A Project Report on

CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON THE

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Subject- Business Mathematics and Statistics

Name of the Investigator: Tasha Khandelwal

CHSE Roll No:

Registration No: KA31C22005

Name of the Institution: MPC Higher Secondary School

Name of the examination with year:

Signature of the Student:

Date of Submission:

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

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 ABSTRACT
This project report is entitled “Conceptual study on the Types of Functions”. The main
objective of the study is to bring into the knowledge of people about the various types of
functions. Key topics include the meaning of functions, its characteristics, and its types.
Moreover, an example is explained at the end to make the people understand the concept of
functions even better. Emphasis is placed on how functions serve as powerful tools for
analyzing and solving problems, facilitating a deeper understanding of mathematical models.
Furthermore, the project explores advanced concepts related to functions, including
composition of functions, inverse functions, and their relevance in mathematical
transformations. Throughout the project, illustrative examples and visual representations are
employed to enhance comprehension, catering to a broad audience with varying levels of
mathematical proficiency. By providing a comprehensive overview of functions in
mathematics, this project aims to equip learners and enthusiasts with a solid foundation for
further exploration and application of mathematical principles in both academic and practical
contexts.

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 CONTENTS
❖ INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
❖ CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................................... 2
❖ TYPES OF FUNCTIONS .............................................................................................................. 3
➢ INTO FUNCTION ......................................................................................................... 3
➢ ONTO FUNCTION (or) SUBJECTIVE FUNCTION ................................................... 3
➢ ONE-ONE (1-1) FUNCTION (or) INJECTIVE FUNCTION....................................... 3
➢ MANY-ONE FUNCTION ............................................................................................. 4
➢ ONE-ONE INTO FUNCTION ...................................................................................... 4
➢ ONE-ONE ONTO FUNCTION (or) BIJECTIVE FUNCTION .................................... 4
➢ MANY-ONE INTO FUNCTION ................................................................................... 5
➢ MANY-ONE ONTO FUNCTION ................................................................................. 5
➢ INVERSE FUNCTION .................................................................................................. 5
➢ COMPOSITE FUNCTION ............................................................................................ 6
❖ MORE FUNCTIONS: -.................................................................................................................. 7
➢ ABSOLUTE CONSTANT ............................................................................................. 7
➢ ARBITRARY CONSTANT ........................................................................................... 7
➢ IMPLICIT FUNCTION ................................................................................................. 7
➢ EXPLICIT FUNCTION ................................................................................................. 7
➢ CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ........................................................................................... 7
➢ CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTION .............................................. 7
➢ EVEN FUNCTION ........................................................................................................ 8
➢ ODD FUNCTION .......................................................................................................... 8
➢ LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ...................................................................................... 8
➢ TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION .................................................................................... 8
➢ EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ....................................................................................... 8
➢ RATIONAL FUNCTION ............................................................................................... 8
➢ IRRATIONAL FUNCTION ........................................................................................... 8
• SOLVING A PROBLEM USING VARIOUS FUNCTIONS: -................................... 9
❖ CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 10
❖ REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................ 11

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 INTRODUCTION
Meaning of FUNCTIONS
By the term ‘function,’ we mean the relationship between any two variables which are so
related with each other that for any value of one of them, there corresponds a definite value for
the other, and thus the second variable is said to be the function of the first one. A function
always explains the nature of correspondence between some variables which can be indicated
by some formula, graph, or mathematical equation. It is a special type of relation in which
each element of the first set is related to one and only one element of the second set.

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716)

The term ‘function’ is a Latin word which means some operation. The mathematical concept
of a function emerged in the 17th Century in connection with the development of calculus. The
concept of function was introduced in mathematics for the first time by the German
Mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) and developed by Johan Bernouli and
Leonhard Euler. Function plays a significant role in the field of mathematics based on which
many mathematical devices like calculus have developed.
A function is a special type of relation where each input (domain element) is associated with
exactly one output (range element). The domain is the set of all possible input values for a
function. The range is the set of all possible output values for a function. 𝑓(𝑥) reads as “f of x”
and represents the output corresponding to the input x. Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 means the
function takes an input x and produces an output 2𝑥 + 1.
Functions find applications in diverse fields, including physics, economics, engineering, and
computer science, offering a powerful tool for modeling, and solving problems. Understanding
functions and their properties equips mathematicians with a versatile toolkit for analyzing and
interpreting a wide range of phenomena.

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 Characteristics
1. It is a logical relation between two variables or sets in which each element of the
first set is related to only one element of the second set.
2. Any element(s) of the second set may be related with one or more element of the
first set but no element of the first set can have relation with more than one element
of the second set.
3. Each and every element of the first set must have a correspondence with a unique
element of the second set, but it is not necessary that every element of the second set
must have a correspondence with some element of the first set.

A B A B
p 1 1 p
q 2 2 q
r 3 3 r
s 4 4 s
5 5

(i) A case of function (ii) A case of non-function

4. The relationship between the elements of any two sets is based on some rule or logic.
This means that there cannot be a function between any two objects on any arbitrary
correspondence.
A B
1 4

2 6

3 1

4 2

In the above case, although, every element of the first set A is related to a unique
element of the second set B, it is not a good case of function as the correspondence thus shown
between the two objects A and B are not based on any definite rule or logic like, >, <, =, square
or root but on an arbitrary and irregular one.
5. A function from A to B is a subset of A x B and the domain of the function f is always
equal to A.
6. A function is always denoted by a specific notation which may take any of the
following forms:
F(x), f(x), g(x), h(x), f: A B, etc.
7. A function consists of five essential ingredients viz.: (i) Domain, (ii) Co-domain,
(iii)Range, (iv) Image and (v) Pre-image.

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 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
INTO FUNCTION
A function is said to be an into function when there remains at least one element of the co-
domain which has no relation with any element of the domain.

A B
p 1
q 2
r 3

s 4
5

ONTO FUNCTION (or) SUBJECTIVE FUNCTION

A function is said to be an onto function when all the elements of the co-domain of the
function are related to some elements of the domain of the function.

A B
1 p
2 q
3 r
4 s
5

ONE-ONE (1-1) FUNCTION (or) INJECTIVE FUNCTION

A function is said to be a one-one function when no element of its co-domain is related
with more than one element of its domain. Such functions are also called Injective functions.

A B
p 1
q 2
r 3

s 4
5

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MANY-ONE FUNCTION
A function is said to be a many-one function when two or more elements of its domain are
related to one element of its co-domain.

A B
1 3
2 6
3 9
12

ONE-ONE INTO FUNCTION

A function is said to be a one-one into function when it satisfies the requirements of both
the one-one and into functions as under:

i. Each element of the domain is associated with a separate element of the co-domain.
ii. There remains at least one element in the co-domain which is not associated with any
element of the domain.

A B
Ram Sita
Ravan Parvati
Shiv Kaikeyi
Mandodari

ONE-ONE ONTO FUNCTION (or) BIJECTIVE FUNCTION

A function that satisfies the characteristics of both the 1-1 and onto function as under is
called one-one onto function or a Bijective function:

i. Each element of the domain is associated with a separate element of the co-domain.
ii. No element of the co-domain remains unrelated with an element in the domain.

A B
Ram Sita

Ravan Mandodari

Shiv Parvati

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MANY-ONE INTO FUNCTION
A function that satisfies the characteristics of both many-one and into functions as under
is called many-one into function:

i. two or more elements of the domain are related to one element of the co-domain,
ii. there remains at least one element in the co-domain which is not associated with any
element of the domain.
A B
Riddhi Ganesh
Siddhi Ram
Sita Shiv
Parvati Ravan

MANY-ONE ONTO FUNCTION

A function is said to be a many-one into functions, when it satisfies the characteristics of
both the many-one and onto functions as under:

i. two or more elements of the domain are related to one element of the co-domain,
ii. no element of the co-domain is left unrelated with any element of the domain.

A B
a
1
b
2
c
3
d

INVERSE FUNCTION
A function that is obtained by interchanging the ordered pairs of a one-one onto function
is called an inverse function. It is denoted by f -1: B A, or by g(y).

A B A B A B
1 a a 1 1 a
f :A B= 2 b f -1: B A= b 2 or 2 b
3 c c 3 3 c

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 From the above description, it must be noted that to obtain an inverse function from a given
function the following conditions must be fulfilled:

i. The number of elements in the domain of the function must be equal to those of its co-
domain.
ii. The given function must be of the type of 1-1 and onto.

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
A function is said to be a composite function or a function of functions when it becomes
a function of another function. Thus, if y = g(u), u= f (x), and y or gof = g {f (x)}, and then y
is a function of function or a composite function.

A B C

a b c

Example: - Find the composite functions (i) fog and (ii) gof from the following two functions:

(a) f (x) = x2 + 3 and

(b) g (x) = x+3

SOLUTION: -

(i) 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑓{𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 3 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 3 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 12

(ii) 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑔{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝑔(𝑥 2 + 3) = 𝑥 2 + 3 + 3 = 𝑥 2 + 6

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MORE FUNCTIONS: -
ABSOLUTE CONSTANT
An absolute constant is a symbol like π (pie), e (exponential), √2, etc. that retains the same
value as 3.1429, 2.7183, and 1.414 respectively in all operations and discussions.

ARBITRARY CONSTANT
An arbitrary constant is a symbol like, a, b, c, etc. that may have any assigned value
throughout a set of mathematical operations. The examples of such constants are the radius of
a circle, and the sides of a right-angled triangle in forming the trigonometric ratios.

IMPLICIT FUNCTION
A function that is not expressed directly in terms of the independent variable is called
Implicit Function.
Example- 3x2-2xy+4y2=0
4x-3xy=5y2+1

EXPLICIT FUNCTION
A function that is expressed directly in terms of the independent variable is called Explicit
Function.
Example- y=2x2-4x+5
y=5x+3

CONSTANT FUNCTIONS
A function is said to be a constant function when all the elements of the first set are
associated with a single element of the second set.
A B
Yudhisthira
Bhima
Arjuna Draupadi

Nakul
Sahadev

CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTION

A function is said to be Continuous at a point x=a if it satisfied three conditions:
1. Limit exists at x=a.
2. Limit is finite at x=a.
3. Limiting value = Functional value

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 If any of the essential conditions of a continuous function are not satisfied, then the
function is called a Discontinuous Function.

EVEN FUNCTION
A function is said to be an even function if it satisfies f(-x) = f(x).
Example:- f(x) = 2x2-4x6+3x4
f(x) = x2+5

ODD FUNCTION
A function is said to be an odd function if it satisfies f(-x) = - f(x).
Example:- f(x) = 3x3-5x+4
f(x) = 4x5+2x3

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
A function is said to be logarithmic function if it satisfies f(x) = log x.
Example:- f(x) = log (x+1)
f(x) = log (2x2-3x+5)

TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION
A function that is expressed in trigonometric ratios is called trigonometric function.
Example:- f(x) = sin x2+ cosec x
f(x) = tan x2- cot x2

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
A function is said to be exponential function if it satisfies f(x) = ax, but a is not equal to 0
and 1.
Example:- f(x) = ax^2
f(x) = 3(x^2-5x+2)

RATIONAL FUNCTION
𝑝(𝑥)
A function is said to be rational function if it satisfies f(x) = 𝑞(𝑥), q(x) ≠ 0.

3x2 −5x+2 2𝑥
Example:- f(x) = , f(x) = 3𝑥 2 +7
11x−5

IRRATIONAL FUNCTION
A function is said to be irrational function if it satisfies f(x) = √𝑥.

Example:- f(x) = √2𝑥 − 1 , f(x) = √3𝑥 2 − 11x + 5

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SOLVING A PROBLEM USING VARIOUS FUNCTIONS: -
Given A= {a, b, c, d}, and B= {1, 2, 3, 4}
Find the functions f : A B which is:
(i) Into,
(ii) Onto,
(iii) 1-1,
(iv) Many-one,
(v) 1-1 Into,
(vi) 1-1 Onto,
(vii) Many-one Into,
(viii) Many-one Onto,
(ix) Constant, and
(x) Inverse B A.

SOLUTION:-
The required functions:
Given,
A= {a, b, c, d}, and B= {1, 2, 3, 4}
(i) Into function f : A B= {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d, 3)}

(ii) Onto function f : A B= {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3), (d, 4)}

(iii) 1-1 function f : A B= {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2), (d, 4)}

(iv) Many-one function f : A B= {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 2), (d, 2)}

(v) 1-1 Into function f : A B= Not possible as there will remain no element unrelated in B.

(vi) 1-1 Onto function f : A B= {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3), (d, 4)}

(vii) Many-1 Into function f : A B= {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 3), (d, 4)}

(viii) Many-1 Onto function f : A B= Not possible.

(ix) Constant function f : A B= {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (d, 1)}

(x) Inverse function f : A B= {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)

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 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the study of functions in mathematics has been a journey into the core principles
that govern relationships between variables and the mapping of elements between sets.
Functions serve as a fundamental building block in mathematical modeling, offering a versatile
framework applicable across diverse disciplines.
Throughout this exploration, we have delved into the definition of functions, including various
types such as logarithmic, exponential, and trigonometric functions. From modeling physical
processes to optimizing solutions, functions emerge as indispensable tools for problem-solving
and decision-making.
The study has extended beyond the basics to explore advanced concepts like composition of
functions and inverse functions. These insights deepen our understanding of mathematical
transformations and lay the groundwork for more intricate mathematical analyses.
In essence, the exploration of functions in this project aims to demystify their abstract nature,
making them accessible to a broad audience. The universal applicability of functions and their
elegance in describing mathematical relationships underscore their significance in shaping our
understanding of the world.
As we conclude, it becomes evident that functions are not merely abstract entities confined to
the realm of mathematics but are potent tools that empower us to unravel the complexities of
our surroundings. This foundational knowledge opens doors to further exploration,
encouraging continuous learning and application in both academic pursuits and real-world
scenarios.

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 REFERENCE
To write this project, I have followed guidelines from a few books which are as follows:
• Elements of Business Mathematics and Statistics-II authored by Digambar Patri and
D.N. Patri, published by Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana in the year 2017 from page 4.1
- 4.21.
• Business Mathematics authored by D.C. Sancheti and V.K. Kapoor, published by
Sultan Chand and Sons in the year 2012 from page 93 - 119.
• Research Methodology written by C.R. Kothari, published by Wishwa Prakashan, New
Delhi in the year 1999 from page 403 - 422.

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