Chuong III

Chương 3: Mạng WAN
3.1 Giới thiệu mạng diện rộng.

3.2 Lớp vật lý của mạng diện rộng.
3.3 Các giao thức lớp liên kết dữ liệu mạng
diện rộng.
3.4 Các loại liên kết mạng diện rộng.
3.5 Mô tả dịch vụ WLAN.
3.6 Đặc tính truyền dẫn sử dụng sóng
radio trong mạng WLAN.
3.7 Các chuẩn cho mạng WLAN
 WANs (Wide-Area Networks) are
networks that span a larger geographic area
and usually require the services of a
common carrier.
 Examples of WAN technologies and
protocols include Frame Relay, ATM, and
DSL.
Three major characteristics of WANs:
■ WANs generally connect devices that
are separated by a broader geographic
area than can be served by a LAN.
■ WANs use the services of carriers, such as
telephone companies, cable companies, satellite
systems, and network providers.
■ WANs use serial connections of various
types to provide access to bandwidth over
large geographic areas.
h
3.2 Lớp vật lý của mạng diện
rộng.
 The physical layer (OSI Layer 1) protocols
describe how to provide electrical, mechanical,
operational, and functional connections to the
services of a communications service provider.
 The WAN access physical layer describes the
physical connection between the company
network and the service provider network.
 The WAN physical layer includes several
devices and terms specific to wide-area
networks
rộng.
a) WAN Physical Layer Terminology
rộng.
■ Customer Premises Equipment (CPE): The devices
and inside wiring located at the premises of the
subscriber, connected with a telecommunication
channel of a carrier. The subscriber either owns or
leases the CPE. A subscriber, in this context, is a
company that arranges for WAN services from a service
provider or carrier.
■ Data Communications Equipment (DCE): Also
called data circuit-terminating equipment, the DCE
consists of devices that put data on the local loop. The
DCE primarily provides an interface to connect
subscribers to a communication link on the WAN cloud
rộng.
■ Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): The customer
devices that pass the data from a customer network or
host computer for transmission over the WAN. The DTE
connects to the local loop through the DCE.
■ Local loop: The copper or fiber cable that connects the
CPE at the subscriber site to the central office (CO) of the
service provider. The local loop is sometimes called the
“last mile.
■ Central office (CO): A local service provider
facility or building where local cables link to long-haul,
all-digital, fiber-optic communications lines through a
system of switches and other equipment.
rộng.
■ Demarcation point: A point established in a building
or complex to separate customer equipment from service
provider equipment. Physically, the demarcation point is
the cabling junction box, located on the customer
premises, that connects the CPE wiring to the local loop.
It is usually placed for easy access by a technician. The
demarcation point is the place where the responsibility
for the connection changes from the user to the service
provider. This is very important, because when problems
arise, it is necessary to determine whether the user or the
service provider is responsible for troubleshooting10 or
repair
rộng.
b) WAN Devices
rộng.
c) WAN Physical Layer Standards:
The DTE/DCE interface uses various physical
layer protocols:
■ EIA/TIA-232: This protocol allows signal speeds of
up to 64 kbps on a 25-pin D-connector over short
distances. It was formerly known as RS-232. The ITU-T
V.24 specification is effectively the same.
■ EIA/TIA-449/530: This protocol is a faster (up to 2
Mbps) version of EIA/TIA-232. It uses a 36-pin D-
connector and is capable of longer cable runs. Several
versions exist. This standard is also known as RS-422
and RS-423
rộng.
■ EIA/TIA-612/613: This standard describes the High-
Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) protocol, which
provides access to services up to 52 Mbps on a 60-pin
D-connector.
■ V.35: This is the ITU-T standard for synchronous
communications between a network access device and
a packet network. Originally specified to support data
rates of 48 kbps, it now supports speeds of up to 2.048
Mbps using a 34-pin rectangular connector.
■ X.21: This protocol is an ITU-T standard for
synchronous digital communications. It uses a 15-pin
D- connector
rộng.
3.3 Các giao thức lớp liên kết dữ
liệu mạng diện rộng.
 The data link layer (OSI Layer 2) protocols define
how data is encapsulated for transmission toward a
remote location and the mechanisms for
transferring the resulting frames
 A variety of technologies are used, such as Frame
Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM). Some of these protocols use the same
basic framing mechanism, High-Level Data
Link Control (HDLC), an ISO standard, or one
of its subsets or variants
a) Data Link Protocols
Data link layer protocols define how data is
encapsulated for transmission to remote sites
and the mechanisms for transferring the
resulting frames
The
 Another data link layer protocol is
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). MPLS
is increasingly being deployed by service
providers as an economical solution to carry
circuit-switched as well as packet-switched
network traffic. It can operate over any
existing infrastructure, such as IP, Frame
Relay, ATM, or Ethernet. It sits between
Layer 2 and Layer 3 and is sometimes
referred to as a Layer 2.5 protocol.
b) WAN Encapsulation
Data from the network layer is passed to the data link layer for
delivery on a physical link, which normally is point-to-point on
a WAN connection. The data link layer builds a frame around
the network layer data so that the necessary checks and
controls can be applied. Each WAN connection type uses a
Layer 2 protocol to encapsulate a packet while it is crossing the
WAN link. To ensure that the correct encapsulation protocol is
used, the Layer 2 encapsulation type used for each router serial
interface must be configured. The choice of encapsulation
protocols depends on the WAN technology and the equipment.
HDLC was first proposed in 1979; for this reason, most
framing protocols that
were developed afterwards are based on 1i
t9
The
The
3.4 Các loại liên kết mạng diện
rộng.
 The
rộng.
1) Private WAN connection options
a) Dedicated communication links: When
permanent dedicated connections are required, point-
to- point lines are used with various capacities that are
limited only by the underlying physical facilities and
the willingness of users to pay for these dedicated
lines. A point-to-point link provides a preestablished
WAN communications path from the customer
premises through the provider network to a remote
destination. Point-to-point lines usually are leased
from a carrier and are also called leased lines.
rộng.
rộng.
rộng.
b) Switched communication links: Switched
communication links can be either circuit-switched or
packet-switched
 Circuit-switched communication links: Circuit
switching dynamically establishes a dedicated
connection for voice or data between a sender and a
receiver. Before communication can start, it is
necessary to establish the connection through the
service provider’s network. Examples of circuit-
switched communication links are analog dialup
(PSTN) and ISDN.
rộng.
 Analog Dialup:
rộng.
 Integrated Services Digital Network :
rộng.
 Packet-switched communication links: Many
WAN users do not make efficient use of the fixed
bandwidth that is available with dedicated,
switched, or permanent circuits, because the data
flow fluctuates. Communications providers have
data networks available to more appropriately
service these users. In packet-switched networks,
the data is transmitted in labeled frames, cells, or
packets. Packetswitched communication links
include Frame Relay, ATM, X.25, and Metro
Ethernet.
rộng.
 X.25:
rộng.
 Frame Relay:
rộng.
 ATM :
rộng.
2) Internet Connection Options
a) DSL
rộng.
b) Cable Modem
rộng.
c) Broadband Wireless
■ Municipal Wi-Fi: Many cities have begun setting up
municipal wireless networks. Some of these networks provide
high-speed Internet access for free or for
substantially less than the price of other broadband services.
Others are for city use only, allowing police and fire
departments and other city employees to do certain aspects of
their jobs remotely. To connect to a municipal Wi-Fi, a
subscriber typically needs a wireless modem, which provides a
stronger radio and directional antenna than conventional
wireless adapters. Most service providers provide the
necessary equipment for free or for a fee, much like they
do with DSL or cable modems.
rộng.
■ WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access (WiMAX) is a new technology that is just beginning to
come into use. It is described in IEEE standard 802.16.
WiMAX provides high-speed broadband service with wireless
access and provides broad coverage like a cell phone network
rather than through small Wi-Fi hotspots. WiMAX operates in
a similar way to Wi-Fi, but at higher speeds, over greater
distances, and for a greater number of users. It uses a network
of WiMAX towers that are similar to cell phone towers, as
shown in Figure 1-29. To access a WiMAX network,
subscribers must subscribe to an ISP that has a WiMAX tower
within 10 miles of their location. They also need a WiMAX-
enabled computer and a special encryption code to get access
to the base station.
rộng.
■ Satellite Internet: This is typically used by rural
users where cable and DSL are unavailable. A
satellite dish provides two-way (upload and
download) data communications. The upload speed is
about one-tenth of the 500-kbps download speed.
Cable and DSL have higher download speeds, but
satellite systems are about ten times faster than an
analog modem. To access satellite Internet services,
subscribers need a satellite dish, two modems (uplink
and downlink), and coaxial cables between the dish
and the modem.
rộng.
rộng.
d) VPN Technology
Benefits of VPN include the following:
■ Cost savings: VPNs enable organizations to use the
global Internet to connect remote
offices and remote users to the main corporate site,
thus eliminating expensive dedicated WAN links and
modem banks.
■ Security: VPNs provide the highest level of
security by using advanced encryption and
authentication protocols that protect data from
unauthorized access.
rộng.
■ Scalability: Because VPNs use the Internet
infrastructure within ISPs and devices, it is easy to add
new users. Corporations can add large amounts of
capacity without adding significant infrastructure.
■ Compatibility with broadband technology: VPN
technology is supported by broadband service providers
such as DSL and cable, so mobile workers and
telecommuters can take advantage of their home high-
speed Internet service to access their corporate
networks. Business-grade, high-speed broadband
connections can also provide a costeffective solution for
connecting remote offices.
rộng.
Types of VPN Access
■ Site-to-site VPNs:
rộng.
■ Remote-access VPNs:
3.5 Mô tả dịch vụ WLAN.
 The
Market Trends
Differences Between WLAN
and LAN
 WLANs use radio waves as the physical layer.
 WLANs use CSMA/CA instead of CSMA/CD for
media access.
 Two-way radio (half-duplex) communication.
 Radio waves have problems that are

not found on wires.
 Connectivity issues:
 Coverage problems
 Interference, noise
 Privacy issues
 Access points are shared devices similar to
an Ethernet hub for shared bandwidth.
 WLANs must meet country-specific RF
regulations.
Radio Frequency
Transmission
 Radio frequencies are radiated into the
air via an antenna, creating radio waves.
 Objects can affect radio wave propagation
resulting in:
 Reflection
 Scattering
 Absorption
 Higher frequencies allow higher data

rates; however, they have a shorter range.
Organizations That Define
WLAN
 ITU-R:
 International
Telecommunicatio
n Union-
Radiocommunicati
on Sector
 Regulates the RF
used in wireless
 IEEE:
 Instituteof
Electrical
and
Electronic
Engineers
 802.11 documents
wireless
technical
standards
ITU-R with FCC Wireless
 

 
 The
 The
 IEEE 802.11 Architecture:
 IEEE 802.11 Services:
a) IEEE 802.11 medium access control: The IEEE
802.11 MAC layer covers three functional areas: reliable data
delivery, access control, and security
 Reliable Data Delivery: As with any wireless

network, a wireless LAN using the IEEE 802.11
physical and MAC layers is subject to
considerable unreliability. Noise, interference,
and other propagation effects result in the loss of
a
significant number of frames.
 IEEE 802.11 includes a frame exchange protocol.
When a station receives a data frame from another
station, it returns an acknowledgment (ACK) frame to
the source station. This exchange is treated as an
atomic unit, not to be interrupted by a transmission
from any other station. If the source does not receive an
ACK within a short period of time, either because its
data frame was damaged or because the returning ACK
was damaged, the source retransmits the frame.
 Thus, the basic data transfer mechanism in IEEE
802.11 involves an exchange of two frames. To
further enhance reliability, a four-frame
exchange may be used. In this scheme, a source
first issues a Request to Send (RTS) frame to the
destination. The destination then responds with
a Clear to Send (CTS). After receiving the CTS,
the source transmits the data frame, and the
destination
responds with an ACK.
The RTS alerts all stations that are within reception range
of the source that an exchange is under way; these
stations refrain from transmission in order to avoid a
collision between two frames transmitted at the same
time. Similarly, the CTS alerts all stations that are within
reception range of the destination that an exchange is
under way.The RTS/CTS portion of the exchange is a
required function of the MAC but may be disabled.
 Medium Access Control:
 Distributed Coordination Function:
 The DCF sublayer makes use of a simple
CSMA (carrier sense multiple access)
algorithm.
 The DCF does not include a collision
detection noise and the effects of its own
transmission.
 To ensure the smooth and fair functioning of
this algorithm, DCF includes a set of delays
that amounts to a priority scheme
 The preceding scheme is refined for DCF to
provide priority-based access by the simple
expedient of using three values for IFS
• SIFS (short IFS): The shortest IFS, used for all immediate
response actions
• PIFS (point coordination function IFS): A midlength IFS,
used by the centralized controller in the PCF scheme when
issuing polls
• DIFS (distributed coordination function IFS): The longest
IFS, used as a minimum delay for asynchronous frames
contending for access
 Point Coordination Function: PCF is an
alternative access method implemented on top of
the DCF.The operation consists of polling by the
centralized polling master (point coordinator). The
point coordinator makes use of PIFS when issuing
polls. Because PIFS is smaller than DIFS, the point
coordinator can seize the medium and lock out all
asynchronous traffic while it issues polls and
receives responses.
 MAC Frame: This general format is used for
all data and control frames, but not all fields
are used in all contexts
 Data Frames: There are eight data frame
subtypes, organized into two groups.
 The first four subtypes define frames that carry upper level
data from the source station to the destination station.
 The remaining four subtypes of data frames do not in fact
carry any user data. The Null Function data frame carries no
data, polls, or acknowledgments. It is used only to carry the
power management bit in the frame control field to the AP,
to indicate that the station is changing to a low-power
operating state.
The four data-carrying frames are as follows:
• Data: This is the simplest data frame. It may be used in both a
contention period and a contention-free period.
• Data + CF-Ack: May only be sent during a contention-free
period. In addition to carrying data, this frame acknowledges
previously received data
.• Data + CF-Poll: Used by a point coordinator to deliver data to a
mobile station and also to request that the mobile station send a data
frame that it may have buffered.
• Data + CF-Ack + CF-Poll: Combines the functions of the and into
a single frame
 Management Frames Management frames
are used to manage communications between
stations and APs. Functions covered include
management of associations (request,
response, reassociation, dissociation, and
authentication).
b) IEEE 802.11 PHYSICAL LAYER :
 Original IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer:
Three physical media are defined in
the original
802.11 standard:
• Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
• Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
(FHSS)
• Infrared
1. EEE 802.11a :
 Channel Structure: IEEE 802.11a makes
use of the frequency band called the
Universal Networking Information
Infrastructure (UNNI), which is divided into
three parts. The UNNI-1 band (5.15 to 5.25
GHz) is intended for indoor use; the UNNI-2
band (5.25 to 5.35 GHz) can be used either
indoor or outdoor, and the UNNI-3 band
(5.725 to 5.825 GHz) is
for outdoor use
 Coding and Modulation: Unlike the 2.4-GHz
specifications, IEEE 802.11 does not use a spread
spectrum scheme but rather uses orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).
 Physical-Layer Frame Structure: The
primary purpose of the physical layer is
to transmit medium access control (MAC)
protocol data units (MPDUs) as directed
by the 802.11 MAC layer. The PLCP
sublayer provides the framing and
signaling bits needed for the OFDM
transmission and the PDM sublayer
performs the actual
encoding and transmission operation
 IEEE 80211.a has several advantages over IEEE
802.11b/g:
• IEEE 802.11a utilizes more available bandwidth
than 802.11b/g. Each UNNI band provides four
nonoverlapping channels for a total of 12 across the
allocated spectrum.
• IEEE 802.11a provides much higher data rates than
802.11b and the same maximum data rate as 802.11g.
• IEEE 802.11a uses a different, relatively uncluttered
frequency spectrum (5 GHz).
2. IEEE 802.11b
 Physical-Layer Frame Structure IEEE
802.11b defines two physical-layer frame formats,
which differ only in the length of the preamble.The
long preamble of 144 bits is the same as used in the
original 802.11 DSSS scheme and allows
interoperability with other legacy systems.The short
preamble of 72 bits provides improved throughput
efficiency
• Signal: Specifies the data rate at which the MPDU portion of the frame is
transmitted.
• Service: Only 3 bits of this 8-bit field are used in 802.11b. One bit
indicates whether the transmit frequency and symbol clocks use the same
local oscillator. Another bit indicates whether CCK or PBCC encoding is
used. A third bit acts as an extension to the Length subfield.
• Length: Indicates the length of the MPDU field by specifying the number
of microseconds necessary to transmit the MPDU. Given the data rate, the
length of the MPDU in octets can be calculated. For any data rate over 8
Mbps, the length extension bit from the Service field is needed to resolve a
rounding ambiguity
.• CRC: A 16-bit error detection code used to protect the Signal, Service,
and Length fields
3. IEEE 802.11g :
 IEEE 802.11g extends 802.11b to data rates above
20 Mbps, up to 54 Mbps. Like 802.11b, 802.11g
operates in the 2.4-GHz range and thus the two are
compatible. The standard is designed so that
802.11b devices will work when connected to
an 802.11g AP, and 802.11g devices will work
when connected to an 802.11b AP, in both cases
using the lower 802.11b data rate.
 IEEE 802.11g offers a wider array of data rate and
modulation scheme options. IEEE 802.11g provides
compatibility with 802.11 and 802.11b by specifying
the same modulation and framing schemes as these
standards for 1, 2, 5.5, and 11 Mbps. At data rates of 6,
9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps, 802.11g adopts the
802.11a OFDM scheme, adapted for the 2.4 GHz rate;
this is referred to as ERPOFDM, with ERP standing for
extended rate physical layer. In addition, and
ERPPBCC scheme is used to provide data rates of 22
and 33 Mbps.
 The IEEE 802.11 standards do not include a
specification of speed versus distance
objectives. Different vendors will give
different values, depending on environment.
Table 17.5, based on [LAYL04] gives
estimated values for a typical office
environment.

Chuong III

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chuong III

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chương 3: Mạng WAN

3.1 Giới thiệu mạng diện rộng.

 Radio waves have problems that are

 Higher frequencies allow higher data

 Reliable Data Delivery: As with any wireless

You might also like