Discovery of EM WAVES

Euclid of Alexandria - Postulated that light travels in a straight line.

James Bradley - Measured the speed of Light with the value of 3.0x10^8m/s; used the
apparent change in the position
of the stars as Earth Revolves around the sun to measure the speed of light.
-The current value is at 299,910,000m/s which can still be rounded off to
3.0x10^8m/s

Isaac Newton - Proposed the Particle Model of Light

THE PARTICLE MODEL
-Stream of PARTICLES in a straight path.

Christiaan Huygens - Worked on the theory of the Wave Model of Light.

THE WAVE MODEL
Light is an energy-carrying disturbance or vibration similar to sound and water
ripples.

THE WAVE AND PARTICLE MODELS

-EM waves are both wave and particles.
-Wave model is useful in the development of radio wave transmission for telecomm
-Particle model is useful in the development of photovoltaic cells for the
generation of electricity.

James Clerk Maxwell - Came up with the theory of EM Waves; He hypothesized that
light is an EM wave
because the Speed matched the Speed of Light.
Heinrich Hertz - He used Maxwell's theory on EM waves and discovered Radio Waves by
building devices that can
produce and receive them; radio waves travel at the speed of light.

Claudius Ptolemy - Geocentric model of the univere, refraction and color phenomena.

BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT
-Transmssion - PASSING of light
-Dispersion - SEPARATION of light
-Absorption - Material TAKES IN light and converts it into different forms of
energy.
-Scattering - SPLITTING AND BLENDING of light into random directions
-Diffraction - SPREADING-OUT of light after passing through a NARROW SLIT.
-Interference - OVERLAPPING of two or more waves into one wave.
*Contructive Interference - IDENTICAL parts of the two waves meet.
*Destructive Interference - OPPOSITE parts of the two waves meet.

Properties of Electromegnetic Waves

-EM Waves travel slower in denser materials
c = 3.0x10^8m/s

-The frequency is inversely related to the period of a wave.

-Frequency of the wave is inversely proportional to the wavelegnth,
hence, the wavelength and energy of a wave are also inversely proportional.
period(t)
frequency(f)
wavelength(λ)
speed(v)

f=1/t
v=λ/T
v/c=λf
Reflection and Refraction of Light
Light
-An EM Wave that is both a wave and a particle
-image formation by mirrors, twinkling of
stars, beautiful colors of rainbow,
bending of light by a medium.

Reflection
- Light waves BOUNCE off from a reflecting surface

2 Kinds of Reflection
-Specular & Diffuse Reflection
Specular - Surface is SMOOTH
Diffuse - Surface is ROUGH and bounce off back in different directions

Law of Reflection
i. Angle of Incidence = angle of reflection
ii. The incident ra, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence, and the
reflected ray lie in the same plane.

Refraction of Light
-The BENDING of light as it passes a medium

Index of Refraction (n)

- n = c/v
c - Speed of light
v - Speed of light in another medium

Air - 1.000
Carbon Dioxide - 1.000
Ethyl alcohol (20 deg C) - 1.360
Ice (-8 deg C) 1.310
Carbon tetrachloride (20 deg C) - 1.461
Crown glass - 1.517
Diamond - 2.417
Glycerin - 1.473
Rock Salt - 1.540
Water (20 deg C) - 1.333

Law of Refraction of Light

i. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the
normal to the interface of two transparent media
at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
ii. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the
sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for the
light of a given color and for the given pair of
media.

Willebrord Snell's law of Refraction

if theta is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then
n1sin(theta)=n2sinr
where n1 is the refractive index of the first medium and n2 is the second medium.

IMAGE FORMATION AND RAY DIAGRAMS INVOLVING MIRRORS AND LENSES