1

CHAPTER (4)

PSYCHIATRIC PARADIGMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Learn psychoanalytic explanation of crime.

2. Understand faulty ego and superego
development that accounts for delinquency
and crime.
3. Discuss the Redl and Wineman’s notion of
weak ego and its behavioral manifestations.
4. Explain different frustration-instigated
behavior perspectives on crime.
5. Outline the theory of criminal mind.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Is crime an uncontrolled or symbolic expression of basic human urges? Do criminals

sometimes harbor an unconscious sense of guilt so overwhelming that they actually seek
the punishment that their misbehavior brings? Do delinquency and crime stem from
disturbances in the relationships between parent and child that are necessary for the
development of adequate inhibitory controls? Does the frustration of instinctive impulses
create mental conflicts that erupt into aggressively criminal responses?

jypfrIqdkwm vlwdkU\ tajccHjyif;jywJhqE´awGudk rxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif; (odkY) vu©Pmwpf&yf

tjzpf azmfxkwfjyojcif;vm;/ jypfrIusL;vGefolawG[m wcgw&HrSm olwdkU&JU tjyKtrltwGuf
tjypf½dSw,fvdkY rodpdwfxJu pGJrSwfxm;NyD;? zdpD;vGef;wJhtwGuf olwdkU&JU vGJrSm;wJh tjyKtrlawGeJU
ygwfoufvdkU 'PfcwfcH&zdkU trSefwu,f BudK;yrf;rIjyKMuwmvm;/ oufi,fayghwef qdk;oGrf;rIeJU
jypfrIawG[m rdbeJY om;orD;Mum;rSm½dSwJh qufEG,frIawGysufjym;vdkY taESmifht,SufjzpfapwJh
uav;awG&JU zGHUNzdK;rIudk t[efUtwm;jzpfapwJht&mawGaMumifh tpjyKjzpfay:vmwmvm;/ Zmwd
 2

pdwfqdkif&m EdI;qGrIqE´rsm; vdkbrjynfhrIjzpfvm&if tMurf;zufjypfrq

I dkif&m tjyKtrlwHkYjyefrIawG
½kwfcsnf;jzpfapwwfwJh pdwfy#dyu©rsdK;awGudk zefwD;ovm;/
From a psychiatric perspective, the explanation of any particular case of
criminality consists of locating the specific sources of frustration, the impediments to the
development of controls, the mental conflicts, and the wellsprings of guilt that led to the
antisocial behavior question. There is also the assumption that the most important period
of development is early childhood (before age 5). Most psychiatric research focuses on
delinquency. The typical rehabilitative effort undertaken within this framework is
establishing a therapeutic relationship with the offender through which controls can be
developed, guilt relieved, and mental conflicts resolved. The implied preventive strategy
is to structure experience, especially interpersonal relationships within the family during
early childhood. The ego and superego should then develop “normally,” so that
frustration and guilt do not become major emotional problems.

pdwfa&m*gukorIqdkif&m ½IaxmifhuMunfhr,fqdk&if jypfrIqdkif&m oD;jcm;jyóem&yfawGudk

ajz½Sif;wJhae&mrSm vdkbrjynfhjzpf&wJh wduswJh taMumif;&if;udk ½SmazGjcif;? tjyKtrl xdef;csKyfrIudk
zGHUNzdK;aprJh t&mrsm;udk t[efUtwm;jzpfapjcif;? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m y#dyu©eJU qufqHa&;qefUusif
aom tjyKtrljzpfay:apwJh tjypf½dSjcif;&JU rlvt&if;tjrpfrsm; yg0ifonf/ xifjrif,lqcsuf
wpfuawmh vlUzGHUNzdK;rI\ ta&;tBuD;qHk;umvrSm uav;b0 (touf 5-ESpf rwdkifrDumv)
jzpfonf/ pdwfa&m*gqdkif&m okawoe trsm;pkonf oufi,fayghwefqdk;oGrf;rIudk A[dkjyKxm;
onf/ pdwfa&m*gqdkif&m jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; BudK;yrf;rIyHkpHrsm;rSm jypfrIusL;vGefoltm; rdrdudk,f
rdrd xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef? tjypf½dScHpm;rIrsm;udk ajzavsmhay;&ef? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m y#dyu©rsm;udk ajz½Sif;
Edkif&efponfh udk;um;abmiftwGif;rSm aqmif½GufMuonf/ qdkvdkwJh BudKwifumuG,frI enf;vrf;
rSm tawGUtBuHKudk wnfaxmifjcif;? txl;ojzifh uav;b0 tapmydkif;umvwGif rdom;pk
twGif; tjyeftvSef qufEG,frI½dSap&ef aqmif½Gufay;jcif;jzpfonf/ Ego ESifh Superego onf
yHkrSefzGHUNzdK;rSom vdkbrjynfhrIESifh tjypf½dScHpm;rIrsm;[m pdwfvIyf½Sm;rI qdkif&m t"dujyóemwpf&yf
taeESifh jzpfay:vmrSmr[kwfbl;/

2.0 FREUD AND CRIME

The contemporary psychoanalytic perspective stems largely from Sigmund

Freud’s efforts to weld psychiatric concepts into a process by which certain experiences
led naturally and inevitably to their consequences in an individual’s behavior. Freudian
theory is not a theory of criminal behavior, but Freud’s clinical experience with neurotics
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led to the application of psychoanalytic theory to crime and delinquency. Freud viewed
crime as a neurotic type of disorder. He suggested that the offender may commit offenses
because of an unconscious desire for guilt-relieving punishment. Criminal and delinquent
offenses, like neuroses, were outgrowths of repression and self-directed aggression.

acwfNydKifpdwfpDppfrItjrifonf Sigmund Frued \ BudK;yrf;aqmif½GufrIrS pwifxGufay:

vmNyD; pdwfa&m*gqdkif&m ynwf (concept) rsm;udk wcsKdUaom tawGUtBuHKrsm;u vlwpfOD;
wpfa,muf\tjyKtrludk obm0tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? rvTJra½SmifomtaeESifhvnf;aumif;
? tusKd;quftaeESifh jzpfay:aponf [laom tcsufrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ Freud
\ oDtdk&DrSm jypfrIqdkif&m tjyKtrlESifh ywfoufaom oDtdk&D r[kwfyg/ odkYaomf Freud \
El½dk;wpfpdwfa&m*gESifhqdkifaom ukcef;tawGUtBuHKrsm;u jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;ESifh oufi,fayghwef
qdk;oGrf;rIESifhqdkifaom oDtdk&Dudk azmfxkwfEdkifzdkU OD;aqmifjycJhw,f/ jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;onf
pdwfa&m*gqefwJh azmufjyefrIjzpfw,fvdkU Freud u jrifcJhonf/ Freud u jypfrIusL;vGefolawG
[m jypfrIawGudk usL;vGefjcif;onf rodpdwf&JUqE´ vdkvm;csufjzpfwJh tjypf½dScHpm;rIudk
avsmhyg;apzdkU twGuf jypf'Pfay;jcif;jzpfw,fvdkU jrifcJhonf/ Neuroses uJhodkY jypfrIusL;vGefolESifh
oufi,fayghwefqdk;oGrf;olawG[m pdwfxJrSm wdrfjrKyfxm;wJht&mawG zGHUNzdK;vmzdkUeJU udk,fhudkudk,f
OD;wnfonfh &efvdktMurf;zufrIjzpfonf/
Most contemporary psychoanalysts who specialize in crime and delinquency
depart from Freud’s original formulation, making a clear distinction between the
symptoms of neurosis and those of criminal behavior while recognizing the possibility of
both occurring together and intertwining. Most theorists suggest that neuroses represent
inwardly directed aggression, whereas “in the delinquencies, aggression is always
directed toward the outside.” Karl Eissler, a major figure in psychiatric theories on crime,
refers to inwardly directed and outwardly directed aggression as “autoplastic” and
“alloplastic,” respectively.

jypfrIESifh ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rIonf txl;jyKxm;wJh acwfNydKifpdwfpDppfrIoDtdk&D awmfawmf

rsm;rsm;rSm Freud \ rlvyHkpHrS cGJxGufNyD; EsL½dk;ppf vu©Pmrsm;eJU jypfrIqdkif&m tjyKtrlrsm;[m
twlwuG jzpfay:avh½dSovdk wpfckeJU wpfck[mvnf; EG,fywfpk½Hk;Edkifajc½dSw,fvdkU azmfjycJhonf/
oDtdk&yD nm½Sifrsm; tBuHjyKcJhwmuawmh EsL½dk;ppfa&m*grsm;u twGif;oabmt& tMurf;zufrI
udk wdkuf½dkufjzpfay:apNyD;? ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;rSmawmh tMurf;zufrI[m jyifyudk wdkuf½dkuf
jzpfay: aponf/ Karl Eissler qdkwJh ynm½Sifu jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;rSm pdwfa&m*goDtdk&Drsm;&JU
t"duuswJh tcsufrsm;uawmh tMurf;zufjcif;[m pdwfwGif;qdkif&m tcsufrsm;aMumifh tMurf;
zufrIudk OD;wnfapovdk jyifyqdkif&mtcsufrsm;uvnf; tMurf;zufrIudk jzpfay:apw,fvdkY
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azmfjycJhonf/ olu tMurf;zufrI[m autoplastic pdwfwGif;ydkif;qdkif&m tajctaersm;aMumifh

tMur;fzufrI jzpfay:vmovdk alloplastic jyifyqdkif&m tajctaersm;aMumifh tMurf;zufrI
jzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfw,fvdkU azmfjycJhonf/
Two major theoretical perspectives relevant to crime, in addition to Freud’s
emphasis on becoming “criminal from a sense of guilt,” have emerged from the
psychiatric paradigm. The first emphasizes the failure of the delinquent to develop
adequate ego and superego controls; this failure is attributed to the absence of normal
emotional ties in early childhood. The second represents a development, less
psychoanalytical, that elevates the “frustration-aggression” principle to the position of a
central postulate in the explanation of delinquency.

jypfrIESifhywfoufí oDtdk&Dqdkif&m tjrifESpfckrSm Freud \ jypfrIusL;vGefol[m tjypf½dS

cHpm;rIaMumifh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf[laom tjrifrS aemufqufwGJtaeeJU ay:vmNyD;
pdwfa&m*gyHkpH wpfcktaeeJU ay:xGufaom tjrifjzpfonf/ yxrtcsufuawmh uav;b0
tapmydkif;umvrSm yHkrSefpHudkufpdwfvIyf½Sm;aESmifzGJYrI r½SdwJhtwGuf Ego ESifh Superego udk
xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf;r½dSaomaMumifh ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rIjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf[k txl;jyK azmfjycJhonf/
'kwd,tcsufrSm pdwfpDppfrIqdkif&mtcsufrsm; enf;yg;NyD; vdkbrjynfhrIaMumifh &efvdktMurf;zuf
jcif; (frustration - agression) ay:xGufvmaponf[laom oabmw&m;jzpfNyD; oufi,f
ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;udk ½Sif;vif;azmfjy&mwGif t"duusonfh oabmxm;jzpfonf/

2.1 Faulty Ego and Superego Development

Psychiatric theory postulates that each individual is endowed with a cluster of

“pleasure-seeking” (that is, libidinal, or sexual) impulses, which Freud called the id (and
sometimes the “criminal id,” thereby emphasizing the antisocial nature of these
postulated impulses or instincts). The control of these impulses is achieved, according to
Freud, by the development of an ego out of restrictive experiences with the external
world and by the development of a superego, an internalization of social standards
accomplished by “identification” with the parent. These developments may be disrupted
in various ways, especially by a disturbance in the normal emotional relationship between
parent and child in the first few years of life.

pdwfa&m*gqdkif&m oDtdk&Du vlwpfOD;csif;pDwGif id - [k Freud - u owfrSwfxm;onfh

om,mrI½SmazGvdkaom pGrf;&nfrsm; (Libidinal or sexual) vdifESifh ywfoufaom cGeftm; (odkY)
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vdifqdkif&m EdI;qGrIrsm;ponfh oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;yg0ifonf[k tqdkjyKwifjycJhonf/ Freud u

þt&mrsm;udk id [kac:NyD; wpfcgwpf&HwGif 'criminal id' jypfrIusL;vGefol\ qufqHa&;
qefUusifonfh oabmobm0rsm;jzpfaom EdI;qGrIrsm; ESifh Zmwdpdwfrsm;jzifh txl;jyKazmfjycJhonf/
þEdI;qGrIrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEkdif&ef ywf0ef;usifjyifyavmu\ uefYowfcsKyfcs,frItawGYtBuHKt&
Ego zGHUNzdK;vmjcif;ESifh rdbESifhxyfwljyK&mrS vlrIqufqHa&;pHrsm;udkcH,lonfh Superego zGHUNzdK;vm
jcif;aMumifh xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ þzGHUNzdK;rIrsm;onfenf;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh NydKuGJysufpD;Edkifonf/
txl;ojzifh uav;b0 tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif rdbrsm;eJU yHkrSefpdwfvIyf½Sm;rIqdkif&m qufEG,frI
rsm;wGif taESmift h ,Sufrsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;aMumifh tqdkyg zGHUNzdK;rIrsm; NydKuGJysufpD;&jcif;jzpfonf
[k Freud u azmfjycJhonf/
August Aichhorn detected in the basic ideas of Freud a clue to the problem of
delinquency and its treatment, as well as a key to the problem of the neurotic disorders
that were the primary focus of Freud’s attention. Aichhorn adapted psychoanalytic theory
and practice to the peculiar problems of delinquents. August Aichhorn, emphasizes the
pathogenic significance for social maladjustment of faulty ego and superego
development. Internal and external factors which prevent the normal growth of the
various ego functions act as a hindrance to the ‘primary adaptations to reality.

August Aichhorn onf Freud \ tajccH,lqcsufjzpfwJh oufi,fayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;

jyóem\ oJvGefpESifh ukorIoJvGefpudk4if;? Freud t"duxm;onfh pdwfa&m*gtaysmhpm;
(neurotic disorder) jyóem\ t"dutcsufudk 4if;pl;prf;azmfxkwfcJhonf/ Airchhorn onf
pdwfpDppfrI oDtdk&D (Psychoanalytic Theory) udk oufi,fayghwefqdk;oGrf;olwdkY\ xl;jcm;aom
jyóemudk ajz½Sif;Edkif&ef nd§,ltoHk;jyKcJhonf/ August Aichhorn onf vGJrSm;aom Ego ESifh
Superego zGHUNzdK;rIaMumifh qufqHa&; nd§,lrIvGJrSm;jcif;udk jzpfay:apaom tcsufrsm;tm;
txl;jyKazmfjycJhonf/ Ego - vkyfief;pOftrsKd;rsKd; yHkrSefzGHUNzdK;rIudk t[efUtwm;jzpfapaom
udk,fwGif;eJYjyify tcsuftvufrsm;onf obm0tm;jzifh jzpfay:wJhtppftrSefw&m;rsm;udk
tajccHtaeeJU nd§,ljyKrlEdkifzdkU t[efUtwm; jzpfaponf/
Internal and external factors, on the other hand, which interfere with the emotional
development of the child and prevent him from attaching his feelings to permanent love-
objects (the parents or their substitutes), prevent the second step in social development,
i.e., adaptation to the cultural standards of the community of which the child is expected
to become a member. Where normal emotional ties are missing, there is not little
incentive, nor is it possible for the child to model himself on the pattern of the adult
world which surrounds him. He fails to build up the identifications which should become
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the core of a strong and efficient superego, act as a barrier against the instinctual forces
and guide his behavior in accordance with social standards.

uav;i,f\ pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIqdkif&m zGHUNzdK;rIudk taESmifht,SufjzpfapwJh pdwfwGif;eJY jyify

tcsuftvufrsm; ? rdb (odkY) jyKpkapmifha½SmufolwdkYtm; wG,fwmcspfcifpdwfudk t[efUtwm;
jzpfapaom pdwfwGif;eJYjyifytcsufrsm;onf qufqHa&; zGHUNzdK;rIudk 'kwd,tqifh taeESifh
twm;tqD;jzpfaponf/ qdkvdkonfrSm uav;wpfOD; vlUtzGJUtpnf;0ifwpfOD;jzpfvmzdkU
,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m pHrsm;eJU nd§,lrIjyKvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;onf rdbtkyfxdef;olwdkUESifh
yHkrSefcspfcifwG,fwmrIrsm; aysmufqHk;ygu? uav;twGuf rnfonfh rufvHk; (incentive) rS
r½dSEdkifawmhovdk olUywf0ef;usifrSm½dSwJh t½G,fa&mufolawG&JU avmurSm uav;[m rdrdudk,frdrd
aumif;wJh erlemtjzpf jyEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ uav;[m cdkifrmNyD; wGifus,frI½dSwJh Superego
jzpfay:vmzdkU ta&;ygwJh owfrSwfcsufawGudk wnfaqmufEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;/ Zmwdpdwfudk
jzpfay:apwJh wGef;tm;awG? vlrIa&; owfrSwfpHrsm;eJU udkufnDwJh tjyKtrlawG jzpfay:vmzdkU
twGuf twm;tqD;jzpfaponf/
The educator or parent, according to Aichhorn, can assist in this developmental
process by “providing incentives for the conquest of the pleasure principle in favor of the
reality principle.” They may provide such incentives either by allowing the child to
“experience increased pain following forbidden instinctual satisfaction” or by providing a
“substitute gratification”; for example, love and affection may be given by the parent in
response to the child’s curbing his or her impulses.

Aichhorn &JU tqdkt& ynmoifMum;ay;wJhol (odkY) rdbawG[m uav;awG&JU zGHUNzdK;rIrSm

om,mrI rlxuf tppftrSefrludk &½dSEdkifrJh rufvHk;awG jzpfay:vmzdkUtwGuf tultnDay;Edkifw,f
vdkU qdkcJhonf/ rdbawGu uav;awGudk rufvHk;ay;wJhtcg wm;jrpfxm;wJh ZmwdpdwftjyKtrl
twGuf emusifrI wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh (odkY) auseyf0rf;ajrmufjcif;tm;jzifh tpm;xdk;ay;jcif;
jyKvkyfEkdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rdbrsm;onf uav;rsm;taeESifh EdI;qGrIrsm;udk xdef;csKyfygu
arwåmeJU cspfcifESpfoufrIjyjcif;tm;jzifh [efYwm;Edkifonf/
On the other hand, “if the child suffers too much from punishment or severity and
is not compensated for this by the parents’ love, he is forced into opposition and has no
further incentive to submit to their demands and thus to subject himself to the reality
principle. His main object is to resist authority. Rebellion against his parents, teachers,
and society – the assertion of his ego against them – becomes just as great a source of
pleasure to him as the gratification of his instincts.” This pattern constitutes another of
Aichhorn’s types of “hate reaction”. Aichhorn interprets “hate reaction” as failures in the
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development of the ego or reality principle and the unrestrained operation of the pleasure
principle. A gradual training of the child by the parents, characterized neither by an
unloving harshness nor by an excess of indulgence, is necessary for the development of
ego controls that curb and pleasure principle. In the absence of such ego controls, a “hate
reaction” occurs, and the child becomes dissocial or delinquent.

wzufuae Munfhr,fqdk&if wu,fvdkY uav;[m jypf'Pfay;jcif;udk trsm;BuD;eJY

jyif;jyif;xefxef cH&r,fqdk&if tJ'DtjyKtrltwGuf rdbawG&JU cspfjcif;arwåm[m tpm;xdk;
0ifa&mufvmEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ uav;[m qefUusifbufudk a&mufoGm;NyD; olU&JU awmif;qdkrI
twGuf aemufxyfrufvHk;½dSvmrSm r[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dtcg uav;[m olU&JU tjyKtrlawGudk
realityprinciple (tppftrSefrl) t& jyKrlaqmif½Gufvdrfhr,f/ ol&JU t"du &nf½G,fcsufu
MoZmtmPmudk ckcHrIjzpfvmr,f/ uav;[m rdb? q&morm;eJU vlUtzGJUtpnf;udk ykefuefjcif;
[m rdrd&JU twå ego udk cdkifcdkifrmrmazmfjyjcif;jzpfNyD; 'Dvdkvkyf&jcif;tm;jzifh olU&JU Zmwdpdwft&
ay:vmwJh auseyfzG,f&m taMumif;w&yfudk BuD;rm;pGm jzpfay:apw,f/ 'DyHkpH[m Aichhorn &JU
"hate reaction" trkef;w&m;jzifh wHkUjyefjcif;yHkpHjzpfw,f/ Aichhorn u "hate reaction" onf
ego (odkYr[kwf) tppftrSefrl zGHUNzdK;rI qHk;½HI;jcif;aMumifhjzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfw,fvdkU t"dyÜg,f
zGifhqdkcJhw,f/ Pleasure principle om,mrI&JU vkyfaqmifrIawGudk uefYowfrI rjyKEdkifwJht&m
jzpfw,fvdkUvnf; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJhw,f/ rdbrsm;onf uav;udk olwdkU BudKufESpfoufrIr½dSwJh
cufxefrIawGESifh vGefuJwJh tvdkvdkufrIawG ray;bJ wajz;ajz; avhusifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh om,mrI
rludk xdef;csKyf EdkifwJh uav;\ ego zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifw,f/
Unfortunately, the developmental process by which such early family experiences
lead to aggressively acting out behavior are not subject to direct empirical verification,
but are usually clinically inferred. In Aichhorn’s formulation, the central concepts – such
as pleasure principle, instinctual impulses, ego, reality principle, and hate reaction – are
inferred from the behavior which these concepts are supposed to explain. The data
presented by Aichhorn do not therefore constitute a test of his formulation, but should be
seen as merely illustrative of his conceptual scheme.

uHraumif;pGmbJ zGHUNzdK;rIjzpfpOfrSm tapmydkif;rdom;pk tawGUtBuHKawGaMumifh tMurf;zuf

tjyKtrludk jzpfay:aponf[laom tcsufonf wdkuf½dkufvufawGUuswJh rSefuefcdkifrmrIudk
azmfjyEdkifygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh þtcsufonf ukcef;oabmt& &nfñTef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Aichhorn \ zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufrIwGif t"duusaom Concepts ynwfrsm;jzpfonfh om,mrIrl?
Zmwdpdwfqdkif&m EdI;qGrIrsm;? tppftrSefrlESifh trkef;w&m;jzifh wHkUjyefjcif;wdkYonf þynwfrsm;
t&jzpfay:vmonfh tjyKtrlrsm;udk &nfñTef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Aichhorn \ avhvmawGU½dScsuf
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rsm;onf ol&JU zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufrIrsm;udk rjy|mef;Ekid fcJhay/ odkYaomf awGU½dScsufrsm;u ol&JU

ynwfqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk o½kyfazmf½Hkavmufom azmfjyEkdifcJhonf/
2.2 Redl and Wineman
Like Aichhorn, Redl and Wineman continue to emphasize the failure to develop
adequate ego and superego controls. Furthermore, the roots of these defects are located in
defective parent-child relationships, especially relationship lacking in affection or
characterized by negligence, rejection, or cruelty. Redl and Wineman have described in
greater detail than others the meaning of “the ego that cannot perform,” that is,
specifically what the failure of ego controls implies. The following is a list of behavioral
manifestations of a “weak ego”:

Redl eJU Wineman wdkUu Aichhorn uJhodkY ego ESifh superego xdef;csKyfrI vHkavmufpGm
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf rvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhjcif;udk txl;jyKazmfjycJhw,f/ 'ghtjyif þuJhodkY
cRwf,Gif;& jcif; t&if;tjrpfonf rdbESifh uav;wdkU\ qufqHa&;rsm;wGif vdktyfcsufrsm;½dSjcif;?
rdbrsm;u om;orD;udk cspcf ifrI rjyEdkifjcif;? vspfvsL½Ijcif;? ypfy,fjcif; (odkYr[kwf) &ufpufpGm
jyKrlaqmif½Gufjcif;wdkUaMumifhjzpfonf/ Redle ESifh Wineman wdkUu "the ego that cannot
perform" aqmif½GufrI rjyKEdkifaom twåESifh ywfoufNyD; wjcm;olrsm;xufydkí tao;pdwf
azmfjya&;om;cJhonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ego \ xdef;csKyfrIrvkyfEkdifjcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
atmufwGif azmfjyxm;aom Z,m;onf "weak ego" \ xif½Sm;aom tjyKtrlyHkpHrsm;jzpfonf/
1. Low frustration tolerance;

2. Extreme reactions to fear and anxiety;

3. Low “temptation resistance”;

4. “Excitement contagion";

5. Lack of care of possessions;

6. Lack of realism in regard to rules and routines;

7. Inability to “learn from experience”;

8. Excessive fear of failure;

9. Unrestrained conceit after a “success”;

10. Giving to or attacking in the event of a mistake;

 9

(1) vdkbrjynfhrIudk onf;cHEdkifjcif;

(2) aMumuf½GHUjcif;ESifh pdk;&drfjcif;wdkUudk vGefuJpGm wHkUjyefjcif;
(3) jypfrIusL;vGef&ef qGJaqmifrIudk wGef;vSefckcHrItiftm;
(4) pdwfajcmufjcm;rItrsKd;rsKd;BuHKawGU&ef ul;pufcHpm;vG,fjcif;
(5) ydkifqdkifrIESifhywfoufí xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufEkdifpGrf;r½dSjcif;
(6) pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk trSefwu,ftm;jzifh rvdkufemEkdifjcif;
(7) tawGUtBuHKrSoif,lrIrjyKEdkifjcif;
(8) qHk;½HI;rIudk vGefuJpGmaMumuf½GHUjcif;
(9) atmifjrifrI&½dSNyD;wJhtcg rdrdudk,frdrd txifBuD;jcif;udk rxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;
(10) trSm;vkyfrdjcif;udk epfepfemema0zefajymqdkjcif;

Interestingly, although children with weak ego development apparently show

numerous signs of lacking realism in their contacts with the world around them, this was
not wholly true of their assessment of social reality, that is, their conceptions of how
others feel about them and skill in “sizing up what ‘goes’ and what ‘doesn’t go’ in a
group of contemporaries.” Redl and Wineman report that their weak-ego children “show
an amazingly wide range of contrasting behavior along this line".

pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m tcsufuawmh ego xdef;csKyfrI rvkyfEkdifwJh uav;awG[m olwdkU&JU

jyifyurÇmeJU qufoG,frIvkyfwJhtcg tppftrSef0g'twdkif;rvkyfEkdifwmawGU&w,f/ 'gaMumifh
olwdkU&JU tppftrSef qufqHa&;[laom tuJjzwfcsuftm; vHk;0rSefuefw,fvdkU ajymvdkUr&bl;/
4if;rSm tjcm;vlawGu olwdkUtay:rSm b,fvdkcHpm;rIawG½dSovJqdkwJhtawG;rsm;t,ltqeJY
acwfNydKiftkyfpkxJrSm rdrdb,fvdkvyk faqmif&rvJ? b,fvdktcsufawGudk rvkyfaqmif&bl;vJ qdkwm
udk oHk;oyfEdkifwJh pGrf;&nfudkqdkvdkonf/ Redl eJU Wineman wdkUu twåxdef;csKyfrI rvkyfEkdifwJh
uav;awG[m 'DuefYowfxm;wJh e,ferdwftwGif;rSm tHhMozG,faumif;wJh qefUusifzuf
tjyKtrlawGudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYawGU&w,fvdkY wifjycJhw,f/
 10

Such detailed descriptions as those supplied by Redl and Wineman are valuable in
specifying the applicability limits of a theoretical formulation. All delinquents are not
characterized by behaviors such as these, and there is no implication the theory should fit
cases that cannot be so described – that delinquents with quite different behavior
characteristics should have experienced neglect, rejection, cruelty, or lack of affection
when very young. These detailed theoretical formulations are attempts to explain the
same behavior phenomenon.

Redl eJU Wineman wdkU&JU azmfjycsufawG[m oDtdk&DwnfaqmufwJhae&mrSm oD;jcm;

taeeJU toHk;jyKEdkifwJh wefzdk;½dSwJh t&mawGjzpfw,f/ oufi,fayghwefqdk;oGrf;oltm;vHk;rSm
azmfjycJhwJh jcif;&mowådtm;vHk;½dSwmr[kwfbl;/ 'DoDtdk&D[m razmfjyEdkifwJht&mawGeJY oifhavsmfwJh
t&mawGudk azmfjyxm;jcif;r½dSbl;/ 4if;rSm ayghwefqdk;oGrf;olawGrSm tawmftwef jcm;em;rI½dSwJh
tjyKtrljcif;&mowådawG½dSw,f/ tJ'DtcsufawGuawmh rdbrsm;u uav;tvGef i,f½G,fwJh
tcsdefrSm jiif;y,fjcif;? ypfy,fjcif;? &ufpufMurf;MuKwfjcif;? arwåmrjyEdkifjcif;wdkYjzpfw,f/ 'D
oDtdk&Dqdkif&m wduswJh zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufrIawG[m wlnDwJh tjyKtrl jzpf&yfawGudk ajz½Sif;EdkifzdkU
BudK;yrf;jcif;jzpfw,f/
A single theory may not explain all types of delinquency and crime but may
pertain to a special type, identified by its characteristics behavior. Detailed descriptions
are valuable because they pinpoint ambiguity in theoretical concepts. Whereas the
psychoanalytic literature typically characterizes the function of the ego as reality
orientation, it is clear that the ego-weak children described by Redl and Wineman were
quite selectively rather than generally lacking in reality orientation.

wckxJaom theory u ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;ESifh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk rajz½Sif;Edkifbl;/

'gayrJh owfrSwfazmfjyxm;wJh tjyKtrljcif;&mowådrsm;eJU ygwfoufNyD; oD;oefYazmfjyEkdifzdkUtwGuf
qufEG,frI ½dSwmawGU&w,f/ wduswJh azmfjycsufawG[m wefzdk;½dSw,f bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmh
oDtdk&Dqdkif&m t,ltqawGeJU ygwfoufNyD; roJuGJwJht&mawGudk ñTefjyEkdifwJhtwGufjzpfw,f/
'ghtjyif pdwfpdppfcGJjcm;rIeJUqdkifwJh ta&;tom;awGu ego &JU vkyfief;awGudk tppftrSefrleJY
aqmif&GufaMumif; azmfjyxm;ayrJh Redl ESifh Wineman wdkUuawmh twåpdwfudk xdef;csKyfrI
rvkyfEkdifwJh uav;awGudk a,bk,stm;jzifh tppftrSefrl vpf[mjcif;xuf tawmfav;pDppf
a½G;cs,fazmfjyxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/
Redl and Wineman have, in most respects, retained the terminology and
substantially the same theoretical assumptions as those elaborated by Aichhorn. But the
term “delinquency” has acquired a more specific and restricted meaning in the work of
 11

Redl and Wineman. By their more detailed description of the behavior characteristics of
the problem boys Redl and Wineman have narrowed their scope to the type of delinquent
that has been called an “unsocialized aggressive,” in contrast to Aichhorn’s attempt to
encompass all delinquency within a psychoanalytic framework. It is characteristic of the
psychiatric tradition generally to assume that criminal or dissocial acts represent a type of
spontaneous and natural response to underlying emotional problems, that is, as responses
that do not need to be learned. This assumption appears to be much more tenable with
respect to the behavior of the unsocialized aggressive than with respect to crime in
general.

Redl ESifh Wineman wdkUu Aichhorn csrSwfcJhonfh oD;oefYa0g[m&rsm;ESifh oDtdk&Dqdkif&m

xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemaqmif½GufcJhw,f/ 'gayrJh ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;[laom
a0g[m&onf Redl ESifh Wineman wdkU\ aqmif½GufrIudk ydkNyD; oD;jcm;taeeJUaomf4if; uefYowf
xm;wJh t"dyÜg,ftaeESifhaomf4if; azmfjyxm;w,f/ olwdkYu Problem boys uav;rsm;\
tjyKtrljcif;&mowådrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; ydkí wdwdusus azmfjyEdkif&eftwGuf "Unsocialized
Aggressive" vlrItodkif;t0ef;ESifh roifhavsmfaom &efvdkpdwf[laom ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rI\
e,fy,fudk usOf;ajrmif;vdkufonf/ þtcsufonf Aichhorn \ pdwfpdppfrIudk;um;abmifudk
csJUxGif&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;eJU qefUusifzufjzpfaewmawGU&w,f/ 'Dtcsuf[m jypfrIusL;vGefol (odkY)
qufqHa&;eJY nDñGwfrI r½dSwJh t&mawGudk jyKrlaqmif½Gufjcif;[m pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIudk wNydKifxJESifh
obm0t& wHkUjyefjcif;jzpfwJh pdwfa&m*gqdkif&m jcif;&mowådwckjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
þt&mrsm; onf oif,l&ef rvdkaom wHkUjyefrIrsm;jzpfonf/ 'D,lqcsuf[m vlrItodkif;t0ef;ESifh
roifhavsmf aom &efvdkpdwf tjyKtrludk ydkNyD; tav;xm;azmfjyNyD; ydkí ,kwådwefwmudk
awGU½dS&w,f/
2.3 Frustration-Instigated Behavior

To Aichhorn and his followers, the aggressiveness of criminal behavior is

attributed to unrelieved frustrations in early childhood. In some other formulations, still
within the psychiatric tradition, a direct link is postulated between frustration and
aggression. A wide variety of hostile and aggressive acts – including those involved in
crime, delinquency, intergroup conflict, and war have been interpreted as either a direct
or a symbolic reaction to frustrations.

AichhorneJU ol&JUtaygif;tygawG[m jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;tjyKtrlwGif &efvdkjcif;onf

uav;b0 tapmydkif;wGif vdkbrjynfhrIudk rajzavsmhEkdifjcif;aMumifh jzpfw,fvdkY rSwf,lcJhw,f/
tjcm;aom tzGJUtpnf;wnfaqmufrIrsm;wGif þtcsufonf pdwfa&m*gESifhqdkifaom "avh
 12

jzpfonf/ t"duqufpyfrIonf vdkbrjynfhjcif;ESifh &efvdkjcif; (2)ckMum;wGif½dSonf/ &efvdkrkef;

xm;jcif;ESifh tMurf;zufjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tjyKtrlrsm;wGif jypfrI
usL;vGefjcif;? ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;? tkyfpktcsif;csif; y#dyu©jzpfjcif;ESifh ppfyGJrsm; yg0ifNyD; þt&m
rsm;onf vdkbrjynfhrIudk wdkuf½dkuf (odkYr[kwf) oauFwtaeeJU wHkUjyefjcif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf[k
t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJhonf/
Fredudian theory suggests that considerations of propriety (operating through the
individual’s superego) may lead to the inhibition of an aggressive reaction towards the
real or imagined source of frustration. In a roughly similar way, hostile and aggressive
impulses not only may be inhibited but also may be “repressed” (removed from
conscious awareness). However, although the aggressive reaction may be inhibited and
hostile emotions repressed, the theory proposes that the aggressive “energy” generated by
frustration is not thereby dissipated; rather, it remains temporarily latent and will
eventually find expression in less-direct ways. It may be expressed, the theory suggests,
in symbolic and non-threatening ways against the real or imagined source of frustration;
or it may be unconsciously displaced onto another person or object symbolic in some
sense of the source of frustration. Thus, if a man is severely frustrated by his employer,
but out being able to “talk back,” gripes at his wife when he come home. The wife
represses a hostile response to her husband and scolds her son instead. They boy inhibits
his aggressive feelings toward his mother, but “takes it out” on the dog.

Freud &JU oDtdk&Dt& tjyKtrl udk,fusifhodu©m aumif;rGefpGm awG;ac:wwfygu

vdkbrjynfhrIudk trSefwu,ftm;jzifh (odkY) pdwful;tm;jzifh jzpfay:apaom &efvdkjcif; tjyKtrludk
wm;qD;Edkifrnf/ tMurf;tm;jzifh wlnDwJht&mu &efvdkjcif;ESifh tMurf;zufjcif; EdI;qGrIawGudk
wm;qD;Edkif½Hkomru odpdwfrSz,f½Sm; zdESdyfxm;rIrsm; jyKvkyfay;Edkifw,f/ odkYaomf tMurf;zuf
wHkUjyefrIudk wm;qD;Edkifr,f/ &efvdkwJhpdwfudkvnf; wdrfjrKyfxm;Ekdifr,fqdk&if vdkbrjynfhrIaMumifh
ay:xGuv f mwJh tMurf;zufpGrf;tm;awG[m aysmufuG,foGm;r,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh tcdkuftwefU
tm;jzifh tMurf;zufrI[matmif;aeNyD; aemufqHk;rSm wdkuf½dkufr[kwfwJh enf;vrf;awGeJU tMurf;
zufrIudk azmfjyvdrfhr,f/ Theory azmfjycsuft& vdkbrjynfhrI trSefwu,fazmfjyjcif;? pdwful;jzifh
azmfjyjcif; wdkUudk oauFwrsm;taeESifhaomf4if;? Ncdrf;ajcmufrIr½dSwJh yHkpHrsm;ESifhaomf4if; azmfjy
vdrfhrnf/ (odkYr[kwf) vdkbrjynfhrIudk tjcm;vlwpfa,mufqD (odkYr[kwf) t&m0w¬KwckckqDodkY
OD;wnfwHkUjyefjcif;ESifh jyKrlvdrfhrnf/ 'gaMumifh vlwpfa,muf[m ol&JU tvkyform;aMumifh
rauseyf jzpfr,fqdk&if tdrfjyefa&mufwJhtcg olUZeD;xHodkY nOf;nLajymqdkjcif;vkyfr,f/ olU&JU ZeD;
[mvnf; cifyGef;tay: &efvdkrIudk wdrfjr§yfxm;vdkufNyD; ol&JUom;udk qlylBudrf;armif; ½dkufESuf
vdkufr,f/ om;jzpfol uvnf; ol&JU rdciftay:xm;wJh &efvdkwJh cHpm;rIudk wm;qD;vdkufNyD; olU&JU
 13

acG;tay:udk yHkcsvdkufw,f/ 'DOyrmawG[m vdkbrjynfhrIudk ae&ma½TUNyD; azmfjyvdkufjcif;

jzpfw,f/
Dollard, and other maintains that the responses to frustration are varied. These
responses commonly include nonaggressive, although otherwise undesirable, symptoms.
Thus, an insecure child may show regression through bed-wetting, speech defects,
whining, excessive timidity, and non-constructive play. He may show aggression by
stealing, excessive fighting with other children, destructiveness of property, destructive
play, and associating with rough gangs. He may have personality traits that are
characterized by such terms as negativism, selfishness, antagonism, and
uncooperativeness. The presence of behavior fixations would be indicated if he showed
repetitive action such as thumb sucking, nail biting, compulsive stealing, phobias, and
stereotyped reactions in any of the behaviors listed as regressive or aggressive. Finally,
resignation would be indicated by a marked tendency to withdraw from the group, being
uncommunicative, and lacking interest in the surroundings.

Dollard eJY tjcm;aom ynm½Sifrsm;u vdkbrjynfhrIudk wHkUjyefjcif;[m jcm;em;rItrsKd;rsKd;

½dSw,f/ 'DwkHUjyefrIawG[m trsm;tm;jzifh tMurf;rzufwJh tjyKtrlrsm;? wjcm;rvdkvm;tyfaom
yHkpHrsm;eJY wHkUjyefjyKrlMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh pdwfvHkNcHKrIr&wJh uav; (insecure child) awG[m
olwdkU&JU vdkbrjynfhrIawGudk tdyf&may:wGif qD;oGm;jcif;? pum;ajymcsKdUwJhjcif;? Whining
tvGeftrif; aMumuf½GHUwwfw,f? aqmufwnf&mrJhupm;jcif; ponfwdkUeJU wHkUjyefwwfMuw,f/
'Duav;awG[m tMurf;zuf&efvdkrIudk ypönf;cdk;jcif;? wjcm;uav;rsm;eJU Murf;wrf;pGm &efjzpfjcif;?
xdcdkuftEÅ&m,f½dSwJh upm;enf;rsm;jzifh upm;jcif;? Murf;wrf;wJh *dkPf;tzGJUrsm;eJU qufoG,frI½dSjcif;
wdkYawGU&w,f/ 'Duav;awGrSm tzsufoabm½dSjcif;? wudk,faumif;qefjcif;? jyif;xefpGm
qefUusifjcif;? tjcm;olrsm;eJU yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;r½dSjcif;pwJh udk,f&nfudk,faoG; jcif;&mowådawGudk
awGU&w,f/ vuf½dS tjyKtrloGifjyifvu©Pm[m wu,fvdkU uav;[m xyfcgwvJvJ vufr
pkyfjcif;? vufoJudkufjcif;? pdwfpGJrvkyfraeEdkifcdk;jcif;? taMumufvGefjcif;eJU tMurf;zufjcif;udk
jyefvnfazmfxkwfjyojcif;? tMurf;zufjyKrljcif;wdkU½dSaer,fqdk&if 'DtjyKtrlawG[m pGJNrJwJh
tjyKtrltaeeJU awGU&vdrfhr,f/ aemufqHk;rSm uav;[m rdrdtkyfpkrS aemufqkwfaejcif;? tjcm;
olrsm;eJU qufqHajymqdkjcif;r½dSjcif;? ywf0ef;usifrSm½dSwJh t&mawGudk pdwfr0ifpm;jcif;pwJh
tjyKtrlawGudk rvTJra½Smifom vufcHvdkuf&rnf/
All these classes of behavior have a common cause and a common remedy. A
given frustrated child might show any combination of these traits, but so long as the traits
fall within the scope of the frustration process, the pattern expressed is of secondary
 14

importance. If this is the case, it means that in therapy attention should be directed from
the symptoms and what they mean to search for the sources of frustration.

þtjyKtrltrsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh awGU&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;eJU trsm;

tm;jzifh jyefvnfaumif;rGefwJh enf;vrf;rsm;vnf; awGU&w,f/ vdkbrjynfhwJh uav;
wpfa,muf[m azmfjycJhwJhjcif;&mowåd vu©Pmwpfckckudk jyornfjzpfNyD; 'Dvu©Pm[m vdkb
rjynfhrIjzpfpOf\ e,fy,fxJrSm yg0ifwJhtwGuf azmfjywJh tjyKtrlyHkpH[m wpfqifhcH taeeJU
ta&;BuD;wmudk awGU&w,f/ wu,fvdkU ,ckazmfjycJhwJhtcsufawG[m jyóemjzpfvmNyDqdk&if
ukorIqdkif&mvkyfief;awGrSm tjyKtrl vu©PmawGudk MunfhNyD; vdkbrjynfhrIjzpf&wJh taMumif;
&if;awGudk ½SmazGazmfxkwfvdrfhr,f/
This latter view – the nonspecificity of the response to frustration (except that the
response is some kind of “behavior problem”) – is apparently more common than the
frustration-aggression hypothesis among psychiatrically oriented correctional workers
and researchers in the field of crime. For example, in their study comparing delinquent
with nondelinquent siblings, Healy and Bronner stressed their finding that almost all of
the delinquent siblings felt thwarted and rejected. The behavior manifestations traced to
such frustrations, however, were diverse and included withdrawal and other behavior
problems as well as “aggression.”

aemufxyftjrifwpfckjzpfwJh? vdkbrjynfhrIudk oD;jcm;r[kwfwJh wHkUjyefrIeJU wHkUjyefjcif;[m

Frustration - aggression hypothesis ESifhpm&if jypfrIusL;vGefolawGudk pdwfydkif;OD;wnf jyKjyif
ay;olrsm;eJU jypfrIqdkif&mokawoe jyKvkyfolrsm;wGif ydkí trsm;tm;jzifah wGU&w,f/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh 'DavhvmrIrSm ayghwefqdk;oGrf;olawGeJU ayghwefqdk;oGrf;r[kwfwJholawG&JU arG;jcif;
armifESrawGudk EdIif;,SOfNyD; Healy eJU Bronner wdkUu olwdkU&JU awGU½dScsufudk azmfjywJhtcg
ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rI½dSwJh arG;jcif;armifESrawG[m pdwf½IyfaxG;ylyefawGeJU jiif;y,frIawGudk cHpm;
&aMumif; tav;ay; azmfjycJhw,f/ 'DvdkrsKd; vdkbrjynfhrIudk wHkUjyefwJh xif½Sm;wJh tjyKtrlawG[m
trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEkdifw,f/ þwGif tMurf;zufwHkYjyefrItjyif qkwfcGmjyKrljcif;ESifh tjcm;aom tjyKtrl
qdkif&mjyóemrsm; yg0ifayonf/
At least one proponent of the proposition that frustration contributes to
involvement in delinquency and crime presents his formulations with extreme caution
and specifically suggests that frustration constitutes only part of the process of becoming
delinquent. Leonard Berkowitz suggested that frustrations are important in the
development of delinquency and criminality but are not the sufficient cause of such
behavior. He specifically recognizes the necessity of social support for continued
involvement in crime and delinquency: “Unless a person is extremely susceptible to
 15

intense emotional arousal and possesses unusually weak inner controls, he will not
engage in recurrent criminality without the approval of some friends and associates.

tenf;qHk;taeeJU tqdkwpfckjzpfwJh vdkbrjynfhjcif;[m ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;ESifh jypfrI

usL;vGefjcif;wdkYudk yg0if jzpfay:apw,fqdkwJhtcsuf[m tvGeftrif; owdxm;&rJh tcsufjzpfNyD;
oD;jcm;taeeJU vdkbrjynfhjcif;[m ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rIjzpfzdkUtwGuf wpfpdwfwpfydkif; taeeJUom
yg0ifw,fvdkY azmfjycJhw,f/ Leonard Berkowitz u vdkbrjynfhjcif;onf ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;ESifh
jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; zGHUNzdK;vmzdkUtwGuf ta&;BuD;wJh t&mrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;eJU
jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; tjyKtrljzpfay:zdkU vHkavmufwJh taMumif;&if;awGr[kwfbl;/ olu jypfrI
usL;vGefjcif;eJU ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;wdkUtwGuf Social support (vlrIqufqHa&;t& tultnD
ay;jcif;) vdktyfw,fvdkU oD;jcm;taMumif;w&yftaeeJU od½dSem;vnfcJhw,f/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf
[m jyif;xefwJh pdwfvIyf½Sm;rI Edk;<urIudk tvGeftrif;jzpfvG,fNyD; tNrJr[kwfaom pdwfwGif;
xdef;csKyfrIudk rvkyfEkdifcJh&ifawmif ol[m oli,fcsif;awGeJU olwdkU&JU qufpyfaewJholawG&JU
vufcHrIrygbJ jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk xyfcgwpfvJ vkyfaqmifrSm r[kwfbl;vdkU Berkowitz u
azmfjycJhw,f/
Interestingly, Berkowitz provides and interpretation for the behavior of the
“unsocialized aggressive” delinquent that differs theoretically, though not empirically
from the formulation stemming from Aichhorn and currently represented by Redl and
Wineman and Samenow. Berkowitz suggested that, unlike older boys who experience
frustrations and subsequently direct their aggressions (directly, indirectly, or
symbolically) toward the perceived source of frustration. “The boy who has been exposed
to severe parental rejection in early childhood, on the other hand, may generalize his
feelings beyond his parents to many other people including his peers. In a sense, he does
not differentiate too well among the people around him; all are frustraters (real or
potential) and all are not to be trusted.”

pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh tcsufuawmh Berkowitz u ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rI\

"unsocialized aggressive" vlrIqufqHa&;uif;rJhaom tMurf;zufjcif;tjyKtrlonf vufawGU
taeESifh zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;aom Aichhorn , Redl ESifh Wineman ESifh Samenow wdkU\
,lqcsufESifh oDtdk&Dt& jcm;em;rI½dSwm awGU&w,f/ Berkowitz u rwlnDwJhtcsufu
toufBuD;a,mufsm; av;rsm;onf olwdkU awGUBuHK&aom vdkbrjynfhrIudk tusKd;quftaeeJU
tMurf;zufjcif;udk ul;ajymif;NyD; wdkuf½dkuftaeeJUaomf4if;? oG,f0dkufíaomf4if;? oauFwrsm;
taeESifhaomf4if; jyowwfMuonf[k tBuHjyKwifjycJhonf/ uav;b0tapmydkif;rSm rdbrsm;\
ypfy,fjcif;udk jyif;xefpGm cH&onfh a,mufsm;uav; wpfOD;onf ol\ vdkbrjynfhonfh cHpm;rIudk
 16

a,bk,staejzifh rdbrsm;uaepNyD; ol\ ½G,fwl oli,fcsif;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;vlrsm;txd

azmfjyavh½dSonf/ qdkvdkwJhtcsufuawmh ol[m olUywf0ef;usifrSm½dSwJh vlawGudk vdkbrjynfhrI
½dSaewJh vlawGvm;? ,HkMunfvdkUr&wJhvlawGvm;qdkwmudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef rcGJjcm;Edkifbl;/
Thus, the more-generalized aggressive response of this special type of delinquent
is attributed not to the absence of all ego controls, but to the inability of this child to
differentiate between people at the time when severe frustrations were experienced.

ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;rSm ta&;BuD;wJhtcsufjzpfwJh ydkNyD; a,bk,suswJh wHkUjyefrIawGeJU

tMurf;zufjcif;[m twåxdef;csKyfrI (ego controls) rsm; rjyKvkyfEikd fjcif;aMumifh omru olrSm
jyif;xefwJh vdkbrjynfhrIawGay:aygufvmwJhtcg vlawGudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef cGJjcm;rI rjyKEkdif
jcif;wdkUaMumifh jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;w,f/
By incorporating cognitive variability into his frustration-aggression formulation,
with respect both to the failure of the very young child to differentiate between persons
and to the increased cognitive sensitivity to frustration as a consequence of repeated
frustration, Berkowitz presents a theoretical explanation for the behavior of the
unsocialized aggressive delinquent that differs notably from that of Aichhorn in
suggesting that such children also fail to develop strong “ego controls.” But this appears
to be an incidental part of his formulation. It should be noted that Berkowitz’ discussion
of crime and delinquency is not limited to the unsocialized aggressive. His general
frustration-aggression formulation encompasses frustrations other than those imposed
within the family in early childhood.

Berkowitz u ol\ vdkbrjynfhrI - tMurf;zufjcif;yHkpHudk odrIyHkpH trsKd;rsKd;xnfhoGif;

aygif;pyf&eftwGuf tvGefi,f½G,faom uav;i,fwdkY\ vlawGudkcGJjcm;EdkifpGrf;r½Sdjcif;ESifh
vdkbrjynfhrIxyfwvJvJBuHK&wJhtwGuf vdkbrjynfhrIudkodrItm½HkvG,fuljcif;[laom yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;
xnfhoGif;aygif;pyfNyD; ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rI vlrIqufqHa&; uif;rJhaom tMurf;zuf wHkUjyefrI
tjyKtrludk oDtdk&Dazmfxkwf ½Sif;vif;cJhonf/ þoDtdk&D ajz½Sif;csufonf Aichhorn \
vdkbrjynfhaom uav;onf twåxdef;csKyfrI rvkyfEkdifjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf[laom tcsufESifh
odomxif½Sm;pGm jcm;em;rI½dS aMumif;awGU½dS&onf/ odkYaomf þtcsufonf ol\ oDtdk&D
wnfaqmufrIwGif ta&;rygaom tao;tzGJudpöjzpfonf/ Berkowitz \ jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;ESifh
ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;onf vlrI qufqHa&;uif;rJhaom tMurf;zufrI tjzpf uefYowfxm;rIr½dSay/
ol\ vdkbrjynfhrI - tMurf;zufjcif; oDtdk&Donf vdkbrjynfhjcif;onf tjcm;aom t&mrsm;xuf
uav;b0 tapmydkif;wGif rdom;pktwGif;awGU½dS&aom t&mrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf[lí
½Sif;vif;azmfjycJhonf/
 17

Maier conceptualizes essentially the same distinction in terms of motivated

behavior and frustration-instigated behavior. In general, Maier suggests two types of
delinquency – motivated (instrumental or goal directed) and frustration instigated (an end
in itself)). Maier has not provided unambiguous behavioral clues to differentiate the two
types. His suggestions for this include (1) the presence or absence of other symptoms of
frustration (regression, hostility, fixation, resignation, and so forth) and (2) the success or
failure of reward and punishment in modifying the behavior. In addition to recognizing
non-frustration-instigated delinquency (instrumental delinquency), Maier also explicitly
notes that “all frustration-instigated behavior is not delinquent.”

Maier u ta&;ygwJh wlnDwJh xl;jcm;csufjzpfonfh aphapmfjcif;cH&aom tjyKtrlESifh vdkb

rjynfhrIwdkUaMumifh vHIUaqmfjzpfay:vmaom tjyKtrl[lí awG;awmpOf;pm;vmcJhonf/ a,bk,s
tm;jzifh Maier u ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif; (2)rsKd;½dSNyD; aphaqmfrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tjyKtrlESifh
vdkbrjynfhjcif;&JU vHIUaqmfrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tjyKtrl[lí (2)rsKd;½dSonf/ Maier u
'DtjyKtrl (2)ckudk cGJjcm;zdkUtwGuf roJuGJwJh tjyKtrl oJvGefpawGudk rxnfhxm;bl;/ olU&JU
tBuHjyKwifjycsufrSm (1) vdkbrjynfhjcif;\ tjcm;aom vu©Pmrsm;½dSjcif; odkYr[kwf r½dSjcif;
(i,frljyefjcif;? &efvdkjcif;? pGJNrJvGefjcif;? tvkyfrS EIwfxGufjciff; ponfh t&mrsm;) (2) tjyKtrl
udk jyKjyifajymif;vJwJhae&mrSm qkay;jcif;eJU 'Pfay;jcif; wdkU&JU atmifjrifrI (odkYr[kwf) qHk;½HI;rI wdkU
yg0ifw,f/ qufNyD; vdkbrjynfhrIr½dSbJ ayghwefqdk;oGrf;wJh tjyKtrljzpfay:jcif;udk od½dSem;vnf
NyD; aemufvdkbrjynfhjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tjyKtrlwdkif;onf ayghwefqdk;oGrf;rI r[kwf
aMumif; tao;pdwf½Sif;vif;azmfjycJhonf/
The general frustration hypothesis does not locate the source of crime necessarily
in the early years of childhood. However, the very generality of the basic concepts of
frustration and aggression decreases the value of such a broad formulation as a theoretical
explanation for crime. Furthermore, once it is recognized that the response to frustration
may take several forms, it is not sufficient to point out that criminals are frustrated (who
is not?); it is also necessary to specify why some people respond in a criminal way to
their frustrations.

a,bk,svdkbrjynfhrI awG;qcsufonf uav;b0 tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif vdktyfaom

t&mrsm;aMumifh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; jzpfay:&jcif;udkrlwnfrxm;ay/ odkYaomfjim;vnf; vdkbrjynhf
jcif; ESifh tMurf;zufjcif;\ tvGeftajccHusonfh ,lqcsufonf jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; ESifh qdkifonfh
oDtdk&D ajz½Sif;jcif;rsm;tay:wGif wefzdk;avsmhusrIrsm;udk jzpfay:apygonf/ 'ghtjyif wpfcsdefxJ
rSmbJ vdkbrjynfhjcif;udk wHkUjyefjcif;onf yHkpHtoD;oD;½dSEdkifaomaMumifh jypfrI usL;vGefolawG[m
vdkbjynfhrIr½dSbl;qdkwm vHkavmufwJh ñTefjyrIawG rvkyfEkdifbl;/ tcsKdU vlawG bmaMumifh olwdkU&JU
 18

vdkbrjynfhrIudk jypfrIusL;vGefoltae wHkUjyefMuwmvJqdkwmudk oD;oefYtaeeJU azmfjyzdkU

vdktyfw,f/
The frustration-aggression theory manifests a tendency characteristic of
psychiatric explanations of crime and delinquency to resort to a multiple-factor approach.
The work of David Abrahamsen exemplifies this tradition. Abrahamsen maintains that
crime is the result of multiple factors that can be summarized in two “laws”:

vdkbrjynfhjcif; - tMurf;zufjcif; oDtdk&Donf jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;ESifh ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;

udk pdwfa&m*gqdkif&m ajz½Sif;rIawG jyKvkyfwJhae&mrSm xif½Sm;wJh jcif;&mowådawG taeeJU
taxmuftuljyKEdkifwJh tcsuftvuftrsKd;rsKd; yg0ifwJh enf;wpfckjzpfw,f/ David Abrahamsen
u 'Drl0g'awGudk erlemtaeeJU o½kyfazmfjyocJhw,f/ Abrahamsen u jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;qdkwm
tcsuftvuftrsKd;rsKd;udk ed,mr (2)ck taeeJU azmfjyEdkifw,fvdkU enf;vrf;awGay;cJhw,f/
1. A person’s inherited characteristics set the limits on what a person can do and the
environment determines what and how he or she will do it.

2. Criminal behavior is the sum of a person’s criminal tendencies (T) plus the
person’s total situation (S) divided by his or her resistance (R) to criminality.

Criminal Behavior = T+S

(1) vlwpfOD;\ tarGqufcH&½dSwJh jcif;&mowådawG[m tJ'D vlyk*¾dKvf vkyfEkdifrJh t&mawGudk

uefYowfay;w,f/ ywf0ef;usifuawmh tJ'DuefYowfxm;wJh t&mawGudk bmeJU b,fvdk
aqmif½GufrvJqdkwmudk owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;w,f/
(2) jypfrIusL;vGefol&JU tjyKtrl[m olU&JU jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;qdkif&m pdwfñGwfcsuf (T) eJU
jypfrIusL;vGefol&JU tajctaewpfckvHk; (S) aygif;jcif;udk ol(odkY)olr&JU jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;
qdkif&m cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm; (R) eJU pm;jcif;jzpfw,f/
If you were to substitute any behavior for “criminal” in these two “laws,” we
would have as adequate an explanation for any other behavior as we have for crime.
 19

wu,fvdkY oif[m jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;ESifhqdkifaom b,fvdk tjyKtrlrsKd;rqdk þed,mr

(2)ckxJudk tpm;xdk;r,fqdk&if jypfrIusL;vGefrIESifhqdkifaom tjcm;b,fvdk tjyKtrlrsKd;rqdk
vHkavmufaom ajz½Sif;csufawG ay;Edkifvdrfhr,f/
Obviously, the theorist or researcher can plug into the equation anything he or she
wants as “criminal,” “political tendencies,” “total situations,” and “resistance.” Theories
such as this are logically more akin to the theories of why some people are rich and some
poor. Then they are adequate scientific explanations:

tvG,fwul em;vnfEkdifwJh tcsufuawmh oDtdk&Dynm½Sif (odkYr[kwf) okawoDawG[m

olwdkY vdkcsifwJht&mawGjzpfwJh jypfrIusL;vGefol? EkdifiHa&;eJUqdkifwJh pdwfñGwfcsuf? tajctae
wpfckvHk;eJUqdkifwJh t&mawGeJU cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm; pwJh t&mawGudk yHkaoenf;xJudk xnfhoGif;NyD;
azmfjyEkdifw,f/ 'Dt&mawGeJUqdkifwJh oDtdk&DawG[m tcsKdUvlawG[m bmvdkU csrf;omvJ tcsKdU
vlawGu bmvdkUqif;&JvJqdkwJh oDtdk&DawGeJU ,kwådaA'oabmt& aqGrsKd;awmfpyfrI½dSwm
awGU&w,f/ 'DazmfjycsufawG[m vHkavmufrI½dSaom odyÜHenf;us ajz½Sif;rIawGjzpfw,f/

3.0 CRIMINAL MIND

A variation on psychiatric theory that persists, despite an overwhelming amount of

evidence contradicting it, is the theory that criminals and noncriminals possess different
personalities. The most recent and currently most influential statements of this position
are found in works by Yochelson and Samenow. Yochelson and Samenow, presented an
idea of “criminal mind.” The criminal mind, according to them, is one that (1) thinks
concretely rather than conceptually; (2) compartmentalizes life “almost beyond [the
therapist’s] comprehension”; (3) simultaneously expresses extreme sentimentality and
extreme brutality; (4) creates its own reality, which is abnormal though not psychotic;
and (5) does not sustain feeling of guilt sufficient to act as a break on impulsive behavior.

pdwfa&m*gqdkif&m oDtdk&DawGrSm jypfrIusL;vGefolawGeJU jypfrIrusL;vGefwJholawGrSm

jcm;em;wJh udk,f&nfudk,faoG; trsKd;rsKd;½dSw,fqdkwJh qefUusifzuf jzpfaewJh t&mawG
½dSaeayrJhvnf; 'DoDtdk&D[m qufvuf½Sifoef &yfwnfcJhw,f/ ,ckvuf½dStcsdefrSm 'DoDtdk&DeJU
ygwfoufwJh trsm;qHk;vTrf;rdk;rI½dSwJh tqdkudk Yochelson eJU Samenow wdkUu azmfjycJhw,f/
Yochelson eJU Samenow wdkUu "Criminal mind" qdkwJh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;qdkif&m
tawG;cHpm;csufwdkYudk azmfjycJh w,f/ Criminal mind eJU qdkifwJh tcsufawGuawmh
 20

(1) tawG;tac:t,ltqxuf udk,fj'yfxnf½dSpGm pOf;pm;&r,f/

(2) ukowJhq&m0ef&JU em;vnfoabmaygufrIudkausmfvGefí b0udk tydkif;rsm;cGJjcm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
(3) wNydKifeufxJ tvGeftrif; pdwftpGJtvef;BuD;jcif;udk jzpfEdkifovdk? tvGef;trif; &ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfjcif;udkvnf; jyoEdkifw,f/
(4) Psychotic (jyif;xefwJhpdwfa&m*g) r[kwfayrJh yHkrSefr[kwfwJh tjyKtrludk udk,fydkif ppfrSefrI
wpf&yftaeeJU jyow,f/
(5) pdwfvdkufrmefyg tjyKtrludk vHkavmufwJh tajctaewpf&yftaeeJU jzpfay:apwJh
tjypf½dS cHpm;rIudk qkyfudkifrxm;bl;/

It is impossible to survey all incidences of criminality. In this way, all research

findings are tentative because they are based upon a sample rather than the entire
universe. Some samples, however, are so biased that the results are immediately suspect.
Yochelson and Samenow generalize on the basis of intensive experience with inmates in
a mental hospital who have committed crimes. The discovery of a criminal personality
among such a unique subset of the total population of people who commit crime hardly
justifies generalization. Not only are the people studied unique, but also other research
shows that the fact they have been institutionalized in a mental hospital affects their view
of the world and their personality.

jypfrIusL;vGefrIudk jzpfay:apwJh tjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk vTrf;NcHKavhvmzdkU rjzpfEkdif bl;/

'Denf;t& okawoe awGU½dScsuftm;vHk;[m jypfrIusL;vGefoltm;vHk;twGuf udk,fpm;jyKjcif;xuf
erlemtkyfpwk pfckxJtay:rSm tajccHxm;wJhtwGuf ,m,DawGU½dScsufrQomjzpfw,f/ tcsKdU
erlemrsm;[m bufvdkufrIawG½dSwJhtwGuf &v'fawG[mcsufjcif;qdkovdk oHo,awG 0ifEdkifw,f/
Yochelson eJU Samenow wdkUu jypfrIusL;vGefNyD; pdwfusef;rma&;aq;½HkrSm wufa&mufukoae
wJholawGudk aocsmpGm avhvmcJhw,f/ jypfrIusL;vGefwJh vlOD;a& wpfckvHk;tay:rSm xl;jcm;wJh
tjyKtrlyHkpHcGJawGtaeeJY jypfrIusL;vGefolawG&JU udk,f&nfudk,faoG;udk ½SmazGazmfxkwfjcif;[m
rSefuefaMumif;jyozdkY cufcJwJh a,bk,sjyKazmfjyjcif;wpf&yfjzpfw,f/ jypfrIusL;vGefolawG&JU
xl;jcm;wJh udk,f&nfudk,faoG;udk azmfxkwf½Hkomr[kwfbJ tjcm;aom okawoeawGu pdwfa&m*g
txl;uk aq;½HkawGrSm wufa&mufukoaewJh jypfrIusL;vGefolawG&JU urÇmBuD;tay:rSm jrifwJh
tjrifeJU olwdkU&JU udk,f&nfudk,faoG;tay:rSmvnf; xdyg;rI½dSwmawGU&w,f/
 21

There has been a great deal of research comparing criminal and noncriminal
responses to personality measures. Without exception, these researches show no
significant differences in the personalities of criminals and noncriminals when the bias of
the investigator is controlled.

jypfrIusL;vGefolawGeJU jypfrIrusL;vGefwJholawG&JU udk,f&nfudk,faoG;udk wdkif;wmwJh

ajrmufrsm;pGmaom okawoeawGudk EdIif;,SOfavhvmcJhw,f/ cRif;csufr½dSawG½dS&wJhtcsufuawmh
jypfrI usL;vGefolawGeJU jypfrIrusL;vGefwJholawG&JU udk,f&nfudk,faoG;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmwJh
ae&mrSm avhvmolawG&JU bufvdkufrIudk xdef;csKyfEdkifcJh&if xl;jcm;wJh jcm;em;rIrsm;r½dSEdkifaMumif;
awGU½dS&w,f/

4.0 SUMMARY

Freud viewed crime as a neurotic type of disorder. He suggested that the offender
may commit offenses because of an unconscious desire for guilt-relieving punishment.
Most contemporary psychoanalysts distinguished between the symptoms of neurosis and
those of criminal behavior and recognized the possibility of both occurring together and
intertwining. Most theorists suggest that neuroses represent inwardly directed aggression,
whereas “in the delinquencies, aggression is always directed toward the outside.”

Psychiatric theory postulates that each individual is endowed with a cluster of

“pleasure-seeking” impulses, thereby emphasizing the antisocial nature of these
postulated impulses. The control of these impulses is achieved by the development of an
ego out of restrictive experiences with the external world and by the development of a
superego. These developments may be disrupted in various ways, especially by a
disturbance in the normal emotional relationship between parent and child in the first few
years of life.

August Aichhorn, emphasizes the pathogenic significance for social

maladjustment of faulty ego and superego development. Internal and external factors
which prevent the normal growth of the various ego functions act as a hindrance to the
primary adaptations to reality.

Redl and Wineman also emphasize the failure to develop adequate ego and
superego controls. Furthermore, the roots of these defects are located in defective parent-
child relationships, especially relationship lacking in affection or characterized by
negligence, rejection, or cruelty.
 22

A wide variety of hostile and aggressive acts have been interpreted as either a
direct or a symbolic reaction to frustrations. Fredudian theory suggests that hostile and
aggressive impulses may be “repressed”. However, the aggressive “energy” generated by
frustration remains temporarily latent and will eventually find expression in less-direct
ways. It may be expressed in symbolic and non-threatening ways against the real or
imagined source of frustration; or it may be unconsciously displaced onto another person
or object symbolic in some sense of the source of frustration. Leonard Berkowitz
suggested that frustrations are important in the development of delinquency and
criminality but are not the sufficient cause of such behavior. He provides and
interpretation for the behavior of the “unsocialized aggressive” delinquent.

Abrahamsen maintains that crime is the result of multiple factors that can be
summarized in two “laws”. Yochelson and Samenow, presented an idea of “criminal
mind.” research comparing criminal and noncriminal responses to personality measures
show no significant differences in the personalities of criminals and noncriminals when
the bias of the investigator is controlled.

For the purposes of developing general theories of crime, the psychiatric paradigm
leaves much to be desired. In practically every attempt to construct a general explanation
of why people commit crime or delinquent acts, the psychiatric approach introduces
tautologies and auxiliary hypotheses that limit the utility of the theory.

Sigmund Freud onf &mZ0wfrItjyKtrludk tm&kHaMumysufpD;rIaMumifh jzpf&aom

pdwfazmufjyefrI Neurotic tjyKtrlwpfrsdK;[kjrifonf? jypfrIusL;vGef&jcif;onf tjypf&SdcHpm;
pdwfrS vGwfuif;oufomapvdkaom rodpdwfqE´aMumihf jzpfonf[kvnf; qdkygonf/
acwfjydKifpdwfpdppfrIynm&Sif trsm;pkurl &mZ0wfrItjyKtrl eSihf pdwfazmufjyefrI tjyKtrlrsm; \
vu©Pmrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;cJh&m tjyKtrl 2-ck pvHk;wGif a&maxG;yg0ifaMumif; todtrSwf
jyKcJhMuonf/

pdwfa&m*gqdkif&moDtdk&Durl vlonf om,mrIudk &SmazGvdkaomeId;qGtm;rsm; &Sdojzifh

qufqHa&;qefYusifwwfonfh oabm &Sdonf? ,if; eId;qGtm;rsm;udk xdef;csKyf&ef Ego &
Superego zGHYjzKd;&efvdkonf/ ,if;zHGYjzKd;rIudk ysufpD;apedkifonfh enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;&Sd&m txl;ojzifh
 23

i,fpOfuav; b0wGif rdbESifh uav;tMum; pdwfvIyf&Sm; qufEG,fcsufrsm;

azmufjyefysufpD;cJhygu zGHYjzKd;rIudkydkí xdyg;apedkifygonf/

August Aichhorn url Ego & Superego zGHYjzKd;rIvGJrSm;cJhjyD; vlrIqufqHa&;

nSd,lvGJrSm;rIaMumifh a&m*gqeftjyKtrl xif&Sm;vm&jcif; tay:tav; xm;onf/ Redl and
Wineman uvnf; vHkavmufaom Ego & Superego xdef;csKyfrI rzGHYjzKd;cJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfjyD;
txl;ojzifh rdbESifhom;orD;Mum;qufqHa&; wGif cspfcifESpfoufrI razmfjyjcif;? &ufpuf
Murf;wrf;jcif;? jiif;qefypfy,fjcif;? *&kpdkufrI? apmifha&SmufrI uif;rJhjcif;wdkYonf ,if;zGHYjzKd;rI
csKdYwJh&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rsm; jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ Fredudian theory t& rkef;xm;vdk
tjyKtrlESifh &efvdktjyKtrlwdkYonf wdkuf&dkufjzpfap? oauFwoabmjzpfap rdrdvdkbrjynfhrI
rsm;tm; wkefYjyefonfh tjyKtrlrsm; jzpfonf[kqdkonf/ xdkYtjyif rkef;xm;vdktjyKtrlESifh
&efvdktjyKtrlrsm;udk zdeSyfxm;edkifaomfvnf;? vdkbrjynfhrIaMumifhjzpfvm&onfh &efvdkwkefYjyefrI
onf ,m,DrQom atmif;aeedkifjyD; aemufqHk;wGifrl jcdrf;ajcmufrI? ab;Oygofuif;a0;aom yHkpH?
vu©PmazmfjyyHkpHrsKd;jzifhvnf; rdrd\vdkbrjynfhpdwftm; wkefYjyefazmfjyedkifaMumif; &Sif;jy onf/

Leonard Berkowitz url frustrations onf qdk;oGrf;rI ESifh &mZ0wfrI tjyKtrlrsm;

jzpfap&ef ta&;ygonf? odkYaomf vHkavmufaom taMumif;&if; r[kwf[k qdkygonf/
Abrahamsen url &mZ0wftjyKtrl onf taMumif;rsKd;pHkaMumifhjzpf&jyD; ,if;taMumif;
w&m;rsm;udk ed,mr 2-ck cGJí tusOf;jcHK;jycJhonf/ (1) vlwpfOD;\ vkyfaqmifedkifpGrf;udk 4if;\
rsKd;&dk;ADZcsif;&mvu©Pmu owfrSwfjyD;? rnfonfh tjyKtrl? rnfodkYaqmif&Gufrnfudkrl
ywf0ef;usiftajctaeu jyXmef;ay;onf? (2) &mZ0wftjyKtrlonf vlwpfOD;\ &mZ0wfrIjyK
vdkpdwfrsm;eSifh MuHKawGY&aom tajctaet&yf&yfwdkY aygif;pyfrIyrmPudk 4if;\ &mZ0wfrI rjyK&ef
ckcHwm;jrpfedkiftm;ESifh pm;jcif;\&v'f [k&Sif;vif;onf/ Yochelson and Samenow wdkYurl
&mZ0wfrIqefaom tawG;? cHpm;csuf ESifh ywfoufonfh oabmxm;rsm;udk xkwfjyef cJhonf?
&mZ0wfrIusL;vGefol ESifh rusL;vGefolwdkY\ udk,f&nfudk,faoG;t*Fg&yfrsm;wGif odom xif&Sm;pGm
jcm;em;rIr&SdaMumif; avhvmwifjycJhonf/
 24

KEYS QUESTION

1. How did Freud view criminal behaviour?

2. How did contemporary psychoanalysts view neurosis and criminal

behavior?

3. Briefly explain Aichhorn’s explanation of faulty ego and superego

development that contributes to delinquency.

4. Mention Redl and Wineman’s idea of a weak ego in relation to criminal

behavior.

5. Review various explanations of delinquency based on frustration-

aggression principle.

6. Do criminals and noncriminals possess different personalities? Discuss.

GLOSSARY

Frustration vdkbrjynfhpdwf

Aggression &efvdkpdwf

a sense of guilt tjypf&dSaMumif;odjcif;

ego twÅpdwf (tppftrSefw&m;rlt&vkyfaqmifwwfaompdwf)

superego controls (udk,fusifhw&m;rlt&vkyfaqmifwwfaompdwf)

 25

frustration-instigated behavior vdkbrjynfhpdwfaMumifhjzpf&aomtjyKtrl

psychiatric perspectives pdwfa&m*gukorIqdkif&mtjrif

repression todpdwfrSxkwfy,fjcif;?wdrfjrKyfapjcif;

delinquencies ayghwefqdk;oGrf;jcif;

offense jypfrIusL;vGefrI

unconscious desire rodpdwf tmomqE´

temptation resistance jypfrIusL;vGef&efqGJaqmifrIudkwGef;vSefckcHrItiftm;

Excitement contagion pdwfajcmufjcm;rItrsKd;rsdK;MuHKawGYvQif ul;puf

cHpm;vG,fjcif;

frustration tolerance vdkbrjynfhrIY udk onf;cHedkifjcif;

Excessive fear of failure qHk;&SKH;rI^&SKH;edrfhrI twGuf tvGeftrif;aMumuf&GYHjcif;

unsocialized aggressive vlrItodkuft0ef;ESifhroifhavQmfaom&efvdkpdwf

regression i,frljyefjcif;?aemufodkYjyefjcif;

withdrawal &ifqdkif&rnfudkaMumufí a&Smifz,f?qkwfcGgjcif;

social support vlrIa&;axmufyHhulnDrI

parental rejection rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;udk oHa,mZOfrxm;

jiif;qefqufqHrI

criminal mind &mZ0wftjyKtrlqefonfhtawG;?pdwfcHpm;csuf

 26

criminal personality &mZ0wftjyKtrlqefonfhudk,f&nfudk,faoG;

propriety tjyKtrl udk,fusifhodu©m aumif;rGefrI

institutionalized pdwfa&m*gukaq;&Hk? axmif?a*[m ponf

wdkYwGifwpfpkHwpfOD;tm; umvMumjrifhpGm

xdef;odrf; xm;&Sdjcif;