1

CHAPTER (1)
WHO ARE CRIMINALS?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define Crime and criminal.

2. State the three views to define crime.

3. Outline various types of adult criminals.

4. Discuss various types of crime.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Criminological or criminal psychology is the scientific study of criminals and
criminal behaviors. It is a specialized area that uses psychological knowledge to help
understand criminal behaviour. It investigates the causes of crime by examining social
and personality issues that can be contributory factors. Criminologists attempt to
construct theories that explain why crimes occur and test those theories by observing
behavior. Criminal psychology or criminological psychology looks at the role of
psychology in understanding the causes of crime, the ways psychologists can help in the
criminal justice processes, for example in explaining factors which affect the
identification and judgment of criminals, such as the accuracy of eyewitnesses and in
providing interventions to reduce criminal behavior. Criminological psychology is also
concerned with identifying offenders and predicting future crimes using profiling
techniques.

Criminological jypfrIqdkif&m (odkUr[kwf) Criminal Psychology ? jypfrIqdkif&m

pdwfynmqdkonfrSm jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;eJU jypfrIusL;vGefolawG&JU tjyKtrIukd odyÜHenf;us
avhvmjcif; ynm&yfjzpfonf/ 'Dtxl;jyKe,fy,f[m pdwfynmqdkif&mtodynmawGudk toHk;jyKNyD;
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jypfrIusL;vGefolawG&JUtjyKtrludk em;vnfatmifavhvmwJh e,fy,fwpfckjzpfonf/ 'De,fy,f[m

jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk jzpfay:apEdkifwJY Social (qufqHa&;) ? Personality (udk,f&nfudk,faoG;)
qkdif&m tcsuftvufawGudk pl;prf;&SmazGavhvmwJh ynm&yfjzpfonf/ &mZ0wfrIudk avhvmaom
ynm&Sifrsm;u bmaMumifh&mZ0wfrIudk usL;vGef&onfhtaMumif;t&mudk ajz&Sif;EdkifzdkU oDtdk&DawG
wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ oDtdk&DawGtay:rSmtajccHNyD; &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefwJh tjyKtrludk &IrSwf
avhvmcJhMuonf/ jypfrIqdkif&mpdwfynmonf &mZ0wfrIudkjzpfay:apwJh taMumif;&if;awGudk
avhvmazmfxkwf&mrSm pdwfynm&SifawG&JUtcef;u@eJU &mZ0wfrIawGudk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm
w&m;rQwrI&Sdatmif pdwfynm&Sifrsm;u ulnDay;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rsufjrifoufaoawG&JU
wdusrIeJU &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk avsmhyg;apwJh tcsufawGudk azmfxkwfay;wJhae&mrSm
pdwfynm&SifawGu pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;jcif; ? qHk;jzwfcsufcsay;jcif;wkdUudk jyKvkyfay;ygonf/

When most people think of deviance, criminal behaviour first comes to mind.
Crime, however, is a specific type of deviance that can be defined as an intentional act,
the violation of a law. Legal codes, specifying crime date back to about 2270 BC in
Babylonia. But most societies did not formalize legal codes until much later. Around
2000 years later, the Roman legal codes were formalized, which much later influenced
the development of English Common Law after A.D. 1066, which in turn influenced the
U.S. legal system.

&mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;onf vlrIa&;pHrS aoGzDjcif;jzpfNyD; &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&SdESifh jyKrl

aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonff/ w&m;Oya'awG[m 2270BC rSm Banylonia abbDvdkeD;,m;EdkifiHu
tpjyKay:aygufcJhonf/ ukd"Oya'rsm; taMumif;trsdK;rsdKk;tay:rSmrlwnfNyD; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
vlrItzGJUtpnf;awG&IwfaxG;vmwmeJUtrQ jyóemawGtrsdK;rsdK;ay:aygufvmNyD; vlwpfOD;eJUwpfOD;
y#dyu© (Conflicts) rsm; jzpfvmMuonff/ 'DtcgrSm b,fvdktcsufawGu Oya't& rvkyfaqmif
Edkifao;bl;qdkwJh vlYtzGJUtpnf;qdkif&mOya' (Social order) awGay:vmw,f/

Legal codes developed for several reasons. As the state emerged there was an
attempt to control random individual vengeance against people seen as victimizing
others. Also, as societies became more complex, with more problems, and more people in
contact with one another, there was a need to regulate conflicts and promote social order
by defining what can and cannot be done. Thus laws are designed to provide a social
 3

order that is favourable to those with most power to influence the establishment of these
laws.

w&m;Oya'qdkif&m Oya'rsm;onf oD;jcm;taMumif;&yfrsm;twGuf ay:xGufvmcJhonf/

EkdifiHawmfwpfck ay:xGufvmonfESifhtrQ tjypf&Sdonf[k ,lqaomolrsm;udk vufwHkYjyefjcif;
tay: xdef;csKyfrIrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifzdkY MudK;yrf;aqmif&GufvmMuw,f/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;onf &IwfaxG;
vmonfESifhtrQ jyóemawGvnf;rsm;vmNyD; wpfOD;eJUwpfOD;qufEG,frI ydkrsm;vmonf/ xdkUaMumifh
oabmxm;uGJvGJrIawGudkvdkufemEdkifzdkY b,fvdktcsufawGudk jyKrlEdkifovJ b,fvdktcsufawGu
rjyKrloifhovJqdkwmudk pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;csrSwfjcif;ESifh vlrIqufqHa&;qdkif&m trdefYrsm;udk
xkwfjyefcJhonf/ xdkUaMumifh Oya'qdkonfrSm pGrf;tm;tMuD;rm;qHk; vTrf;rdk;rIjyKEdkifwJh vlrIpnf;urf;
qdkif&m trdefYtmPmjzpfonf/

1.1 Definition of Crime and Criminal

Crime- What do we mean by crime? A criminal act is one which society forbids or
punishes but this definition is rather circular, and begs in question why is it forbidden?
The answer is not a simple one, what is deemed to be wrong in one society may not be in
another. The definition of crime has always been regarded as a matter of great difficulty.
Generally crime is a legal wrong for which the offender is liable to be prosecuted and
convicted, punished by the state. Crime can also be defined as an intentional act, the
violation of a law. William Adrian Bonger defined a crime in the formal sense as "an act
committed within a group of persons who form a social unit". P.H Winfield defined a
crime as "a wrong, the sanction which involves punishment and punishment signifies
death, penal servitude, whipping, fine, imprisonment.

“What do we mean by Crime?” &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;ukd b,fvdkt"dyÜg,fzGifh

qdkrvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;t& a,bk,stm;jzifh Crime &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;qdkwm w&m;Oya't&
rSm;,Gif;vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfNyD; jypfrIusL;vGefol[m w&m;pGJqdkcH&NyD; pD&ifcsufcscH&rnf/ EkdifiHawmf
u jypf'PfawGudkcsrSwfjcif;ukd cH&rnf/ William Adrian Bongeru jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;qdkwm
qufqHa&;,lepfwpfckwGif;rSm aexdkifMuolawGtMum; jypfrIusL;vGefwJh tjyKtrljzpfonf[kqdkcJh
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onf/ P.H Winfield uawmh jypfrIqdkwm Oya'udkrvdkufemwJhtwGuf jypf'Pfay;&onfh

rSm;,Gif;aom tjyKtrljzpfonf/ jypf'Pfqdk&mwGif ao'Pfay;jcif;? *sL&DtzGJUrS Budrf'Pfay;jcif;?
'PfaMu;ay;aqmifcdkif;jcif;eJU axmif'PfcsrSwfjcif; ponfjzifhfqdkvdkygonf/

Thus crime is any act that at the time it is performed is forbidden and punishable
by the laws of the social group to which the person belongs. To put it in more simple
terms, it is an act or deed, which is against the law of the society to which he belongs.
Thus criminal behaviour is usually a departure from the standard of behaviour which is
accepted by the majority of the group to which the individual belongs.

jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;onf qufqHa&;tkyfpkwpfcktwGif;rSm jyKrlaqmif&Gufvkdufonfh b,fvdk

tjyKtrlrsdK;bJjzpfjzpf tJ'DtjyKtrlukd wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;rnf/ Oya't& jypf'Pfay;cH&rnfh
tjyKtrlrsdK;udkvkyfaqmifcJh&if jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/

The definition of criminal behaviour from the legal standpoint is that ''Criminal
behaviour is any action that is contrary to legal regulation." But this legal definition
does not give a clue to motives or reason for the occurrence of this behaviour. On the
other hand, the psychologist tries to study and explain the underlying causes of its
various forms. From their standpoint criminal behaviour isnot much different from non-
criminal behaviour. Both behaviours are consistent with certain general principles
governing human actions.

w&m;Oya'&Iaxmifh u ajym&r,fqdk&if “Criminal behavior is any action that is

contrary to legal regulation” [kazmfjyxm;onf/ jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;\ tjyKtrlqdkonfrSm
w&m;Oya' t&owfrSwfxm;aompnf;urf;awGudk qefUusifaom jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufjzpfonf/
wzufuaeMunfhr,fqdk&if pdwfynm&SifawGu &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif; tjyKtrlkjzpfay:jcif;
yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;udk avhvmcJhMuonf/ olwdkU&JUtjrif&IaxmifhuMunfhr,fqdk&if jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;
tjyKtrl[m omreftjyKtrleJYydkNyD; jcm;em;rIr&Sdbl;vdkU qdkcJhonf/ tjyKtrlESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk
Munfhr,fqdk&if vlUtjyKtrludkvTrf;rdk;wJh a,bk,suswJhpnf;rsOf;Oya'oawGeJU nDnGwfrI&Sdwm
awGU&onf/
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Hollin (1989) suggests three ways to define crime:

Consensus view - an agreement amongst members of society about which behavior are
unacceptable and therefore punishable. When crime is defined in this way, certain acts
forbidden by law are crimes. So, for example, antisocial behavior would not be a crime
unless the particular act was an illegal one. Crimes such as malicious wounding are
typically unacceptable so are forbidden, whereas other actions can pass in and out of
criminal law depending on the changing values of a society.

Hollin u Crime jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;&JUt"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqdkEdkifrnfh tjrif (3)rsdK;udk wifjycJh

onff/ Consensus view t& vlUtzGJUtpnf;0iftrsm;pku vufrcHEdkifbl;vdkU oabmwlnD
xm;onfh tjyKtrlawG[m ta&;,ltjypfay;cH&rnf/ 'Dt"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsuft& w&m;Oya't&
ydwfyifwm;qD;xm;wJht&mawG jyKrlaqmif&Gufjcif;[m jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm –

Antisocial behaviour - qufqHa&;udk qefUusifonfhtjyKtrlonf w&m;r0ifwJh tjyKtrl

r[kwf&if jypfrIusL;vGefw,fvdkU ajymvdkUr&bl;/

Conflict view - it suggests that criminal laws exist to protect the wealthy and powerful.
Even when actions are forbidden in the common interest, they are defined in an unequal
way so that the powerful tend to go unpunished. For example, until recently in English
law the criminal offence of rape did not include sexual coercion within marriage. A wife,
typically the physically and economically weaker partner had no legal right to refuse
unwanted sexual intercourse.

Conflict view t& jypfrIqdkif&menf;Oya'rsm;onf csrf;om<u,f0rI? MoZmtmPm&SdrIudk

umuG,fay;&ef jzpfwnfvmonf[k qdkonf/ trsm;pktusdK;twGuf wm;jrpfydwfyifay;xm;onfh
vIyf&Sm;rIvkyf&yfawGudk teufzGifhqdkwJhae&mrSm rQwrIr&SdMubJ MoZmtmPm&SdolawGudk ta&;r,l
vdk? tjypfray;vdkwJh oabmrsm;yg0ifaew,fvdkY qdkw,f/

Integrationists view – this occupies the middle group between the above approaches. It
suggests that there are no absolute values of right and wrong. Different meanings are
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possible. For example, killing is sometimes criminal but not always. During wartime, in
the case of capital punishment, or when act in self-defense. It is not “murder” and it is not
criminal. Taking a life in the act of euthanasia is a criminal act in most societies, but one
some people would like to see decriminalized. The definition of crime according to the
integrationists view is not dependent on a consensus, but is driven by those in power; it
reflects both legal standards set by those in power and the changing moral values of the
majority.

Integration view t& trSefESifhtrSm;qdk&mrSm t<uif;rJhwefzdk;[lír&Sd[k qdkcJhw,f/

tjyKtrlwpfckonf t"dyÜg,ftrsdK;rsdK;jzpfEdkifonf/ 'Dtjrift& w&m;Oya'owfrSwfcsufawGrSm
MoZmtmPm&SdolawG&JU qE´a&m ? trsm;pkvufcHxm;wJh udk,fusifhw&m;pHwefzdk;rsm; t&yg
aygif;pyfyg0ifaeonf[k qdkonf/

A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing

norms- cultural standards prescribing how human ought to behave normally. This
approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to
understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions may
affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal, law-enforcement, and
penal responses made by society.

pHjyKxm;wJht"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsuft& jypfrIusK;vGefjcif;qdkonfrSm xif&Sm;onfh ,Ofaus;rI

t& owfrSwfxm;onfh vlrsm; omreftm;jzifh vkdufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh tjyKtrlrsm;udk csdK;zsuf
azmufzsufjcif;jzpfonf/

Criminal- The term "criminal" is defined in the Oxford Dictionary that a personguilty
of a crime. Some criminologists are inclined to restrict the term 'criminal' to those persons
who conform to a social type, which is defined by those persons and society generally as
criminal. In generally, the meaning of criminal is a person who violates the law or one
who commits the crime. There are nine types of adult criminals.
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Criminal (jypfrIusL;vGefol) &JUt"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm Oxford Dictionary \ t"dyÜg,f

zGifhqdkcsuft& “A person guilty of a crime” jypfrIusL;vGefonfhol[k t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJhonff/
a,bk,stm;jzifhajym&rnfqdkygu “The meaning of criminal is a person who violates the
law or one who commits the crime” jzpfonf/ Criminal qdkonfrSm Oya'udk csdK;azmufwJhol
'grSr[kwf jypfrIawGudk usL;vGefonfhol[k t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcJhonff/ t&G,fa&mufNyD; jypfrIusL;vGef
oltrsdK;tpm; (9) rsdK;&Sdonff/

1. The causal offender - Who violates only minor laws and local ordinaries chiefly for
his own convenience, is scarcely a criminal.

(1) The causal offender uawmh jypfrIusL;vGefonfholonf udk,fhtusdK;twGuf

omrefOya'udk csdK;azmufjcif;eJU Oya'tpdwftydkif;wpfckudk csdK;azmufjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
4if;tm; jypfrIusL;vGefolvdkY owfrSwf&efcJ,Of;onf/

2. The occasional criminal - Who is essentially law abiding, but either once or
occasionally commits a crime, usually of minor nature. He does not justify his act with
any philosophy of crime and may never repeat the offence, since he looks to the
conventional world for satisfactions and tends to accept its definition of behaviour.

(2) The occasional criminal rSm &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;onf olYtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom

t&mwpfckjzpfonff/ jypfrIusL;vGefolonf jypfrIudkwpfBudrfwpfcg okdUr[kwf tajctaet&
usL;vGefavh&SdNyD; olYtwGuf'DvdkjyKrljcif;onf omrefudpöwpfcktaeESifh awGU&onf/

3. Episodic criminal - Usually a serious one, when under some great emotional stress, is
essentially a non-criminal.

(3) Episodic criminal rSm oD;jcm;jzpf&yftaeeJU jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; jzpfonf/ 'DjypfrIusL;vGef

jcif;onf tav;teufxm;&rnfh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/ BuD;rm;wJhpdwfvIyf&Sm;zdpD;rIeJY
&ifqdkif&wJhtcgrSm usL;vGefavh&Sdonf/
 8

4. The White-collar criminal - Like the foregoing types, also lives in the conventional
world. He engages in a legitimate business, in the course of which he cannot act legally
defined as crime.

(4) The white – collar criminal rSm OmPeJYywfoufNyD; ynmeJYtoufarG;Muaom

vkyfom;rsm;usL;vGefwJh jypfrIjzpfonf/ Oya'ESifhnDwJh w&m;0ifvkyfief;awGudk vkyfukdifaeMu
ayrJh Oya'csdK;azmufwJhtjyKtrlawGudk usL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/

5. The habitual criminal - Repeats his crime.

(5) The habitual criminal rSm jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk rvkyf&raeEdkifjzpfNyD; rMumcP jypfrIudk

usL;vGefoljzpfonff/

6. The professional criminal - A career man of crime. He learns definite techniques for
specific types of crime upon which he depends for his livelihood.

(6)The professional criminal rSm jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk toufarG;0rf;aMumif;vkyfief; wpfck

taeESifh vkyfukdifjcif;jzpfonf/ oD;jcm;yHkpHtaeESifh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk jyKvkyfzdkUtwGuf
wduswJhenf;vrf;awGudk oif,lNyD; jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;rS 0ifaiG&atmif vkyfaqmifonf/

7. Organized criminal - Professional criminals who have systematized their criminal

activities such as rackets, gambling, bootlegging, during prohibition days, houses of
prostitution, and drug rings are common examples of organized crime.

(7) Organized criminal rSm jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;udk pepfwusESifY toufarG;0rf;aMumif;yHkpH

wpfcktaeESifh jyKvkyfonff/ 'DjypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;uawmh r&dk;rajzmifhwJhenf;awGeJY 0ifaiG&
atmifBuHpnfjcif;? avmif;upm;jcif;? arSmifckdvkyfief;rsm;vkyfukdifjcif;? wm;jrpfrdefYrsm;udk
usL;vGefjcif;? jynfhwefqmvkyfief;vkyfukdifjcif;eJY rl;,pfaq;0g;eJYqdkifwJh vkyfief;rsm;udk
vkyfaqmifjcif;wdkUjzpfonf/

8. The mentally abnormal criminal - Vary in type and include both psychopaths, who
rebel against all kinds of social regulations, and violently psychotic persons.
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(8)The mentally abnormal criminal rSm pdwfa&m*gqefjyD; qufqHa&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;udk

qefUusifykefueffjyD; jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/ olwdkYonf tMurf;zufaom pdwfa&m*g&Sdol
rsm;jzpfonff/

9. The non-malicious criminal - Members of small cultural groups at variance with the
main culture that surrounds them. Their members are law abiding in terms of the rules
and mores of their own group, and in general conform to the laws of larger society except
in some law instances where their small group rules contradict these laws.

(9) The non – malicious criminal rSm trkef;tjidK;taw;r&SdbJ jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/

,Ofaus;rItkyfpkBuD;wpfcktwGif; oD;jcm;,Ofaus;rItkyfpki,ftwGif;rSm aexdkifolawG[m
olwdkUtkyfpk&JU udk,fydkifpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awGeJY "avhxHk;pHawGudk vdkufemw,f/ a,bk,s
taeeJY ,Ofaus;rItzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpfck&JU Oya'pnf;urf;awGudk vkdufemayrhJ olwdkU&JU
tkyfpki,frSmcsrSwfxm;wJh pnf;rsOf;Oya'oawGeJY qefUusifwJhOya'tcsdKUudk azmufzsuf
usL;vGefMuwm awGU&onf/

1.2 Types of crime - There are many types of crime. Crime can be divided into
many categories, but the most useful categories are as follows.

jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; trsdK;rsdK;&Sdw,f/ trsm;tm;jzifhawGU&wJh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; trsdK;tpm;

awGuawmh Traditional crime (jzpf&dk;jzpfpOft& owfrSwfxm;wJh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;)? Organized
crime (pepfwusjypfrIusL;vGefjcif;)? The white – collar crime (toufarG;0rf;aMumif;eJY ywfouf
NyD;jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;) eJY Political crime (EdkifiHa&;eJYywfoufNyD; jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;) jzpfonf/

1. Traditional crime (we can call it "street crime"). It is the type traditionally recognized
by all societies as crime. Included are such crimes as murder, rape, robbery, and so forth.
Not all societies define each of these crimes in exactly the same way, but they all see
these transgressions against individual or property as crime in one way or another. One
reason that all societies recognize these acts as crime is that anyone can visualize herself
or himself as a victim.
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Traditional crime udk Street crime [kvnf; ac:Edkifonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh tqifhjrifhonfh

jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm – murder (vlowfrI)? rape (rk'drf;usifhrI)? robbery (cdk;rI) wdkU
jzpfonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;u 'DjypfrIawGudk wajy;nDowfrSwfwm r[kwfygbl;/ jypfrI
usL;vGefwJhol 'grSr[kwf usL;vGefwJht&nftaoG;ay:rlwnfNyD; yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJY owfrSwfazmfjy
Muonf/

2.Organized crime - It often involves the same illegal acts, traditional crime, but as the
name implies the crime committed are supported by a criminal organization. There is the
use of threats and bribes to cover the criminal activities, which, in contrast to traditional
crime, can be done because of the persistent, organized manner of this criminal activity.
Organized crime can exist on many levels. There are many cases of small-scale organized
crime in only local areas. Indeed, a recent trend has been a movement among traditional
criminals to organize themselves. What first come to mind with organized crime,
however, are the big, powerful criminal organization called by the names Mafia or
CosaNostra. These criminal organizations account for billions of dollars in crime and are
actually even well known by the police and federal law enforcement agencies.

Organized crime rSm w&m;r0ifwJhtjyKtrlawGudk rMumcPaqmif&Gufjcif;? pepfwus

pDpOfxm;wJh jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;wkdUudk vkyfaqmifMuw,f/ 'DjypfrIusL;vGefrIawGudk &mZ0wfrI
vkyfief;vkyfaqmifaewJh tzGJUtpnf;awGu tultnDay;wm awGU&w,f/ jypfrIusL;vGefwJh
vkyfief;awGudk vkyfaqmifwJhtcgrSmvnf; csdef;ajcmufrIrsm;? vmbfay;vmbf,lrIawG yg0ifwmudk
awGU&w,f/ NrdKUwGif;{&d,mawGrSm ao;i,fwJhjypfrIusL;vGefjcif; yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJY usL;vGefwmudk
awGU&NyD;? Mafia *dkPf;vkdMoZmtmPm&SdwJh jypfrIusL;vGefwJhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;udkvnf; awGY&onf/

3.White-collar crime - It involves crime committed by a person in the course of his

or her otherwise legitimate occupational activities. Included are crimes like violations of
antitrust laws, misrepresentation in advertising, infringements on patents or copyrights,
and violations of labour laws. These crimes are clearly the most costly of all types of
crime in terms of property loss.
 11

White – collar crime rSm w&m;0ifvkyfudkifaewJhvkyfief;awGrSm azmufzsufusL;vGefjcif;

jzpfonf/ 'DjypfrIusL;vGefjcif;rSm ,HkMunfrIudk qefUusifazmufzsufjcif;? aMujimvkyfief;awGrSm
t"dyÜg,fvGJrSm;azmfjyjcif;eJY rlydkifcGifhrsm;udk azmufzsufusL;vGefjcif;wkdY yg0ifonf/ 'DjypfrIusL;vGef
jcif;[m ydkifqdkifrIqHk;&HI;rIrSm wefzdk;tBuD;rm;qHk; azmufzsufusL;vGefrI jzpfonf/

4. Political crime - It can be defined as crimes committed with the intent to produce
or resist change in the general society. Political criminals may be doing some of the same
things as traditional criminals, like robbing bank, kidnapping, and murder, but the crimes
committed by political criminals are intended to benefit the wider society or at least a
large group seen as exploited or threatened. In other words, the true political criminal is
motivated by ideology, not personal material gain. It is difficult to determine what is
really in the mind of the political criminal, but actions do tend to indicate what political
crime is and what is not.

Political crime uawmh vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk twkduftcHvkyfjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;

yg0ifonf/ 'DjypfrIusL;vGefrIrSm bPfcdk;rI ? jyefay;qGJrI ? vlowfrIawGudk vkyfaqmifMuonf/
ppfrSefwJh EdkifiHa&;usL;vGefazmufzsufjcif;uawmh EdkifiHa&;eJUywfoufwJh oabmw&m; tawG;
tac:rsm; yg0ifonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;&JUaumif;usdK;udk jynfoltrsm;pk[m jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;cHae&
jcif;? acgif;yHkjzwfcHae&jcif;? tcGifhta&;qHk;&IH;aejcif;wdkY jzpfaewJhtwGuf usL;vGefjcif;jzpfonf/

2.0 THE GOALS OF CRIMINOLOGY

The classical criminologists of the 18th century were primarily concerned with
ending brutality and inequality against criminals by enforcing limitation on government
power. They believe that criminal behavior was the product of the offender’s rational
choice, and that crime could be prevented through the speedy and certain application of
penalties. Contemporary scholars believe that criminal motivation is the product of one or
more of a complex factor. Current theories may be considered in one of the following
three categories: (1) theories attributing criminal behavior to biological or congenital
(inherited) defects of the offenders, (2) theories relating crime to psychological factors or
mental disorders, (3) theories relating crime to environmental or social factors.
 12

Psychologists have considered a variety of possibilities to account for individual

differences – defective conscience, emotional immaturity inadequate childhood
socialization, maternal deprivation, and poor moral development. They study how
aggression is learned, which situations promote violent or delinquent reactions, how
crime is related to personality factors and how various mental disorders are associated
with criminality.

(18) &mpkrSm a&S;&dk;&mZ0wfrIaA'ynm&SifawGtaeeJY tpdk;&&JUMoZmtmPmudk toHk;jyKNyD;

&mZ0wfrIusL;vGefwJholawGudk vlrqefwJh Oya'w&m;rQwrIr&SdwJh Oya'awGtoHk;jyKNyD; jypf'Pf
ay;cJhMujcif;udk tqHk;owfa&;jzpfw,f/ olwdkU\,HkMunfrIrSm jypfrIusL;vGefwJhtjyKtrl(Criminal
behavior) onf jypfrIusL;vGefol&JUpOf;pmqifjcifEdkifwJh a&G;cs,frIjzpfNyD; tJ'DjypfrIusL;vGefrIudk
rqdkif;rwGjypf'Pfay;jcif;tm;jzifh umuG,fEdkifrnf[k ,HkMunfcJhMuonf/ acwfjydKifjypfrIaA'
ynm&SifawG&JU ,HkMunfrIuawmh jypfrIusL;vGefolawG&JU aphaqmfrI[m wpfrsdK;'grSr[kwf wpfrsdK;
xufydk&SdEdkifNyD; &IwfaxG;rIawG&Sdw,fvkdU ,HkMunfcJhMuonf/ vuf&SdjypfrIqdkif&moDtdk&DawGu u@
(3)cktay:rSm tajccHNyD; pOf;pm;qifjcifcJhMuonf/ 4if;u@ (3)ckrSm (1) jypfrIusL;vGefwJh
tjyKtrl[m jypfrIusL;vGefwJholawG&JU ZD0aA'qdkif&mtcsufawGeJY rsdK;&dk;ADZt& tarGqufcHwJh
t&mawGtay:rSm rlwnfonf[k oDtkd&DawGu azmfjycJhonff/ (2) pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtcsuftvuf
odkYSr[kwf pdwfa&m*gazmufjyefrIa0'emrsm;aMumifh jypfrIusL;vGefw,fvkd oDtkd&Drsm;u azmfjycJh
onf/ (3) jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;onf ywf0ef;usifESifhqufqHa&;qdkif&m tcsuftvufawGtay:rSm
tajccHonf[k oDtkd&Drsm;u azmfjycJhonf/ pdwfynm&Sifrsm;u jypfrIusL;vGefonfholrsm;onf
wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; rwlwJhjcm;em;rIrsm;&Sdonf/ 4if;jcm;em;rIrsm;rSm odpdwfcsdKUwJhrI? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
&ifhusufrIr&Sdjcif;? uav;b0qufqHa&;yHkoGif;jcif; vHkavmuffrIr&Sdjcif;? maternal deprivation
(rdcifarwÅmcsdKUwJhcJhjcif;) eJY pm&dwÅzGHUNzdK;rIedrfhyg;jcif; wdkYjzpfonf/

pdwfynm&SifawGu aggression tMurf;zufrIukd oif,ljcif;? b,fvkdtajctaeawGu

Murf;wrf;wJhtjyKtrl odkYSr[kwf ayghwefqdk;oGrf;onfhtjyKtrlrsm;udk jzpfay:apovJ? jypfrIusL;
vGefjcif;[m ukd,f&nfudk,faoG;ESifh b,fvkdqufEG,faeovJ pdwfazmufjyefrIa0'emawG[m
&mZ0wfrIusL;vGefjcif;eJY b,fvkdqufEG,faeovJqdkwm avhvmcJhMuonf/
 13

Generally, it can be assumed that the people who committed crime are low socio-
economic status, adopted people, and suffering some psychological disorders. But there
are many factors concerning people’s criminal behavior such as biological, social and
economical, and socio-cultural factors. It is not an easy matter to understand why people
commit the crimes. It is a complex system involving biological and psychological factors.
It may be considered that most crimes occur depending on situational factors.

a,bk,staeESifhajym&rnfqkdygu jypfrIusL;vGefwJholrsm;onf vlrIpD;yGm;a&; tqifh

twef;edrfhusjcif;? arG;pm;cH&jcif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&ma&m*ga0'em&Sdjcif;wdkUeJY qufoG,faewm
awGU&onf/ jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;\ tjyKtrlESifYqufEG,faeaom tcsuftvufajrmufrsm;pGm
&Sdonff/ 4if;tcsuftvufrsm;uawmh Biological ZD0aA'qdkif&mtcsuf? Social and economical
qufqHa&;eJYpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtcsuf? Socio – cultural factors vlrI,Ofaus;rIqdkif&mtcsufrsm;
jzpfonf/ jypfrIusL;vGefrItrsm;pkrSm Situational factors tajctaeqdkif&mtcsufawGtay:rSm
rlwnfaeonfukdawGU&onf/

3.0 SUMMARY
Criminological or criminal psychology is the scientific study of criminals and
criminal behaviors. It is a specialized area that uses psychological knowledge to help
understand criminal behaviour.

The definition of crime has always been regarded as a matter of great difficulty.
Generally, crime is a legal wrong for which the offender is liable to be prosecuted and
convicted, punished by the state. Crime is any act that at the time it is performed is
forbidden and punishable by the laws of the social group to which the person belongs.
Criminal behaviour is usually a departure from the standard of behaviour which is
accepted by the majority of the group to which the individual belongs.
 14

The definition of criminal behaviour from the legal standpoint is that ''Criminal
behaviour is any action that is contrary to legal regulation."
Psychologist tries to study and explain the underlying causes of its various forms. From
their standpoint criminal behaviour is not much different from non-criminal behaviour.
Both behaviours are consistent with certain general principles governing human actions.

There are three possible ways to define crime. According to consensus view, crime
is defined by an agreement amongst members of society about which behavior are
unacceptable and therefore punishable. Conflict view suggests that criminal laws exist to
protect the wealthy and powerful. Even when actions are forbidden in the common
interest, they are defined in an unequal way so that the powerful tend to go unpunished.
Integrationists view suggests that there are no absolute values of right and wrong. This
view reflects both legal standards set by those in power and the changing moral values of
the majority.

The term "criminal" is defined as a person guilty of a crime. Generally, criminal is

a person who violates the law or one who commits the crime. There are nine types of
adult criminals: (1) The causal offender (2) The occasional criminal (3) The episodic
criminal (4) The white-collar criminal (5) The habitual criminal (6) The professional
criminal (7) The organized criminal (8) The mentally abnormal criminal, and (9) The
non- malicious criminal.

There are many types of crime. Crime can be divided into four useful categories:
(1) Traditional crime (2) Organized crime (3) White-collar crime, and (4) Political crime.
Criminology attempts to explain complex factors that account for criminal behaviour.

jypfrIqdkif&mpdwfynmonf Oya'csKd;azmufusL;vGefoleSifh &mZ0wfrIqdkif&mtjyKtrlrsm;udk

em;vnfedkif&eftvdkYiSm pdwfynmqdkif&mrl? oabmw&m;rsm;udkoHk;pGJjyD; odyHÜenf;usavhvmaom
ynm&yfjzpfygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh crime jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;onf w&m;Oya'udk &nf&G,fcsuf
jzifhcsKd;azmufaom tjyKtrlvkyf&yfwpfckckjzpfonf[k teufzGifhqdkedkifygonf/ jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;
 15

onf w&m;Oya'qdkif&mrSm;,Gif;rI[k qdkedkifjyD; ,if;Oya'csdK;azmufol? jypfrIusL;vGefoltaejzifh

edkifiHawmftpdk;&u jyXmef;owfrSwfxm;aom w&m;Oya't& w&m;pGJqdkjcif;? pD&ifcsufcsrSwfjcif;?
tjypf'Pfay;jcif;wdkYudkcHpm;&ef Oya't& wm0ef&Sdonf[kvnf; qdkonf/ xdkYtjyif jypfrIusL;vGef
jcif;qdkonfrSm tcsdefumvwpfckckwGif rjyKvkyf&efwm;jrpfxm;jyD;? jyXmef;Oya't& tjypfay;
edkifaom tjyKtrlrsKd;udkaqmif&Gufjcif;[kvnf; zGifhqdkMuonf? Criminal behavior &mZ0wfrI
(odkY) jypfrIqdkif&mtjyKtrlqdk&mwGif rdrdaexdkif&mvlrItzGJtpnf;wGif trsm;pkuvufcHvdkufemonfh
owfrSwfpHtjyKtrlrdsK;rS aoGzDaomtjyKtrludkvnf; qdkvdkonf/ w&m;Oya'&Ia'gifhrSqdkvQif
jypfrIqdkif&mtjyKtrlqdkonfrSm Oya'pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;udkqefhYusifaom jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsufwdkif;
udkqdkvdkonf/ pdwfynm&SifwdkYurl jypfrItrsKd;rsKd;\ t"dutMumif;t&if;rsm;udk avhvm&Sif;jy
edkif&efMuKd;yrf;Muonfjzpf&m pdwfynm&Ia'gifhrSMunfhvQif jypfrIqdkif&mtjyKtrlESifh jypfrIqdkif&m
r[kwfaom tjyKtrlwdkYrSm rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSonfawmh r[kwfyg? ,if;tjyKtrlESpfckpvHk;onf
vlYtjyKtrludkpdk;rdk;cs,fvS,faom a,bk,srl? oabmw&m;twdkif; jzpfMu&onf[k ,kHMunf
Muonf/

Hollin (1989) u crime jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;\ teuft"dyÜg,fudkzGifhqdkedkifrnfh tjrif (3)

rsKd;udk wifjycJhonf/ (1) consensus view t&qkdvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;0iftrsm;pku vufrcHedkif[k
oabmwlnDxm;onfh tjyKtrljzpfygu ta&;,ltjypfay;edkifonf/ (2) Conflict view t&
jypfrIqdkif&mOya'rsm;onf csrf;omMuG,f0rI? MoZmtmPm&SdrIudkumuG,fay;&ef jzpfwnfvmonf
[kqdkonf/ trsm;pktusdK;twGuf wm;jrpfydwfyifay;xm;aom vIyf&Sm;rIvkyf&yfrsm;ukdyifvQif
teufzGifhqdkyHkrSm rQwrIr&SdMuyJ MoZmtmPm&Sdolrsm;udk ta&;r,lvdk? tjypfray;vdkonfh
oabmrsm; yg0ifaeonf[kqdkonf/ (3) Integrationists view t& trSefeSifhtrSm; qdk&mrSm
tMuGifrJhwefbdk;[lí r&Sd[kqdkonf/ þtjrift& w&m;Oya'rsm;owfrSwfcsufwGif MoZmtmPm
&Sdolrsm;\qE´a&m? trsm;pkvufcHxm;aom ukd,fusifhw&m;pHwefbkd;rsm;t&yg aygif;pyfyg0if
aeonf[kqdkonf/
 16

"criminals" qdkonfrSm Oya'wpf&yf&yfukdcsdK;azmufrI (okYd) &mZ0wfjypfrIwpfckck usL;vGef

ítjypf&Sdolukd qkdvkdonf? ESifh trsdK;tpm; (4) rsdK;ukd azmfjyay;xm;onf? jypfrIaA'onf
,if;&mZ0wfjypfrIqkdif&mtjyKtrlrsm;jzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;[k,lq&rnfh tcsuftvufrsm;ukd
&Sif;jy&ef MuKd;yrf;onfh ynm&yfjzpfygonf/

Key Questions

1. What is criminal psychology?

2. Define the term "crime".

3. Define the concept of "criminal behavior".

4. Define the term "criminal".

5. Outline three points of view used in defining crime.

6. Lists various types of adult criminals.

7. Mentions various types of crime.

8. What are the goals of criminology?

GLOSSARY

Crime jypfrIusL;vGefjcif;
Criminals jypfrIusL;vGefol? Oya'csKd;azmufusL;vGefí
tjypf&Sdol
Criminal behaviour &mZ0wfrI (odkY) jypfrIajrmufaomtjyKtrl?
Oya'ESifh jidpGef;aomvkyf&yf? rdrd vlYtzGJtpnf;wGif
 17

trsm;pkvufcHvdkufem&rnfhowfrSwfpHtjyKtrlrsKd;rS
qefYusifaoGzDaomtjyKtrl?
Deviant ukd,fusifhw&m;pH? vlrIa&;qkdif&mpHrS aoGzDol
vengeance uvJhpm;acsjcif;? vufpm;acsjcif;?
vufwkefYjyefjcif;/
offender Oya'csdK;azmufol? jypfrIusL;vGefol
malicious rvkdwrm?tjidK;pdwfzGJYaom
liable Oya't&wm0ef&Sdaom
forbidden wm;jrpfydwfyifonf
legal regulation w&m;Oya'pnf;rsOf;
Consensus view vlxktMum; trsm;pk^wcJeuf oabmwlnDcsuf
t&vufrcHaom tjyKtrlvkyf&yfwkdif;onf tjypf
jzpfonf[laom tjrif
Conflict view wm;jrpfxm;aom jyKrlvIyf&Sm;rI rsm;wGif
MoZmtmPm&Sdolrsm; udkta&;r,lvdk?tjypfray;
vdkonfhoabmrsm; yg0ifaeonf [laom tjrif
Integrationists view trSefeSifhtrSm; wGif tMuGifrJhwefbdk;[lí r&Sd?
w&m;Oya'rsm; owfrSwf&mwGif MoZmtmPm
&Sdolrsm;\qE´a&m? trsm;pk vufcHxm;aom
ukd,fusifhw&m;pHwefbkd;rsm;t&yg aygif;pyf
yg0ifaeonf [laom tjrif