For 2 marks:*

1. *Classify energy sources:*

- Renewable Energy Sources: Derived from natural processes and are replenished on a human timescale (e.g., solar,
wind, hydro).

- Non-renewable Energy Sources: Finite resources that are depleted over time and cannot be replenished on a
human timescale (e.g., fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas).

2. *Enlist the types of panels:*

- Solar Panels: Photovoltaic (PV) panels, used for converting sunlight into electricity.

- Thermal Panels: Used for solar water heating systems or concentrating solar power.

3. *Write specification of HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine):*

- Blade Length: Typically ranging from 20 to 80 meters.

- Rotor Diameter: Varies from a few meters to over 100 meters.

- Hub Height: The height at which the turbine is mounted, ranging from 30 to 120 meters.

- Generator Capacity: Measured in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW).

- Cut-in Wind Speed: The minimum wind speed required for the turbine to start generating power.

4. *Write merits of PV cells:*

- Environmentally Friendly: Produce electricity without emitting pollutants or greenhouse gases.

- Low Operating Costs: Minimal maintenance and operating costs once installed.

- Long Lifespan: PV cells can last 25 years or more.

- Scalability: Can be used for small-scale applications (e.g., rooftop installations) or large-scale power plants.

- Silent Operation: Produce electricity without noise pollution.

5 Solar Thermal Collectors and Concentrators:*

1. Flat Plate Collectors

2. Parabolic Trough Collectors

3. Solar Dish Collectors

4. Solar Power Towers

6 Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells:*

1. Silicon (crystalline or amorphous)

2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)

3. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)

4. Organic Photovoltaic Materials (Polymers)

7 ) Full Forms:*

1. NIWE - National Institute of Wind Energy

2. IREDA - Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency

8) Types of Batteries for Solar Photovoltaic Systems: *

1. Lead-Acid Batteries

2. Lithium-Ion Batteries

3. Nickel-Iron Batteries

4. Sodium-Sulphur Batteries

*For 4 marks:*

1. *Distinguish between Renewable and Non-renewable energy sources:*

2. *State the types of Solar Photovoltaic system and explain with the help of a schematic diagram:*

- Types of Solar PV Systems:

- Grid-Tied PV System:
Connected to the utility grid,
allowing for the exchange of
electricity.

- Off-Grid PV System:

Operates independently of the

utility grid, utilizing energy storage.

- Hybrid PV System:

Combines solar PV with other

power sources, such as a backup
generator or wind turbine.
3 Draw basic structure of Horizontal axis wind mill and name the component

4) Explain working of solar dryer with neat sketch.

A solar dryer is a device that uses solar energy to dry

agricultural products or other materials. The basic working of
a solar dryer involves the following steps:

1. *Solar Collector:*

- Solar collectors, typically flat-plate or concentrating

collectors, capture sunlight and convert it into heat energy.

2. *Air Circulation:*

- A fan or natural convection is used to circulate air through

the solar collector.

3. *Absorption of Heat:*

- The air passing through the collector absorbs heat, increasing its temperature.

4. *Drying Chamber:*

- The heated air is then directed to a drying chamber where agricultural products are placed.

5. *Moisture Evaporation:*

- The heated air promotes the evaporation of moisture from the products, drying them.

6. *Exhaust:*

- Moist air is expelled from the drying chamber, and the process continues until the desired level of dryness is
achieved.
5) Explain stand alone street light system

A standalone street light system operates independently of the grid and is typically powered by renewable energy
sources. The components include:

1. *Solar Panels:*

- Photovoltaic panels capture sunlight and convert it into electricity during the day.

2. *Battery Storage:*

- Energy generated by the solar panels is stored in batteries for use during the night or when sunlight is insufficient.

3. *Charge Controller:*

- A charge controller regulates the charging and discharging of batteries to prevent overcharging or deep
discharging.

4. *LED Lamps:*

- Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps are energy-efficient and provide illumination during the night using stored
energy

5. *Sensors and Timers:*

- Sensors or timers may be integrated to control the light intensity based on ambient light levels or time of day,
optimizing energy use.

6. *Pole and Mounting Structure:*

- A pole supports the solar panels, LED lamps, and other components, often integrated with a tilting mechanism for
optimal sunlight exposure.
6) Differentiate between HAWT & VAWT:*

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) differ in their design and axis
orientation:

1. *Axis Orientation:*

- *HAWT:* Rotates about a horizontal axis, resembling a traditional windmill.

- *VAWT:* Rotates about a vertical axis, resembling an eggbeater or a helix.

2. *Wind Direction:*

- *HAWT:* Requires the wind to come from one direction for optimal efficiency.

- *VAWT:* Can capture wind from any direction due to its omnidirectional design.

3. *Rotor Design:*

- *HAWT:* Blades are attached to a central hub, similar to an aircraft propeller.

- *VAWT:* Blades are mounted vertically around the central axis.

4. *Installation:*

- *HAWT:* Often installed on tall towers to capture higher wind speeds.

- *VAWT:* Can be installed at lower heights, suitable for both urban and rural environments.

5. *Efficiency:*

- *HAWT:* Generally considered more efficient in capturing wind energy.

- *VAWT:* May have lower efficiency but is more versatile in various wind conditions.
7) Draw a labelled sketch of domestic water heating system using flat plate collector. Explain its principle of
working.

- Principle of Working: The flat plate collector absorbs solar energy and converts it into heat. A circulating fluid
(usually water or a mixture of water and antifreeze) transfers this heat to the water in the storage tank, providing
hot water for domestic use.

8) Maintenance Procedure for Solar Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems:*

- Regular cleaning of solar panels.

- Inspection of wiring and connections for any signs of wear or damage.

- Checking and tightening of mounting structures.

- Periodic assessment of inverter performance.

- Monitoring system logs for irregularities.

9) State any four commonly occurring faults & its remedies in commercial solar water heating systems.

1. *Fault:* Collector Scaling

- *Remedy:* Regular descaling and cleaning.

2. *Fault:* Leaks in the Collector

- *Remedy:* Sealing and repairing leaks.

3. *Fault:* Pump Failure

- *Remedy:* Replacement or repair of the pump.

4. *Fault:* Insufficient Heat Transfer Fluid

- *Remedy:* Replenishing or replacing the heat transfer fluid.

10) Draw layout of photovoltaic – micro grid system. Describe its principle of working.

- *Principle of Working:* The micro grid system combines various solar photovoltaic systems into a small-scale
power grid. Excess energy can be stored in batteries or fed back into the main grid. It provides localized power
generation and improves grid resilience.

11) Define the terms ‘ROI’ and ‘Depreciation’ regarding financial feasibility of renewable energy systems. State the
significance of these two terms.

- *ROI:* Return on Investment - It measures the profitability of an investment and is calculated as a percentage of
the return relative to the initial cost.

- *Depreciation:* It represents the reduction in the value of an asset over time due to wear and tear or
obsolescence.

- *Significance:* ROI assesses the profitability of the investment, while depreciation accounts for the decrease in the
value of assets over their useful life.

12) List any four locations in Maharashtra where large wind mill projects have been erected.

1. Dhule
2. Sangli
3. Satara
4. Ahmednagar/ Ahilyanagar
5. Dharshiv
6. Nashik
7. Pune
8. Nagpur