The Rawson Deposit: Evidence of an Archaic Spring Shrine near the Sanctuary of Zeus

at Nemea
Author(s): Signe Barfoed
Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ,
Vol. 86, No. 4 (October-December 2017), pp. 645-722
Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2972/hesperia.86.4.0645

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he s per ia 86 (201 7) The Rawson Deposit
Pa ges 645– 722

Evi de n c e of an A r c h ai c S p r ing
Sh r i n e n e ar t h e San c t uary of
Z e u s at N e m e a
Dedicated to the memory of Marion Rawson, 1899–1980

ABS TRAC T

This article publishes a votive deposit, located near the Sanctuary of Zeus at
Nemea, which was excavated in 1925. The votive deposit consists predomi-
nantly of Corinthian miniature pottery, but it also contained Argive, Attic, and
local wares. The occurrence of Corinthian miniature offering trays, and other
shapes, may suggest that Demeter was the recipient of the cult, but without
preserved inscriptions we cannot know for certain who was worshipped here.
Nevertheless, the study of this material represents a significant contribution
to the scattered evidence for cult in the area and attests to the presence of an
important Archaic rural shrine in the vicinity of the Sanctuary of Zeus.

The Nemea valley is situated in the Corinthia and located between two
other fertile valleys, the Kleonai valley to the east and the valley of Phlius
to the west.1 According to literary sources, ancient Nemea became the site
of a Panhellenic festival in 573 b.c., which was instituted in honor of the
local hero Opheltes.2 On the basis of two passages in the epinician odes
of Pindar (Nem. 4.16–18, 10.41–42), it can be suggested that Kleonai
controlled the festival at Nemea probably from its institution in 573 b.c.3
Well into the 4th century b.c., Kleonai appears to have been an indepen-

1. I am very grateful to Kathleen M.
Lynch and Jack L. Davis for having
entrusted this work to me, and to Kim
S. Shelton for her help and hospitality
in Nemea during the summers when
I studied the material. Thanks are due
to Lloyd Boswoth for his great work on
the map and enhancing of the pottery
photos, and to Søren Handberg for his
help with the inking of the drawings,
his feedback, and his continued sup-
port. A special thank you goes to Eliza-
beth G. Pemberton, who kindly sent
me her then-unpublished manuscript
on the Corinthian miniature offering
trays, and who offered much appreci-
ated feedback on a draft version of
this article. I also want to thank Carol
Hershenson for her kind help and archi-
val assistance, and the colleagues, peers,
and anonymous reviewers who read the
manuscript and provided constructive
critique. The idea for this article sprang
from my master’s thesis; some aspects
are discussed in more detail in the the-
sis (see Barfoed 2009). For the Nemea
valley in general, see Miller 2004,
pp. 21–22. Unless otherwise indicated,
illustrations are by the author. Permis-
sion to reproduce the watercolors was
provided courtesy of the Department of
Classics at the University of Cincinnati.
2. Miller 1977, p. 20, n. 42; 2004,
p. 12. For a discussion of Opheltes’
connection to the Nemean games,
see Roller 1981, p. 107, n. 5; for a dis-
cussion of the date of the initiation of
the Nemean games, see Lambert 2002;
for a discussion of the ancient sources
that refer to the games, see Gebhard
2009.
3. Miller 1988, p. 144; Perlman
2000, p. 142; Gebhard 2009, p. 227,
n. 59; see also the discussion in Miller
1979, pp. 78–80.

© American School of Classical Studies at Athens

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646 signe barfoed

Figure 1. Plan of the Sanctuary of

dent ally of Argos and, presumably, when Kleonai became an Argive kome Zeus and its surroundings. Drawing
(rural settlement) sometime during the 4th century b.c., the Nemean L. Bosworth, after Miller 1981, fig. 1;
courtesy American School of Classical
games came under the control of Argos.4 Stephen Miller suggests the date Studies at Athens
388 b.c. on the basis of a passage in Xenophon’s Hellenica (4.7.2), but it
is clear that the games were definitely under Argive control by the end
of the 4th century b.c.5 The archaeological evidence from the Sanctuary
of Zeus suggests that the sanctuary was in decline from the end of the
5th century b.c. until late in the 4th century b.c., when it then experienced
a revival throughout the span of the 3rd century b.c.6 Thereafter, the sanc-
tuary suffered a decline from which there was no recovery.7
The votive deposit under discussion here was uncovered ca. 700 m east
of the Temple of Zeus (Fig. 1). Oscar T. Broneer excavated the deposit
in December of 1925, and the excavation and finds reports were briefly
mentioned by Carl W. Blegen in 1926 and later in Miller’s guidebook to

4. Perlman 2000, pp. 138–143, 148. 6. Perlman 2000, p. 133.

5. Miller 1982b, pp. 106–107. For a 7. Miller 1982a, pp. 24–34; Perlman
full bibliography of the discussion, see 2000, p. 133.
Stella Miller 1988, p. 144, n. 25.

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Figure 2. View from grove toward
the Zeus Sanctuary
8. Blegen 1926, pp. 131–133; Miller
2004, pp. 39–40. The first excavation of
the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea took
place in 1924 and was conducted by the
University of Cincinnati under the aus-
pices of the American School of Classi-
cal Studies at Athens; see Blegen 1925,
1926.
9. Miller 2004, pp. 39–40.
10. Nemea Excavation Notebook 6,
p. 12; the modern name of the area in
the vicinity of the fountain house is
Pezoulia.
11. Miller 1976, p. 175, fig. 1.
12. Nemea Excavation Notebook 6,
p. 12. When examining the area PP 10
in the summer of 2009, fragments of
ancient roof tiles and pottery were
found. The date of the very fragmen-
tary material could not be determined.
13. See the unpublished catalogue
of NVAP Sites, s.v., Site 600. Accord-
ing to J. L. Davis (pers. comm.),
“Blegen’s lack of success in locating
Archaic structures in this area was
echoed by our own results.” See also
Nemea I, pp. 221–232.
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 647
Nemea.8 Miller suggested that the deposit was a garbage dump, or that it
could have resulted from an attempt to dispose of or hide votive offerings
from the Sanctuary of Zeus or some other shrine.9 The contents, found
neatly packed in a hollow in the ground, formed a deposit mostly consisting
of miniature pottery and terracotta figurines. Due to the high proportion
of miniature vessels and the terracotta figurines, the assemblage is most
likely a votive deposit. The deposit has a complicated history of study, and
about three-quarters of the material is currently missing.
Two routes lead from the sanctuary to a modern fountain house (the
so-called Turkish Fountain, ca. 500 m east of the sanctuary): an old path
leading east from the sanctuary through a field of vines, and the modern
road that runs past the ancient stadium.10 The location where the deposit
was found is ca. 100–200 m north-northeast of the fountain house, on the
ridge of a field where olive trees grow today (in the square designated PP 10
on the general grid plan of Nemea).11 The excavation notebook describes the
area where the deposit was discovered as “a theater-like hollow,” but today
it is difficult to pinpoint the site exactly, and no traces of the excavation
are visible.12 Measurements were not taken of the “theater-like hollow” in
1925 when the deposit was excavated, or 1964 when a nearby spring was
discovered, or in later surveys by the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project
(NVAP). No exact measurements are given in the Nemea publication other
than the mention that the spring is located 170 m northeast of the Turkish
Fountain House,13 but it must be presumed that the spring is in the im-
mediate surroundings of where the deposit was discovered. There are no
ancient architectural remains stemming from a shrine or a sanctuary in this
area, and thus both the exact location and the physical appearance of the
presumed shrine that generated the votive deposit remain indeterminate.
The approximate location of the deposit provides a panoramic view of the
Panhellenic Sanctuary of Zeus (Fig. 2).
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648 signe barfoed

TH E H ISTORY OF TH E DEP OS I T

The discovery of the deposit is described in Nemea Excavation Note-

book 6.14 A woman in the village of Archaia Nemea, the wife of Spiros
Peppa, came to Broneer in December 1925 with a broken figurine. “Spirina,”
as the woman is called in the notebook, said the figurine came from a field
belonging to the Peppa family. That same day, Broneer and a couple of
workmen went to the place where the figurine had been found and began
to dig. The following excerpt from the notebook describes the excavation:
Immediately we found an early deposit of pottery right under the
ploughed earth—Early Corinthian skyphoi are most common—
Some very tiny cups and some shallow saucers with three very small
cups inside much like those found at Eleusis. After we had found
the place with tools four of our workmen including Spiro began to
clear off a little area as to find the extent of the deposit. Some of
the grain had to be destroyed where we were digging. Mr. Day and
I were digging with knives all afternoon. Spirina, very proud of the
discovery, requested that she might help. She came with a bread
knife and proved a very good digger. A great number of sherds
were found and some whole pots. In one case four skyphoi were put
the one inside the other and found all together all faintly broken.
Another figurine like the first, and broken, was found by Spirina.15
Apart from this description, the notebook does not provide much
more information on the circumstances of the excavation. Broneer does
mention, despite the early-20th-century stratigraphical methods and lack
of exact measurements, that they reached a depth of ca. 90 cm and covered
an area of 34.45 m2.16 On the last day of the excavations (December 10,
1925), however, the following was recorded in the notebook: “We finished
cleaning the place at 4 pm, we then had a hole roughly circular ca. 2 m in
diam. and about 1 m deep in the center.”17 Thus, one can deduce that the
deposit was smaller than the extended excavation area.
The history of the study of the deposit is still somewhat unclear, but
it can be partly reconstructed. The objects from the excavations at Nemea,
as well as those from Kleonai and Tsoungiza, were kept in Corinth until
World War II, when the deposit was moved to the National Archaeological
Museum of Athens for safekeeping.18 After the war, the Nemea material
was moved to Corinth and then transferred back to Nemea in 1984 when
a museum was built there.19 At some point, perhaps during the different
14. The notebook is now stored in comm.). John Day was a Fellow of the see, e.g., Pullen 2011.
the Archaeological Museum of Nemea. American School of Classical Studies 19. The material was certainly in
Nemea Excavation Notebook 6 dates to at Athens in the 1920s; see Blegen Corinth in 1975 when G. Roger
1925, but later notes were added to it in 1926, p. 127. Edwards mentioned two blister-ware
the 1930s. 16. This number was calculated by hydriai from the Rawson Deposit in a
15. Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, Broneer during the excavation of the footnote; see Corinth VII.3, p. 144, n. 3;
p. 11. Despite the statement in the deposit; see Nemea Excavation Note- Miller 2004, p. 26. The former director
notebook, the Nemea examples do not book 6, p. 29. of the excavation at Nemea, Stephen G.
resemble the examples from Eleusis, 17. Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, Miller, remembers the return of the
but rather “offering trays” from p. 17. material from Corinth (pers. comm.
Corinth, a difference that may indicate 18. For a brief history of Kleonai, S. G. Miller, April 2010), and records
different usage; see Rubensohn 1898; see Sakellariou and Faraklas 1971, at Corinth confirm that the material
Pollitt 1979; E. G. Pemberton (pers. pp. 122–131. For Tsoungiza in general, was returned to Nemea. I am thankful

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 649

relocation processes, about three-quarters of the material from the deposit

appears to have gone missing.20 Table 1 provides an overview of the quantity
and type of material both present and missing.21
Marion Rawson was, in 1933–1934, the first scholar to study the
assemblage after it had been excavated.22 The German photographer
Hermann Wagner, a member of the German Archaeological Institute who
was employed by the Athenian Agora Excavations from 1931–1939, took
black-and-white photographs of some of the objects in the assemblage,
which, together with Rawson’s original manuscript of 40 pages, are kept
today in the Archives of the Department of Classics at the University of
Cincinnati.23 Piet de Jong must have visited Rawson in 1933 or 1934, when
he made 16 beautiful watercolors of different vessels from the deposit.24
Rawson probably also made video recordings of the deposit, as she did
later both at Troy and Pylos, since film numbers are recorded both on the
inventory cards of the deposit and in the notebook, but the films or prints
thereof are currently unable to be located.25 Rawson became involved with
the University of Cincinnati Department of Classics expedition to Troy
in 1932, and Blegen, Rawson, and John L. Caskey collaborated on the
publication of the expeditions in the following years. The first Troy volume
was published in 1950; it therefore seems likely that her work on the votive
deposit from Nemea was interrupted by the publication of Troy.26
After Rawson, the rights to publish the deposit were given to J. Robert
Guy in April 1975.27 Guy, however, did not study the deposit in its entirety;

to Ioulia Tzonou-Herbst, the Associate
Director of the Corinth Excavations,
for confirming this information in
June 2010.
20. It has been confirmed that the
missing material cannot be found at
Corinth. I am very grateful to I. Tzonou-
Herbst for trying to locate the material
and allowing me to search, unsuccess-
fully, for the missing material in the
storerooms at Corinth in June 2010.
21. Table 1 is based on the material
from the so-called Rawson Deposit,
which contained 924 vessels in total,
not including the “basket of coarse
ware”; see Rawson 1934, pp. 2–4, 36. It
is difficult to know exactly how many
vessels there were originally because
Rawson only included restored and
inventoried vessels in her manuscript
and not fragments. She numbered fine-
ware base and rim fragments, but
regarding the plain ware, she only men-
tioned that there was a basket of plain
ware. My estimate that there are more
than 1,000 vessels includes the 924
drawn from the whole of Rawson’s
manuscript, the inventoried vessels, the
fragments she numbers, and the esti-
mated number of vessels in the basket
of plain wares.
22. From Rawson’s notes, which
she added directly into Nemea Exca-
vation Notebook 6 (from 1925), it
appears that she worked with the
deposit material in 1933–1934 and
made lists and comments about the
material; see, e.g., Nemea Excavation
Notebook 6, p. i. It seems most likely
that the material, at the time Rawson
studied it, was located in Corinth, since
there was no museum at Nemea in
1933–1934.
23. An entry in the notebook
records “Photographed by Wagner,
March 23, 24/34,” followed by a list of
photographed objects with the photo-
graph numbers in the left margin;
see Nemea Excavation Notebook 6,
pp. 110–112; Rawson 1934. However,
the inventory card J. R. Guy signed in
1975 when he received the rights to
publish the deposit says “also an incom-
plete set of photographs taken by
Prof. J. L. Caskey in 1933.” The exist-
ing photos correspond with the photo
numbers listed in the notebook, and
therefore, they must be Wagner’s.
Caskey’s photographs are, to my knowl-
edge, unaccounted for. For information
on Wagner, see Rotroff and Lamberton
2006, p. 51.
24. The original watercolors are in
the Archives of the Department of
Classics at the University of Cincinnati,
inv. nos. UCPdJ509–519, UCPdJ522–
526. Rawson listed the watercolors in
Nemea Excavation Notebook 6 (p. 113),
mentioning a watercolor of 82, which
unfortunately has not been found
among the other documents at the
Archives of the Department of Clas-
sics, University of Cincinnati. I am
very grateful to Carol Hershenson and
Jeffrey Kramer for considerately search-
ing for this watercolor in the last stage
of the publication of this article.
25. E.g., noted as “I 3” or “III 34,”
and “Perutz Specialfilm”; see Nemea
Excavation Notebook 6, pp. 77–93.
26. Blegen 1932, 1934; Troy I–IV.
27. Guy was appointed by Caskey to
publish the deposit when Caskey was a
professor at the Department of Classics
at the University of Cincinnati and
Guy was one of his students ( J. R. Guy,
pers. comm.). In 2008, Shelton found
an inventory card dated to August 21,
1975, signed by Guy, together with the
other inventory cards of the deposit
(the inventory card mentioned in n. 23,
above). Guy was a regular member of
the ASCSA in 1974–1975.

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650 signe barfoed

TABLE 1. MATERIAL IN TH E RAWSON DEPOSI T

Shape Available Missing Total Miniatures
Kotylai 79 39 118 46
Skyphoi 22 7 29 8
Hydriai 77 0 77 77
Krateriskoi 0 29 29 29
Kalathiskoi/flaring kalathoi 20 8 28 28
Offering trays 0 25 25 25
Saucers 0 9 9 9
Phialai 0 9 9 9
Chytridia 7 0 7 7
Exaleiptra 3 3 6 6
Bowls 1 5 6 2
Kana 0 5 5 5
Miscellaneous cups 2 3 5 2
Two-handled jugs 4 1 5 5
Oinochoai 4 0 4 3
Dishes 0 4 4 4
Pyxides 3 0 3 1
Lakainai cups 2 0 2 2
Amphora 1 0 1 1
Kylix 1 0 1 0
Kantariskos 1 0 1 0
Lid 0 1 1 —
Lamps 2 0 2 —
Terracotta figurines 0 13 13 —
Bronze pin 0 1 1 —
Total 229 162 391 269
Base fragments 0 533 533 ?
Basket of coarse ware 0 ? ? ?
TOTAL 229 695 924 ?

Rawson, apparently, was the only person who ever did. According to Guy,
the material was “evacuated” to the National Museum in Athens during
28. Guy specifically recalls that he
World War II, and he tried—without success—to locate the missing ma- did not see the terracotta figurines,
terial, including the terracotta figurines from the deposit, in the National which means that most of the deposit
Museum in Athens. He stated that “unfortunately the figurines did not was probably already missing in 1975
return to Corinth later with the rest of the material.”28 Robert F. Sutton ( J. R. Guy, pers. comm.).
Jr. studied the surviving material in Nemea in the mid-1980s, but Sutton 29. Sutton confirms this in an email
correspondence ( June 2008) between
never saw the 13 fragmentary terracotta figurines that were found in the
the author, Jack L. Davis, Kathleen M.
deposit, and thus he did not encounter the full deposit either.29 Lynch, R. F. Sutton, Susan B. Sutton,
A total of 229 objects from the votive deposit are currently housed Kim S. Shelton, and Natalia Vogeikoff-
in the Archaeological Museum of Nemea, either in the storerooms or on Brogan.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 651

display.30 The deposit, which has been referred to variously as “the Demeter
Deposit” and “the Turkish Spring Deposit” since its discovery in 1925, will
here be referred to by the name the “Rawson Deposit,” a name I chose
and find suitable as Rawson carried out the most extensive work on the
deposit to date.
Blegen, in the first published mention of the deposit in 1926, states
that “the deposit comprised several hundred small vases, cups, skyphoi,
jugs, aryballoi, dishes etc.; and a number of figurines of terracotta. . . .
The pottery includes a few specimens of the Geometric style, though the
bulk of the vases seem to be Proto-Corinthian and Corinthian fabrics.”31
Rawson, who studied the material in 1933–1934, does not mention any
aryballoi or Geometric pieces, and I did not see this kind of material when
I examined the deposit in the summers of 2008 and 2009. Unless some
vessels had already gone missing in the 1930s, we must assume that Blegen
mistook the Corinthian Conventionalizing fragments for Geometric and
Protocorinthian pottery.
Rawson lists fine-ware base and rim fragments, and she mentions a
basket containing an unknown number of plain-ware sherds of handles,
bodies, and rims from jugs, basins, and dishes (Table 1).32 The missing
material consists of a bronze pin (125),33 13 fragmentary terracotta figurines
(85, 102–105), 170 restored vessels (e.g., 27, 32, 34–38, 41, 48, 50–52,
57–63, 67, 71–77, 83, 101), 533 base fragments, and an unknown number
of body, rim, and handle fragments of fine-ware vessels.34 The missing base
fragments may go with some of the missing rim fragments, but this is not
clear from either Rawson’s manuscript or the notebook. In total, it can
be surmised that the deposit originally consisted of around 1,000 vessels.
This investigation is primarily based on the 229 vessels still available
for study today, but information regarding the missing portion has been
extracted from Rawson’s manuscript, Nemea Excavation Notebook 6 (dated
1925), and Wagner’s black-and-white photographs of the material from
1934. Details of the decoration, which are only visible in the watercolors
made by de Jong in 1933–1934, have been added to the catalogue entries
where possible.
30. The pottery on display includes was meant to publish the pottery.
inv. nos. P939, P943, P949, P951, P952, Miller mentions that the statement
P990, P1004, P1011, P1013, P1014, “This is pomegranate pin head B-62-6,”
P1020–P1022, P1057, P1071, P1082, which was added in red ink to page 12
P1085, P1102, P1111, P1132, P1134, of Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, is in
P1136, and L164. For a description of the handwriting of Charles K. Wil-
the display (case no. 5), see Miller 2004, liams II. This could indicate that he
pp. 39–40. saw the pin when the objects were
31. Blegen 1926, p. 132. stored in Corinth. I am grateful to
32. Rawson 1934, p. 36; Nemea Stephen G. Miller for sharing his infor-
Excavation Notebook 6, pp. 77–95. mation on the bronze pin (pers. comm.
33. The only bronze find in the April 2010).
deposit was a bronze pin (125). The pin 34. See Table 1 and the catalogue,
is currently missing, and no inventory below. There is a discrepancy of seven
card has been found. The only informa- fragments: in Rawson’s manuscript she
tion about the pin has been extracted lists 533 fragments, but in the notebook
from Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, there are only 526 fragments listed; cf.
and it was not mentioned by Rawson in Nemea Excavation Notebook 6, p. 95,
her manuscript, perhaps because she and Rawson 1934, pp. 2–4.

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652 signe barfoed

TH E RAWSON DEP OSI T

Only a selection of the assemblage from the Rawson Deposit is presented

in the following study. The discussion emphasizes vessels for which a date
can be established from their shape or decoration, and vessels that are in
some way unusual. The remainder of the pottery can be consulted in the
catalogue that follows. The largest parts of the preserved assemblage are
drinking vessels, particularly cups such as kotylai and skyphoi (see Table 1).
In total, 304 objects are of Corinthian production, 73 are Argive, 10 are of
a local or regional ware, and eight are Attic. One terracotta lamp is possibly
from Aigina, and four specimens could not be determined.35

Cor i nt hia n S ta nda rd-Siz ed Ve ssel s

In the catalogue, kotylai have been distinguished from skyphoi by their
feet. Kotylai and skyphoi are both drinking vessels with two horizontal
loop handles attached below the rim. Both shapes are often decorated in
the same way; the main decorated area is usually the handle zone, where
a wide range of motifs is seen.36 Out of the 147 kotylai/skyphoi in the
deposit, only two have black-figure decoration (represented by 2), but,
interestingly, they are the works of the same painter: the Vermicular Painter
of the Late Corinthian period, identified by Amyx.37 Similarities include
the crude execution of the sirens on the vessels and the filling ornaments
such as the squiggles and blobs.38 Kotyle 2 is slightly smaller than the
parallel from Archaic well 1937-3 in Corinth,39 and it does not have tall
thin rays on the lower body; instead, the figurative scenes on 2 cover the
entire vessel. According to Amyx, the Vermicular Painter descended from
the Chaironeia Group, which was active in the early–late 6th century
b.c.40 The work of the Vermicular Painter has been found in Corinth,
Rhitsona, Chassiai (Boiotia), Agrigento and Comiso on Sicily, Ierissos
(ancient Akanthos in northern Greece), and now Nemea.41
One large Corinthian kotyle, with an estimated diameter of 18.6 cm,
was found in the deposit (3). The skyphoi from the Athenian Agora vary

35. The four undetermined pieces
are represented by 122 and 123.
36. See e.g., Corinth VII.5, p. 54.
37. Prior to Amyx’s study the
painter was named “The Quarter
Moon Painter”; see Benson 1983,
p. 316; Amyx 1988, vol. 1, pp. 250–
251, nos. 13–16, 18; Amyx and Law-
rence 1996, pp. 46–47, pl. 37; Smith
2003, p. 350. For a full list of possible
attributions to the Vermicular Painter,
see Neeft 1991, pp. 74–75.
38. Amyx 1988, vol. 1, p. 249.
39. For the parallel, which comes
from the Agora South Central in
Corinth, see Amyx and Lawrence
1996, pp. 46–47, no. 158, pl. 37.
40. Amyx 1988, vol. 1, pp. 250–251,
nos. 13–16, 18; Amyx and Lawrence
1996, pp. 46–47.
41. For the examples in Corinth, see
Campbell 1938, p. 591, fig. 17; Wil-
liams et al. 1973, p. 14, no. 15, pl. 8;
Benson 1983, pp. 316, 322; Amyx
1988, vol. 1, p. 249, nos. A1–A3; Amyx
and Lawrence 1996, p. 46. For the
example from Rhitsona, see Archaeo-
logical Museum of Thebes 51.33: Ure
1910, p. 337, fig. 2, left; Payne 1931,
p. 323, no. 1335; Amyx 1988, vol. 2,
p. 249, no. A4; see also Amyx and Law-
rence 1996, p. 46; Corinth VII.2, p. 57.
For the examples from Chassiai, see
Athens, British School A-31: Benson
1983, pp. 316, 322, pl. 67:c; Smith
2003, p. 364, no. 48, pl. 66:e, f. For the
example from Agrigento, see Amyx
1988, vol. 1, p. 249, no. A5; Amyx and
Lawrence 1996, pp. 47, 412, fig. 8,
pl. 131. For the Comiso example, see
Di Vita 1951, p. 347, fig. 13. For the
example from Ierissos, see Polygiros
Museum 333-Λ18-Λ2; Aupert 1976,
pp. 676, 679, fig. 216; Amyx 1988,
vol. 1, pp. 326, 351, no. A6; Amyx and
Lawrence 1996, p. 47. For the Nemea
examples, see Amyx and Lawrence
1996, p. 47, and 2 in the catalogue.

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42. See Agora XII, pp. 257–261,
nos. 303–377.
43. Corinth VII.5, p. 67.
44. For Corinth deposit 8, see
Corinth XV.1, p. 45; Corinth XV.3,
p. 212.
45. For the BK Workship, see
Corinth VII.5, pp. 143–144.
46. Bravo 2006, pp. 272–273,
no. 52, figs. 200, 201.
47. Corinth VII.5, pp. 60, 67,
nos. 124, 182, 183, pls. 10, 12.
48. See the discussion of the devel-
opment of the ivy-vine pattern in
Corinth VII.5, pp. 25–27.
49. Pemberton 1970, pp. 277–278.
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 653
in height from 6.0 to 14.2 cm, with a diameter of 8.8–17.8 cm, meaning
kotyle 3 is unusually large in comparison.42 Such a large vessel of this shape
would have been difficult to use as a drinking cup, and it was more likely
used as a bowl, serving as a container or mixing bowl for wine or other
liquids.43 Two similar large kotylai have been discovered in Corinth in
deposit 8 (well 1937-3).44 The kotylai represented by 3 and 4 have linked
lotus-bud decoration on the lower body and vertical squiggles in the handle
zone; they resemble examples from the well-identified BK Workshop based
in Corinth, but are slightly different, which could indicate that perhaps the
Nemea examples were early specimens from the workshop.45 Kotylai from
the same workshop as 3 and 4 were found at the Opheltes shrine at the
Sanctuary of Zeus;46 they are practically identical, thus some preference or
perhaps convenience may have played a part in these cups ending up both
in the Sanctuary of Zeus and in the spring shrine. Martha Risser dates
three examples from Corinth to the third quarter of the 6th century b.c.47
A standard kotyle, 13, can be dated to the late 5th century, and it is
the only example in the Rawson Deposit of this specific bulbous shape.
It is semi–black glazed and has very fine rays projecting from the base.
Comparison with similar examples from the North Cemetery at Corinth
suggests a date in the last quarter of the 5th century b.c.
Two kotylai with unusual decoration must be mentioned here. Kotyle
15, with its decoration of connected heart-shaped ivy leaves, is unparal-
leled; this decoration seems to be unusual for kotylai, but the decorative
scheme finds parallels in the Vrysoula deposit from Corinth.48 Another
kotyle in the deposit, 18, carries a quite unusual decoration: a dot rosette
in the handle zone for which I have not been able to find any parallels.
Less common Conventionalizing decoration is seen on two standard-
sized examples: 7, a kotyle with stepped triangles in the handle zone, and
a skyphos, 21, with a meander pattern in the handle zone. A standard-
sized skyphos, 25, dates to the first quarter of the 5th century b.c. and
has an unusual decoration in applied white of ivy with heart-shaped leaves
attached to a main stem on black background for which parallels are sparse.
The decoration is a trademark of the Vrysoula workshop in Corinth,49 but
to my knowledge, this is the first preserved example of this type of decora-
tion on a kotyle (in the same way as 15, above).
More common decoration on the standard-sized kotylai/skyphoi is
either semi–black glazed decoration with rays or thin lines on the lower
body (12, 13, 23) or a reserved lower body (1, 20, 24). Lotus-bud decora-
tion in the handle zone is also common, with alternating black and red
buds, as seen on 5, or with black buds only, as on 6, 8, and 19. Standard
kotylai with Conventionalizing vertical squiggle decoration in the handle
zone is also a regular feature in the deposit, sometimes occurring with
three bands below the handle zone (as on 9), or with two (as on 10). Six
examples of Conventionalizing zigzag decoration, as represented by 11,
were also found in the deposit.
Three standard kotylai and two skyphoi may form the chronologi-
cal lower limit of the deposit. Represented by 16 and 17 (kotylai), and 26
(skyphos), they have decoration that is a combination of vertical squiggles
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in the handle zone and lotus buds on the lower body. The bodies of these
kotylai/skyphoi all appear to narrow slightly toward the base, which makes
the shape rather triangular compared to the other kotylai and skyphoi in the
deposit. All five examples are a little different, and 16 is especially distinc-
tive, with more triangular buds that are connected to the borderline below.
Interestingly, the only parallels to 16, 17, and 26 appear to be two kotylai
from the Terracotta Factory deposit 2 in Corinth.50 These specific kotylai
were found together with other kotylai along the east side of a wall (wall D),
and some of the cups were found nestled inside others, a characteristic shared
with cups from the Rawson Deposit. Additionally, some of the pots were
found under roof tiles, an indication that the vessels were on the floor inside
the building at the time of its destruction.51 On the basis of the context
from Corinth, the examples from the Rawson Deposit could date as late
as the second half of the 4th century b.c., and thus these cups mark the
lower date limit of the deposit. The sparse parallels to this particular shape
and decoration, however, make the late date questionable. Concerning the
decoration, elongated lotus buds begin to appear already ca. 450–410 b.c.;52
it is possible, therefore, that the Nemea examples are of this date instead.
This earlier date correlates better with the remaining part of the deposit. If
we assume that the date in the 4th century b.c. is correct, then there is a gap
of at least 50 years between these cups and the remainder of the material in
the deposit, a scenario that does not seem plausible. Instead, the lower limit
of the deposit should be set in the late 5th century b.c.

Cor i nt hia n M iniat ure Pot tery

The miniature vessels make up 72% of the identified shapes of the Rawson
Deposit, including both missing and available material.53 Regarding the
distribution of the shapes, most are kotylai/skyphoi (41%); miniature hy-
driai constitute the second largest group (20%); and krateriskoi the third
largest group (7%).54

M in iature ko t y l ai and sk y pho i

The miniature kotylai/skyphoi from the deposit have a height of 5 cm or
less. Represented here by 27 and 34, they often carry black vertical lines
decoration in the handle zone, and the earliest date for this type is the second
quarter of the 6th century b.c., but it continues into the 5th century b.c. The
miniatures with this decoration all belong to the missing part of the deposit.
Most examples of miniature kotylai/skyphoi are similar to the standard-sized
examples, for instance, being semi–black glazed (29) or black-glazed (30),

50. Corinth VII.5, p. 66, no. 180;
Corinth XV.3, p. 212, no. 1128. Still-
well dated the finds from this context
to the first half of the 4th century b.c.,
but since some structures in this area
are of an earlier date, it is possible that
some of the finds were disturbed and
thus are of an earlier date; see Corinth
XV.1, pp. 34–49.
51. Corinth VII.5, p. 17; Risser
2003.
52. Corinth VII.5, pp. 9, 55. Another
kotyle with elongated buds and zigzag
in the handle zone comes from the
Shrine of the Double Stele in the Pot-
ters’ Quarter, and it dates to the second
half of the 5th century b.c.; see Corinth
VII.5, p. 66, no. 174, fig. 9, pl. 12.
53. The kotylai/skyphoi up to 5 cm
in height are included in the miniature
vessel count. The terracotta figurines
and bronze pin have not been included
in the percentage count.
54. The fourth largest group are
kalathiskoi, with 7%; the fifth largest
are offering trays, with 6%.

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55. Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 311,
no. 1718, pl. 67; see also Corinth VII.5,
table 1, s.v. linked buds.
56. The column krateriskos type is
very popular in Corinth; see Corinth
XV.3, pp. 304–305, nos. 1749–1768.
57. Corinth XVIII.7, pp. 123–124.
58. For Pemberton group A, see
Corinth XVIII.7, pp. 133–134,
nos. T1–T17.
59. For Pemberton group B-1,
see Corinth XVIII.7, pp. 135–136,
nos. T18–T33.
60. For Pemberton group C-1, see
Corinth XVIII.7, p. 137, nos. T42–T48.
61. Kocybala 1999, pp. 87–93, espe-
cially the Classical miniature hydriai,
nos. 374, 377, 378, pls. 60, 61.
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 655
or bearing Conventionalizing vertical squiggles (28), zigzags (31, 33), or
lotus-bud decoration (32). The lotus-bud decoration is common on cups
of the late 6th century b.c. from the Potters’ Quarter in Corinth, and based
on Risser’s work on Corinthian Conventionalizing decoration, the zigzag
decoration chronologically spans the entire 5th century b.c.55
Mi n iat u re H ydr ia i, K rat er iskoi, K a l at h iskoi, a n d
Mi n iat u re O f f er in g Tray s
Miniature hydriai, krateriskoi, kalathiskoi, and miniature offering trays
are the second to fifth most-prevalent shapes in the Rawson Deposit, and
most are of Corinthian production. These four types of miniatures were
very prevalent in the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary on Acrocorinth, and
as such they underline the popularity of Corinthian miniature votives in
the Archaic period, as well as the Nemea shrine’s possible connection to
the goddess Demeter and her daughter.
The krateriskoi vary in height from 1.2 to 3.2 cm, and are either black-
glazed (35, 37) or banded (36); on the basis of parallels from Corinth, they
date to the late 6th to late 5th century b.c. All of the krateriskoi imitate
regular-sized column kraters in shape.56
The Corinthian kalathiskoi consist of two flaring kalathiskoi (38, 48)
and three additional uncatalogued examples, a perforated kalathiskos (39),
four basket kalathiskoi (41), and 17 decorated kalathiskoi spanning the 7th
to late 5th century b.c. (40, 42–47, 49). Most of the decorated examples are
of Pemberton’s type 3 (40, 44–47, 49), but one is Pemberton type 2 (42) and
another is Pemberton type 4 (43). These examples vary in date from the late
6th to the late 5th century b.c. The most common decoration is zigzag in
the handle zone (44, 46), but zetas are also common (43, 47). More unusual
are the single meander (42) and loopy S-pattern (45); one example (40) ex-
ists with a reserved band in the handle zone, and one just with bands (49).
Miniature offering trays do not often occur outside Corinth, as recently
shown by Pemberton, and they may emphasize a connection between
Nemea and Corinth and the possibility that the Nemea shrine belonged
to Demeter and/or her daughter Kore.57 Several types of trays were found
in the deposit, including six examples of Pemberton’s group A, a plain-
ware miniature offering tray without any attached vessels inside (50), and
miniature offering trays with attached vessels.58 The miniature offering
tray with three kalathiskoi, Pemberton’s group B-1, is the most numerous
type found in the deposit, with 18 examples (51).59 A single example (52)
also exists of a miniature offering tray with two kalathiskoi and one phiale
inside, which represents Pemberton’s group C-1.60 Pemberton dates these
offering trays to the 6th to early 5th century b.c.
The Corinthian black-glazed miniature hydriai (53–55) are very similar
to the examples from both Cyrene and Perachora, which date from the
end of the 6th century b.c. to the beginning of the 5th, but black-glazed
miniature hydriai were also produced in later periods down to the 4th cen-
tury b.c.61
An unusual blister-ware miniature hydria, 56, probably produced in
Corinth, dates to the Classical period, and it attests again to some connec-
tion with Corinth. The late date of the parallels to other blister ware could
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indicate that 56 is one of the earliest examples found outside Corinth. Its
shape comes closest to Corinthian blister-ware round-mouth oinochoai,
and its thick wall suggest that it belongs to the group of early blister-ware
production from the middle–late 5th century b.c.62

O t he r Cor inthia n Ve s s els

The Rawson Deposit also includes various other shapes, which are repre-
sented in smaller numbers. Exaleiptra are characterized by deep, incurving
rims, created as barriers to resist spillage, and the Corinthian exaleiptron is
encountered almost solely in domestic contexts at Corinth.63 The exaleiptra
64–66 all have decorations consisting of lines in black and red, and 65 and
66 have a row of black dots; all date to the late 6th to early 5th century b.c.64
It might be possible that the connection of the vessels to the domestic sphere
in Corinth indicates that the exaleiptra in the deposit were dedicated by
women. Another shape that often has been connected to the female sphere
is the pyxis. Two cylindrical powder pyxides (78, 79), one a miniature, were
found in the deposit, as well as one larger, fragmented black-figure pyxis
(80) bearing a palmette and lotus-bud decoration that is without paral-
lel. Both powder pyxides have a thickened rim, high base, and a slightly
convex underside.
Some shape groups of miniatures exist in smaller numbers: for instance,
phialai, 57–60; saucers, 61 and 62; a one-handled cup, 67; bowls, 71–73; a
kanoun, 74; dishes, 75–77; and a lid possibly from a pyxis, 83.65 Parallels
from Corinth provide a date range from the beginning of the 6th to the
middle of the 5th century b.c.66
Some shapes are represented only by a single example: a one-handled
cup (68), a kanthariskos (69), a saltcellar (70), and a miniature amphora
(81). The broad-bottomed trefoil oinochoe, 82, finds parallels in the Vrysola
deposit in Corinth.67 It has linear decoration in red and black, with a tongue
pattern on the shoulder, and round blobs in the main zone; it dates to around
the middle of the 5th century b.c. As shown here, Corinthian miniature 62. Corinth VII.6, pp. 32–34. Raw-
pottery dominates the assemblage, but the Rawson Deposit also included son mentions in her manuscript (1934,
p. 36) the neck of a large blister-ware
Argive, local, and Attic pottery.
jug. She states that “there is also the
neck of a large jug with a flat ribbon
Ar g i v e M iniat ure Pot tery handle, which would have been of
rather good fabric had not some acci-
The shape repertoire of Argive pottery is smaller compared to that of the dent occurred during firing which made
Corinthian pottery, which is not surprising since the group of Argive pot- it break out with blisters.”
63. Corinth VII.5, p. 97.
tery is smaller. Argive miniature hydriai comprise the largest shape group 64. Corinth VII.5, pp. 99–100,
of the Argive material from the Rawson Deposit. Undecorated miniature nos. 371, 372, 379, pls. 21, 22.
hydriai such as 86–90 are especially frequent. These generally are squatter 65. Unfortunately, all of these listed
than the black-glazed Corinthian examples mentioned above. The undeco- examples are currently missing.
rated examples are more difficult to date, and in the Perachora publications 66. Parallels to the various shapes
are listed in the respective catalogue
no specific date was suggested for the “monochrome” miniature hydriai.68
entries for each example.
Parallels from the Argive Heraion suggest a date in the late 7th to early 67. See Pemberton 1970, pp. 285–
6th century b.c. These undecorated miniature hydriai are also quite similar 297, nos. 33–40, pls. 69, 70.
to the handmade and undecorated miniature jugs found in the cella of the 68. Perachora II, pp. 291, 311–312.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 657

Poseidon temple at Isthmia, which Arafat dated to the 7th century b.c.69 The
jugs from Isthmia and the examples from Nemea and the Argive Heraion all
have paring marks from a knife on their surface (especially visible on 88).70
This type of handmade plain ware often is called “Argive Monochrome,” but
the current consensus acknowledges that this type of plain ware was produced
at many different sites in Athens, Eleusis, Megara, and the northeastern
Peloponnese, and the products of these centers were widely distributed.71
The decorated Argive miniature hydriai, 91–95, have different variations
of linear decoration in black and purple, and all date to the Archaic period.72
The remainder of the Argive pottery in the deposit is mostly undecorated
miniature pottery: two-handled jugs (96), chytridia (97, 98), an oinochoe
(100), and a bowl with a vestigial reflex handle (101). One small black-glazed
kanthariskos, 99, is without parallel, but the shape and dull glaze indicate
that it is an Argive imitation of a small Attic sessile kanthariskos.

Ter rac ot ta Fi gu r i n e s
The terracotta objects in the Rawson Deposit consist of 13 fragmentary
figurines, 12 of them Argive and one Corinthian. Ten fragments represent
the Argive seated-female type, which depicts a female, wearing a necklace,
seated on a throne (103, 104). Additionally, there is one Corinthian female
of the so-called standing kore type (85), a female head (102) that may be
a protome or attachment, and a dove (105). In addition to the figurines,
two terracotta lamps were present, one Corinthian (84) and one possibly
from Aigina (124).
Traces of white slip are found on most of the figurines in the deposit
(85, 102–105). At Corinth, the earliest use of applied white slip on figurines
is found on examples from contexts dating to the late 6th century b.c., and
its use becomes more common in the 5th century b.c., a time frame that fits
well with the date of the figurines in the Rawson Deposit.73
The seated figurines, dubbed the “Tirynthian Argive” type, are of a
style that was widespread in the northeastern Peloponnese, with specimens
found at sites such as the Argive Heraion, Argos, Nemea, Perachora, Phlius,
Prosymna, Solygeia, Tegea, and Tiryns.74 The widespread distribution of

69. Arafat 2003, p. 28; see also
Gebhard 1998.
70. Arafat 2003, p. 27 (Isthmia);
Caskey and Amandry 1952,
pp. 202–204 (Argive Heraion).
71. Morgan 1999, p. 215.
72. Miniature hydria 92 is similar
in both decoration and shape to two
hydriai from the Argive Heraion; see
Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 199,
nos. 215, 216, pl. 54.
73. Merker 2003, p. 234; Corinth
XV.2, pp. 5–6, n. 10.
74. The “Tirynthian Argive” figu-
rines from Nemea and the Peloponnese
are discussed extensively in Barfoed
2013; for the Argive Heraion, see AH I,
p. 44, fig. 18; AH II, pp. 17–22; for
Argos, see Guggisberg 1988, pp. 170–
171, fig. 3; Croissant 2009; for the
Apsis at Argos, see Vollgraff 1906, p. 37,
figs. 63, 65; for Perachora, see Perachora
I, pp. 243–246, nos. 244–250, pl. 110;
for Prosymna, see Blegen 1939; for
Solygeia, see Verdelis 1962; for Tegea,
see Dugas 1921; for Tiryns, see Tiryns I,
pp. 59–61; Jantzen 1975, pp. 170–174.
The “Tirynthian Argive” terracotta
figurines have also been found at the
following Peloponnesian sites: Asine,
Mycenae, Phlius, and the Berbati-
Limnes area. For Asine, see Asine I,
p. 334, figs. 3–5; Wells 2002, pp. 104–
111, figs. 12–17; for Mycenae, see Cook
1953, p. 62, nos. I 1–I 5, pl. 22; for
Phlius, see Biers 1971, pp. 418–419,
nos. 73, 76–78, pls. 92, 93; Wright et al.
1990, pp. 647–649; for Leontio (located
ca. 16 km from ancient Nemea), see
Aslamatzidou-Kostourou and Sarri
2013; for the Berbati-Limnes Survey,
see Ekroth 1996, p. 208, no. 112, fig. 29.
Three fragments were also found at
Aigina; see Aegina I, p. 377, nos. 45–47,
pl. 111; Sinn 1988, p. 151, fig. 3.

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658 signe barfoed

the figurine speaks of a large production of the “Tirynthian Argive” type,

which influenced Corinthian terracotta production and eventually become a
generic type.75 The “Tirynthian Argive” examples from the Rawson Deposit
are completely handmade, and the earliest parallels are from Prosymna and
Tegea, which may suggest a date as early as the late 7th century b.c.76 Some
of the similar figurines from Tegea, Corinth, and Perachora, however, appear
to be a hybrid style of figurine not made of Argive clay, but Corinthian,
and with a moldmade head instead of a handmade one.77 This variant was
very popular and continued until around the early 5th century b.c.78
It is impossible to determine exactly which cultic function these
figurines had in Nemea, and their role (if any) in the rituals are not clear.
These figurines could represent either the deity or the worshipper. Perhaps
there is a simple explanation as to why this type of figurine was found in
the deposit. The “Tirynthian Argive” figurine was a generic type that was
very popular in the Archaic period, and, thus, this was the type chosen for
use in Nemea. It stands to reason that because this type of figurine depicts
a female and is predominantly found in connection with female deities and
their sanctuaries, such as Hera (at Prosymna), Athena (at Tegea), Aphrodite
(at Leontio, not far from Nemea), and Demeter (at Nemea/Solygeia?), our
deity should be female.

Lo c al Pot tery
The local or regionally produced plain-ware miniature hydriai are char-
acterized by a very light fabric that is somewhat similar to the fabric from
Acrocorinth (106–109). Biers, however, emphasized how difficult it is to
distinguish the fabric from Phlius from that of Argos, and he states that
“it must be kept in mind, however, that many of the ‘Argive’ miniatures
may represent only the common type of miniature made in many places
and could indeed have been fabricated locally.” 79 It is therefore a possibility
that the small hydriai in light fabric from the deposit are either Argive or
locally produced in the area of Nemea, Phlius, or Kleonai.
Two curious miniature cups somewhat resemble the shape of the so-
called Laconian lakaina type, with two flattened loop handles placed low on
the body of the vessels. The only preserved decoration is two red bands on
the interior of the neck, which can be seen on 110. Parallels are sparse, but
they suggest a date at the end of the 7th to the second quarter of the 6th
century b.c. Two kalathiskoi appear to have been made in the same fabric as
the lakainai: one (111) has a lug handle on the rim preserved, and the other
(112) is a miniature basket kalathiskos that appears to have a light rose-
colored slip on the surface. There is also a single miniature trefoil oinochoe
in a very light fabric (113). Its shape is similar to “slender oinochoai” from

75. Wells 2002, pp. 130–131; Crois-
sant 2009, p. 187; Barfoed 2013.
76. Dugas 1921, p. 424, no. 346;
Blegen 1939, pp. 420–423, fig. 10.
Neither site yielded stratigraphically
sound contexts, and both included
material through the Classical period,
so the 7th century b.c. is the earliest
possible date for the handmade “Tiryn-
thian Argive” figurines.
77. AH II, pp. 7, 9; Jenkins 1934,
p. 23; Perachora I, pp. 244–261,
nos. 247–250, 257, 261, pls. 110, 111;
Stroud 1965, pp. 17–18, pl. 6:a, b;
Wells 2002, p. 126. This type of figu-
rine (handmade body with moldmade
head) is also found in Corinth in a
votive deposit connected to a hearth
found east of the theater, together
with miniature pottery dating to
around the middle of the 5th cen-
tury b.c.; see Williams and Zervos
1983, pp. 4–8.
78. Corinth XV.2, pp. 55–61; Bar-
foed 2013, pp. 95–99.
79. Biers 1971, p. 402.

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80. Forthcoming in the Excavations
at Nemea series is a publication of the
Opheltes shrine ( J. J. Bravo III, pers.
comm.), as well as a pottery volume
(K. S. Shelton, pers. comm.).
81. For the CHC Group, see Agora
XXIII, p. 290, no. 1588, pl. 105; for
Dionysos, cf. 114 to Agora XXIII, p. 281,
no. 1498, pl. 102. I thank Kathleen M.
Lynch (pers. comm.) for her aid in
identifying the possible attribution to
the CHC Group.
82. Agora XXIII, pp. 58–59.
83. Agora XXIII, p. 59.
84. Agora XII, pp. 91–92, 264,
no. 413, fig. 4, pl. 19.
85. Vanderpool 1946, p. 314, no. 220,
pl. 62; Corinth XIII, pp. 158–160,
nos. 262-9, D 9-g, pls. 36, 43.
86. Roberts and Glock 1986, p. 22,
nos. 32, 33, pl. 7; the Agora examples
date to ca. 520–480 b.c. See also Van-
derpool 1946, p. 314, no. 220, pl. 62.
87. Three chytridia and a miniature
hydria are of an unknown fabric type;
see 122, 123.
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 659
Corinth, but the decoration and fabric are different: 113 has added red on
the edge of the rim, as well as added red lines between the neck and the body
and on the upper part of the handle attachment. The shape indicates an
early 5th century b.c. date, but a perfect parallel is missing for 113. That the
Archaic–Hellenistic pottery in the Nemea region is still relatively unknown
can be seen in the lack of parallels to the local-ware pottery presented here,
but future publications from the excavations in Nemea by the University of
California, Berkeley, will certainly remedy this situation.80
At t i c Pot tery
The Attic pieces are all standard-sized vessels compared to the Corinthian,
Argive, and local-ware vessels, which are miniature. The Attic examples
include three base sherds and two rim sherds from skyphoi (114–116, 118,
119), a palmette skyphos (117), a kylix (120), and a miniature black-glazed
oinochoe (121).
Piece 114 is a rim fragment of an Attic black-figure cup-skyphos. The
decoration depicts branches and two thin, straight, black lines crossing each
other, and there is trace of an object at the lower left near the break. The
decoration probably belongs to the CHC Group and depicts Dionysos
sitting in a mule-cart.81 Another Attic rim fragment from a black-figure
cup-skyphos (115) depicts men flanked by sphinxes, and it may also be-
long to the CHC Group. These two sherds date to ca. 490–480 b.c. In
addition, there are three Attic base fragments, two from Corinthian-type
skyphoi (118, 119) and one from an Attic-type skyphos (116). The base
sherds date to ca. 480–460 b.c. According to Moore and Philippides, the
Corinthian-type skyphos has very thin walls that curve inward slightly at
the rim, narrow handles, and a ring foot.82 The shape of the Attic-type
skyphos is also adopted from the Corinthian repertoire, but it has a thicker
wall, heavier handles, and a strong torus foot. Throughout the history of
the shape, the profile and the scheme of decoration may vary considerably
from workshop to workshop or from potter to potter.83
The palmette skyphos (117) can be dated to 490–475 b.c. based on
parallels from Athens and Isthmia. Kylix 120 is a “palmette” kylix, especially
popular at the North Cemetery at Corinth; the shape is similar to a Type C
cup with a concave lip, but kylix 120, however, is not black-glazed as the
Attic examples are.84 The decoration is similar to that of a standard “palmette
kylix,” although 120 has no incision on the palmette decoration as most
examples from Corinth have, but it is uncertain whether the incision can be
used as a chronological marker.85 Two examples from the Stoa Gutter Well
in Athens are very similar to 120, and roughly the same height, but both
examples have incisions.86 On the basis of the parallels from the Athenian
Agora and Corinth, kylix 120 should be dated to the early 5th century b.c.
It is interesting that most of the Attic pieces found in the deposit are
of standard-sized vessels, and of the Corinthian kotylai/skyphoi in the
Rawson Deposit, 87 have a height greater than 5.0 cm and are categorized
as “standard-sized.” It is possible that the Attic wares were part of the
deposit not because they were used for dedication per se, but because they
were once used, along with the Corinthian drinking cups, as functional
vessels in the rituals that took place at the rural shrine at Nemea—rituals
perhaps related to drinking and/or feasting.87
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660 signe barfoed

150

126.9
121.65
120

90

60

30 28.85 Figure 3. Chronological chart of

21.6 the Rawson Deposit based on 368
17.1 17.05 17.5 17.5
diagnostic vessels, showing the
9.35 number of vessels assigned to each
0.5 quarter from the mid-7th century to
0 400 b.c. When the estimated date of
525

400

a vessel spans quarters, it has been

550

475

450

425
625

600

575

500

divided between them for accurate

550–

425–
575–

500–

475–

450–
650–

625–

600–

525–

representation.

Di scu ssi on
In conclusion, the overall date for the Rawson Deposit spans the period
from the late 7th century down to the late 5th century b.c. (Fig. 3). The
earliest material is the Corinthian flaring kalathiskoi, represented by 38, that
finds parallels in Corinth and dates to the mid–late 7th century b.c., and
a locally produced cup of the lakaina type (110) that dates from the end of
the 7th century to the beginning of the 6th century b.c. The majority of the
Argive miniature undecorated hydriai, 86–88, share this date. The flaring
kalathiskos (38, 48) could easily have had a longer use-life than the rest of
the assemblage, and this type was also found in later contexts in Corinth.88
The lakaina-type cup (110), represented by two examples in the deposit, ap-
pears to have been locally produced, and since a comprehensive study of
the pottery and fabrics in and around Nemea is yet to be undertaken, a date
in the 7th century b.c. remains to be confirmed. As mentioned above, the
drinking cups with parallels from the Terracotta Factory (16, 17, 26) are
more of a puzzle, but the gap in the chronology of the Rawson Deposit,
which spans the first half of the 4th century b.c., indicates that the late 4th
88. See Corinth XVIII.1, p. 171,
century b.c. date is moot. I suggest that a more precise date for the Rawson nos. 524–526, which date respectively
Deposit is from the early 6th to the late 5th century b.c. based on the more to the later 6th century b.c. and the
well-dated pottery discussed above and in the catalogue below (see Fig. 3). first quarter of the 4th century b.c.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 661

TH E ORIG IN OF TH E RAW S ON DEP OS I T:

A SH RI N E AS S O C IATED W I TH TH E
ADRAS TEIA S P RI N G ?

The careful burying of the Rawson Deposit, which probably took place
at one time late in the 5th century b.c., makes it clear that the deposit
is not a casual dump from the Sanctuary of Zeus. Similar deposits in
Corinth and Lokroi resulted from cases of reconstruction or closure of
shrines.89 When the Rawson Deposit was discovered in 1925, some ves-
sels were found neatly packed inside each other. Broneer wrote in Nemea
Excavation Notebook 6 that “in one case, four skyphoi were put the one
inside the other and found all together and faintly broken.”90 A similar
behavior was recorded at Corinth in connection with Stele Shrine A,
where a votive deposit was excavated in 1929.91 Stillwell stated that “the
miniature vases were found inside the larger vases and also filled the
interstices between them,” and she interpreted the deposit as belonging
to a sanctuary.92 This behavior indicates that the deposits were not from
a destruction layer since they were packed neatly.93 In the Sanctuary of
Demeter Thesmophoros at Lokroi in southern Italy, a similar behavior
has been observed, but on a much larger scale.94 There, over 1,000 local
imitations of Corinthian kotylai were found packed one inside another
along the sides of the retaining walls near an eschara, which suggests
that renovation took place in the sanctuary in the middle of the 4th cen-
tury b.c.95 It is very likely that a similar renovation or closure of a small
rural shrine took place in Nemea, thereby prompting the clearing of its
sacred area and the careful disposal of votives in this deposit at the end
of the 5th century b.c.
Thus, the Rawson Deposit probably represents a periodic clearing out
of votive offerings from a shrine, a dumped fill that was moved from the
sanctuary and deposited elsewhere while remaining within the temenos of
the rural shrine.96 This would explain the careful packing and depositing

89. For the Aphrodite deposit in the
Potters’ Quarter at Corinth, see Corinth
XV.3, p. 9; for Lokroi, see Grattarola
1994, pp. 55–64; Lattanzi 2002,
pp. 785–787; Macrì 2005, pp. 229–
235.
90. Nemea Excavation Notebook 6,
p. 11. Rawson noted the following in
her manuscript (1934, p. 2): “The fact
that they lay so close to the surface
might account for their fragmentary
condition, since in ploughing many
sherds would have been turned up and
carried away. Otherwise we might
expect a greater number of complete
pots, for their careful arrangement in
the pit shows that they must have been
whole when they were put there.”
91. Corinth XV.1, pp. 5, 22–25.
Skyphoi were found buried in upright
stacks of three to seven at Stele Shrine
A in Corinth; see Williams 1986,
pp. 22–24. For more on stelai shrines
in Corinth, see Williams 1981.
92. Corinth XV.1, p. 23.
93. Miller 2004, p. 39. Similar be-
havior was recorded in Miletos in the
excavations of 2003–2005 in the Aph-
rodite Sanctuary; see Panteleon and
Senff 2008, pp. 41–45, fig. 18. On the
slopes of the Acropolis near the Eros-
Aphrodite sanctuary, more than 200
small skyphoi were discovered carefully
placed upside down in rows. Broneer
(1940, pp. 255–256), who excavated the
area in 1939, was mystified by the phe-
nomenon and suggested that it must
have had some religious significance,
perhaps related to the nearby Eros-
Aphrodite sanctuary or some other
early cult.
94. The excavations have not yet
been fully published. For the prelimi-
nary reports, see Grattarola 1994; Lat-
tanzi 2002; Macrì 2005; Sabbione and
Macrì 2008. For a thorough study on
Demeter and Kore sanctuaries in
southern Italy and Sicily, see Hinz 1998.
95. Lattanzi 2002, p. 785; Grattarola
1994, p. 59. Other shapes were also
found at Lokri, such as krateriskoi, kya-
thoi, and black-glazed cups that all date
to the middle of the 6th century b.c.;
see Macrì 2005, pp. 233–234.
96. For placement of offerings in
sanctuaries and the depositing thereof,
see Zaidman and Pantel 1992, p. 59.

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662 signe barfoed

of the pottery—as well as the fact that plain wares, fine wares, lamps, and
figurines were deposited together—which then date the shrine’s period
of use to a 200-year period with a higher and lesser degree of immeasur-
able fluctuation.
Pausanias (e.g., 1.11.3, 3.24.2, 6.22.7) portrays the ancient Greek coun-
tryside as being full of rural shrines connected to springs, groves, and caves,
a claim that has been justified by NVAP’s work in the Nemea valley. Two
possible rural shrines in the Nemean area have been documented by NVAP,
one near Phlius that contained a few “Tirynthian Argive” figurines, and one
that dates from the Late Geometric through the Classical period, which
is called Site 204.97 Site 204 is located in the Tretos Pass, and the pottery
assemblage there contained miniature Corinthian votive cups, Attic black-
and red-figure and black-glazed vessels, pithoi with impressed decorative
bands (in one case, a dipinto), and a Late Classical molded appliqué repre-
senting a bearded male. It has been suggested that the material from both
Phlius and Site 204 comes from small extramural shrines.98
When recounting his visit to the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea,
Pausanias (2.15.3) mentioned a spring called the Adrasteia spring. The
name “Adrasteia” is likely to originate from Adrastos, the leader of the
Seven against Thebes and the founder of the Nemean Games.99 Regrettably,
Pausanias does not describe the exact location of the Adrasteia spring; he
mentions it after commenting on the tomb of Lykourgos, which is be-
lieved to have been placed near the tomb of Opheltes near the Sanctuary
of Zeus (Paus. 2.15.3). Whether the spring, which provided water for the
Turkish Fountain, as well as for the Sanctuary of Zeus, was the Spring of
Adrasteia has been discussed by several scholars without any agreement,100
but because the spring is the only natural spring in the area, it remains very
plausible. In his notes to Pausanias’s travelogue, Levi located the Adresteia
spring “at the foot of the hill to the east of the temple.”101 The description
matches the natural spring connected to the Turkish Fountain mentioned
above. Pausanias does not mention a shrine next to the Adrasteia, perhaps
because the shrine had been long out of use when he visited the area, or
perhaps because he never actually ventured outside the Sanctuary of Zeus.
As mentioned above, the spring is located ca. 170 m north-northeast of the
Turkish Fountain, and probably slightly east of the findspot of the Rawson
Deposit (see Fig. 1).
The dating of the pottery from the Rawson Deposit provides a chrono-
logical range for the cult of this possible rural spring shrine. The date
spans from the early 6th century to the late 5th century b.c. (see Fig. 3).
This relatively short period of use may be associated with the provision of
97. For the site at Phlius, see Wright
water for the Sanctuary of Zeus.102 It is a possibility that the spring near et al. 1990, pp. 611–616.
the small shrine provided water to the sanctuary, and when wells were 98. For a description of Site 204, see
constructed within the sanctuary in the 5th century b.c., the rural shrine Wright et al. 1990, p. 611.
fell out of use.103 Since the only known natural spring in the area was the 99. Miller 2004, p. 117.
Adresteia spring, located near the Rawson Deposit, it is plausible that this 100. Nemea II, pp. 222–23; Miller
2004, p. 117; Bravo 2006, pp. 134–135.
spring provided water to the Sanctuary of Zeus during the 6th century b.c.
101. Levi 1971, vol. 1, p. 165, n. 89.
Consequently, the shrine associated with the deposit had a close connection 102. For more on this topic, see
to the Sanctuary of Zeus at this particular period in time, and the spring’s Barfoed, forthcoming.
importance in the area certainly cannot be doubted. It is evident, however, 103. Barfoed, forthcoming.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 663

that when the Sanctuary of Zeus experienced its peak of prosperity in the
4th century b.c. (with a newly built temple to Zeus), the small shrine had
lost its significance and importance.104

TH E Q U ES T I ON OF C U LT: P U RS U I N G A DEI T Y

The question of which deity was venerated at a small rural shrine in Nemea
is difficult to answer, and one needs to consider several possibilities because
no single deity seems obvious, and no graffiti or dipinti were found on the
pottery. The existence of Corinthian miniature offering trays, a shape that
is otherwise predominantly found in the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary on
Acrocorinth, might indicate that the Nemean shrine belonged to Demeter
(and Kore). It is also possible that the combination of the location of the
spring shrine on a low ravine in the vicinity of the Sanctuary of Zeus, the
assemblage of votives and plain-ware vessels, and the topography of the
area means that the rural shrine had flexible ritual functions and served
to accommodate many different kinds of cultic purposes in the area, such
as those regarding agricultural and female fertility and rites of passage for
boys and girls approaching adulthood.

A San c t uary to Deme ter ?

Sanctuaries to Demeter were often located near a stream or a spring, and
hydriai, both standard-sized and miniatures, were often dedicated to her.105
Demeter is connected to the importance of water because of both her agri-
cultural aspect and her relationship to the Thesmophoria festival for women
in which ritual cleansing was an important part of the ceremony.106 Miniature
offering trays, miniature hydriai, krateriskoi, and kalathiskoi, which are
found both in the Rawson Deposit and at the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary
at Corinth, could suggest the existence of a Demeter cult at Nemea. The
recipient of the Corinthian offering trays has been suggested by Pemberton
to be Demeter Epoikidie, and this epithet, meaning “dwelling in her little
house,” was introduced by Bookidis and Stroud for Demeter; they suggested
that the epithet was associated with the Oikos and connected to an Archaic
house structure in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore based on literary
evidence.107 Miniature offering trays are very rarely found elsewhere outside
Corinth, and they are never found in such large numbers as at the Demeter
and Kore Sanctuary, a fact that on its own supports Pemberton’s claim of
the miniature offering plates being connected to Demeter.108 It, therefore,
is a possibility that the shrine at Nemea was a shrine to Demeter and Kore.

104. Miller 2004, pp. 153–177.
It is possible that Classical or even
Hellenistic deposits are yet to be
discovered.
105. Cole 1988, pp. 164–165.
Hydriai were also dedicated to many
other deities; see Diehl 1964, pp. 187–
192; Cole 1988, p. 165; 1994, p. 203.
An Archaic example of a hydria frag-
ment with a dipinto dedication to
Demeter was found in Corinth; see
Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 10–12, 152,
no. 374. At the Rachi south of the
Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia,
hydriai (as well as oinochoai, kotylai,
krateriskoi, and kalathoi) were also
found in deposits possibly connected
to Demeter; see Anderson-Stojanović
2002.
106. Cole 1994, pp. 201–210.
107. E. G. Pemberton (pers.
comm.); Corinth XVIII.3, pp. 2,
72 n. 23, 411.
108. Corinth XVIII.7, pp. 111–131.

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664 signe barfoed

O u tsi de Cor inth: Other Fema l e Dei t i e s an d

The i r Si te s
In order to discuss the recipient deity of the Nemean shrine, other op-
tions outside Nemea and Corinth must be evaluated. At Solygeia, south
of Kenchreai (ca. 20 km southeast of Ancient Corinth), a sanctuary to a
female goddess was excavated in 1957 and 1958.109 Over 50 terracotta
figurines and more than 1,000 vessels, many of them miniatures, document
a sanctuary deposit found close to the ruins of a temple.110 The pottery
from the site can be dated from the 7th to the early 5th century b.c., and
the temple had two phases.111 No later pottery was found, so it can be
deduced that the site was abandoned sometime around 500 b.c.112 Verdelis
suggested that since the pottery assemblage consisted of phialai (sometimes
decorated in imitation of pomegranates), kalathiskoi, and pyxides—shapes
that are found in Hera sanctuaries in the Corinthia and the Argolid—the
sanctuary of Solygeia was dedicated to Hera.113 Morgan, on the other hand,
has suggested that the figurines, terracotta poppy capsules, koulouria, and
offering trays probably indicate a cult to Demeter.114
Comparing the assemblage from Nemea to Solygeia highlights sev-
eral similarities. Both deposits contain seated terracotta female figurines,
although not from the same workshop.115 Two miniature kotylai and a
miniature hydria depicted in Verdelis’s article from 1962 are very similar
to pieces 7, 31, and 54 from the Rawson Deposit, and the miniature hydria
resembles examples from the deposit that can be dated from the mid-6th
century to the early 5th century b.c.116 The two Conventionalizing kotylai
can be dated from the second half of 6th century b.c. to the beginning of
5th century b.c. The liknon, a miniature offering tray with imitations of fruit
and other offerings inside, perhaps used for first-fruit offerings, is another
shape found at Solygeia that is confined to Demeter sanctuaries, such as
the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary at Acrocorinth;117 this shape, however,
has not been found in the Rawson Deposit. Only one terracotta figurine
from the Potters’ Quarter in Corinth, a seated female with a necklace and
a polos on her head that dates to the 6th century b.c., is somewhat simi-
lar to the figurines from Solygiea.118 Nevertheless, when comparing the
pottery shapes, there are some similarities between Nemea and Solygeia;
due to this, it seems logical for us to ask if both shrines were connected to
Corinth because they received votives from there and/or belonged to the
goddess Demeter.
Another sanctuary within relatively easy reach of ancient Corinth is
located at Perachora. There, the Sanctuary of Hera Akraia yielded a large
amount of miniature pottery, of which 481 examples have been published.119
The largest shape groups are, in order of quantity, aryballoi, pyxides, and
plates,120 which is a distribution of shapes that is remarkably different from

109. Verdelis 1962, p. 184.
110. Verdelis 1962, p. 185.
111. Verdelis 1962, p. 188.
112. Verdelis 1962, p. 192.
113. Verdelis 1962, p. 192.
114. Morgan 1994, p. 129.
115. Barfoed 2013, pp. 96–97.
116. Verdelis 1962, pp. 190–191.
117. For the likna from Solygeia, see
Verdelis 1962; for those from Acro-
corinth, see Brumfield 1997, pp. 154–
158; see also Burkert 1985, pp. 66–68.
118. Corinth XV.2, p. 72, no. VIII.34,
pl. 12; the Archaic terracotta figurines
from the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary
at Acrocorinth are not yet published.
119. Perachora II, pp. 290–313,
pls. 118–125.
120. Barfoed 2009, fig. 98, based on
Perachora II, pp. 290–313, pls. 118–125.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 665

that found in the Rawson Deposit. The deposits from Perachora, however,
also contain very similar miniatures, such as kotyliskoi, krateriskoi, and
hydriskoi, as well as other similar shapes, such as flaring kalathiskoi and
phialai.121 The similarity can perhaps be explained by the fact that both
Perachora and Nemea are located near Corinth, and thus they both received
Archaic–Classical votive pottery from there because Corinth had a large
pottery production center at the time.
As for conclusions regarding the deity of the Nemean shrine, one may
suggest with some certainty, based on the examples presented above, that
the shrine belonged to a female deity.

Ny mp h Wor sh i p ?
The topographical setting of the Rawson Deposit may reveal clues to the
identity of the deity to whom the shrine belonged. As mentioned above,
the deposit was found approximately 700 m east of the Sanctuary of Zeus,
near the source of a natural spring. Perhaps the shrine did not belong to a
certain god or goddess, but rather to a nymph, specifically a water-nymph.122
Nymphs animate nature and are often depicted as beautiful young girls who
love to sing and dance, and in some cases they are quite amorous.123 Very
often nymphs act as attendants of other gods or goddesses, but compared
to goddesses, nymphs are not immortal.124 Nymphs are sometimes classi-
fied as the spirits of waters, springs, lakes, and rivers, and as such they are
called Naiads.125 In Plato’s Phaedrus (230b–c), Sokrates is able to identify
a shrine to some nymphs by its location and dedications, which indicates
the ancient Greeks’ familiarity with rural shrines. Van Straten states that
“[nymphs] had so many shrines scattered around the countryside that for
most people one of them would always be close at hand,” which additionally
speaks for a wide distribution of shrines to various nymphs.126
Iconography on Attic vases attests to the water nymph Nemea’s con-
nection to her father, Zeus, as well as to the history of the area (Fig. 4).127
One example is a scene on the shoulder of an Attic black-figure hydria
from Würzburg displaying (from left to right) Nemea, Iolos, Herakles,
the Nemean lion, Athena, and Hermes.128 The main scene on the body
of the hydria is a fountain-house scene showing women, possibly female
worshippers, fetching water at a lion-spouted water source. The fountain
house is indicated by a Doric column, and the women carry hydriai atop

121. Cf. 30 to Perachora II, p. 297,
no. 2962, pl. 119; cf. 5 to Perachora II,
p. 296, no. 2953, pl. 119; cf. 27 to Pera-
chora II, p. 296, no. 2955, pl. 119; cf. 11
and 31 to Perachora II, pp. 296–297,
nos. 2947–2962, 2948, 2949, 2952,
pl. 119. Krateriskoi: cf. 35–37 to Pera-
chora II, p. 309, nos. 3210, 3211, 3218–
3228, pl. 119. Hydriskoi: cf. 53–55 to
Perachora II, p. 311, nos. 3256–3262,
pl. 123. Flaring kalathiskoi: cf. 38 and
48 to Perachora II, pp. 302–303,
nos. 3100–3116, pl. 21. Phialai: cf. 57
and 58 to Perachora II, p. 298, nos. 2994,
2995, pl. 120.
122. For a discussion of the nomen-
clature of nymphs, see Larson 2001,
pp. 3–8. Nymphs were often worshipped
together with Pan; see Paus. 10.23.7;
Rouse 1902, pp. 45–50, 63; Robinson
2011, pp. 164–167. For nymph wor-
ship at Corinth, see Kopestonsky
2016.
123. Larson 2001, p. 10.
124. Morford and Lenardon 2007,
p. 136; see also LIMC VI, 1992, p. 731,
s.v. Nemea (H. Fracchia).
125. Morford and Lenardon 2007,
p. 136, n. 1. The term Naiads is used
from Homer onward; see Larson 2001,
p. 8.
126. Van Straten 1995, p. 90.
127. Water nymphs (Naiads) are
not to be confused with sea nymphs
(Nereids), such as Thetis; see Barringer
1995, pp. 1–13.
128. Würzburg, Martin von Wagner
Museum der Universität Würzburg
304. The hydria dates to ca. 530 b.c.;
LIMC VI, 1992, p. 732, no. 5, pl. 430,
s.v. Nemea (H. Fraccia).

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666 signe barfoed

Figure 4. Attic black-figure hydria

depicting Nemea, Herakles, and the
Nemean lion, ca. 530 b.c. Würzburg,
Martin von Wagner Museum der
Universität Würzburg 304. Photo
K. Öhrlein; courtesy Martin von Wagner
Museum der Universität Würzburg

their heads. This vase could provide a clue to the existence of a spring
shrine to Nemea since 19% of the total vessel assemblage in the Rawson
Deposit consists of miniature hydriai (Table 1).
According to Pindar (Nem. 7.3), Nemea was a daughter of Zeus and
Selene (the Moon), but Pausanias (2.15.3) mentioned, contrarily, that
Nemea was the daughter of the river god Asopos.129 Nemea and her sister
Aigina are believed to be depicted together with Zeus on a red-figure
stamnos dating to ca. 480 b.c., which is now in Rouen.130 The water nymph
Nemea thus has a very strong mythological connection to the area through
her connection to her father, whether it was Zeus or Asopos. The deposit
assemblage at first seems to suggest a connection to either Argive Hera or
Corinthian Demeter, but without an inscription or graffito, the identity of
the deity of the shrine remains uncertain, and the suggestions for a deity
mentioned here remain unconfirmed.

CO NCLUSIONS

In this article I have suggested that the Rawson Deposit may have origi-
nated from a rural spring shrine that was in use from the 6th to the late
5th century b.c. The material in the deposit shows considerable con-
nection to Corinth (the large amount of Corinthian pottery), but it also
shows some connection to Argos (the terracotta figurines) as well as to
some local or regional activity through evidence of local or regional pot-
tery production.

129. See also RE XVI.2, 1935,
col. 2310, s.v. Nemea (W. Göber).
130. Rouen Musée Départemental
des Antiquités 359; LIMC I, 1981,
pp. 367–371, nos. 1–37, pls. 281–286,
s.v. Aigina (S. Kaempf-Dimitriadou).
Another example of Zeus, Aigina, and
possibly Nemea is a red-figure column-
krater attributed to the Boreas Painter,
dating to ca. 460 b.c., now in New
York, Metropolitan Museum of Art
96.19.1. According to LIMC, there are
six examples of Zeus, Aigina, and a
third woman (a sister of Aigina), but
more numerous are vases displaying
only Zeus and Aigina, which number
11. Examples displaying Zeus, Aigina,
a sister, and Asopos amount to seven.
All have red-figure decoration and date
from 490 to 440 b.c.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 667

Pausanias’s accounts of countless rural shrines spread all over the coun-
tryside provide evidence of a rich sacred landscape. Because none of the
wells from the Sanctuary of Zeus contain artifacts of the 6th century b.c.,
the Archaic shrine of the Rawson Deposit could very well have served a
functional purpose at first. Perhaps the ancient Greeks who lived in the area
acquired water directly from the spring near the deposit. The date of the
latest material in the Rawson Deposit roughly overlaps with the time when
wells were constructed within the Sanctuary of Zeus in the 5th century b.c.
It is certain that in the Classical period, water from the spring flowed
directly to the Sanctuary of Zeus.131
Additionally, the Rawson Deposit attests to some of the earliest ritual
activity in the area of Nemea; some scattered 7th-century b.c. pottery is
attested from the Sanctuary of Zeus, as well as a structure dating to that
period, but the necessity for water and the span of the pottery in the deposit
suggests a strong importance of the shrine through the Archaic period, and
the assemblage was deposited probably at the end of the 5th century b.c.
The shrine fell out of use before the Sanctuary of Zeus experienced its
revival in the 4th century b.c., which was manifested by an extensive build-
ing program.
It is hard, if not impossible, to determine to which deity the shrine was
dedicated: through comparison to Corinth and Solygiea, the evidence seems
to favor the goddess Demeter. It is also possible, however, that the shrine
belonged to the water nymph Nemea. The Nemean spring shrine was cer-
tainly a local shrine that had a different function than the Panhellenic Sanc-
tuary of Zeus, which focused on the Nemean games.132 One may say that
the figurines, the miniature hydriai, kalathiskoi, and offering trays from the
Rawson Deposit do suggest a cult related to female aspects, for instance, to
birth, marriage, and the fertility of both women and the land. The location
of the rural spring shrine on the eastern edge of the valley overlooking the
valley and the sanctuary speaks in favor of this interpretation. It can be said
with certainty that it was an important spring shrine for the people living
in the rural area of the Nemean Sanctuary of Zeus in the Archaic period.

CATALO G U E

The pottery in the catalogue has been divided by fabric, shape, date, and
decoration. At least one example of each shape represented in the deposit
appears in the catalogue.
Catalogue entries present the catalogue number (in bold), shape, and
reference to its illustration(s) on the first line. The second line presents the
inventory number or numbers.133 For entries that have both old and new

131. Miller 1975, pp. 168–169;
2004, p. 117; Barfoed, forthcoming.
132. For dedication of miniature
pottery in the Panhellenic Sanctuary of
Zeus in Olympia and the dedications
relating to a civic cult, see Barfoed 2015.
133. The objects on the original
inventory cards only have the original
inventory number, which lead with the
prefix NEM-P. At some point in the
mid-1980s, after the construction of
the new museum, new inventory num-
bers (e.g., P1021) were assigned to the
material present at Nemea; these are
added to Rawson’s lists in the note-
book in red pen. The terracotta figu-
rines have slightly different numbers,
with the prefix NEM-P indicating the
original inventory number, and the
prefix NEM-TC the new inventory
number.

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668 signe barfoed

inventory numbers, the older excavation number is given in parentheses Figure 5 (opposite). Corinthian koty-
after the new P-number. Missing material can be distinguished from avail- lai (1–4). Scale 1:3, except where indicated.
Watercolor (2) P. de Jong; Department of
able material because it only has one inventory number compared to the Classics, University of Cincinnati, Archive
available material, which has two.134 (no. UCPdJ514)
Dimensions (in cm) are given next. This information is followed by
references to previous publication (if any exists).
A discussion of the condition and decoration follow.135 As for fabric,
Corinthian and Attic clays are mentioned briefly, with Munsell numbers, and
a fuller description is provided for the Argive and local/regional fabrics.136
Similar missing objects from the deposit, which are uncatalogued, are
noted at the bottom of each catalogue entry; comparisons were made using
Wagner’s black-and-white photographs from 1934.137 Comparanda from
Corinth and other sites are listed next. Finally, an estimated date is given
for the piece when possible.

CORINTH IAN
Kot y l ai, S tandard Siz e
1 Kotyle Fig. 5
P947 (NEM-P-114).
H. 8.5; Diam. rim 11.0, base 6.0; Th. 0.4 cm.
Barfoed 2013, pp. 89–91, fig. 5.
Kotyle mended from 15 fragments. Part of side and small part of rim restored
in plaster. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); decoration pinkish
white (10R 8/2).
Black glaze on interior, thin red line on rim. Exterior semi–black glazed, two
red lines on upper body. Reserved lower body bordered below by black line. Exterior
of base and resting surface black-glazed. Reserved underside, black circle, small
circle at center. Handles black-glazed.
There are eight additional uncatalogued examples: P935, P972, P1077, P1082,
P1086, P1087, P1094, P1098.
Cf. Corinth VII.2, p. 120, no. An 112, pl. 65.
First quarter of the 6th century b.c.
134. Information on some of the
2 Kotyle Fig. 5 missing pieces is sourced from the
P951 (NEM-P-118). inventory cards stored at the Archaeo-
logical Museum of Nemea.
H. 8.1; Diam. rim 9.7, base 5.2; Th. 0.3 cm.
135. In general, the decoration and
Amyx and Lawrence 1996, pp. 46–47, no. 158, pl. 37; Barfoed 2013, pp. 89–
glaze are rather worn due to wear and
91, fig. 5. the softness of the Corinthian fabric,
Black-figure kotyle, mended from 20 fragments. About half of rim and parts and therefore this is not stated in the
of body restored in plaster. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/3); decora- individual catalogue entries.
tion red (2.5YR 4/8). 136. Because the pottery from the
Trace of red line on interior rim. Streaks of red (misfiring), otherwise black- Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea awaits
glazed interior. Thin red line on exterior rim. Zone on exerior contains two sirens publication, I have provided here more
facing right, with part of another. Incised, stick-like legs. Blobs and casual lines of information on the Argive and local/
black glaze as space filler. Bordered below by red, black, and red lines. Thin black regional fabrics to give as much infor-
line above base. Exterior of base red-glazed. Underside reserved with three circles mation as possible at this time. A more
in-depth comparison will be possible in
around central dot. Handles black-glazed. Added red on sirens. Attributed to the
the future once more studies of the fab-
Vermicular Painter.
rics of the Nemea region are published.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P956. This example is one 137. We know the date March 23–
centimeter smaller but nearly identical otherwise. 24, 1934, from Rawson’s list of photo-
Cf. Benson 1983, pp. 316, 322, pl. 67:C; Smith 2003, p. 364, no. 48, pl. 66:e, f; graphs in the excavation notebook; see
Di Vita 1951, p. 347, fig. 13; Corinth XV.3, pp. 161–162, no. 835, pl. 38. Nemea Excavation Notebook 6,
Second quarter of the 6th century b.c. p. 110.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 669

1:4
3

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670 signe barfoed

3 Kotyle Fig. 5 Figure 6 (opposite). Corinthian koty-

P934 (NEM-P-101). lai (5–9). Scale 1:3. Watercolors (5, 8, 9)
P. de Jong; Department of Classics, Univer-
P.H. 9.0; est. Diam. rim 18.6; Th. 0.3–0.6 cm.
sity of Cincinnati, Archive (nos. UCPdJ513,
Upper part of large Conventionalizing kotyle. Mended from 16 pieces, UCPdJ516, UCPdJ517)
lower part of body and base missing. One-third of rim and side restored in plaster.
Corinthian fabric, pink (7.5YR 8/4); decoration black (2.5Y 2.5/1) and red (10R 4/6).
Blackish brown diluted glaze on interior. Irregular added red blobs of glaze
below rim. Reserved band on rim. Thin red line on interior of rim. Exterior: thin
red line on exterior rim. Red line above black vertical squiggles in handle zone,
black line below; black line overlaps squiggles. Red line below. Interlaced red and
black lotus buds. Bordered below by black, red, and black lines. Handles: outer
part black-glazed.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, pp. 60, 67, nos. 124, 182, 183, fig. 7, pls. 10, 12; Perachora
II, p. 276, no. 2668, pl. 114; Grasso 1998, p. 114, no. 760, pl. 47; Ingoglia 1999,
pp. 97–98, no. 669, pl. 57. See also 4.
Last quarter of the 6th century b.c.

4 Kotyle Fig. 5
P939 (NEM-P-106).
H. 10.6; Diam. rim 13.2, base 7.6; Th. 0.4 cm.
Conventionalizing kotyle mended from 11 fragments. About half of vessel and
one handle restored in plaster. Chipped rim. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown
(10YR 8/3); decoration black (5Y 2.5/1) and red (10R 4/6).
Thick foot-like base. Thin red line on interior rim. Black-glazed, red thin line
below. Thin red line on exterior edge of rim. On exterior, band with black vertical
squiggles in handle zone, thin brownish black band; squiggles do not reach upper
border line. Alternating black and red lotus buds with interlacing stems, red to red
and black to black, black lines above and below. Another black line. Lower body,
thin black rays bordered above and below by thin black lines. Added red on exterior
of base. Resting surface red, thin black line, black band. Underside reserved, black
band, thinner black line, small black circle around center. Outer part of handle
black-glazed, red from line on rim smudged on upper part of handle. Similar to
vases of the BK Workshop (forerunner?).
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P937. See also 3.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, pp. 67, 142–145, no. 182, fig. 9, pl. 12; Bravo 2006, pp. 272–
273, no. 53, figs. 200, 201 (same height); Délos XVII, p. 101, no. 76, pl. 57:D.
Third quarter of the 6th century to ca. 500 b.c.

5 Kotyle Fig. 6
P948 (NEM-P-115).
H. 7.2; Diam. rim 9.5, base 5.5; Th. 0.3 cm.
Kotyle mended from 10 fragments. Small parts of rim and wall restored in
plaster. Corinthian fabric, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4); decoration red (10R 4/6) and
black (5Y 2.5/1).
Thick ring base. Diluted black glaze on interior. Reserved line on rim. Thin
red band on exterior rim. Alternating red and black lotus buds on exterior handle
zone. Bordered below by two black lines. Black band, red band with thin red line
above and below. Black band on lower body continues onto exterior of base. Red
on resting surface of base. Black circle on reserved underside, circle around center.
Outer part of handles black-glazed.
There are four additional uncatalogued examples: P952, P954, P955, P1081.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, pp. 60–61, no. 130, fig. 7, pl. 10.
Late 6th century b.c.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 671

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672 signe barfoed

6 Kotyle Fig. 6
P966 (NEM-P-133).
H. 5.9; Diam. rim 8.4, base 5.0; Th. 0.4 cm.
Kotyle mended from seven fragments. Pieces of rim and sides restored in
plaster. Misfired red on one side. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/4);
decoration red (10R 4/6).
Thin black line on interior rim. Streaky black glaze. Misfiring red on bottom
of interior. Exterior: thin red line on exterior rim. Band with black lotus buds in
handle zone, sloppy execution. Black line. Red band, black band, bordered above
and below with thin black line. Black glaze on exterior of base. Black-glazed resting
surface, depressed reserved underside, black circle, and smaller circle off center.
Outer part of handles black-glazed, one handle misfired red.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P957, P1102.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 60, no. 130, fig. 7, pl. 10.
Late 6th century b.c.

7 Kotyle Fig. 6
P963 (NEM-P-130).
P.H. 5.6; Diam. rim 7.0; Th. 0.4 cm.
Conventionalizing kotyle mended from six fragments. Base and part of rim
restored in plaster. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); decoration red
(2.5YR 4/6).
Thin black line on interior rim. Black-glazed. Exterior: thin red line on exterior
rim. Band with black stepped triangles in handle zone, thin black line. Red band bor-
dered by purple line. Black band. Outer part of handles black-glazed. Oval handles.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 187, no. 995, pl. 44; Perachora II, p. 276, no. 2660,
pl. 112; Kocybala 1999, p. 44, no. 148, pl. 25.
Second half of the 6th century b.c. to first quarter of the 5th century b.c.

8 Kotyle Fig. 6
P961 (NEM-P-128).
H. 5.8; Diam. rim 7.9, base 4.2; Th. 0.4 cm.
Kotyle mended from seven fragments. Small piece of body restored in plaster.
Chip missing on base. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); decoration
red (2.5YR 5/6) and black (5Y 2.5/1).
Streaky black glaze on interior. Exterior: thin black line on exterior rim. Black
lotus buds band in handle zone, black line below. Black band, black line below. Red
band, black line. Another black band on lower body, black line. Black-glazed base,
resting surface reserved, and junction red-glazed. Projecting disk underside, black
band, and black dot in center. Outer part of handles black-glazed.
There are 13 additional uncatalogued examples: P958, P962, P965, P968,
P975, P976, P1083, P1085, P1088, P1097, P1105–P1107.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 64, no. 163, pl. 11.
Late 6th to the second quarter of the 5th century b.c.

9 Kotyle Fig. 6
P970 (NEM-P-137).
H. 5.7; Diam. rim 8.1, base 5.0; Th. 0.3 cm.
Barfoed 2013, pp. 89–91, fig. 5.
Conventionalizing kotyle mended from nine fragments. Part of handle and
rim restored in plaster. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/3); decoration
red (2.5YR 5/6).
Streaky black glaze on interior. Red line on exterior rim. Exterior: band with
black vertical squiggles in handle zone, black line. Worn black band with black line

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Figure 7. Corinthian kotylai (10, 11).
Scale 1:3. Watercolor (11) P. de Jong;
Department of Classics, University of
Cincinnati, Archive (no. UCPdJ518)
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 673
10
11
below. Red band, black line below, black band on lower body. Base has reserved
exterior. Resting surface red. Slight projecting convex disk-like underside, reserved,
black circle around central black dot. Outer part of handles black-glazed. Red from
line at rim smudged onto handles.
There are 15 additional uncatalogued examples: P977–P984, P986, P987,
P1091, P1103, P1104, P1108, P1109.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, pp. 61–62, no. 139, pl. 11; Corinth XV.3, p. 310, no. 1689,
pl. 67.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.
10 Kotyle Fig. 7
P985 (NEM-P-152).
H. 5.2; Diam. rim 7.2, base 3.6; Th. 0.25 cm.
Conventionalizing kotyle mended from 10 fragments. Parts of rim and body
restored in plaster. Sloppy execution. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR
7/4); decoration red (10R 5/6).
Flat, small foot. Black-glazed interior, thin black line on rim. On exterior,
black vertical squiggles in handle zone overlap bordering black line. Red band,
black band. Red on exterior of base. Black-glazed resting surface and underside.
Reserved circle, black dot in center. Outer part of handles black-glazed.
There is no exact parallel. Close to 9, but a very sloppy execution of squiggles.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.
11 Kotyle Fig. 7
P973 (NEM-P-140).
H. 5.7; Diam. rim 7.4, base 4.5; Th. 0.4 cm.
Conventionalizing kotyle mended from nine fragments. Handle and part of
rim restored in plaster. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); decoration
red (10R 4/6).
Thick flaring base. Black-glazed interior with some trace of misfired red.
Exterior: thin red line on exterior rim. Black zigzag pattern in handle zone, thin
black line. Black band, red band. Black band on lower body continues onto base.
Black-glazed exterior base. Red resting surface. Reserved convex underside with
black circle on border. Small circle around center. Outer part of handle black-glazed.
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There are five additional uncatalogued examples: P1092, P1095, P1096,

P1100, P1101.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 69, no. 200, table 1, pl. 13; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 175,
no. 567, pl. 52.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.

12 Kotyle Fig. 8
P936 (NEM-P-103).
H. 11.6; Diam. rim 13.8, base 7.3; Th. 0.3 cm.
Kotyle mended from 22 fragments. Part of rim and side restored in plaster.
Misfired red patch. Faded decoration. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR
7/3); decoration red (2.5YR 5/6).
Interior black-glazed. Semi–black glazed decoration on exterior. Red line on
mid-body, black glaze overlaps line. Very thin black rays on lower part of body. Red
on exterior base, reserved resting surface. Red band on junction of reserved under-
side with black band. Dot in center, surrounded by circle. Handles black-glazed.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P942, P1154.
Cf. Corinth VII.2, p. 140, no. An 212, fig. 1, pl. 64; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86,
no. 40, fig. 6, pl. 6.
Second quarter of the 5th century b.c.

13 Kotyle Fig. 8
P944 (NEM-P-111).
H. 10.2; Diam. rim 11.3, base 6.4; Th. 0.3 cm.
Kotyle mended from 34 fragments. Part of side, rim, and one handle restored
in plaster. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/3); decoration light red
(10R 6/6) and black (5Y 2.5/1).
Thick ring base. Bulbous shape. Diluted black glaze on interior. Semi–black
glazed decoration on exterior. On lower body, thin black lines projecting from
base. Diluted red on lower body. Exterior and resting surface of base black-glazed.
Underside red-glazed. Incision mark from compass, preserved red in the incision
marks. Handle black-glazed.
Cf. Corinth XIII, pp. 268–269, 272, nos. 415-13, 422-1, 422-2, pls. 68, 70, 97.
Last quarter of the 5th century b.c.

14 Kotyle
P949 (NEM-P-116).
H. 7.6; Diam. rim 10.0, base 6.0; Th. 0.3 cm.
Kotyle mended from 23 fragments. Small part of rim and body restored in
plaster. Misfired, orange colors or possible odd colors due to firing problems.
Corinthian fabric, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3); decoration reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4).
Interior black-glazed. Streak of misfired red. Trace of red line on exterior rim,
black line below. Exterior: semi–black glazed. On lower body projecting thin black
lines slanting to one side, hurried execution. Exterior of base black-glazed. Resting
surface reserved with red line. Underside reserved with black band and two circles
around center. Handles black-glazed. Red glaze smudged onto upper part of handle.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P945, P1084.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, pp. 189–190, no. 1005, pl. 44.
Late 5th century b.c.

15 Kotyle Fig. 8
P940 (NEM-P-107).
H. 11.0; Diam. rim 12.6, base 6.4; Th. 0.35 cm.

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Figure 8. Corinthian kotylai (12, 13,
15). Scale 1:4. Watercolors (13, 15) P. de
Jong; Department of Classics, University of
Cincinnati, Archive (nos. UCPdJ512,
UCPdJ510, respectively)
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 675
12
13
15
Kotyle mended from 30 fragments. About half of vessel and one handle
restored in plaster. Well executed. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4);
decoration light red (10R 6/6) and very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1).
Black line on interior rim. Exterior: two red thin lines on exterior rim. Black
ivy-leaf and rosette pattern interlaced with brownish stems. Bordered by three thin
lines alternating black, red, and black. Lower reserved zone with thin line (black
or red?) near base. Exterior and resting surface of base black-glazed. Underside
reserved. Outer part of handles black-glazed.
Closest parallel: Corinth VII.5, pp. 26–27, 109, no. 442, pl. 27, table 1; see also
Pemberton 1970, p. 285, no. 28, fig. 6, pl. 69 (decoration, not shape).
Ca. 450–410 b.c.?
16 Kotyle Fig. 9
P946 (NEM-P-113).
H. 8.2; Diam. rim 10.5, base 5.3; Th. 0.3 cm.
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16

17

18 Figure 9. Corinthian kotylai (16–18).

Scale 1:3. Watercolor (18) P. de Jong;
Conventionalizing kotyle mended from 18 fragments. Part of side, rim, and Department of Classics, University of
one handle restored in plaster. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); Cincinnati, Archive (no. UCPdJ525)
decoration red (10R 4/6).
Slightly incurving rim. Diluted black glaze on interior. Blob of red glaze below
rim. Exterior: thin red line on exterior rim poorly preserved. Brownish black vertical
squiggles in handle zone, bordered by brownish black line. Red line below, band of
black lotus buds. Bordered below by red line. Reserved lower body, two thin black
lines. Exterior and resting surface of base black-glazed. Underside reserved, two
black concentric circles. Outer part of handle black-glazed.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1093.
Closest parallels: Corinth VII.5, p. 66, no. 180, pl. 12; Corinth XV.3, p. 212,
no. 1128, pl. 48.
Date?138

138. The parallels are from deposit 2
at the Terracotta Factory in Corinth.
Deposits 1 and 2 can both be dated to
the second half of the 4th century b.c.
For the brief descriptions of the depos-
its, see Corinth XV.1, p. 36; Corinth
XV.2, p. 24; Corinth XV.3, p. 211. The
description of deposit 2 in Corinth
XV.1, p. 36, says that the “existence of
gallery based on masses of vases and
other objects found between the wall
and the row of pier bases. These were
piled up against the wall as they would
be by the collapse of a shelf. The gallery
was probably used for the storage,
before their sale, of articles made
in the Terracotta Factory.” The sparse
parallels to this particular shape
and decoration make the late date
ambiguous.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 677

17 Kotyle Fig. 9
P960 (NEM-P-127).
H. ca. 6.0; Diam. rim 8.4; Th. wall 0.8 cm.
Conventionalizing kotyle mended from six fragments. Base and about half
of vessel restored in plaster. Corinthian fabric, light, very pale brown (10YR 8/4);
decoration red (10R 4/6 and 10R 5/8).
Misfired red glaze on interior. Black thin line on exterior rim. Band with black
vertical squiggles in handle zone. Two red lines below. Exterior: band with somewhat
triangular lotus buds in light orange red. Bordered below by red line, then light red
line. Lower part reserved or light slip(?). Outer part of handles black-glazed(?).
For the closest parallel, see those listed above for 16. The principal elements
of the decoration are similar, but they are not a perfect parallel.
Date?

18 Kotyle Fig. 9
P1110 (NEM-P-371).
H. 5.3; Diam. rim 6.5, base 4.2; Th. wall 0.2, handle 0.8 cm.
Kotyle mended from four fragments. About one-third of rim and both handles
restored in plaster. Chipped base and rim. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR
7/4); decoration red (2.5YR 4/6).
Thick, high ring base. Interior light orange slip, thin red line on rim and un-
derside. Exterior: thin red line on exterior edge of rim, three dot rosettes in added
red in handle zone. Two red lines below. Reddish orange band of firing mark. Two
black lines above base. Base: Exterior of base added red, resting surface added red,
thick black concentric circle, two smaller circles around dot in center.
No parallel found.

Sk y phoi, S tandard Siz e

19 Skyphos Fig. 10
P971 (NEM-P-138).
H. 5.7; Diam. rim 8.0, base 5.0; Th. 0.3 cm.
Skyphos mended from six fragments. Small piece of wall restored in plaster.
Corinthian fabric, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4); decoration red (2.5YR 4/6).
Streaky black glaze on interior. Exterior: thin black line on exterior rim. Band
with black lotus buds in handle zone, blob-like. Black band, red band. Black-glazed
lower body continues onto base. Exterior of foot black-glazed. Resting surface
black-glazed. Underside reserved, black circle and small circle around center. Outer
part of handles black-glazed.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1089.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 311, no. 1718, pl. 67.
Last quarter of the 6th century b.c.

20 Skyphos Fig. 10
P974 (NEM-P-141).
H. 5.7; Diam. rim 7.6, base 3.5; Th. 0.2 cm.
Skyphos mended from five fragments. Small depression on one side, from
something pointy(?). Misfired red patch. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR
7/4); decoration reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) and red (10R 5/6).
Black-glazed interior. Red line on rim. Semi–black glazed decoration on
exterior, poorly executed. Reserved lower body. Black-glazed exterior foot. Convex
underside reserved with black circle. Black-glazed handles. Large and loopy handles.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, pp. 179–180, 191, nos. 941, 1008, pls. 45, 93.
End of the 6th to beginning of the 5th century b.c.

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678 signe barfoed

19

20

Figure 10. Corinthian skyphoi

21 (19–21). Scale 1:3

21 Skyphos Fig. 10
P967 (NEM-P-134).
H. 6.2; Diam. rim 8.0, base 5.4; Th. 0.4 cm.
Conventionalizing skyphos mended from eight fragments. Misfired(?) reddish
orange in places. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); decoration red
(10R 4/8) and red (2.5YR 5/8).
Thin black line on interior rim. Red-glazed. On exterior black, closed, single
meander band in handle zone, black line below. Red band bordered by lighter red
line, dark red band, a lighter line, light red band, and lighter red line. Foot has dark
red glaze throughout. Underside reserved, tiny red circle around center. Outer part
of handles black-glazed.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 187, no. 992, pl. 44.
End of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

22 Skyphos
P969 (NEM-P-136).
H. 6.4; Diam. rim 8.7, base 4.9; Th. 0.3–0.35 cm.
Skyphos mended from 11 fragments. Misfired red and orange at places. Corin-
thian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); decoration red (10R 4/6), light red
(2.5YR 6/8), and weak red (10R 4/2).
Black-glazed throughout. Handles black-glazed.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 191, no. 1010, pl. 45.
End of 6th to first half of the 5th century b.c.

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139. The overall date of the Vry-
soula deposit is ca. 450–410 b.c.; see
Pemberton 1970, p. 268.
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 679
23 Skyphos Fig. 11
P943 (NEM-P-110).
H. 10.3; Diam. rim 12.3, base 7.4; Th. 0.4 cm.
Skyphos mended from 20 fragments. One handle, half of rim, and body re-
stored in plaster. Decoration mostly well preserved. Corinthian fabric, pale brown
(10YR 6/3); decoration black (5Y 2.5/1).
Heavy Attic-type torus ring foot. Black-glazed interior with trace of thin
red line on edge of interior rim preserved. Semi–black glazed exterior, two thin
red lines distinguish handle zone. Two thin red lines below, reserved lower body,
thin black vertical lines. Exterior of foot black-glazed. Added red between body
and base. Resting surface reserved. Interior of raised disk added red. Underside
reserved, thick black circle, thinner black circle and two thin black circles around
black dot in center. Handle black-glazed.
There are four additional uncatalogued examples: P941, P1078, P1080, P1090.
Cf. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 43, fig. 7, pl. 7.
Early 5th century b.c.
24 Skyphos Fig. 11
P950 (NEM-P-117).
H. 8.1; Diam. rim 9.8, base 5.5; Th. 0.3 cm.
Skyphos mended from 11 fragments, two loose fragments. One handle and
part of rim restored in plaster. Very worn decoration. Corinthian fabric, pink (10YR
7/4); decoration weak red (10R 4/3) and red (2.5YR 5/6).
Black-glazed interior. Thin red line on rim. Semi–black glazed on exterior
except for two red lines below handle zone and on lower body (perhaps to mark the
black band zone, but black paint overlaps the lines on the lower body). Reserved
lower wall. Exterior of foot red-glazed (misfired?), resting surface reserved, junc-
tion with wall and foot red, underside reserved with smaller circle around very
small circle around center.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1079. See also 1.
Cf. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 86, no. 41, fig. 6, pl. 7.
Second quarter of the 5th century b.c.
25 Skyphos Fig. 11
P938 (NEM-P-105).
H. 11.4; Diam. rim 12.5, base 8.5; Th. 0.5–0.3 cm.
Conventionalizing skyphos mended from 13 fragments. Part of wall restored
in plaster. Two random punctuations on exterior black band. Corinthian fabric,
reddish yellow (5YR 7/6); decoration very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) and red (10R 5/6).
Diluted black glaze on interior. Exterior: thin red line on exterior rim. Another
red line borders zone with vertical squiggles in handle zone fired orange-brown, two
red lines below. Broad black band. Faded ivy-leaf pattern with interlacing stems in
added white, but only random blobs preserved. Bordered by red line, then black line.
Small thick black rays with thin ends on lower body. Some added red on exterior
of foot. Black-glazed foot with reserved resting surface. Interior face red-glazed.
Underside reserved, black band near edge. Poorly preserved black circle, smaller
circle surrounding dot. Outer part of handles black-glazed.
For a parallel from the Vrysoula deposit in Corinth to the same decoration,
but not shape, see Pemberton 1970, p. 290, no. 72, pl. 71; for shape, cf. Agora XII,
p. 259, no. 344, pl. 16 (440–425 b.c.).
Ca. 440–420 b.c.139
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1:4

23

24 1:3

1:4

25

1:3
26
Figure 11. Corinthian skyphoi
(23–26). Scale as indicated. Watercolors
(23, 25) P. de Jong; Department of Clas-
sics, University of Cincinnati, Archive
(nos. UCPdJ511, UCPdJ509, respectively)

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Figure 12. Corinthian miniature
kotylai (from left to right: 27
[NEM-P-173], NEM-P-172,
34 [NEM-P-178], NEM-P-179,
NEM-P-407). Cf. 27 to both
NEM-P-172 and NEM-P-407.
Scale 1:2. Department of Classics,
University of Cincinnati, Archive
(neg. N-34-9)
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 681
26 Skyphos Fig. 11
P959 (NEM-P-126).
H. 6.2; Diam. rim 8.1, base 4.0; Th. 0.2 cm.
Skyphos mended from 11 fragments. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown
(10YR 8/3); decoration red (2.5YR 4/6).
Black-glazed interior, reserved band at rim, traces of red. Exterior: thin red
line on exterior rim. Broad band with sloppy very thin vertical straight lines on
upper body except for zone below handles. Red line below. On lower body black
pear-shaped lotus buds, black line above, red line below. Two black lines above
base. Black-glazed base. Reserved underside slightly projecting, small black circle.
Outer part of handles black-glazed. Loopy handles.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P953, possibly the same painter.
Closest parallel: Corinth VII.5, p. 66, no. 180, pl. 12.
Date? See 16.
Kot y l ai, Miniat ure
27 Kotyle Fig. 12
NEM-P-173.
H. 2.0; Diam. rim 3.9, base 1.7 cm.
Miniature kotyle. One handle and piece of rim missing. Corinthian fabric,
hard, good fabric, not very smooth surface.
Brownish black-glaze on interior. Thick black vertical line decoration in
handle zone on exterior.
There are eight additional uncatalogued examples, all currently missing:
NEM-P-172 (Fig. 12), NEM-P-175–NEM-P-177, NEM-P-180, NEM-P-404,
NEM-P-406, NEM-P-407 (Fig. 12).
Cf. Corinth VII.5, pp. 68–69, nos. 188, 194, 195, pl. 13.
Second quarter to late 6th century b.c.
28 Kotyle Fig. 13
P1111 (NEM-P-372).
H. 4.5; Diam. rim 6.3, base 3.8; Th. 0.3 cm.
Miniature Conventionalizing kotyle mended from five fragments. Handles
and smaller part of rim restored in plaster. Patch of misfired red. Corinthian fabric,
very pale brown (10YR 7/4); decoration dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) and weak
red (10R 4/4).
Streaky glaze on interior, black and misfired red streaks. Exterior: thin black
line on exterior rim. Black vertical squiggles in handle zone, black lines above and
below. Red band, thin red lines above and below. Black band continues onto base.
Base has red resting surface with reserved band. Underside of base reserved, black
band, tiny circle around center. Glaze from rim line smudged onto handle.
There is one additional uncatalogued example, P1099, and seven examples
currently missing: NEM-P-156, NEM-P-158, NEM-P-164, NEM-P-167,
NEM-P-168, NEM-P-387, NEM-P-401.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 61, no. 132, fig. 7, pl. 10.
Late 6th century b.c.
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29 Kotyle Fig. 13
P989 (NEM-P-165).
H. 3.1; Diam. rim 4.9, base 2.6; Th. 0.2 cm.
Miniature kotyle, complete except for handle restored in plaster. Dipped in
black glaze. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); decoration weak red
(2.5YR 4/2).
Interior black-glazed. Semi–black glazed exterior. Running black glaze dripped
from rim. Exterior has two–three incised lines on mid-body. Lower part of body
and base reserved. Slightly convex underside. Handle black-glazed.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 311, no. 1701, pl. 67.
Last quarter of the 6th century b.c.

30 Kotyle Fig. 13
P1113 (NEM-P-374).
H. 4.7; Diam. rim 6.1, base 3.8; Th. wall 0.3, handle 0.5 cm.
Miniature kotyle mended from three fragments. One-third of rim and side
and one handle missing. Chipped rim. Three white circles with black dots on lower
body, fits with three finger marks, smudge where thumb would have rested, finger
soaked up glaze, left dot in middle. Slight carination on lower body near base, an
accident in potting(?). One handle slanting. Corinthian fabric, some black inclu-
sions, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3); decoration red (2.5YR 5/6).
Black-glazed throughout. Resting surface of base added red, reserved under-
side, thin black line.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P1112; and one currently
missing, NEM-P-170 (Figs. 19, 25).
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 191, no. 1009, pl. 45.
End of the 6th to first half of the 5th century b.c.

31 Kotyle Fig. 13
P1114 (NEM-P-375).
H. 4.3; Diam. rim 6.5, base 3.7; Th. 0.3 cm.
Conventionalizing miniature kotyle mended from four fragments. About
one-third of rim and side missing. Base chipped. Ridge on break at rim. Handles
not preserved. Corinthian fabric, pink (7.5YR 7/4); decoration red (2.5YR 5/6).
Streaky, carelessly applied black glaze on interior. Black zigzag-pattern band
in handle zone on exterior. Blobs of black glaze on one side. Red band, black band.
Exterior of base black-glazed, slightly convex underside with large black dot.
There are 20 additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing, NEM-P-
157, NEM-P-159, NEM-P-161, NEM-P-174, NEM-P-378, NEM-P-382, NEM-
P-384, NEM-P-385, NEM-P-388–NEM-P-399.
Cf. Corinth XIII, pp. 123, 225, no. 287-1, pl. 40.
Beginning of the 5th century b.c.

32 Kotyle Fig. 14
NEM-P-169.
H. 2.8; Diam. rim 4.6, base 2.8 cm.
Miniature kotyle. One handle missing. Corinthian fabric, fairly hard, smooth
surface.
Mottled brownish black glaze on interior. Lotus-bud decoration in handle
zone on exterior, rendered as round dots.
There is one additional uncatalogued example, P964 (= NEM-P-131; Fig. 14),
and 11 additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing: NEM-P-160 (Fig. 14),

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 683

Figure 13. Corinthian miniature

kotylai (28–31). Scale 1:2

28

29

30

31

Figure 14. Corinthian miniature

kotylai (from left to right: 32
[NEM-P-169], NEM-P-160,
NEM-P-131 [= P964]). Scale 1:2.
Department of Classics, University of
Cincinnati, Archive (neg. N-34-6)
NEM-P-162, NEM-P-163, NEM-P-376, NEM-P-377, NEM-P-379–
NEM-P-381, NEM-P-383, NEM-P-386, NEM-P-405.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 71, no. 209, pl. 14.
First half or middle of the 5th century b.c.

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684 signe barfoed

Figure 15. Corinthian miniature

33 skyphos (33). Scale 1:2

Sk y phoi, Miniat ure

33 Skyphos Fig. 15
P988 (NEM-P-155).
H. 4.5; Diam. rim 6.0, base 3.5; Th. 0.3 cm.
Conventionalizing miniature skyphos mended from two fragments. Part of
rim restored in plaster, one handle missing. Misfired on one side. Corinthian fabric,
pink (7.5YR 7/4); decoration red (10R 5/6).
Low flaring disk foot. Black-glazed interior. Streak of misfired red. Exterior:
thin red line on exterior rim. Uneven zigzag band in handle zone, thin black line.
Red band, black thin line. Black band. Foot has black-glazed exterior, flat base,
black-glazed slightly projecting resting surface, reserved underside. Outer part of
handle black-glazed.
There is one additional uncatalogued example, currently missing: NEM-P-166.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 69, no. 200, pl. 13, table 1; Corinth XIII, pp. 123, 225,
no. 287-1, pl. 40; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 175, no. 567, pl. 52.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.

34 Skyphos Fig. 12
NEM-P-178.
H. 1.3–2.3; Diam. rim 2.5–4.4 cm.
Miniature skyphos, complete. Corinthian fabric, greenish beige, soft, flaky,
surface not very smooth.
Sloppy execution of band black with vertical lines. Lower body dipped in
black glaze? Handles nearly too thick to be pierced through.
There are five additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-171, NEM-P-179 (Fig. 12), NEM-P-400, NEM-P-402, NEM-P-403.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 71, no. 216, pl. 14.
Third quarter of the 5th century b.c.

Krater iskoi
35 Krateriskos Fig. 16
NEM-P-221.
H. 2.2; Diam. rim 3.8, base 2.0 cm.
Black-glazed krateriskos. Part of one handle and almost half of rim missing.
Corinthian fabric, pinkish orange, very soft, surface not very smooth, pitted.
Black-glazed throughout, mottled red.
There are 20 additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-219 (Fig. 16), NEM-P-220, NEM-P-222–NEM-P-229, NEM-P-230
(Fig. 16), NEM-P-232, NEM-P-233, NEM-P-235 (Fig. 16), NEM-P-436–
NEM-P-441.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 685

Figure 16. Corinthian krateriskoi

(top row, from left to right:
NEM-P-219, NEM-P-230,
35 [NEM-P-221], NEM-P-235,
37 [NEM-P 239]; bottom row,
left to right: NEM-P-211, 36
[NEM-P-218]). Scale 1:2. Depart-
ment of Classics, University of Cincinnati,
Archive (negs. N-34-9, N-34-10)
Cf. Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 168–169, nos. 509–511, pl. 50; Bravo 2006, p. 305,
nos. 108, 109, fig. 69.
Late 6th century b.c.

36 Krateriskos Fig. 16
NEM-P-218.
H. 3.2; Diam. rim 4.4, base 2.3 cm.
Krateriskos, banded. Corinthian fabric, light, creamy, soft, pitted, rough
surface.
Interior reserved. Added red on rim and handle of exterior, added red line
below handle. Band on underside of base. Rounded walls, splaying rim, two thick
vertical handles, very thin ring base, bottom slightly convex with central knob.
There are five additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-211 (Fig. 16), NEM-P-234, NEM-P-236–NEM-P-238.
Closest parallel: Corinth XV.3, p. 315, no. 1763, pl. 68 (not the same decora-
tion, but the same shape).
5th century b.c.

37 Krateriskos Fig. 16
NEM-P-239.
H. 1.5; Diam. rim 2.5, base 1.4 cm.
Black-glazed krateriskos. Complete. Corinthian fabric, light orange, quite
soft, surface not very smooth.
Slightly spreading thick rim, underside sloping into rather foot-like base. A
little lopsided. Tiny lug-like handles. Flattened base showing string marks. Dipped
in black glaze, bottom glazed.
There is one additional uncatalogued example, currently missing: NEM-P-231.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, pp. 314–315, no. 1764, pl. 68.
Second half of 5th century b.c.

Kal athiskoi and Fl ar ing Kal athoi

38 Flaring kalathiskos Fig. 17
NEM-P-450.
H. 3.9; Diam. rim 4.7, base 2.8 cm.
Flaring kalathiskos, banded. About two-thirds of rim and upper sides missing.
Corinthian fabric, thick, heavy, soft, some inclusions.

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686 signe barfoed

Figure 17. Handless bowl

(72 [NEM-P-258]) and flaring
kalathiskoi (48 [NEM-P-260],
38 [NEM-P-450]). Scale 1:2.
Department of Classics, University of
Cincinnati, Archive (neg. N-34-10)

Fairly large, straight base, then widely flaring sides. Red line on interior and
exterior of rim. Band of light brown at mid-body and another above base.
Cf. Corinth XVIII.1, no. 14, pp. 79–81, pl. 4.
Mid–late 7th century b.c. (for a discussion of this early date, see p. 660, above).

39 Perforated kalathiskos Fig. 18

P1149 (NEM-P-485).
P.H. 3.6; Diam. base 2.8; Th. 0.3–0.5 cm.
Fragmented perforated kalathiskos. Deliberately cut. Trace of scorching on one
side above, on cut, and on base. About half of side missing. Misfired red-orange.
Corinthian or Attic. Fabric heavy, light red (2.5YR 6/6).
Three thick black bands on interior, misfired red. One broad band on mid-
body on exterior, one below and one above base. Incised lines with black/red glaze
on them. Flat base. Underside reserved with incised circle. Cut first, glazed after
(glaze on cut). Perhaps used as lid for a thymiaterion.
Cf. Bravo 2006, pp. 263–264, 538–539, figs. 179, 180 (from the Archaic fill).
Archaic.

Figure 18. Perforated kalathiskos

39 (39). Scale 1:2

40 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1005 (NEM-P-196).
H. 4.1; Diam. rim 7.3, base 5.5; est. Th. 0.3–0.5 cm.
Kalathiskos mended from three fragments. Large part of base and tiny part
of rim restored in plaster. Several small punctuations on exterior. Chipped rim.
Lopsided, one side has collapsed either from firing or restoration. Pemberton type
3. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); decoration red (2.5YR 5/6).
Slightly concave sides, flaring rim, thick and flattened on top, squat. Two
rather conical shaped lug handles set quite high up. Added red on interior of rim.
Two black lines on lower body. Bottom black-glazed. Thin line on overhanging of
rim on exterior. Two red lines just above lug handles. Reserved handle zone. Two
black lines. On lower body added red glaze continues onto resting surface of base.
Slight trace of red on edge of underside of bottom, otherwise underside with two
incised lines, perhaps from a compass.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 73, no. 225, pl. 15 (decoration); shape close to Corinth
VII.5, pp. 72–73, no. 222, pl. 15 (Pemberton type 2).
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

41 Basket kalathiskos Fig. 19

NEM-P-259.
H. 1.8; est. Diam. rim 4.7, base 2.6 cm.

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Figure 19. Kotyle (NEM-P-170;
cf. 30), basket kalathiskos (41
[NEM-P-259]), exaleiptron
(63 [NEM-P-255]), bowl (73
[NEM-P-253]), and one-handled
cup (67 [NEM-P-210]). Scale 1:2.
Department of Classics, University of
Cincinnati, Archive (neg. N-34-9)
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 687
Miniature black-glazed basket kalathiskos. About half of rim missing.
Corinthian fabric, rather soft and flaky, rough texture, inclusions.
Brownish black glaze throughout. Flanged, spreading wide rim, flattened
bottom, broad flat basket handle. Rather angular body.
There are three additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-249, NEM-P-250, NEM-P-251.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 341, no. 2096, pl. 74; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 174, no. 556,
pl. 51.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.
42 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1008 (NEM-P-199).
H. 4.9; Diam. rim 5.6, base 3.4; Th. 0.4–0.5 cm.
Kalathiskos mended from 12 fragments. About half of rim and parts of body
restored in plaster. Sloppy execution. Pemberton type 2. Corinthian fabric, pink
(7.5YR 7/4); decoration red (10R 5/6).
Black line on interior rim. Black-glazed thick rounded rim. Exterior handle
zone with black, broken, single meander bordered above and below with thin
black lines. Smudged glaze onto lug handles. Red band, black thin line below.
Black band continuing onto upper part of base. Raised foot. Projecting underside
reserved. Unusual rim.
For decoration, cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 74, no. 231, table 1, pl. 15. For foot, cf. Cor-
inth VII.5, p.73, no. 226, pl. 15. No parallel found with the same rim.
Early 5th century b.c.?
43 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1142 (NEM-P-442).
H. 4.7; Diam. rim 5.7, base 3.8; Th. 0.35–0.4 cm.
Kalathiskos mended from two fragments. About half of rim and sides restored
in plaster. Decoration almost entirely worn off. Pemberton type 4. Corinthian
fabric, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3); decoration red (2.5YR 5/6).
Black thin line on interior rim, red thin line on bevel of rim. Black-glazed band
on exterior upper body. Zeta pattern in handle zone, black glaze on small lug-handle.
Bordered above and below by thick black line. Red band below, black band below.
Reserved bottom, raised foot. Incised circle on underside of foot and trace of tool.
Closest parallel: Corinth XVIII.1, p. 88, no. 55, pl. 8.
Early 5th century b.c.
44 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1007 (NEM-P-198).
H. 4.8; Diam. rim 5.5, base 2.5; Th. 0.4 cm.
Kalathiskos, complete except for part of rim and wall restored in plaster.
Pemberton type 3. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/3); decoration
red (10R 5/6).
Thin red line on interior rim, below thin black line. Thin black line on mid-
body. Black circle at bottom. Added red on exterior rim, black band below. Black
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40 42

44
43

45 46

47 49
Figure 20. Kalathiskoi (40, 42–47,
zigzag pattern in handle zone bordered above and below by thin black line. Thin
49). Scale 1:2
black line on lower body, black onto edge of base. Base and resting surface reserved.
Tiny lug handles with red lines as continuing borderlines of zigzag pattern.
There are five additional uncatalogued examples: P1010, P1011, P1015,
P1016, P1143.
Cf. Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 172–173, no. 542, pl. 51.
Beginning of the 5th century b.c.

45 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1006 (NEM-P-197).
H. 4.7; Diam. rim 5.9, base 3.8; Th. ca. 0.3–0.5 cm.
Barfoed 2013, pp. 89–91, fig. 5.
Kalathiskos mended from seven fragments. About half of rim and parts of
body restored. Pemberton type 3. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4);
decoration weak red (10R 5/4).
Trace of red glaze on edge of interior rim. Thin black line. Reserved interior ex-
cept for thin black circle near bottom. Exterior: black-glazed rim. Thick red line be-
low rim. Horizontal, alternating loopy S-pattern in handle zone. Small lug handles.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 689

Two black lines on lower part of body. Red band with thin red line just above base.
Side of bottom black-glazed, underside reserved. Slightly convex underside.
No parallel found with the same decoration.
Beginning of 5th century b.c.?

46 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1004 (NEM-P-195).
H. 4.9; Diam. rim 6.3, base 4.2; Th. ca. 0.4 cm.
Kalathiskos mended from two fragments. Part of rim and side restored in
plaster. Chipped exterior. Pemberton type 3. Corinthian fabric, pink (2.5YR 8/3);
decoration red (10R 4/6).
Slight incurving rim with added red on interior. Broad black band, red line
below. Black circle on interior bottom. Exterior rim black-glazed. Black band.
Handle zone with black zigzag pattern overlapping band above, red line above and
black band below. Red band on lower body. Flattened bottom and resting surface
reserved. Lug handles reserved.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1144.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, pp. 74, 75, nos. 235, 239 (similar flaring, thickened rim),
pl. 15.
Second half of 5th century b.c.

47 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1009 (NEM-P-200).
H. 4.7; Diam. rim 5.7, resting surface 3.0; Th. 0.3 cm.
Kalathiskos mended from seven fragments. Part of rim restored in plaster.
Misfired red on one side. Pemberton type 3. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown
(10YR 8/3); decoration red (10R 4/6).
Overhanging down-turned rim. Reserved rim. On interior, black band, black
line. Exterior: added red on exterior lip. Black band. Handle zone with black zeta
pattern bordered above and below by thin black line. Two horizontal lug handles.
Red band. Thin black line below. Black band continues onto base. Resting surface
and underside reserved. Flat slightly raised bottom, low rounded bevel.
There are three additional uncatalogued examples: P1012–P1014.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 74, no. 239, pl. 15, table 1.
Second half of the 5th century b.c.

48 Flaring kalathiskos Fig. 17

NEM-P-260.
H. 2.3; Diam. rim 3.4, base 2.2 cm.
Miniature flaring kalathiskos mended from two fragments, almost half of
rim and piece of side missing. Corinthian fabric, light green, soft and flaky, rough
surface.
Three bands on reserved wall, brownish black bands on rim and base, red
band on base.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-449, NEM-P-451.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 339, no. 2070, pl. 74.
Third quarter of the 5th century b.c.

49 Kalathiskos Fig. 20
P1017 (NEM-P-208).
H. 3.2; Diam. rim 4.0, base 2.9; Th. 0.3 cm.

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690 signe barfoed

Kalathiskos mended from five fragments, one-fourth of rim and part of body
restored in plaster. Pemberton type 3. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR
8/3); decoration red (2.5YR 4/6).
Ring-like base. Thin black line on interior edge of rim, red band. Exterior: red
and black thin line on flaring beveled rim. Black band on exterior. Red line. Black
band, thin red bands. Black on lowest part of body onto bevel. Resting surface
reserved. Knob in center.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, pp. 75, 76, nos. 244, 250, fig. 10, pl. 15.
Late 5th century b.c.

Miniat ure Off er ing Tray s

50 Offering tray Fig. 21
NEM-P-274.
H. 1.9; max W. 3.1; L. 4.3 cm.
Miniature offering tray. Pemberton group A-1.140 Corinthian fabric, fairly
hard, light brick red, coarse, many inclusions, uneven. Plain ware.
There are five additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-474, NEM-P-475 (Fig. 21), NEM-P-476 (Fig. 21), NEM-P-477,
NEM-P-484 (Fig. 21).
Cf. Corinth XVIII.7, p. 133, no. T1, pl. 39 (not exactly the same size, but
similar shape).
6th century b.c.

51 Offering tray Fig. 21

NEM-P-271.
H. 1.6; L. 6.9; Diam. base 4.5 cm.
Miniature offering tray with three kalathiskoi. Pemberton group B-1. Corin-
thian fabric, light creamy orange, soft, rubs off easily, fairly coarse fabric, inclusions,
surface not very smooth. Walls moderately thin. Plain ware.
There are 17 additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing: NEM-P-265,
NEM-P-266 (Fig. 25), NEM-P-268 (Fig. 25), NEM-P-269 (Fig. 25), NEM-P-270,
NEM-P-452–NEM-P-463. The only miniature offering tray with preserved red
paint on the rim of the tray and the kalathiskoi is NEM-P-459, mentioned by
Rawson and written on the inventory card; see Rawson 1934, pp. 23–24.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, pp. 332–333, nos. 1985–1988, pl. 72; Corinth XVIII.7,
p. 135, nos. T18, T19, pl. 40; Brumfield 1997, pp. 166–167, nos. 86, 90.
Early 5th century b.c.

52 Offering tray Fig. 21

NEM-P-267.
H. 1.7; L. 5.5; Diam. base 4.9 cm.
Miniature offering tray with two kalathiskoi and one phiale. Pemberton
group C-1. Corinthian fabric, pink, soft, rubs off easily, rough surface. Thick walls.
Slightly incurving sides and rim. Handles a little more developed than other
examples. Plain ware.
Corinth XVIII.7, p. 137, no. T42, pl. 42.
Early 5th century b.c.

Miniat ure Hydr iai

Decorated
140. Rawson (1934, p. 23) called
53 Hydria Fig. 22
these “scoop-shaped dishes.” See also
P998 (NEM-P-189). Corinth XVIII.7, p. 133, nos. T1–T17,
H. 5.1; est. Diam. rim ca. 3.3, base 2.7; est. Th. 0.2 cm. pl. 39.

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Figure 21. Miniature offering trays
(top row, from left to right: 51
[NEM-P-271], 52 [NEM-P-267];
center row, from left to right:
NEM-P-475, NEM-P-476, 50
[NEM-P-274], NEM-P-484; all
cf. 50) and miniature coarse shallow
dishes (bottom row, from left to
right: 75 [NEM-P-246], 76
[NEM-P-247], 77 [NEM-P-471]).
Scale 1:2. Department of Classics, Univer-
sity of Cincinnati, Archive (neg. N-34-11)
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 691
Miniature black-glazed hydria; complete except for three-quarters of rim
and vertical handle restored in plaster. Chips broken off base. Traces of wheel.
Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); decoration very dark gray (5Y 3/1).
Narrow neck, concave part in middle. Wide flat rim with slightly thickened
edge, flat shoulder, round bulging body coming to a rather high spreading foot-like
base. Indication of molding where body meets base. Possible indication of string or
incision on underside of base. Uneven, middle part of body convex/bulbous.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1058.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 324, no. 1871, pl. 70; Kocybala 1999, p. 91, no. 355, pl. 58.
End of the 6th century b.c.
54 Hydria Fig. 22
P997 (NEM-P-188).
H. 4.9; est. Diam. rim 4.8, base 2.5; Th. 0.35 cm.
Miniature black-glazed hydria. Complete except for about half of rim and
part of neck restored in plaster. Mended from two fragments. Vertical handle
slanting. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/3); decoration very dark
gray (GLEY1 3/N).
Traces of wheel where glaze is worn off. Wide rather high neck, large open-
ing, wide splaying rim. Flat shoulder, round body, slightly curving exterior of flat
ring base. One flattened vertical handle projecting from rim, lump of clay where
attached on exterior/underside of rim. Two lug horizontal handles, one higher up
than the other. Unglazed base, string-cut. Possible trace of fingerprint on neck by
vertical handle.
There are 14 additional uncatalogued examples: P1000, P1051, P1057, P1059,
P1061–P1066, P1137–P1139, P1141.
Cf. Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3256, pl. 123; Corinth XV.3, p. 324, no. 1871, pl. 70.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.
55 Hydria Fig. 22
P1067 (NEM-P-328).
H. 5.5; Diam. rim 4.2, base 2.4; est. Th. 0.25–0.3 cm.
Miniature black-glazed hydria; mended from two fragments, about half of neck
and rim restored in plaster. Black glaze almost completely worn off. Corinthian
fabric, smooth fabric, few inclusions, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3).
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53 54

Figure 22. Corinthian miniature

black-glazed hydriai (53–55).
55 Scale 1:2

Reserved underside? Small horizontal lug handles. Flat vertical handle.

There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P1056, P1060.
Cf. Kocybala 1999, p. 89, no. 339, fig. 3, pl. 56.
End of the 6th to beginning of the 5th century b.c.

Blister Ware
56 Hydria Fig. 23
P1134 (NEM-P-427).
P.H. ca. 8.0; Th. ca. 0.4 cm.
Miniature blister-ware hydria mended from five fragments. Handmade. Base,
part of sides, and rim restored in plaster. Secondary burnt. Very hard gray clay.
Traces of scorching, actual black lines; looks like it was placed on a fire and exploded,
popped, fits with bottom missing, now restored. Smoothed surface. Corinthian
fabric, many red and white inclusions, gray (2.5Y 5/1).
Large, squat globular body, low neck, which slopes inward, wide splaying rim.
Large, wide, flattened vertical handle rising up from rim, attached on body high
on shoulder at line with small, rounded horizontal handles.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1131.
Closest parallels: Corinth VII.3, pp. 146–148, no. 774, pl. 64 (both parallels
are round-mouth oinochoai); Corinth VII.6, p. 154, nos. V-73, V-74, fig. 33, pl. 25.
Late 5th century b.c.?

Figure 23. Corinthian miniature

56 blister-ware hydria (56). Scale 1:2

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 693

Figure 24. Corinthian miniature

phialai (top row: 57 [NEM-P-479],
NEM-P-500; cf. 60) and Corinthian
miniature saucers (top row, far right:
NEM-P-244; bottom row: 62
[NEM-P-241], 61 [NEM-P-240]).
Scale 1:2. Department of Classics, Univer-
sity of Cincinnati, Archive (neg. N-34-11)

Miniat ure Phial ai

57 Phiale Fig. 24
NEM-P-479.
H. 1.5; est. Diam. 6.2 cm.
Miniature flat-bottomed phiale. Restored from two fragments. Half of rim
and sides missing. Corinthian fabric, very soft, flaky, coarse, surface cracking.
Large flattened bottom, curved sides, high omphalos in center with flattened
top. Plain ware.
There is one additional uncatalogued example, currently missing: NEM-P-472.
Closest parallel: Corinth XV.3, p. 335, no. 2021, pls. 73, 118.
Late 6th century b.c.

58 Phiale Fig. 25
NEM-P-481.
H. 2.2; Diam. rim 7.0, base 4.5 cm.
Miniature flat-bottomed phiale. Corinthian fabric, very soft, light greenish,
inclusions and pebbles.
Shallow dish with large roughly flattened bottom, upturned curved sides, in
center a raised rounded knob. Faint traces of paint.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-480, NEM-P-482.
Closest parallel: Corinth XV.3, p. 335, no. 2021, pls. 73, 118.
Late 5th century b.c.

59 Phiale Fig. 25
NEM-P-483.
H. 1.0; Diam. rim 4.6, base 2.7 cm.
Miniature flat-bottomed phiale. Restored from two fragments. Almost half
of rim and side missing. Light brown fabric, soft, smooth inside, rough outside,
Corinthian(?).
Slightly raised base, curving sides. Traces of two red and black mottled bands
inside rim and on side. Traces of red on omphalos, surrounded by two thin circles
of red brown.
Cf. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 158, no. 424, pl. 46.
Late 5th century b.c.

60 Phiale Fig. 25
NEM-P-499.
H. 1.6; est. Diam. 4.1, base 2.3 cm.

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694 signe barfoed

Figure 25. Assorted vessels: (top row,

left to right) lid 83 (NEM-P-464),
Corinthian miniature offering trays
NEM-P-269, NEM-P-266,
NEM-P-268 (cf. 51); (middle row,
left to right) Corinthian miniature
phialai 58, 60, 59 (NEM-P-481,
NEM-P-499, NEM-P-483),
Corinthian miniature saucers
NEM-P-242, NEM-P-243 (cf. 61);
(bottom row, left to right) Corin-
thian miniature kotyle NEM-P-170
(cf. 30), Corinthian miniature bowl
71 (NEM-P-264), Argive minia-
ture bowl with reflex handle 101
(NEM-P-263), Corinthian minia-
ture exalepitron NEM-P-256
(cf. 63). Scale 1:3. Department of Clas-
sics, University of Cincinnati, Archive
(neg. N-34-16)
Miniature flat-bottomed phiale. About two-thirds of rim and side missing.
Corinthian fabric, very soft, light greenish fabric.
Thin walls. High slightly incurving walls, slightly raised base, small but high
omphalos in center. Worn black glaze throughout.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-498, NEM-P-500 (Fig. 24).
Cf. Corinth VII.6, pp. 209–210, 223, no. VIII-4, fig. 43; Corinth XV.3, p. 336,
no. 2022, pls. 73, 118.
5th century b.c.?

Miniat ure Saucers

61 Saucer Fig. 24
NEM-P-240.
H. 1.6; Diam. rim 6.9, est. base 3.7 cm.
Miniature saucer. Two holes pierced on wall just below rim. Corinthian fabric,
flaky, soft, surface not very smooth.
Band of red on interior rim, then two brown lines, broad red band on sloping
inner part. Reserved exterior. Five brown circles on bottom.
There are seven additional uncatalogued examples, currently miss-
ing: NEM-P-242 (Fig. 25), NEM-P-243 (Fig. 25), NEM-P-244 (Fig. 24),
NEM-P-245, NEM-P-468–NEM-P-470.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 327, no. 1911, pl. 71.
Late 6th century b.c.

62 Saucer Fig. 24
NEM-P-241.
H. 1.2; Diam. rim 5.4, base 4.2 cm.
Miniature saucer, black-glazed. About one-fourth of rim missing, two small
holes pierced on one side of rim. Corinthian fabric, fairly hard, quite thin walls.
Spreading rim and flattened bottom.
Corinth XV.3, p. 329, no. 1929, pl. 71.
Late 6th century b.c.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 695

Exaleip t ra
63 Exaleiptron Fig. 19
NEM-P-255.
H. 2.0; Diam. opening 2.6, est. base 2.1 cm.
Miniature exaleiptron with one handle preserved. Complete. Corinthian
fabric, soft flaky fabric, pink, not very smooth surface.
Round sides, small opening, one horizontal handle, lug-like projection on
either side. Small ring base, flattened bottom, string-cut.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-256 (Fig. 25), NEM-P-257.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 337, nos. 2037, 2038, pl. 73.
Second half of the 6th century b.c.

64 Exaleiptron
P1151 (NEM-P-487).
H. 3.4; Th. 0.3 cm.
Fragment of wall and part of base of miniature exaleiptron. Chipped.
Corinthian fabric, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6); decoration red (10R 5/6).
Reserved rim, bottom of interior red-glazed(?). Added red on edge of exterior
rim, edge of reflex handles, below handle zone. Black lines above and on base.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 99, no. 371, pl. 21.
Late 6th or early 5th century b.c.

65 Exaleiptron Fig. 26
P1153 (NEM-P-489).
P.H. 2.0; Th. 0.2 cm.
Two nonjoining fragments of small exaleiptron. Glaze well-preserved.
Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/3); decoration red (10R 5/6).
Interior of bottom black-glazed. Black band above and below reflex handles
on exterior. Two red lines, row of black dots/lotus buds bordered below by red thin
line, black line. Red and black band on interior of rim.
Cf. Corinth VII.5, p. 99, no. 372, pl. 21.
Late 6th or early 5th century b.c.

Figure 26. Corinthian exaleiptron 65

(65). Scale 1:2

66 Exaleiptron Fig. 27
P1152 (NEM-P-488).
P.H. 2.3; Th. 0.4–0.5 cm.
Fragment of upper part and wall of miniature exaleiptron. Mended from
four fragments. One handle complete. Corinthian fabric, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2);
decoration reddish brown (5YR 5/4).
Straight collar, with round rolled edge and side, reflex horizontal handle.
Black on edge of handle above and below. Five very thin lines below. Band with

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696 signe barfoed

Figure 27. Corinthian miniature

66 exaleiptron (66). Scale 1:2

dots or net pattern. Bordered below by two thin black lines, then black band. Red
band on interior rim.
Closest parallel: Corinth VII.5, p. 100, no. 379, pl. 22.
Ca. mid-5th century b.c.

Miscel l aneous Cups

67 One-handled cup Fig. 19
NEM-P-210.
H. 2.0; Diam. rim 3.3, base 1.9 cm.
Miniature one-handled cup. Complete. Corinthian fabric, rather soft, creamy,
surface not very smooth.
Brownish black glaze, pitted. Slightly spreading rim, bulging rounded sides,
high right base. One thick, flat ribbon handle, flattened bottom, string-cut.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 315, no. 1764, pl. 68.
Late 6th century b.c.

68 One-handled cup Fig. 28

P1018 (NEM-P-209).
H. 4.9; Diam. rim 9.8, base 5.3; Th. handle 0.7, wall 0.35 cm.
One-handled cup mended from eight fragments. Part of rim and body re-
stored in plaster. Misfired red intentionally? Very irregular applied glaze. Several
small punctuations on exterior. Corinthian one-handled cup type 1. Corinthian
fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/3); decoration reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), and red
(2.5YR 4/6).
Bowl with rounded sides, ring base of low foot-like base. Single loop handle.
Black glaze near rim on interior, remainder of interior red-glazed. Misfired red

Figure 28. Corinthian one-handled

68 cup (68). Scale 1:3

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 697

on exterior of rim/handle zone. Black-glazed, lower body misfired red. Reserved

underside, slightly raised center. Black-glazed handle.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-478, NEM-P-491.
For discussion of the one-handled cup shape, see Corinth XVIII.1, pp. 36–38.
For parallels, see Corinth XV.3, p. 207, no. 1114, pl. 47 (bowl with one handle);
Corinth VII.6, pp. 180–182, 190, no. VI-57, fig. 39, pl. 31; Nemea I, p. 260,
nos. P1293, P1342, P1343, fig. 373 (from the so-called votive mound near the
Bath building); Bravo 2006, p. 275, no. 57, fig. 207.
Ca. middle of the 5th century b.c.

69 Kanthariskos Fig. 29
P1019 (NEM-P-212).
H. 4.8; Diam. rim 6.2, base 4.1; Th. handle 0.9 cm.
Kanthariskos, miniature, decorated; complete except for part of rim and one
handle restored in plaster. Traces of scorching on rim near handles. Corinthian
fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); decoration light red (10R 6/6).
Vertical handles, round bulging body, splaying rim, spreading ring base or foot.
Thin black line just below rim on interior. Thin black line on edge of exterior rim.
In handle zone, one dot rosette in center on each side. Vertical border panel pat-
terns on each side of the two handles. Bordered below by two thin red lines. Black
glaze on underside of the two handles, accidental(?). Added red on base. Reserved
resting surface, slightly concave underside. Trace of red on upper part of one handle.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 312, no. 1728, pl. 67; Corinth VII.5, p. 131, no. 567,
pl. 35 (same shape, but not same decoration). Corinth XV.3, pp. 191–192, no. 1012,
pl. 45 (similar base, but not decoration).
Late 6th to first half of 5th century b.c.

Figure 29. Corinthian kanthariskos

(69). Scale 1:3 69

Bowls
70 Saltcellar Fig. 30
P1025 (NEM-P-248).
H. 3.3; Diam. rim 6.3, base ca. 4.0; Th. 0.4–0.5 cm.
Saltcellar mended from four fragments. Worn black glaze. Chipped rim and
base. Corinthian fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/3); decoration black (5Y 2.5/1).
Incurving molded rim, low foot-like base. Black-glazed throughout except for
lower part of body and base, irregular glazed. String-cut base. Dipped in black glaze.
There is one additional uncatalogued example (plain ware), currently missing:
NEM-P-252.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 330, no. 1948, pl. 71.
Late 6th to beginning of the 5th century b.c.

Figure 30. Corinthian saltcellar (70).

Scale 1:3 70

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698 signe barfoed

71 Bowl Fig. 25
NEM-P-264.
H. 1.9; Diam. rim 4.3, base 1.8 cm.
Miniature bowl with two wishbone handles. Most of one handle and small
bit of rim missing. Corinthian fabric, pink, rough surface, thin walls.
Mottled blackish brown glaze throughout. Spreading curved sides, thin ring
base, string-cut.
Cf. Brann 1956, p. 361, no. 35, pl. 56; Pemberton 1970, p. 297, no. 110, pl. 73.
First half of the 6th century b.c.

72 Bowl Fig. 17
NEM-P-258.
H. 2.1–2.4; Diam. rim 7.1, base 4.1, opening 5.8 cm.
Small handleless bowl. About one-third of rim and side missing. Corinthian
fabric, quite smooth surface, thick walls.
Brownish black glaze throughout except for underside of base. Flat flanged
rim, lopsided, thin ring base, irregular. Flattened bottom with central knob.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 330, no. 1943, pl. 71.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.

73 Bowl Fig. 19
NEM-P-253.
H. 2.1; Diam. rim 3.3, base 2.1 cm.
Small handleless bowl. About one-fourth of rim and piece of side missing.
Corinthian fabric, pinkish gray, surface uneven, fairly thin walls.
Interior and exterior black-glazed, much worn. Straight sides, foot-like
uneven ring base.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 330, no. 1947, pl. 71.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.

Miniat ure Kanoun

74 Kanoun Fig. 31
NEM-P-261.
H. 1.3; est. Diam. rim 4.3, est. base 3.2 cm.
Miniature kanoun. Complete. Corinthian fabric, soft, flaky, surface not very
smooth, fairly thin walls.
Black-glazed throughout.
There are four additional uncatalogued examples, currently missing:
NEM-P-262 (Fig. 31), NEM-P-465 (Fig. 31), NEM-P-466 (Fig. 31), NEM-P-467.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 326, no. 1902, pl. 70; Corinth VII.5, no. 568, p. 131, fig. 25.
End of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

Figure 31. Corinthian kana: (top, left

to right) NEM-P-465, NEM-P-466;
(bottom) NEM-P-262, 74 (NEM-P-
261). Cf. all to 74. Scale 1:2. Department
of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Ar-
chive (neg. N-34-11)

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 699

Miniat ure Dishe s

75 Shallow dish Fig. 21
NEM-P-246.
Est. H. 1.6; Diam. rim 6.7 cm.
Miniature coarse shallow dish, complete. Corinthian fabric, pinkish gray,
many inclusions, soft, flaky.
Uneven shape, handmade. Thick walls. Plain ware.
There is one additional uncatalogued example, currently missing: NEM-P-473.
Closest parallel: Corinth XV.3, p. 333, no. 1983, pl. 72.
Late 6th century b.c.

76 Shallow dish Fig. 21

NEM-P-247.
Est. H. 0.9–1.3; Diam. rim 3.6 cm.
Miniature coarse shallow dish, complete. Corinthian fabric, full of particles,
soft, powdery, quite thick walls.
Handmade, crude, undecorated. One side higher than the other.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 332, no. 1978, pl. 72.
Late 6th century b.c.

77 Shallow dish Fig. 21

NEM-P-471.
H. 1.0; Diam. rim 2.9 cm.
Miniature coarse shallow dish, complete. Corinthian(?) fabric, coarse, gritty,
brick red.
Crudely made little bowl with rounded sides, rather thick and coarse. Slight
bump in center, underneath concave.
No parallel.

P y xide s
78 Pyxis Fig. 32
P1023 (NEM-P-216).
H. 5.2; Diam. 7.1, bottom 7.5; Th. ca. 0.4 cm.
Powder pyxis mended from seven fragments. Part of rim restored in plaster.
Slip worn off on one side. Corinthian fabric, soft, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6).
Small cylindrical powder pyxis with straight sides, thickened upright rim which
projects slightly. Projecting rounded base with two incised lines. Bottom is slightly

78

Figure 32. Corinthian powder

pyxides (78, 79). Scale 1:2 79

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700 signe barfoed

Figure 33. Corinthian black-figure

80 pyxis (80). Scale 1:3.

convex. Slipped exterior, two incised lines on top of base. Slight concave bottom
with two incised lines on edge and small circle around dot in center.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, pp. 350–351, nos. 2179, 2187, pl. 77.
Late 6th to beginning of the 5th century b.c.

79 Pyxis Fig. 32
P1024 (NEM-P-217).
H. 2.8; Diam. rim 4.3, body 4.0, bottom 4.4; Th. 0.3 cm.
Miniature powder pyxis; complete except for chip on rim. Trace of paring near
base. Possibly light rosy slip. Corinthian fabric, very smooth, light fabric, very pale
brown (10YR 8/3); decoration very pale brown (10YR 7/4).
Reserved interior. Projecting rounded base, bottom slightly convex. Exterior:
black line on slightly thickened exterior rim. Black line above base, red on exterior
of base. Red line on resting surface. Six(?) black circles on bottom, poorly preserved.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, pp. 317, 351, nos. 1784, 2187, pls. 68, 77.
Second half of the 6th to beginning of the 5th century b.c.

80 Pyxis Fig. 33
P1150 (NEM-P-486).
P.H. 7.2; Diam. base 11.0; Th. 0.35–0.4 cm.
Black-figure pyxis fragment; fragment of half side and about one-third of
base preserved. Flaking, salt contamination(?). Thin walls. Misfired red in places.
Corinthian fabric, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4); decoration red (10R 4/8), red
(10R 5/6), and red (2.5YR 4/6).
Interior slipped. On exterior band of alternating black palmettes and lotus
buds, incised and added red for details. Bordered below by two black bands. Zone
on lower body with kind of ivy-leaf pattern, looks like bunch of grapes. Band on
edge of base. Reserved underside.
No exact parallel. Palmette and lotus decoration somewhat similar to Corinth
VII.1, p. 81, no. 372, pl. 44 (oinochoe); Corinth XV.3, p. 132, no. 660, pl. 30 (rim
fragment).
6th century b.c.?

Miniat ure Amphora

81 Amphora Fig. 34
P1140 (NEM-P-433).
P.H. 4.3; est. Diam. rim 1.3, body 3.3, base 1.8; Th. 0.1–0.2 cm.
Miniature decorated amphora; one handle, most of neck, and rim missing.
Black glaze worn and misfired red almost throughout. Corinthian(?) fabric, reddish
yellow (5YR 6/6).
Bulging body, raised base, rather narrow neck, two vertical flat handles joining
neck just below rim on shoulder.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 325, no. 1885, pl. 70.
Beginning of the 5th century b.c.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 701

Figure 34. Corinthian miniature

amphora (81). Scale 1:2. Watercolor
P. de Jong; Department of Classics, Univer-
sity of Cincinnati, Archive (no. UCPdJ526) 81

Oino c hoe
82 Oinochoe Fig. 35
P1155 (NEM-P-492).
P.H. with handle 11.8; p.H. without handle 8.6; Diam. trefoil 3.2; Th. handle
0.6 cm.
Cylindrical, broad-bottomed oinochoe mended from 11 fragments; base, part
of body, and handle restored in plaster. Corinthian fabric, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3);
decoration red (2.5YR 5/6).
Squat with straight sides, sloping only slightly toward base, broad shoulder
with faded tongue pattern, tall thin neck with trefoil lip and high thick flat handle,
attached to shoulder. Handle, lip, and neck black-glazed. Red on lower neck. Band
on shoulder with vertical black lines, thin red lines above and below. Two thin black
lines, zone with black key pattern(?). Bordered by two thin red lines below. Row
of black dots, black band below. Red band, black band.
Closest parallel Corinth VII.5, p. 104, no. 404, pl. 24; see also Pemberton 1970,
pp. 285–297, nos. 33–40, pls. 69, 70.
Ca. middle of the 5th century b.c.

Figure 35. Corinthian cylindrical

oinochoe (82). Scale 1:3 82

Lid
83 Lid Fig. 25
NEM-P-464.
H. including knob 2.6; est. Diam. 4.3 cm.
Lid. Two-thirds of rim and top missing. Probably Corinthian fabric, light
orange, soft, fairly smooth.
Miniature lid with a knob-like handle and decorated with bands of red and
brownish black. From a pyxis?
Closest parallels: Perachora II, p. 307, no. 3189, pl. 120; Corinth XV.3, pp. 309–
310, no. 1640, pl. 65.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

Lamp
84 Terracotta lamp Fig. 36
L164 (NEM-P-272).
H. 1.9; Diam. opening 4.8, outside 7.3, spout opening 1.6 cm.

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702 signe barfoed

Figure 36. Corinthian terracotta

84 lamp (84). Scale 1:2

Complete except for nozzle restored in plaster. Black glaze mostly worn off.
Trace of scorching at nozzle. Misfired red on rim. Corinthian fabric, very pale
brown (10YR 8/3).
Uneven, pitted surface. Walls curving, spreading out slightly to rim, which is
flat on top. Flattened bottom, concave underside. At center, interior conical knob
to the level of the rim.
Cf. Corinth IV.2, pp. 38–39, 131, no. 29, fig. 18, pl. 1; Bailey 1991, p. 57,
no. 165, figs. 42, 43 (context before 480 b.c.).
Second half of the 6th century b.c.

Ter racot ta Figur ine

85 Terracotta figurine Fig. 37
NEM-P-285 (NEM-TC-15).
P.H. 11.0; max. W. 5.7 cm.
Standing terracotta figurine mended from five fragments. One supporting
arm and small part of skirt missing. Surface worn. Corinthian(?) fabric, pinkish,
dirty grayish core. Rather soft, cracks, flakes.
Covered with yellowish white slip. High polos from which a veil flows down
on either side. Badly worn, so it is difficult to tell how the drapery was arranged.
Crude nose, chest projects, waist indicated.
For the “standing kore” type, see Corinth XV.2, class X, pp. 84–94, pls. 14–17;
Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 246–247, nos. 904, 905, pl. 131.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.

Figure 37. Terracotta figurines: (top

row, left to right) 104 (NEM-P-278),
NEM-P-280, NEM-P-276,
NEM-P-277; (middle row, left
to right) NEM-P-283, 103
(NEM-P-275); (bottom row, left
to right) NEM-P-279, 105
(NEM-P-287), NEM-P-284,
NEM-P-282, 85 (NEM-P-285),
NEM-P-281. Cf. all except 85 and
105 to 103. Scale 1:3. Department of
Classics, University of Cincinnati, Archive
(neg. N-34-18)

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141. Caskey and Amandry (1952,
p. 203) suggested a date in the late 7th
to early 6th century b.c., but the mate-
rial from Perachora can be dated to the
second half of the 6th to the 5th cen-
tury b.c. (Perachora II, p. 291). I suspect
that the Perachora date in the second
half of the 6th to the 5th century b.c. is
more fitting. This type of undecorated
miniature hydriai, however, certainly
had 8th- to 7th-century predecessors,
and more work needs to be done on
undecorated wares.
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 703
ARGIVE
Miniat ure Hydr iai
Pl ain
86 Hydria Fig. 38
P996 (NEM-P-187).
H. 5.0; Diam. rim 2.5, body 4.6; est. Th. 0.4 cm.
Plain miniature hydria mended from three fragments, bottom restored in
plaster. Handmade. Burnished. Possibly slipped. Argive fabric, coarse, lumps, red
and white inclusions, light brown (7.5YR 6/4).
Rounded body, wide neck, splaying rim. One flat vertical handle attached on
shoulder at line with the two horizontal lug handles.
There are 24 additional uncatalogued examples: P992–P995, P999, P1002,
P1029–P1032, P1034–P1043, P1047, P1048, P1132, P1136.
Cf. Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 203, 206, no. 299, pl. 59; Perachora II,
p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124.
Late 7th to early 6th century b.c.?141
87 Hydria Fig. 38
P1001 (NEM-P-192).
H. 2.8; Diam. rim 1.4; Th. 0.2 cm.
Plain miniature hydria; complete except for vertical handle and tiny part of
rim missing. Small puncture above horizontal handle. Argive(?) fabric, coarse.
Uneven surface. Some red inclusions, very pale brown (10YR 7/4).
Handmade. Possible slip on body (light orange), trace on exterior of rim. High
neck, splaying rim, broad sloping shoulders, round body, flattened bottom. Two
tiny horizontal lug handles, not pierced through.
Cf. Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 203, 206, no. 298, pl. 59; Perachora II,
p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124.
Late 7th to early 6th century b.c.?
88 Hydria Fig. 38
P1028 (NEM-P-289).
P.H. 5.8; Diam. rim 3.4; est. Th. 0.4 cm.
Plain miniature hydria; complete with one handle and bottom restored in
plaster. Vertical handle missing. Burnished, toolmarks preserved. Argive(?) fabric,
dark orange red, uneven surface, large gray and red inclusions, red (2.5YR 5/6).
Squat globular body, low neck, flaring rim. Horizontal upright lug handles.
There are five additional uncatalogued examples: P1033, P1045, P1120,
P1121, P1135. See also 86 and 87.
Late 7th to early 6th century b.c.?
89 Hydria Fig. 38
P1054 (NEM-P-315).
P.H. 4.8; Diam. rim 3.1, body 5.1; Th. 0.2–0.3 cm.
Plain miniature hydria; complete except for vertical handle and bottom restored
in plaster. Chip missing at rim. Argive(?) fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4).
Horizontal lug handles. Added red on interior of slightly splaying rim and
neck. Trace of four red vertical bands. Band on lower body. Possibly slightly darker
slip.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P1046, P1129.
Cf. Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 206, no. 298, pl. 59; Perachora II, p. 312,
no. 3272, pl. 124.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.?
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86 87

88 89
Figure 38. Argive miniature hydriai,
90 Hydria(?) plain (86–89). Scale 1:2

P1026 (NEM-P-254).
H. 2.3; Diam. body 3.8, mouth 0.7; Th. 0.2 cm.
Plain miniature hydria? Trace of scorching on upper part. Neck not preserved.
Argive fabric, coarse, reddish fabric. Gray and white inclusions, red (10R 5/6).
Handmade, bulky, irregular. Round shape with slightly flattened bottom.
There are six additional uncatalogued examples: P1044, P1075, P1076, P1122,
P1124, P1130.
Closest parallel: Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

Decorated
91 Hydria Fig. 39
P1128 (NEM-P-421).
P.H. 5.2; Diam. rim 4.8, body 7.6; Th. ca. 0.3 cm.
Upper part of miniature hydria mended from five fragments. Small parts of
neck and rim, lower sides, and all of bottom missing. Vertical and one horizontal
handle missing. Argive(?) fabric, light, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2); decoration reddish
brown (2.5YR 5/3).
Two red purplish lines on inside of rim, shoulder and lower body.
Cf. Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 197, 199, no. 222, pl. 55.
Archaic.

92 Hydria Fig. 39
P991 (NEM-P-182).
H. 6.9; Diam. base 3.4; Th. 0.4 cm.
Miniature hydria; complete except for rim restored in plaster. Traces of
burnishing. Argive fabric, very pale brown (10YR 7/4); decoration weak red (10R
4/4).
Rounded body, sloping to a low flat ring base. Tall neck. Two vertical lug-like
handles rising from curve of shoulder, sloping out slightly, rather large. One vertical
handle, flat becoming more rounded when it joins shoulder. Careless execution
of decoration. Dull black glaze. Broad band around base of neck. Interior of neck

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 705

91 92

93 94

Figure 39. Argive miniature hydriai,

decorated (91–95). Scale 1:2 95

added red. Line below and above handles. Red preserved on line below. On handle
zone vertical lines between attachments of the three handles. Band on lower body
above base. Underside reserved.
Caskey and Amandry 1952, pp. 197–199, nos. 215, 216, pl. 54.
Ca. second quarter of the 6th century b.c.

93 Hydria Fig. 39
P1052 (NEM-P-313).
P.H. 6.3; Diam. body 7.1, base 3.9; Th. 0.5 cm.
Miniature hydria; complete except for vertical handle, one horizontal handle
and neck missing. Misfired light red on one side. Smoothed surface. Argive fabric,
light, few inclusions, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3).
Round, squat body with raised, ring-like base. Thick slightly flattened hori-
zontal handle on shoulder. Vertical handle high on shoulder. Two thin black lines
on reserved wall in order to distinguish handle zone. Near handles three vertical
black lines with six dots in between. On other side nine vertical lines? Three black

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706 signe barfoed

lines on lower body barely visible. Thin black line between body and base. Added
red on resting surface of base. Shoulder and upper part show light orangish red
smudge from misfiring. Three black dots on horizontal handle.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1053.
Cf. Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 199, no. 228, pl. 55; Perachora II, p. 311,
no. 3263, pl. 123.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

94 Hydria Fig. 39
P1055 (NEM-P-316).
P.H. 3.4; Diam. 4.6; Th. ca. 0.5 cm.
Miniature hydria; body preserved with one horizontal handle and handle
attachment of vertical handle. Trace of white wash or slip. Argive fabric, white
inclusions. Semi-coarse clay, many small inclusions, very pale brown (10YR 7/4);
decoration pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3).
Small lug handle. Flattened bottom. Flat vertical handle attachment preserved.
Black band on interior and exterior of neck. Vertical black lines on shoulder, bor-
dered above and below by thin black lines. Number and spacing uncertain.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1119.
Cf. Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 199, no. 224, pl. 55; Perachora II, p. 312,
no. 3272, pl. 123.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

95 Hydria Fig. 39
P990 (NEM-P-181).
H. 8.3; Diam. rim 4.5, base 4.7; est. Th. 0.4–0.5 cm.
Miniature hydria mended from five fragments. Part of rim, base, lower
body, and one horizontal handle restored in plaster. Seven chips/holes on body.
Fingerprint or toolmark on neck? Argive(?) fabric, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4); decora-
tion red (2.5YR 5/8).
Shoulder and straight sloping sides coming to a ring base. Rather small neck
with thick, flat, splaying rim, slightly projecting edge. Vertical handle rising from
rim, round, flattened near rim, attached at shoulder level with two horizontal round
loop handles. Near opening thin black line, then broad, red line, thin black line.
Red band on neck. Three pairs of two black lines, in between them on either side
one black dot, thin black line. Reserved handle zone, bordered above and below
by red thin line. Black band, red bands above and below. Added red on exterior
base. Underside reserved, trace of tool.
No parallel found.

Miniat ure Two-Handled J ugs

96 Two-handled jug Fig. 40
P1071 (NEM-P-332).
P.H. 5.3; est. Diam. rim 3.4; Th. 0.3–0.5 cm.
Miniature two-handled jug; complete except for restored part of rim and one
handle. Possibly trace of slightly lighter slip. Trace of burnishing on neck. Argive(?)
fabric, coarse red fabric. Few large yellow and black inclusions, red (2.5YR 5/6).
Nicely shaped ovoid body; low, wide neck, splaying rim, round handle, flat-
tened bottom.
There are three additional uncatalogued examples: P1070, P1072, P1133; and
one currently missing: NEM-P-435.
Cf. Perachora II, p. 311, no. 3252, pl. 124; Corinth XVIII.1, p. 170, no. 517,
pl. 50.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

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Figure 40. Argive miniature jug (96).
Scale 1:2. Watercolor P. de Jong;
Department of Classics, University of
Cincinnati, Archive (no. UCPdJ524)
Figure 41. Argive chytridion (97).
Scale 1:2
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t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 707
96
Chy t r idia
97 Chytridion Fig. 41
P1003 (NEM-P-194).
H. 2.9; Diam. rim 3.3; Th. 0.35–0.4 cm.
Very small chytridion; complete. Traces of white glaze? Chip missing on rim.
Handmade? Argive(?) fabric, coarse, inclusions, lime(?). Black and few large red
inclusions, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6).
Small squat chytridion with wide mouth, splaying thick rim, no neck. Longish
sloping shoulder, rounded body, squat shape, slightly flattened bottom. One round
vertical and slanting handle.
Closest parallels: Perachora II, p. 321, no. 3353, pl. 124; Corinth XVIII.1,
p. 170, no. 518, pl. 50.
Second half of the 6th to 5th century b.c.?
97
98 Chytridion(?)
P1115 (NEM-P-408).
P.H. 5.0; Diam. rim 4.1; est. Th. rim 0.3 cm.
Chytridion(?); handles and bottom missing. Glaze or slip flaking off, salt
contamination(?). Handmade? On interior apparent how neck was carelessly ap-
plied. Argive(?) fabric, coarse, dark red fabric. Large black and white inclusions,
some mica, red (10R 4/6); decoration red (10R 5/6).
Squat shape, short neck, wide splaying rim. Ridge on rim near handle.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P1069, P1116.
Closest parallels: Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3272, pl. 124.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.
Kanthar iskos
99 Kanthariskos Fig. 42
P1020 (NEM-P-213).
H. 5.6; Diam. rim 6.7, base 4.4; Th. rim 0.4 cm.
Argive imitation of small Attic sessile kanthariskos. Mended from four
fragments. One handle and small part of rim restored in plaster. Chipped at rim.
Mottled and dull black glaze. Argive(?) fabric with gold mica, very pale brown
(10YR 7/4).
Small cup with round sides, wide, slightly flaring collar-like neck and rim, ring
base. Two horizontal wishbone handles, sloping upward. Black-glazed throughout.
Underside of foot reserved, black circular band on resting surface.
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Figure 42. Argive kanthariskos (99).

99 Scale 1:3

Gold mica is found in clay sources from Aegina, Poros, and Methana, and there-
fore 99 could have been produced at one of these locations; see Dorais and Shriner
2002.
No parallel found.

Miniat ure Oino c hoe

100 Oinochoe Fig. 43
P1050 (NEM-P-311).
P.H. 5.0; est. Diam. rim 3.5; Th. handle 0.6, wall about 0.2 cm.
Plain miniature trefoil oinochoe; fragmented, upper part preserved. Scorching
near breakage. Argive(?) fabric, dark orange fabric. Baked hard, fabric gray. Large
red and small black inclusions, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6).
Squat globular body, low neck, flat vertical handle. Smoothed surface.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 321, no. 1845, pl. 69.
Beginning of 5th century b.c.?

Figure 43. Argive miniature oino-

choe (100). Scale 1:2. Watercolor P. de
Jong; Department of Classics, Univer-
100 sity of Cincinnati, Archive (no. UCPdJ522)
Miniat ure Bowl
101 Bowl Fig. 25
NEM-P-263.
H. 2.2; Diam. body 4.6 cm.
Miniature bowl with two handles. One handle preserved; the second restored
in plaster. Argive(?) fabric, orange, fairly hard, thin walls, surface not very smooth.
Narrow, flattened rim from which projects a vestigial reflex handle.
Cf. Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 194, no. 184, pl. 53; Corinth XV.3, p. 328,
no. 1925, pl. 71.
Late 6th century b.c.

Ter racot ta Figur ine s

102 Head Fig. 44
NEM-TC-16 (NEM-P-286).
P.H. 5.3; W. 3.7 cm.
Complete terracotta head. Part of polos missing, otherwise intact. Protome/
attachment for the rim of a bowl. Argive(?) fabric, light brick-red, soft, cracked.

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 709

Figure 44. Argive terracotta head

(102). Scale 1:1. Department of Clas-
sics, University of Cincinnati, Archive
(neg. N-34-19) 102

Surface fairly smooth, frequent punctuations and imperfections. Moldmade.

Hole on top of head where polos is broken. Hollow head. Face likely made in mold
with hair added on afterward. Covered with yellowish white slip. Well-shaped nose,
eyes not very distinct but bulging, nicely curved brows. Archaic smile. Thick neck.
Hair parted in middle, brought down over forehead, side locks, zigzagging curls
of thick strips of clay. Back of head flat.
Closest parallels: Jenkins 1934, pp. 30–31, pl. 14, figs. 4, 5; Perachora I,
pp. 213–214, no. 73, pl. 93.
Mid–last quarter of the 6th century b.c.

103 Terracotta figurine Fig. 37

NEM-TC-5 (NEM-P-275).
P.H. 5.8; p.W. 6.7 cm.
Mended fragments of upper body of seated terracotta figurine. Preserved
almost to waist, top of head and arms not preserved. Argive(?) fabric, pink, fairly
hard, rough surface.
Polos broken off; face with beak-shaped nose; round big eyes set in strands of
hair coming from forehead down on either side of neck, sloping shoulders with a
necklace made with two strips of clay ending on right shoulder in a sort of bow or
fibula made of three blobs of clay. Traces preserved of a white plaster-like material.
On upper fold of necklace, traces of red, traces of white on back. Back crudely
modeled, no decoration.
There are eight additional fragments, all currently missing: NEM-P-276,
NEM-P-277, NEM-P-279–NEM-P-284 (all on Fig. 37).
Cf. AH II, p. 19, no. 36, pl. 42, fig. 5; Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 268–270,
nos. 979–983, pl. 138; Cook 1953, p. 62, nos. I 3–I 5, pl. 22; Caskey and Amandry
1952, p. 185, nos. 128, 129, pl. 48; Biers 1971, pp. 418–419, nos. 76–78, pl. 93;
Baumbach 2004, p. 71; fig. 3:43.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.

104 Terracotta figurine Fig. 37

NEM-TC-8 (NEM-P-278).
P.H. 11.7; p.W. across arms 7.9; p.L. of leg 5.0 cm.
Mended seated terracotta figurine from 16 fragments. Head, most of arms,
skirt, and one leg of throne missing. Considerable traces remain of white slip.
Argive fabric, light reddish brown, smooth surface, dark brownish gray fabric,
hard.

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710 signe barfoed

Wide neck. Necklace is raised, projecting 0.5 cm, and is twisted like a rope
ending in knots or bows or loops of some kind on both shoulders, which are bro-
ken. Narrow waist, skirt in front, leg extends outward and backward. On the back
there is a thickening where necklace ends and which extends up through the neck
as far as preserved.
Cf. AH II, p. 20, no. 50, fig. 7, pl. 43; Tiryns I, p. 125, no. 8, pl. III; Jenkins
1934, pp. 39–40, pl. 15; Baumbach 2004, pp. 96–97, 100, fig. 4.55; Strøm 2009,
p. 96, fig. 5.
Late 6th to early 5th century b.c.

105 Dove figurine Fig. 37

NEM-TC-17 (NEM-P-287).
P.H. 3.8; p.L. 3.3; p.W. 2.6 cm.
Terracotta animal figure of dove mended from four fragments; head, tail, and
feet missing. Argive fabric, light brick-red, grayish tinge, flaky, surface smooth,
covered with yellowish white slip.
Quite long neck, head broken off. Neck swells in front in a life-like manner.
Body rounded, no indication of feathers, but shape suggests wings. Tail broken
off, projection underneath suggests feet.
Cf. Perachora I, p. 227, nos. 156, 157, pl. 100; Higgins [1954] 1969, pp. 59–
60, no. 101, pl. 19.
Late 6th century b.c.

LO CAL/REGIONAL WARE
Miniat ure Hydr iai
106 Hydria
P1127 (NEM-P-420).
H. 6.8; Diam. rim 3.7, body 6.5; est. Th. 0.3 cm.
Miniature hydria mended from five fragments. Horizontal handle and part
of body restored in plaster. Local/regional fabric, white. Red, black, and white
inclusions, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/2).
Round handles. Horizontal lug-like handle. Thin, red, uneven line on under-
side of rim. Incised lines on neck.
Cf. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3273, pl. 124; Caskey and Amandry 1952, p. 206,
no. 292, pl. 58.
Late 7th to early 6th century b.c.?

107 Hydria Fig. 45

P1123 (NEM-P-416).
P.H. 5.4; est. Diam. rim 3.3, body 5.9; Th. wall ca. 0.4–0.5 cm.
Miniature hydria; vertical handle and most of rim missing. Local/regional
fabric, light fabric, small black and white inclusions, pink (7.5YR 7/4).
Squat globular shape. Short neck. Lumpy, but burnished surface. One of
horizontal lug handles pierced through.
Closest parallel: Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3274, pl. 124.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

108 Hydria Fig. 45

P1117 (NEM-P-410).
P.H. 6.8; Diam. rim 2.4, est. body 6.3, base 3.4; Th. 0.3 cm.
Miniature hydria; most of neck, all of rim, and vertical handle missing, other-
wise complete. Two small punctuations below horizontal handles. Smoothed
surface. Local/regional fabric, soft, white fabric, pink (7.5YR 8/3).

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 711

107

Figure 45. Local miniature hydriai

(107, 108). Scale 1:2 108

Defined raised base, ovoid body coming in to rather narrow neck. Two thick
upright projecting horizontal lug handles. Two incised lines on lower body. Bulging
shape. Flat base.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1125.
Cf. Corinth XVIII.1, p. 87, no. 47, fig. 1, pl. 7.
First quarter of the 5th century b.c.

109 Hydria(?)
P1126 (NEM-P-419).
H. 7.5; Diam. rim 4.4, body 7.6, base 3.5; Th. 0.4 cm.
Miniature hydria? Mended from nine fragments. Handles missing. Local/
regional fabric, very light, nearly white. Small red and black inclusions. Some large
black inclusions, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3).
Bulging walls, narrowing to large raised base, large low neck, thick wide
splaying rim. Handle attachment preserved from horizontal handles. Incised line
on upper part of neck.
No parallel found.

Cup
110 Lakaina-type cup Fig. 46
P1146 (NEM-P-446).
H. 5.5; Diam. rim 5.8, base 4.0; bevel 0.5; Th. handle 0.8, est. wall 0.4 cm.
Lakaina-type cup; mended from three fragments, one-fourth of rim, several
pieces of sides, and base restored in plaster. Uncertain if made crudely, or if the

Figure 46. Local lakaina-type cup

(110). Scale 1:2 110

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712 signe barfoed

restoration made shape lopsided. Local/regional fabric, light, almost white. Some
large and small red and black inclusions, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6).
Bulging body, narrow neck with wide, spreading rim curving slightly inward
and rather sharply to large flattened base. Two thick horizontal and flattened loop
handles set low, one higher up than other. Smoothed surface. Two red bands on
interior of neck. Incised lines on exterior of neck and body.
There is one additional uncatalogued example: P1147.
Cf. Wells 2002, pp. 122, 124, no. 68, figs. 26, 28 (not the same fabric); some-
what similar to Stibbe 1994, pp. 35–37, pl. 3:1, but 110 is plain. For the lakaina
type in general, see Stibbe 1992.
End of the 7th to second quarter of the 6th century b.c.?

Kal athiskoi
111 Kalathiskos Fig. 47
P1145 (NEM-P-445).
H. 4.3; Diam. rim 5.8, base 3.2; Th. wall 0.4 cm.
Coarse kalathiskos mended from four fragments, about one-fourth of rim and
side restored in plaster. Three nearly aligned small punctuations at one side. One
small handle not preserved. Lopsidedness caused by restoration. Possible lighter
slip, flaking off. Used as thymiaterion? Local/regional fabric, coarse. Many red and
black inclusions, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6).
Shaped like flaring kalathiskos. Flat rim, flattened base, lug-like handle at-
tached to edge of rim.
Closest parallel: Tocra II, p. 72, no. 2330, pl. 37.
Second to third quarter of the 6th century b.c.?

112 Kalathiskos Fig. 47

P1148 (NEM-P-448).
H. 4.0, with handle 5.1; Diam. rim 6.9, base 4.1; est. Th. rim ca. 0.3 cm.
Kalathiskos with basket handle; about two-thirds of rim restored in plaster.
Fabric flaking in places. Light red on one side, slip(?). Surface burnished. Local/
regional fabric, porous(?). Few tiny mica. Black and white inclusions, some large
black and red inclusions, reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6).

111

Figure 47. Local kalathiskoi (111,

112 112). Scale 1:2

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 713

Wide slightly rolled rim, flat basket handle. Large flattened bottom, uneven
and lumpy with impression of cloth.
Cf. Corinth XV.3, p. 340, no. 2093, pl. 74; Corinth XIV, p. 134, no. 51-55,
fig. 52, pl. 49.
Beginning of the last quarter of the 5th century b.c.

Miniat ure Oino c hoe

113 Trefoil oinochoe Fig. 48
P1049 (NEM-P-310).
P.H. 8.2; Diam. body 6.0, base 4.1 cm.
Miniature trefoil oinochoe; handles, part of neck, and half of rim missing.
Local/regional fabric, soft, light orange, few inclusions, pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4).
Long, barrel-like shape with bulging sides, rather large base, wide neck. Vertical
handle attached very high on shoulder. Flat base. Trefoil rim.
Added red on edge of rim, lines between neck and body, and on upper part of
handle attachment. Incised thin line at trefoil mouth and above base on exterior.
Closest parallel: Corinth XV.3, p. 200, no. 1063, pl. 46 (shape, not decoration).
Beginning of the 5th century b.c.?

Figure 48. Local miniature trefoil

oinochoe (113). Scale 1:2 113

AT T IC
Sk y phoi
114 Black-figure cup-skyphos Fig. 49
P1156 (NEM-P-493).
P.H. 5.8; Diam. rim 22.5; Th. 0.4 cm.
Rim fragment of black-figure cup-skyphos. Attic fabric, light red (2.5YR 6/6);
decoration red (2.5YR 4/8).
Slightly out-turned rounded rim with light carination on exterior below rim.
Tall, straight wall. Interior black-glazed with thin reserved line on edge of rim.
Edge of exterior rim black-glazed, dot ivy band below. Bordered by thick black
band below. In the main zone, branches and two thin straight black lines cross-
ing each other. Trace of object at lower left at break. Probably the CHC Group,
Dionysus with satyr and maenads?
Cf. Agora XXIII, pp. 281, 290, nos. 1498, 1588 [CHC Group], pls. 102, 105.
500–480 b.c.

115 Black-figure cup-skyphos Fig. 49

P1157 (NEM-P-494).
P.H. 4.1; Diam. rim 18.0; Th. 0.4 cm.

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714 signe barfoed

114

Figure 49. Rim fragments of Attic

black-figure cup-skyphoi (114, 115).
115 Scale 1:3

Barfoed 2013, pp. 89–91, fig. 5.

Rim fragment of black-figure cup-skyphos. Slightly misfired red on exterior.
Attic fabric, reddish yellow (5YR 6/8).
Inset lip, concave. Interior black-glazed with thin reserved band on edge of
rim. Black-glazed rim and band on exterior. Reserved figured zone: bearded man
to right, with head in profile, arm raised, elbow bent, and a wing behind him.
Incision for details. Traces of added colors largely missing. Probably the CHC
Group, men flanked by sphinxes.
Cf. Ure 1927, pp. 65, 90, no. 112-69, pl. 20; Agora XII, p. 276, no. 575, pl. 25.
490–480 b.c.

116 Attic-type skyphos Fig. 50

P1159 (NEM-P-496).
P.H. 2.0; max. Diam. base 9.2, base 9.1; Th. 0.7 cm.
Base fragment of an Attic-type skyphos. Dull interior with red spot on floor.
Some stray drips on the reserved resting surface. Base slightly chipped. Attic fabric,
light brown (7.5YR 6/4); decoration red (10R 4/6).
Ring foot with torus exterior face and broad, flat resting surface. Underside
slightly convex. Interior black-glazed. Exterior: black-glazed, resting surface
reserved, interior face of foot black-glazed, underside reserved with diluted red
glaze. Thin black concentric circle around smaller circle around black dot in center.
Cf. Agora XXIII, p. 283, nos. 1514–1516, 1577, pl. 103.
490–480 b.c.

Figure 50. Base fragment of an

116 Attic-type skyphos (116). Scale 1:3

117 Palmette skyphos Fig. 51

P1021 (NEM-P-214).
H. 6.3; Diam. rim 7.3, base 4.1; Th. rim 0.3 cm.
Palmette skyphos mended from three fragments. Part of rim restored in plaster.
Attic fabric with silver mica, light red (2.5YR 6/6).

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 715

Figure 51. Attic palmette skyphos

(117). Scale 1:3 117

Hermogenean-shaped palmette skyphos with low spreading foot, body

slopes into foot, no stem. Large upright round horizontal handles. Black-glazed
interior with poorly preserved red line on edge of rim. Exterior black-glazed with
silhouette-style decoration without incision. Band with a leaf pattern, crude pal-
mette blobs with line in between and interlacing stems, black band below. Lower
part and exterior of base black-glazed. Resting surface reserved, inner part black.
Handles black-glazed.
Identical parallel, even down to height: Eliot and Eliot 1968, pp. 354–355,
nos. 15, 16, pl. 103. For an example from Isthmia, see Gebhard 1998, p. 113, no. 4,
fig. 17. For an example from a 5th-century b.c. grave in Tenea, see Wiseman 1978,
p. 98, fig. 122. See also Corinth XIII, p. 153, nos. 281-9, 281-10, fig. 11, pl. 40. For
more on the Hermogenean-shaped skyphos, see Agora XXIII, pp. 59–60.
490–475 b.c.

118 Corinthian-type skyphos

P1160 (NEM-P-497).
P.H. 5.3; Diam. base 4.8; Th. 0.3 cm.
Base and wall fragment and part of wall of a Corinthian-type skyphos, mended
from three fragments. Slip worn and flaking. Base chipped and glaze mottled.
Soft, light, Attic fabric, very pale brown (10YR 8/4); black (5Y 2.5/1), light red
(2.5YR 6/6) decoration.
Interior black-glazed, circle of red at bottom. Thick, matt black-glaze on
exterior, bordered below by line where glaze is worn off. Black bands. Lower wall
and top of foot reserved with red wash. Resting surface and interior face of foot
black-glazed, underside reserved, red with one fugitive black circle around black
dot at center.
Cf. Agora XII, pp. 81–83, 257, no. 313, pl. 14.
Ca. 480 b.c.

119 Corinthian-type black-glazed skyphos Fig. 52

P1158 (NEM-P-495).
P.H. 3.2; Diam. base 5.8; Th. wall 0.3–0.55 cm.
Single fragment of base and lower wall of a Corinthian-type skyphos. Attic
fabric, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6).
Attic ring base. Interior black-glazed, matt. Exterior wall black-glazed.
Reserved zone with fine lines at base of wall. Reserved zone extends to top of
foot, black-glazed below, extending onto resting surface. Underside reserved with
miltos; at center careful small dot, small concentric black band, and larger thin
black concentric circle.
Cf. Agora XII, pp. 81, 257, no. 314, pl. 14; Corinth XV.3, pp. 180, 190,
nos. 942, 1003, pls. 43, 44.
470–460 b.c.

Ky lix
120 Attic kylix Fig. 53
P1022 (NEM-P-215).
H. 9.9; est. Diam. rim ca. 20.1, base 7.4; Th. rim 0.5 cm.

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716 signe barfoed

Figure 52. Base fragment of an Attic

Corinthian-type skyphos (119).
119 Scale 1:3

120 Figure 53. Attic kylix (120). Scale 1:4.

Watercolor P. de Jong; Department of
Kylix mended from 15 fragments. Most of rim and lower part of body re- Classics, University of Cincinnati, Archive
(no. UCPdJ519)
stored in plaster. Misfired red at places, stacking ring on interior floor. Red wash
on reserved zones? Thick, shiny, metallic black glaze. Attic fabric with silver mica,
light red (2.5YR 6/6).
Lip passes gradually into the bowl without the sharp offset of the lip-cup. Flat
curving body, stemmed hollow foot. Rounded horizontal handles. Interior is black-
glazed, misfired red tondo due to stacking in the kiln, lighter misfired red on small
diameter tondo (intentionally reserved). Exterior lip black-glazed. Reserved band
with combined bud/leaf pattern, so-called palmette decoration. Traces of thin black
interlacing stems, bordered above and below by thin black lines. Three thin red lines,
one thicker red band, three thin red lines, angled black buds with three thin red lines
below. Thin black band. Reserved part above foot, three thin red lines. Foot black-
glazed on exterior and interior. Handle black-glazed, inner side of handle reserved.
Cf. Vanderpool 1946, p. 314, no. 220, pl. 62; Corinth XIII, pp. 158–160, no. 262,
fig. 9, pl. 36. Shape: Agora XII, pp. 91–92, 264, no. 413, fig. 4, pl. 19. Decoration:
Corinth XIII, pp. 158–160, no. D 9-g, pl. 43; Roberts and Glock 1986, p. 22, nos. 32,
33, pl. 7.
Early 5th century b.c.

Miniat ure Oino c hoe

121 Oinochoe Fig. 54
P1068 (NEM-P-329).
H. 3.9; Diam. rim 3.5, base 2.0; Th. 0.25–0.3 cm.

Figure 54. Attic miniature black-

glazed oinochoe (121). Scale 1:2.
Watercolor P. de Jong; Department of
Classics, University of Cincinnati, Archive
121 (no. UCPdJ523)

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 t h e r aw s o n d e p o s i t 717

Miniature oinochoe, black-glazed, mended from five fragments. Handle and

part of rim and neck missing. Trace of misfiring red. Attic fabric, reddish yellow
(5YR 6/8).
Wide splaying rim, small neck, bevel near base, slightly raised base. Resting
surface might have been reserved, or just worn. Black-glazed throughout. At least
four white thin lines on neck.
Cf. Agora XII, pp. 185, 332, nos. 1367–1368, pl. 45.
600–575 b.c.

UNKNOWN FABRIC
Chy t r idion
122 Chytridion Fig. 55
P1118 (NEM-P-411).
H. 5.4; Diam. rim 5.0, body 6.5; Th. handle 0.5, wall 0.35–0.4 cm.
Coarse chytridion; complete except for about one-third of rim missing. Trace
of scorching. Small punctuations on exterior. Unknown fabric, coarse. Red-brown,
many large black inclusions. Some silver mica, red (2.5YR 5/6).
Squat globular body, no neck, narrow widely splaying rim, large flattened
bottom, wide flattened handle.
There are two additional uncatalogued examples: P1073, P1074.
Cf. Perachora II, p. 321, no. 3353, pl. 124.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

Figure 55. Chytridion, unknown

fabric (122). Scale 1:2 122

Miniat ure Hydr ia

123 Hydria Fig. 56
P1027 (NEM-P-288).
P.H. 6.5; Diam. rim 3.5–4.0, body 7.0; Th. 0.4 cm.
Semi-coarse miniature hydria; complete except for horizontal handles and
bottom restored in plaster. Irregular chipped rim. Traces of scorching on body.
Possibly slipped. Unknown fabric, red-purple coarse fabric with a lot of inclusions.
Rough surface, red (2.5YR 4/6).

Figure 56. Miniature hydria,

unknown fabric (123). Scale 1:2 123

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718 signe barfoed

Squat body, very low wide neck, small splaying rim, flattened bottom. Two hor-
izontal handles, one higher on body than the other. One flattened vertical handle,
horizontal handles lower on shoulder than vertical handle.
Cf. Perachora II, p. 312, no. 3275, pl. 124.
Second half of the 6th to early 5th century b.c.

AIGINE TAN
Lamp
124 Lamp Fig. 57
L165 (NEM-P-273).
H. 2.0; Diam. body 8.9, opening 5.8 cm.
Terracotta lamp mended from three fragments. About one-third of rim, side,
and nozzle missing. Trace of scorching at nozzle.
Dark, heavy, orange fabric, frequent silver mica, light brown (7.5YR 6/4);
yellowish red (5YR 5/6). Possibly Aiginetan.
Sides rounded below, going straight up to rim that projects almost impercep-
tibly, rim flattened on top, slopes slightly down toward inner wall. Bottom of inside
raised in middle with slight knob. Underside flattened, center slightly concave. Hole
for nozzle in rim, no actual nozzle. Black glaze on rim, misfired red throughout,
uneven applied glaze. Interior misfired red.
Cf. Bailey 1991, pp. 32, 65, no. 2, figs. 1, 2. Bailey’s example has been dated
stylistically to the 6th–5th century b.c., and neither of the Aiginetan lamps he
presented have recorded findspots; see Bailey 1991, p. 32.
Earlier than 480 b.c.

Figure 57. Aiginetan terracotta lamp

124 (124). Scale 1:2

BRONZE OBJECT
125 Pomegranate pin head
B-62-6.
Presumably similar to the bronze pomegranate pin head found in section
M15 (in the cypress grove south of the Zeus Temple and north of the Oikoi) in
the Sanctuary of Zeus. See Miller 1977, p. 9, no. BR52, pl. 5:e.
Date?

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