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Fe(SCN)2+ :
Fe3+ + SCN− ⇌ Fe(SCN)2+
Fe(SCN)2+
𝐾′ =
Fe3+ SCN−

Fe SCN 2+
𝐾′ = Fe3+ SCN−

Fe3+ + SCN− ⇌ Fe(SCN)2+

Atmósfera iónica, fuerza iónica.

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SCN −
Fe3+ H + SCN −
OH −
•
SCN−
• SCN−

Catión Anión

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μ
1
𝜇= 𝑐1 𝑧12 + 𝑐2 𝑧22 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑖 𝑧𝑖2 = ෍ 𝑐𝑖 𝑧𝑖2
2
𝑖

NaNO3 Na2 SO4

KBr Na2 SO4

Na2 SO4 MgCl2

MgSO4

Fe2 SO4 3 Al2 SO4 3

AlCl3, Al NO3 3 , Na3 PO4

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𝒜i = i 𝛾i
𝒜i 𝛾i

𝛾E μ 𝜸𝐢 = 𝟏, 𝓐𝐢 = 𝐄

𝑎A + 𝑏B ⇌ 𝑐C + 𝑑D,
𝒜C𝑐 𝒜D
𝑑
C 𝑐 𝛾C𝑐 D 𝑑 𝛾D𝑑
C 𝑐
D 𝑑 𝛾C𝑐 𝛾D𝑑
𝐾= 𝑎 𝑏= =
𝒜A 𝒜B A 𝑎 𝛾A𝑎 B 𝑏 𝛾B𝑏 A 𝑎 B 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝛾A 𝛾B

𝑲′ = 𝑲/𝒇 𝐾′ 𝑓

𝛾 𝛾i ≅ 1 𝜸

• µ α
2
−0.512 𝑧 𝜇
log γ = • µ≤
𝛼 𝜇 •
1+ 𝛾
305
•

• µ≤ 𝜇
• µ log γ = −0.51 𝑧 2 − 0.3𝜇
1+ 𝜇

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𝜸
𝜇 → 0, 𝛾 → 1, 𝒜E → E y 𝐾 ′ → 𝐾.
𝜇 ≤ 0.100 𝑀, 𝛾 𝜇
𝜇 𝛾 𝑧
𝜇 𝛾 𝑧
𝛾

– 𝜇 γ 𝜸
– 𝑧 γ

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11

γ 𝜇<
▪ 𝛾i = 1
▪

𝐩𝐇 = −𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝓐𝐇+ = −𝐋𝐨𝐠 ( 𝐇 + 𝜸𝐇+ )

pHc = −Log H +
γ Hg 22+ Hg 2 NO3 2 ℃

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γ
K 2 SO4 ℃

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KCl ℃

C 𝑐 D 𝑑 𝛾C𝑐 𝛾D
𝑑
𝐾=
A 𝑎 B 𝑏 𝛾A𝑎 𝛾𝑏 = 𝐾′𝑓, 𝐾 ′ = 𝐾/𝑓
B

▪
▪

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▪
▪

–
–
–

15

𝑧C1 C1 + 𝑧C2 C2 + ⋯ = 𝑧A1 A1 + 𝑧A2 A2 + ⋯

H + OH − K + H2 PO4− HPO42− PO43−

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▪
▪

Ag 3 PO4 Ag + PO43−
PO43− HPO42− H2 PO4− H3 PO4

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CaF2 (s)

CaF2 s ⇌ Ca2+ + 2F −
Ca2+ + H2 O ⇌ CaOH+ + H+
Ca2+ + F − ⇌ CaF +
CaF2 s ⇌ CaF2 ac
H+ + F − ⇌ HF(ac)
HF ac + F − ⇌ HF2−

Principios de análisis químico 1000026 – 4 2019-2

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– 𝐾 iγ

▪
▪
𝜇 𝛾, 𝜇, 𝛾, 𝛾
▪

19

′ ′ 𝐾W
+ − 𝐾W = H + OH − -> 𝐾W =
𝐾W = H OH 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH− 𝛾H+ 𝛾OH−

H + = OH − = 1.107 × 10−7 𝑀

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4.097 × 10−4 𝑀, 2.46 × 10−11 𝑀, 4.096 × 10−4 𝑀, 9.59 × 10−3 𝑀

4.15 × 10−4 𝑀, 2.41 × 10−11 𝑀, 4.15 × 10−4 𝑀, 9.59 × 10−3 𝑀

𝜸;

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Mg(OH)2 𝜸
Mg OH 2 s ⇌ Mg 2+ + 2OH − 𝐾ps = Mg 2+ OH − 2 = 7.1 × 10−12
H2 O ⇌ H + + OH − 𝐾w = H + OH − = 1.0 × 10−14
2+ − +
MgOH +
Mg + OH ⇌ MgOH 𝐾1 = = 3.8 × 102
Mg 2+ OH −

2.5 × 10−4 𝑀, 1.2 × 10−4 𝑀, 1.1 × 10−5 𝑀, 4.1 × 10−11 𝑀

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0.050 𝑀, 0.0029 𝑀

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ZnSO4 𝜸

0.0048 𝑀, 5.2 × 10−3 𝑀, 1.0 × 10−7 𝑀

𝜸, % Znpi = 100(0.010 − Zn2+ )/
0.010
Zn2+ = 0.0069 𝑀, % Znpi = 31%

^_^

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ZnC2 O4 s

ZnC2 O4 s ⇌ Zn2+ + C2 O42− 𝐾ps = Zn2+ C2 O42− = 7.5 × 10−9

HC2 O4− OH −
C2 O42− + H2 O ⇌ HC2 O4− + OH − 𝐾b1 = = 1.8 × 10−10
C2 O42−
H2 C2 O4 OH −
HC2 O4− + H2 O ⇌ H2 C2 O4 + OH − 𝐾b2 = = 1.8 × 10−13
HC2 O4−
H2 O ⇌ H + + OH − 𝐾w = H + OH − = 1.0 × 10−14

(3.8 × 10−4 𝑀, 2.0 × 10−5 𝑀, 3.6 × 10−4 𝑀, 0.00098 𝑀)

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