 3.50E-
0.8155 3907.78%
0 4 3 9 05

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 179∗102 )−(161∗10 2)

∆ h= = =0.183 5 m
γ water 9810
γ water =9810 N /m

Q 19/60000
v= = =0.4933 m/ s
A π∗0.0286 2
4

2∗g∗D∗∆ h 2∗9.81∗0.0286∗0.214
F exp= 2
= 2
=0.4818
L∗v 1∗0.623

the∩e
F theo ¿ ∧R
d

ρ∗v∗D 1000∗0.4933∗0.0286
ℜ= = =9865
μ 1.4∗10
−3

e 0.001 −5
= =3.50∗10
d 28.6

Pexp −P theo 0 .4818−0.03103

% of Error = ∗100 %= =1452.55 %
Ptheo 0.03103
 Minor Loss

 Bend Miter (PVC 20*1.5): Diameter =17mm, Length=91mm

Fitting Type volume flow V pin p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mbar) (mm)
900 bend Mitre (PVC 20*150) 11 48 43 0.0510
d1=17mm
length=91 mm
13 78 50 0.2854
16 127 67 0.6116
19 184 94 0.9174
22 255 122 1.3558

Q(L/min) Pinlet Poutlet ▲h (m) di/ A (m2) V(m/s) V²/2g

(mbar) (mbar) 2(m)
11 48 43 0.80799177
0.0510 0.009 0.0002269 0.041182
3
13 78 50 0.95489936
0.2854 0.009 0.0002269 0.04867
8
16 127 67 1.17526076
0.6116 0.009 0.0002269 0.059901
1
19 184 94 1.39562215
0.9174 0.009 0.0002269 0.071133
4
22 255 122 1.61598354
1.3558 0.009 0.0002269 0.082364
6

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 48∗10 2) −( 43∗102)

∆ h= = =0.0510 m
γ water 9810

Q 11/60000
v 1= = =0.8079 9 m/s
A π∗0.017 2
4

2 2
v 0.8079 9
= =0.041182m
2 g 2∗9.81

2 2 2
A=v ∗3.14=0.15 8 ∗3.14=0.0002269 . m
  Graphical.

V²/2g &▲h (m)

1.6
1.3558
1.4
1.2
1 0.9174
▲h (m)

0.8
0.6116
0.6
0.4 0.2854
0.2 0.051
0
0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08 0.085

V²/2g

slop =30.95305

Minor Loss

elbow (PVC 20*1.5): Diameter =17mm, Length=183m

Fitting Type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
900bend Mitre (PVC 20*150) 10 77 43 0.3466
d1=17mm 13 131 38 0.9480
length=183 mm
16 1178 138 10.6014
19 196 189 0.0714
123 302 184 1.2029

Q(L/min) Pinlet (mbar) Poutlet ▲h (m) di/2(m) A (m2) V(m/s) V²/2g

(mbar)
10 77 43 0.009 0.0002269
0.3466 0.0275
0.7345
13 131 38 0.009 0.0002269
0.9480 0.0465
0.9549
16 1178 138 0.009 0.0002269
10.6014 0.0704
1.1753
19 196 189 0.009 0.0002269
0.0714 0.0993
1.3956
123 302 184 0.009 0.0002269
1.2029 4.1604
9.0348
 Pinlet −Poutlet ( 77∗102 ) −( 43∗10 2)
∆ h= = =0.3466 m
γ water 9810

Q 24/60000
v 1= = =0.7345 m/s
A π∗0.017 2
4

2 2
v 0.7345
= =0.0275 m
2 g 2∗9.81

2 2 2
A=v ∗3.14=0.15 8 ∗3.14=0.0002269 . m

V²/2g & ▲h (m)

12

10

8
▲h (m)

0
- 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000 3.5000 4.0000 4.5000

V²/2g

Slop =-0.43048
 Enlargement (expanslon) 20-16

Diameter1 =17mm , Diameter2 =14.6mm, Length=100mm

Fitting Type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
Enlargement(expansion)20*32 12.5 38 57 -0.193679918
d1=17mm 15.6 87 68 0.193679918
d2=28.6mm
length=100 mm 17 111 75 0.366972477
19 154 95 0.601427115
22 221 130 0.927624873

Q(L/min) Pinlet Poutlet ▲h (m) V1(m/s) V2(m/s) Vavg V²avg/2g

(mbar) (mbar)
12.5 38 57 - 1.762 0.623 1.193 0.072
0.19367991
8
15.6 87 68 0.19367991 1.468 0.519 0.994 0.050
8
17 111 75 0.36697247 1.322 0.467 0.894 0.041
7
19 154 95 0.60142711 1.175 0.415 0.795 0.032
5
22 221 130 0.92762487 1.028 0.363 0.696 0.025
3

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 420∗10 2) −(350∗102 )

∆ h= = =0.714 m
γ water 9810

Q 24/60000
v 1= = =1.763 m/s
A π∗0.017 2
4

Q 24 /60000
v 2= = =0.623 m/s
A π∗0.0146 2
4

v 1 +v 2 1.763+0.623
v avg= = =1.193
2 2

2
v avg 1.1932
= =0.072 m/s
2 g 2∗9.81
 V²avg/2g& ▲h (m)
0.07000
0.06096
0.06000

0.05000 0.04547

0.04000 0.03640
▲h (m)

0.03065
0.03000 V²avg/2g ▲h
0.01968 (m)
0.02000

0.01000

-
0.01000 0.02000 0.03000 0.04000 0.05000 0.06000 0.07000

V²avg/2g

Slop=26.85078

 Enlargement (expanslon) 20-23

Diameter1 =17mm , Diameter2 =28.6mm, Length=100mm

Fitting Type volume flow V pin (mbar) p out manometer reading ∆h

(1/min) (mbar) (mm)
Enlargement(expansion)20*16 11 72 105 0.3364
d1=17mm 13 115 122 0.0714
d2=14.6mm
length=100 mm 17 210 131 0.8053
19 263 122 1.4373
21 311 102 2.1305

Q(L/min) Pinlet Poutle ▲h (m) V1(m/s) V2(m/s) Vavg V²avg/2g

(mbar) t (mbar)
11 72 105 0.3364 1.
0.80812 0.046181
09564 0.95188
13 115 122 0.0714 1.
0.95505 0.0645
29484 1.12494
17 210 131 1.
1.24891 0.1103
0.8053 69325 1.47108
19 263 122 1.
1.39584 0.137779
1.4373 89246 1.64415
21 311 102 1.54277 2. 0.168312
 2.1305 09167 1.81722

Pinlet −Poutlet ( 290∗102 )−(285∗102 )

∆ h= = =0.3364 m
γ water 9810

Q 11/60000
v 1= = =0.80812 m/s
A π∗0.017 2
4

Q 11/60000
v 2= = =1.09564 m/s
A π∗0.0 1462
4

v 1 +v 2 1.763+2.395
v avg= = =0.95188 m/ s
2 2

2
v avg 0.951882
= =0.046181 m/s
2g 2∗9.81

V²avg/2g& ▲h (m)
2.5

1.5
▲h (m)

0.5

0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

V²avg/2g
Slop= 15.82836
 Discussion and Conclusions.
 References.

 Fluid lab.
 Manual Book.
 Internet.