Lab # 12

Name: Khan Abdul Moiz (FA21-BEE-071)

Malaika Afzal (FA21-BEE-077)
Laiba Eman (FA21-BEE-072)
Class: BEE-3B
Date: 31st December 2022
Submitted to: Dr. Ali Arshad
 \

Name: Khan Abdul Moiz

Registration Number: FA21-BEE-071
Class: BEE-3B
Date: 31st December 2022
Submitted to: Dr. Ali Arshad
 Common Collector Emitter Follower Amplifier

Objectives:
This is an open-ended lab where students will use their previous knowledge, which they
learned in theory/ lab, to design and implement the small-signal common collector amplifier
and investigate what influences its voltage gain.

Problem Statement
Design an emitter follower circuit with the configuration, choosing appropriate value of
biasing voltages from transistor data sheets available in the lab. Implement your designed
circuit on hardware and find out the gain of an amplifier and analyze the result.

Experiment and Design:

Input and Output Wave:

Calculations:
Base current which is measured on hardware is 13.14 uA. And the emitter current is also
approximately equal to the calculated one which is 2.5 mA. Value of beta will be;

β = IE / IB -1
β = 102.15
Measured Voltage gain will be;

Av = VO / Vi
Av = 0.8 ≅ 1

Calculated current gain will be;

Ai = - βRb / Rb+Zb
Ai = -38

And the measured current gain is;

Ai = - IO / Ii
Ai = - 39.5

Analysis of Data Recorded

The Common Collector Amplifier is another type of bipolar junction transistor,
(BJT) configuration where the input signal is applied to the base terminal and
the output signal taken from the emitter terminal. Thus the collector terminal is
common to both the input and output circuits. This type of configuration is
called Common Collector, (CC) because the collector terminal is effectively
“grounded” or “earthed” through the power supply. In many ways the common
collector (CC) configuration is the opposite of the common emitter (CE)
configuration, as the connected load resistor is moved from the usual collector
terminal, labelled RC, to the emitter terminal where it is labelled R E. The
common collector amplifier cannot provide voltage amplification. The common
collector amplifier is often referred to as an emitter follower, or more
generically, as a voltage follower. The key characteristics of a voltage follower
are a high input impedance, a low output impedance and a non-inverting voltage
gain of approximately one. The name comes from the fact that output voltage
follows the input, that is, it's at the same voltage level and is in phase with the
input. While this configuration does not produce voltage gain, it does produce
current gain, and therefore, power gain. It's primary purpose is to reduce
impedance loading effects, for example, to match a high impedance source to a
low impedance load. Consequently, they are used as high-Z input buffer stages
or as drivers for low impedance loads such as loudspeakers. The common-
collector amplifier is also known as an emitter-follower. The output voltage on
a common-collector amplifier will be in phase with the input voltage, making
the common-collector a non-inverting amplifier circuit. The common collector
transistor circuit configuration gains its name from the fact that the collector
circuit is common to both input and output circuits, the base being associated
with only the input, then the emitter with the output only. The other name for
the common collector is emitter follower. This name is derived from the fact
that the emitter voltage "follows" that of the base circuit - the circuit has unit
voltage gain. The emitter follower transistor amplifier has a very
straightforward circuit. The base is connected to the previous stage, and often
this may be directly connected as this can save on additional bias resistors
which lower the input impedance and hence increase the loading to the previous
stage. Looking at the circuit it can be seen that although the emitter voltage
follows that of the base, in DC terms it is actually less than that of the base by a
voltage equal to the PN junction drop between the base and emitter. Typically
this is 0.6 volts for a silicon transistor and 0.2 to 0.3 for germanium transistors,
although these are not widely used these days. As the emitter voltage follows
that of the base, this means that the input and output are exactly in phase and
not shifted by 180° as in the case of the common emitter amplifier.

Parameter Characteristics

Current Gain High

Voltage Gain Zero

Power Gain Medium

Input and Output Phase Relation 0o

Input Resistance High

Output Resistance Low

 Conclusion

As a conclusion, we have seen that the Common Collector Amplifier does not
amplify voltage signals since its voltage gain is strictly lower than 1 but usually
can be approximated to 1, his other name “emitter-follower” comes precisely
from this behavior since the phase is also conserved. This amplifier is used as
an impedance matching circuit, switching circuit. The high current gain
combined with near-unity voltage gain makes this circuit a great voltage buffer.
It is also used for circuit isolation. This lab helped us in understanding the
Common Emitter Amplifier and its configuration which is Emitter follower.