ACTIVITY FILE

SESSION: 2020-21

SUBMITTED TO
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED BY
NAME ……………………...
CLASS ……………………...
ROLL NO. …………………..
 INDEX
S.NO. ACTIVITY DATE SIGNATURE
1 TO MEASURE RESISTANCE AND
CHECK CONTINUITY OF CIRCUIT
USING MULTIMETER
2 TO ASSEMBLE THE COMPONENT
OF A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
3 TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF A
GIVEN OPEN CIRCUIT
COMPRISING AT LEAST A
BATTERY, RHEOSTAT, RESISTOR
AND A VOLTMETER MARK THE
COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT
CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER
AND CORRECT THE CIRCUIT AND
ALSO THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 TO IDENTIFY A DIODE, A LED, A
RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR
FROM A MIXED COLLECTION OF
SUCH ITEMS.
5 USE OF MULTI-METER TO SEE
THE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF
CURRENT IN CASE OF A DIODE
OR LED AND CHECK WHETHER A
GIVEN DIODE IS IN WORKING
ORDER.
6 TO OBSERVE THE REFRACTION
AND LATERAL DEVIATION OF A
BEAM OF LIGHT INCIDENT
OBLIQUELY ON A GLASS SLAB.
 ACTIVITY:1
AIM: To measure the resistance and check the continuity of the circuit
using multi-meter.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter, a cartridge fuse, a cell, a carbon resistance
THEORY:
MULTI-METER: It is a single measuring device acting on a voltmeter, an
ammeter and an ohmmeter. It can measure alternating as well as direct
current and voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a carbon resistance and record the colours marked on it in proper
order. Find the resistance using the colour code.
2. Set the multi-meter to proper resistance range according to the value of
the resistance to be measured. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter
directly and adjust the two pointers to zero reading by adjustor knob.
3. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter to the given resistance and record
the reading of the resistance.
4. Repeat the above step with other resistors.
5. colour code of the carbon resistor
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance. Connect the two terminals of the
multi-meter directly and adjust the reading to be zero.
2. Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse a with leads of the multimeter. If the
resistance values drop to very low, it indicates continuity of the fuse.
If the resistance is infinite i.e. the multi-meter is not affected by the cartridge
fuse, it indicates discontinuity.
OBSERVATION:
CONTINUITY CHECK: The resistance value is zero, it indicates continuity
of the fuse.
Resistance value by multi-meter:
METER MULTIPLE
S.NO. RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
READING FACTOR
1 R1 995 103 995 K
2 R2 14.9 103 14.9 K

Resistance value by colour method:

COLOUR CODE MULTI-METER

DIFFERENCE
RESISTANCE

VALUE BY
RESISTOR
CARBON

BODY END DOT TOLERANCE

R1 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 1000 995 K 5

R2 BROWN GREEN ORANGE SILVER 15 K 14.9 K 0.1K

CONCLUSION: The values of carbon resistor as determined by colour

code method almost tally with the values measured by the multi-meter.
 ACTIVITY:2
AIM: To assemble the component of a given electrical circuit

APPARATUS: A voltmeter, an ammeter, battery, rheostat, one-way key,

unknown resistance, connecting wire, piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Connect items as shown in the above figure.

UTILITY: It is used for measuring unknown resistance.

 ACTIVITY:3
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at
least a battery, rheostat, resistor and a voltmeter mark the
components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram
APPARATUS: A battery eliminator or a battery, rheostat, resistance box,
two- or one-way key. D.C. ammeter and a D.C. voltmeter.
THEORY:
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the
battery.
DIAGRAM:

Open circuit diagram (Components are not connected in proper order)

Procedure:

Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with
the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One-way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Correct circuit diagram:

(Components connected in proper order)

 ACTIVITY:4
AIM:TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter and a collection of the items to identify.
THEORY: The different devices in the collection are identified on the basis
of their appearance and their operational working as explained below.
DIODE: It is a two terminals device. It conducts while forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased.

LED (light emitting diode): It is also a two terminals device. It conducts

while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When it is
kept under forward bias, it emits the radiations in the wavelength range of
visible spectrum.
RESISTOR: It is two terminals device which conducts whether the bias is
forward or reverse. If either of the terminals of resistor is at high potential,
the current through it remains steady and constant.

CAPACITOR: It is another two terminals device which does not conduct

dc but it conducts ac. To the dc, a capacitor is an open circuit offering
infinite resistance.
PROCEDURE: Touch the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each
device to notice the deflection and notice the deflection again on
interchanging the position of two probes.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

(i) If there is unidirectional current but no light is emitted then the device is
‘DIODE’.
(ii) If there is unidirectional current but the light is emitted then the device is
‘LED’.
(iii) If the device is not conducting to dc even after interchanging the probes
then it is ‘CAPACITOR’
(iv) If there is a steady current before and after interchanging the probes
(conducts from both sides equally) then the device is a ‘RESISTOR’
 ACTIVITY: 5
AIM: Use of multi-meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of
a diode or led and check whether a given diode is in working order.
APPRATUS: A multi-meter diode / LED.
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode is a two terminals device which when under forward
biased then it conducts the electricity. The majority carriers of p-section and
n-section diffuse into the other sections. Due to concentration gradient the
recombination of electrons and holes in two sections takes place and hence a
forward current flows as shown in the diagram.

LED is a diode which when forward biased due to the recombination of

majority carriers at the junction am amount of energy is released in the form
of photons. The wavelengths of these photons lie in the range of visible
spectrum. In short, an LED emits light when forward biased.
PROCEDURE:
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT IN DIODE / LED: Touch
the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each diode / LED to notice the
deflection and note the deflection and then interchange the position of two
probes and note the deflection again If the multi-meter shows the deflection
in one case only, the given diode/LED shows the unidirectional flow of
current. It is so in case of diode as well as LED

TO CHECK WHETHER A DIODE IS IN WORKING PROCESS: To

check the working of a diode properly, touch the probes of multi-meter in
turn with the two ends of diode and observe the flow of current through it.
(i) If the multi-meter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other
case, then the diode is in working order.
(ii) If the multi-meter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is
spoiled.
 ACTIVITY: 6
AIM: To observe the refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS: A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-
pins, drawing pins, ruler and the carbon pencil etc.
DIAGRAM:

THEORY: When a ray of light is incident from air to glass, it suffers

refraction and bends towards normal such that the angle of refraction r is
less than the angle of incidence i. The refracted ray suffers refraction at
opposite face from denser to rarer medium and hence deviates away from
the normal as shown in the diagram. It is concluded from the diagram that
(i) The emergent ray travels parallel to the incident ray,
(ii) The emergent ray deviates laterally from the incident ray. Thus, the
lateral displacement d (say) is given by:
t
d= sin (i-r)
where t is breadth of the glass slab.
PROCEDURE:
(i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the board and draw its boundary by sharp
pencil.
(ii) Remove the glass slab and draw incident ray PE and normal at point of
incidence.
(iii) Fix two pins P and Q vertically and two more pins R and S on opposite
side such that all four pins are collinear.
(iv)Remove the glass slab and join RS and join EF. EF is refracted ray. Now
extend incident ray with dotted line as shown in diagram. It is observed that
the emergent ray is deviated laterally.
(v) Repeat the experiment with different sides of glass slab. It is found that
the lateral deviation is directly proportional to the thickness of slab t.
CONCLUSION:
(i) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it deviates laterally.
(ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
glass traversed by the light.
 ACTIVITY FILE

SESSION: 2020-21

SUBMITTED TO
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED BY
NAME ……………………...
CLASS ……………………...
ROLL NO. …………………..
 INDEX
S.NO. ACTIVITY DATE SIGNATURE
1 TO MEASURE RESISTANCE AND
CHECK CONTINUITY OF CIRCUIT
USING MULTIMETER
2 TO ASSEMBLE THE COMPONENT
OF A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
3 TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF A
GIVEN OPEN CIRCUIT
COMPRISING AT LEAST A
BATTERY, RHEOSTAT, RESISTOR
AND A VOLTMETER MARK THE
COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT
CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER
AND CORRECT THE CIRCUIT AND
ALSO THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 TO IDENTIFY A DIODE, A LED, A
RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR
FROM A MIXED COLLECTION OF
SUCH ITEMS.
5 USE OF MULTI-METER TO SEE
THE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF
CURRENT IN CASE OF A DIODE
OR LED AND CHECK WHETHER A
GIVEN DIODE IS IN WORKING
ORDER.
6 TO OBSERVE THE REFRACTION
AND LATERAL DEVIATION OF A
BEAM OF LIGHT INCIDENT
OBLIQUELY ON A GLASS SLAB.
 ACTIVITY:1
AIM: To measure the resistance and check the continuity of the circuit
using multi-meter.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter, a cartridge fuse, a cell, a carbon resistance
THEORY:
MULTI-METER: It is a single measuring device acting on a voltmeter, an
ammeter and an ohmmeter. It can measure alternating as well as direct
current and voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a carbon resistance and record the colours marked on it in proper
order. Find the resistance using the colour code.
2. Set the multi-meter to proper resistance range according to the value of
the resistance to be measured. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter
directly and adjust the two pointers to zero reading by adjustor knob.
3. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter to the given resistance and record
the reading of the resistance.
4. Repeat the above step with other resistors.
5. colour code of the carbon resistor
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance. Connect the two terminals of the
multi-meter directly and adjust the reading to be zero.
2. Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse a with leads of the multimeter. If the
resistance values drop to very low, it indicates continuity of the fuse.
If the resistance is infinite i.e. the multi-meter is not affected by the cartridge
fuse, it indicates discontinuity.
OBSERVATION:
CONTINUITY CHECK: The resistance value is zero, it indicates continuity
of the fuse.
Resistance value by multi-meter:
METER MULTIPLE
S.NO. RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
READING FACTOR
1 R1 995 103 995 K
2 R2 14.9 103 14.9 K

Resistance value by colour method:

COLOUR CODE MULTI-METER

DIFFERENCE
RESISTANCE

VALUE BY
RESISTOR
CARBON

BODY END DOT TOLERANCE

R1 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 1000 995 K 5

R2 BROWN GREEN ORANGE SILVER 15 K 14.9 K 0.1K

CONCLUSION: The values of carbon resistor as determined by colour

code method almost tally with the values measured by the multi-meter.
 ACTIVITY:2
AIM: To assemble the component of a given electrical circuit

APPARATUS: A voltmeter, an ammeter, battery, rheostat, one-way key,

unknown resistance, connecting wire, piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Connect items as shown in the above figure.

UTILITY: It is used for measuring unknown resistance.

 ACTIVITY:3
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at
least a battery, rheostat, resistor and a voltmeter mark the
components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram
APPARATUS: A battery eliminator or a battery, rheostat, resistance box,
two- or one-way key. D.C. ammeter and a D.C. voltmeter.
THEORY:
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the
battery.
DIAGRAM:

Open circuit diagram (Components are not connected in proper order)

Procedure:

Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with
the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One-way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Correct circuit diagram:

(Components connected in proper order)

 ACTIVITY:4
AIM:TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter and a collection of the items to identify.
THEORY: The different devices in the collection are identified on the basis
of their appearance and their operational working as explained below.
DIODE: It is a two terminals device. It conducts while forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased.

LED (light emitting diode): It is also a two terminals device. It conducts

while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When it is
kept under forward bias, it emits the radiations in the wavelength range of
visible spectrum.
RESISTOR: It is two terminals device which conducts whether the bias is
forward or reverse. If either of the terminals of resistor is at high potential,
the current through it remains steady and constant.

CAPACITOR: It is another two terminals device which does not conduct

dc but it conducts ac. To the dc, a capacitor is an open circuit offering
infinite resistance.
PROCEDURE: Touch the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each
device to notice the deflection and notice the deflection again on
interchanging the position of two probes.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

(i) If there is unidirectional current but no light is emitted then the device is
‘DIODE’.
(ii) If there is unidirectional current but the light is emitted then the device is
‘LED’.
(iii) If the device is not conducting to dc even after interchanging the probes
then it is ‘CAPACITOR’
(iv) If there is a steady current before and after interchanging the probes
(conducts from both sides equally) then the device is a ‘RESISTOR’
 ACTIVITY: 5
AIM: Use of multi-meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of
a diode or led and check whether a given diode is in working order.
APPRATUS: A multi-meter diode / LED.
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode is a two terminals device which when under forward
biased then it conducts the electricity. The majority carriers of p-section and
n-section diffuse into the other sections. Due to concentration gradient the
recombination of electrons and holes in two sections takes place and hence a
forward current flows as shown in the diagram.

LED is a diode which when forward biased due to the recombination of

majority carriers at the junction am amount of energy is released in the form
of photons. The wavelengths of these photons lie in the range of visible
spectrum. In short, an LED emits light when forward biased.
PROCEDURE:
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT IN DIODE / LED: Touch
the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each diode / LED to notice the
deflection and note the deflection and then interchange the position of two
probes and note the deflection again If the multi-meter shows the deflection
in one case only, the given diode/LED shows the unidirectional flow of
current. It is so in case of diode as well as LED

TO CHECK WHETHER A DIODE IS IN WORKING PROCESS: To

check the working of a diode properly, touch the probes of multi-meter in
turn with the two ends of diode and observe the flow of current through it.
(i) If the multi-meter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other
case, then the diode is in working order.
(ii) If the multi-meter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is
spoiled.
 ACTIVITY: 6
AIM: To observe the refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS: A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-
pins, drawing pins, ruler and the carbon pencil etc.
DIAGRAM:

THEORY: When a ray of light is incident from air to glass, it suffers

refraction and bends towards normal such that the angle of refraction r is
less than the angle of incidence i. The refracted ray suffers refraction at
opposite face from denser to rarer medium and hence deviates away from
the normal as shown in the diagram. It is concluded from the diagram that
(i) The emergent ray travels parallel to the incident ray,
(ii) The emergent ray deviates laterally from the incident ray. Thus, the
lateral displacement d (say) is given by:
t
d= sin (i-r)
where t is breadth of the glass slab.
PROCEDURE:
(i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the board and draw its boundary by sharp
pencil.
(ii) Remove the glass slab and draw incident ray PE and normal at point of
incidence.
(iii) Fix two pins P and Q vertically and two more pins R and S on opposite
side such that all four pins are collinear.
(iv)Remove the glass slab and join RS and join EF. EF is refracted ray. Now
extend incident ray with dotted line as shown in diagram. It is observed that
the emergent ray is deviated laterally.
(v) Repeat the experiment with different sides of glass slab. It is found that
the lateral deviation is directly proportional to the thickness of slab t.
CONCLUSION:
(i) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it deviates laterally.
(ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
glass traversed by the light.
 ACTIVITY FILE

SESSION: 2020-21

SUBMITTED TO
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED BY
NAME ……………………...
CLASS ……………………...
ROLL NO. …………………..
 INDEX
S.NO. ACTIVITY DATE SIGNATURE
1 TO MEASURE RESISTANCE AND
CHECK CONTINUITY OF CIRCUIT
USING MULTIMETER
2 TO ASSEMBLE THE COMPONENT
OF A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
3 TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF A
GIVEN OPEN CIRCUIT
COMPRISING AT LEAST A
BATTERY, RHEOSTAT, RESISTOR
AND A VOLTMETER MARK THE
COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT
CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER
AND CORRECT THE CIRCUIT AND
ALSO THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 TO IDENTIFY A DIODE, A LED, A
RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR
FROM A MIXED COLLECTION OF
SUCH ITEMS.
5 USE OF MULTI-METER TO SEE
THE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF
CURRENT IN CASE OF A DIODE
OR LED AND CHECK WHETHER A
GIVEN DIODE IS IN WORKING
ORDER.
6 TO OBSERVE THE REFRACTION
AND LATERAL DEVIATION OF A
BEAM OF LIGHT INCIDENT
OBLIQUELY ON A GLASS SLAB.
 ACTIVITY:1
AIM: To measure the resistance and check the continuity of the circuit
using multi-meter.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter, a cartridge fuse, a cell, a carbon resistance
THEORY:
MULTI-METER: It is a single measuring device acting on a voltmeter, an
ammeter and an ohmmeter. It can measure alternating as well as direct
current and voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a carbon resistance and record the colours marked on it in proper
order. Find the resistance using the colour code.
2. Set the multi-meter to proper resistance range according to the value of
the resistance to be measured. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter
directly and adjust the two pointers to zero reading by adjustor knob.
3. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter to the given resistance and record
the reading of the resistance.
4. Repeat the above step with other resistors.
5. colour code of the carbon resistor
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance. Connect the two terminals of the
multi-meter directly and adjust the reading to be zero.
2. Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse a with leads of the multimeter. If the
resistance values drop to very low, it indicates continuity of the fuse.
If the resistance is infinite i.e. the multi-meter is not affected by the cartridge
fuse, it indicates discontinuity.
OBSERVATION:
CONTINUITY CHECK: The resistance value is zero, it indicates continuity
of the fuse.
Resistance value by multi-meter:
METER MULTIPLE
S.NO. RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
READING FACTOR
1 R1 995 103 995 K
2 R2 14.9 103 14.9 K

Resistance value by colour method:

COLOUR CODE MULTI-METER

DIFFERENCE
RESISTANCE

VALUE BY
RESISTOR
CARBON

BODY END DOT TOLERANCE

R1 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 1000 995 K 5

R2 BROWN GREEN ORANGE SILVER 15 K 14.9 K 0.1K

CONCLUSION: The values of carbon resistor as determined by colour

code method almost tally with the values measured by the multi-meter.
 ACTIVITY:2
AIM: To assemble the component of a given electrical circuit

APPARATUS: A voltmeter, an ammeter, battery, rheostat, one-way key,

unknown resistance, connecting wire, piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Connect items as shown in the above figure.

UTILITY: It is used for measuring unknown resistance.

 ACTIVITY:3
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at
least a battery, rheostat, resistor and a voltmeter mark the
components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram
APPARATUS: A battery eliminator or a battery, rheostat, resistance box,
two- or one-way key. D.C. ammeter and a D.C. voltmeter.
THEORY:
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the
battery.
DIAGRAM:

Open circuit diagram (Components are not connected in proper order)

Procedure:

Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with
the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One-way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Correct circuit diagram:

(Components connected in proper order)

 ACTIVITY:4
AIM:TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter and a collection of the items to identify.
THEORY: The different devices in the collection are identified on the basis
of their appearance and their operational working as explained below.
DIODE: It is a two terminals device. It conducts while forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased.

LED (light emitting diode): It is also a two terminals device. It conducts

while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When it is
kept under forward bias, it emits the radiations in the wavelength range of
visible spectrum.
RESISTOR: It is two terminals device which conducts whether the bias is
forward or reverse. If either of the terminals of resistor is at high potential,
the current through it remains steady and constant.

CAPACITOR: It is another two terminals device which does not conduct

dc but it conducts ac. To the dc, a capacitor is an open circuit offering
infinite resistance.
PROCEDURE: Touch the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each
device to notice the deflection and notice the deflection again on
interchanging the position of two probes.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

(i) If there is unidirectional current but no light is emitted then the device is
‘DIODE’.
(ii) If there is unidirectional current but the light is emitted then the device is
‘LED’.
(iii) If the device is not conducting to dc even after interchanging the probes
then it is ‘CAPACITOR’
(iv) If there is a steady current before and after interchanging the probes
(conducts from both sides equally) then the device is a ‘RESISTOR’
 ACTIVITY: 5
AIM: Use of multi-meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of
a diode or led and check whether a given diode is in working order.
APPRATUS: A multi-meter diode / LED.
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode is a two terminals device which when under forward
biased then it conducts the electricity. The majority carriers of p-section and
n-section diffuse into the other sections. Due to concentration gradient the
recombination of electrons and holes in two sections takes place and hence a
forward current flows as shown in the diagram.

LED is a diode which when forward biased due to the recombination of

majority carriers at the junction am amount of energy is released in the form
of photons. The wavelengths of these photons lie in the range of visible
spectrum. In short, an LED emits light when forward biased.
PROCEDURE:
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT IN DIODE / LED: Touch
the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each diode / LED to notice the
deflection and note the deflection and then interchange the position of two
probes and note the deflection again If the multi-meter shows the deflection
in one case only, the given diode/LED shows the unidirectional flow of
current. It is so in case of diode as well as LED

TO CHECK WHETHER A DIODE IS IN WORKING PROCESS: To

check the working of a diode properly, touch the probes of multi-meter in
turn with the two ends of diode and observe the flow of current through it.
(i) If the multi-meter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other
case, then the diode is in working order.
(ii) If the multi-meter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is
spoiled.
 ACTIVITY: 6
AIM: To observe the refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS: A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-
pins, drawing pins, ruler and the carbon pencil etc.
DIAGRAM:

THEORY: When a ray of light is incident from air to glass, it suffers

refraction and bends towards normal such that the angle of refraction r is
less than the angle of incidence i. The refracted ray suffers refraction at
opposite face from denser to rarer medium and hence deviates away from
the normal as shown in the diagram. It is concluded from the diagram that
(i) The emergent ray travels parallel to the incident ray,
(ii) The emergent ray deviates laterally from the incident ray. Thus, the
lateral displacement d (say) is given by:
t
d= sin (i-r)
where t is breadth of the glass slab.
PROCEDURE:
(i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the board and draw its boundary by sharp
pencil.
(ii) Remove the glass slab and draw incident ray PE and normal at point of
incidence.
(iii) Fix two pins P and Q vertically and two more pins R and S on opposite
side such that all four pins are collinear.
(iv)Remove the glass slab and join RS and join EF. EF is refracted ray. Now
extend incident ray with dotted line as shown in diagram. It is observed that
the emergent ray is deviated laterally.
(v) Repeat the experiment with different sides of glass slab. It is found that
the lateral deviation is directly proportional to the thickness of slab t.
CONCLUSION:
(i) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it deviates laterally.
(ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
glass traversed by the light.
 ACTIVITY FILE

SESSION: 2020-21

SUBMITTED TO
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED BY
NAME ……………………...
CLASS ……………………...
ROLL NO. …………………..
 INDEX
S.NO. ACTIVITY DATE SIGNATURE
1 TO MEASURE RESISTANCE AND
CHECK CONTINUITY OF CIRCUIT
USING MULTIMETER
2 TO ASSEMBLE THE COMPONENT
OF A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
3 TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF A
GIVEN OPEN CIRCUIT
COMPRISING AT LEAST A
BATTERY, RHEOSTAT, RESISTOR
AND A VOLTMETER MARK THE
COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT
CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER
AND CORRECT THE CIRCUIT AND
ALSO THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 TO IDENTIFY A DIODE, A LED, A
RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR
FROM A MIXED COLLECTION OF
SUCH ITEMS.
5 USE OF MULTI-METER TO SEE
THE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF
CURRENT IN CASE OF A DIODE
OR LED AND CHECK WHETHER A
GIVEN DIODE IS IN WORKING
ORDER.
6 TO OBSERVE THE REFRACTION
AND LATERAL DEVIATION OF A
BEAM OF LIGHT INCIDENT
OBLIQUELY ON A GLASS SLAB.
 ACTIVITY:1
AIM: To measure the resistance and check the continuity of the circuit
using multi-meter.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter, a cartridge fuse, a cell, a carbon resistance
THEORY:
MULTI-METER: It is a single measuring device acting on a voltmeter, an
ammeter and an ohmmeter. It can measure alternating as well as direct
current and voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a carbon resistance and record the colours marked on it in proper
order. Find the resistance using the colour code.
2. Set the multi-meter to proper resistance range according to the value of
the resistance to be measured. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter
directly and adjust the two pointers to zero reading by adjustor knob.
3. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter to the given resistance and record
the reading of the resistance.
4. Repeat the above step with other resistors.
5. colour code of the carbon resistor
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance. Connect the two terminals of the
multi-meter directly and adjust the reading to be zero.
2. Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse a with leads of the multimeter. If the
resistance values drop to very low, it indicates continuity of the fuse.
If the resistance is infinite i.e. the multi-meter is not affected by the cartridge
fuse, it indicates discontinuity.
OBSERVATION:
CONTINUITY CHECK: The resistance value is zero, it indicates continuity
of the fuse.
Resistance value by multi-meter:
METER MULTIPLE
S.NO. RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
READING FACTOR
1 R1 995 103 995 K
2 R2 14.9 103 14.9 K

Resistance value by colour method:

COLOUR CODE MULTI-METER

DIFFERENCE
RESISTANCE

VALUE BY
RESISTOR
CARBON

BODY END DOT TOLERANCE

R1 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 1000 995 K 5

R2 BROWN GREEN ORANGE SILVER 15 K 14.9 K 0.1K

CONCLUSION: The values of carbon resistor as determined by colour

code method almost tally with the values measured by the multi-meter.
 ACTIVITY:2
AIM: To assemble the component of a given electrical circuit

APPARATUS: A voltmeter, an ammeter, battery, rheostat, one-way key,

unknown resistance, connecting wire, piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Connect items as shown in the above figure.

UTILITY: It is used for measuring unknown resistance.

 ACTIVITY:3
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at
least a battery, rheostat, resistor and a voltmeter mark the
components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram
APPARATUS: A battery eliminator or a battery, rheostat, resistance box,
two- or one-way key. D.C. ammeter and a D.C. voltmeter.
THEORY:
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the
battery.
DIAGRAM:

Open circuit diagram (Components are not connected in proper order)

Procedure:

Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with
the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One-way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Correct circuit diagram:

(Components connected in proper order)

 ACTIVITY:4
AIM:TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter and a collection of the items to identify.
THEORY: The different devices in the collection are identified on the basis
of their appearance and their operational working as explained below.
DIODE: It is a two terminals device. It conducts while forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased.

LED (light emitting diode): It is also a two terminals device. It conducts

while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When it is
kept under forward bias, it emits the radiations in the wavelength range of
visible spectrum.
RESISTOR: It is two terminals device which conducts whether the bias is
forward or reverse. If either of the terminals of resistor is at high potential,
the current through it remains steady and constant.

CAPACITOR: It is another two terminals device which does not conduct

dc but it conducts ac. To the dc, a capacitor is an open circuit offering
infinite resistance.
PROCEDURE: Touch the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each
device to notice the deflection and notice the deflection again on
interchanging the position of two probes.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

(i) If there is unidirectional current but no light is emitted then the device is
‘DIODE’.
(ii) If there is unidirectional current but the light is emitted then the device is
‘LED’.
(iii) If the device is not conducting to dc even after interchanging the probes
then it is ‘CAPACITOR’
(iv) If there is a steady current before and after interchanging the probes
(conducts from both sides equally) then the device is a ‘RESISTOR’
 ACTIVITY: 5
AIM: Use of multi-meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of
a diode or led and check whether a given diode is in working order.
APPRATUS: A multi-meter diode / LED.
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode is a two terminals device which when under forward
biased then it conducts the electricity. The majority carriers of p-section and
n-section diffuse into the other sections. Due to concentration gradient the
recombination of electrons and holes in two sections takes place and hence a
forward current flows as shown in the diagram.

LED is a diode which when forward biased due to the recombination of

majority carriers at the junction am amount of energy is released in the form
of photons. The wavelengths of these photons lie in the range of visible
spectrum. In short, an LED emits light when forward biased.
PROCEDURE:
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT IN DIODE / LED: Touch
the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each diode / LED to notice the
deflection and note the deflection and then interchange the position of two
probes and note the deflection again If the multi-meter shows the deflection
in one case only, the given diode/LED shows the unidirectional flow of
current. It is so in case of diode as well as LED

TO CHECK WHETHER A DIODE IS IN WORKING PROCESS: To

check the working of a diode properly, touch the probes of multi-meter in
turn with the two ends of diode and observe the flow of current through it.
(i) If the multi-meter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other
case, then the diode is in working order.
(ii) If the multi-meter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is
spoiled.
 ACTIVITY: 6
AIM: To observe the refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS: A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-
pins, drawing pins, ruler and the carbon pencil etc.
DIAGRAM:

THEORY: When a ray of light is incident from air to glass, it suffers

refraction and bends towards normal such that the angle of refraction r is
less than the angle of incidence i. The refracted ray suffers refraction at
opposite face from denser to rarer medium and hence deviates away from
the normal as shown in the diagram. It is concluded from the diagram that
(i) The emergent ray travels parallel to the incident ray,
(ii) The emergent ray deviates laterally from the incident ray. Thus, the
lateral displacement d (say) is given by:
t
d= sin (i-r)
where t is breadth of the glass slab.
PROCEDURE:
(i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the board and draw its boundary by sharp
pencil.
(ii) Remove the glass slab and draw incident ray PE and normal at point of
incidence.
(iii) Fix two pins P and Q vertically and two more pins R and S on opposite
side such that all four pins are collinear.
(iv)Remove the glass slab and join RS and join EF. EF is refracted ray. Now
extend incident ray with dotted line as shown in diagram. It is observed that
the emergent ray is deviated laterally.
(v) Repeat the experiment with different sides of glass slab. It is found that
the lateral deviation is directly proportional to the thickness of slab t.
CONCLUSION:
(i) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it deviates laterally.
(ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
glass traversed by the light.
 ACTIVITY FILE

SESSION: 2020-21

SUBMITTED TO
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED BY
NAME ……………………...
CLASS ……………………...
ROLL NO. …………………..
 INDEX
S.NO. ACTIVITY DATE SIGNATURE
1 TO MEASURE RESISTANCE AND
CHECK CONTINUITY OF CIRCUIT
USING MULTIMETER
2 TO ASSEMBLE THE COMPONENT
OF A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
3 TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF A
GIVEN OPEN CIRCUIT
COMPRISING AT LEAST A
BATTERY, RHEOSTAT, RESISTOR
AND A VOLTMETER MARK THE
COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT
CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER
AND CORRECT THE CIRCUIT AND
ALSO THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 TO IDENTIFY A DIODE, A LED, A
RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR
FROM A MIXED COLLECTION OF
SUCH ITEMS.
5 USE OF MULTI-METER TO SEE
THE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF
CURRENT IN CASE OF A DIODE
OR LED AND CHECK WHETHER A
GIVEN DIODE IS IN WORKING
ORDER.
6 TO OBSERVE THE REFRACTION
AND LATERAL DEVIATION OF A
BEAM OF LIGHT INCIDENT
OBLIQUELY ON A GLASS SLAB.
 ACTIVITY:1
AIM: To measure the resistance and check the continuity of the circuit
using multi-meter.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter, a cartridge fuse, a cell, a carbon resistance
THEORY:
MULTI-METER: It is a single measuring device acting on a voltmeter, an
ammeter and an ohmmeter. It can measure alternating as well as direct
current and voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a carbon resistance and record the colours marked on it in proper
order. Find the resistance using the colour code.
2. Set the multi-meter to proper resistance range according to the value of
the resistance to be measured. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter
directly and adjust the two pointers to zero reading by adjustor knob.
3. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter to the given resistance and record
the reading of the resistance.
4. Repeat the above step with other resistors.
5. colour code of the carbon resistor
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance. Connect the two terminals of the
multi-meter directly and adjust the reading to be zero.
2. Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse a with leads of the multimeter. If the
resistance values drop to very low, it indicates continuity of the fuse.
If the resistance is infinite i.e. the multi-meter is not affected by the cartridge
fuse, it indicates discontinuity.
OBSERVATION:
CONTINUITY CHECK: The resistance value is zero, it indicates continuity
of the fuse.
Resistance value by multi-meter:
METER MULTIPLE
S.NO. RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
READING FACTOR
1 R1 995 103 995 K
2 R2 14.9 103 14.9 K

Resistance value by colour method:

COLOUR CODE MULTI-METER

DIFFERENCE
RESISTANCE

VALUE BY
RESISTOR
CARBON

BODY END DOT TOLERANCE

R1 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 1000 995 K 5

R2 BROWN GREEN ORANGE SILVER 15 K 14.9 K 0.1K

CONCLUSION: The values of carbon resistor as determined by colour

code method almost tally with the values measured by the multi-meter.
 ACTIVITY:2
AIM: To assemble the component of a given electrical circuit

APPARATUS: A voltmeter, an ammeter, battery, rheostat, one-way key,

unknown resistance, connecting wire, piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Connect items as shown in the above figure.

UTILITY: It is used for measuring unknown resistance.

 ACTIVITY:3
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at
least a battery, rheostat, resistor and a voltmeter mark the
components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram
APPARATUS: A battery eliminator or a battery, rheostat, resistance box,
two- or one-way key. D.C. ammeter and a D.C. voltmeter.
THEORY:
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the
battery.
DIAGRAM:

Open circuit diagram (Components are not connected in proper order)

Procedure:

Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with
the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One-way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Correct circuit diagram:

(Components connected in proper order)

 ACTIVITY:4
AIM:TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter and a collection of the items to identify.
THEORY: The different devices in the collection are identified on the basis
of their appearance and their operational working as explained below.
DIODE: It is a two terminals device. It conducts while forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased.

LED (light emitting diode): It is also a two terminals device. It conducts

while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When it is
kept under forward bias, it emits the radiations in the wavelength range of
visible spectrum.
RESISTOR: It is two terminals device which conducts whether the bias is
forward or reverse. If either of the terminals of resistor is at high potential,
the current through it remains steady and constant.

CAPACITOR: It is another two terminals device which does not conduct

dc but it conducts ac. To the dc, a capacitor is an open circuit offering
infinite resistance.
PROCEDURE: Touch the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each
device to notice the deflection and notice the deflection again on
interchanging the position of two probes.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

(i) If there is unidirectional current but no light is emitted then the device is
‘DIODE’.
(ii) If there is unidirectional current but the light is emitted then the device is
‘LED’.
(iii) If the device is not conducting to dc even after interchanging the probes
then it is ‘CAPACITOR’
(iv) If there is a steady current before and after interchanging the probes
(conducts from both sides equally) then the device is a ‘RESISTOR’
 ACTIVITY: 5
AIM: Use of multi-meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of
a diode or led and check whether a given diode is in working order.
APPRATUS: A multi-meter diode / LED.
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode is a two terminals device which when under forward
biased then it conducts the electricity. The majority carriers of p-section and
n-section diffuse into the other sections. Due to concentration gradient the
recombination of electrons and holes in two sections takes place and hence a
forward current flows as shown in the diagram.

LED is a diode which when forward biased due to the recombination of

majority carriers at the junction am amount of energy is released in the form
of photons. The wavelengths of these photons lie in the range of visible
spectrum. In short, an LED emits light when forward biased.
PROCEDURE:
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT IN DIODE / LED: Touch
the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each diode / LED to notice the
deflection and note the deflection and then interchange the position of two
probes and note the deflection again If the multi-meter shows the deflection
in one case only, the given diode/LED shows the unidirectional flow of
current. It is so in case of diode as well as LED

TO CHECK WHETHER A DIODE IS IN WORKING PROCESS: To

check the working of a diode properly, touch the probes of multi-meter in
turn with the two ends of diode and observe the flow of current through it.
(i) If the multi-meter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other
case, then the diode is in working order.
(ii) If the multi-meter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is
spoiled.
 ACTIVITY: 6
AIM: To observe the refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS: A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-
pins, drawing pins, ruler and the carbon pencil etc.
DIAGRAM:

THEORY: When a ray of light is incident from air to glass, it suffers

refraction and bends towards normal such that the angle of refraction r is
less than the angle of incidence i. The refracted ray suffers refraction at
opposite face from denser to rarer medium and hence deviates away from
the normal as shown in the diagram. It is concluded from the diagram that
(i) The emergent ray travels parallel to the incident ray,
(ii) The emergent ray deviates laterally from the incident ray. Thus, the
lateral displacement d (say) is given by:
t
d= sin (i-r)
where t is breadth of the glass slab.
PROCEDURE:
(i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the board and draw its boundary by sharp
pencil.
(ii) Remove the glass slab and draw incident ray PE and normal at point of
incidence.
(iii) Fix two pins P and Q vertically and two more pins R and S on opposite
side such that all four pins are collinear.
(iv)Remove the glass slab and join RS and join EF. EF is refracted ray. Now
extend incident ray with dotted line as shown in diagram. It is observed that
the emergent ray is deviated laterally.
(v) Repeat the experiment with different sides of glass slab. It is found that
the lateral deviation is directly proportional to the thickness of slab t.
CONCLUSION:
(i) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it deviates laterally.
(ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
glass traversed by the light.
 ACTIVITY FILE

SESSION: 2020-21

SUBMITTED TO
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION

SUBMITTED BY
NAME ……………………...
CLASS ……………………...
ROLL NO. …………………..
 INDEX
S.NO. ACTIVITY DATE SIGNATURE
1 TO MEASURE RESISTANCE AND
CHECK CONTINUITY OF CIRCUIT
USING MULTIMETER
2 TO ASSEMBLE THE COMPONENT
OF A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
3 TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF A
GIVEN OPEN CIRCUIT
COMPRISING AT LEAST A
BATTERY, RHEOSTAT, RESISTOR
AND A VOLTMETER MARK THE
COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT
CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER
AND CORRECT THE CIRCUIT AND
ALSO THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 TO IDENTIFY A DIODE, A LED, A
RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR
FROM A MIXED COLLECTION OF
SUCH ITEMS.
5 USE OF MULTI-METER TO SEE
THE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF
CURRENT IN CASE OF A DIODE
OR LED AND CHECK WHETHER A
GIVEN DIODE IS IN WORKING
ORDER.
6 TO OBSERVE THE REFRACTION
AND LATERAL DEVIATION OF A
BEAM OF LIGHT INCIDENT
OBLIQUELY ON A GLASS SLAB.
 ACTIVITY:1
AIM: To measure the resistance and check the continuity of the circuit
using multi-meter.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter, a cartridge fuse, a cell, a carbon resistance
THEORY:
MULTI-METER: It is a single measuring device acting on a voltmeter, an
ammeter and an ohmmeter. It can measure alternating as well as direct
current and voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a carbon resistance and record the colours marked on it in proper
order. Find the resistance using the colour code.
2. Set the multi-meter to proper resistance range according to the value of
the resistance to be measured. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter
directly and adjust the two pointers to zero reading by adjustor knob.
3. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter to the given resistance and record
the reading of the resistance.
4. Repeat the above step with other resistors.
5. colour code of the carbon resistor
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance. Connect the two terminals of the
multi-meter directly and adjust the reading to be zero.
2. Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse a with leads of the multimeter. If the
resistance values drop to very low, it indicates continuity of the fuse.
If the resistance is infinite i.e. the multi-meter is not affected by the cartridge
fuse, it indicates discontinuity.
OBSERVATION:
CONTINUITY CHECK: The resistance value is zero, it indicates continuity
of the fuse.
Resistance value by multi-meter:
METER MULTIPLE
S.NO. RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
READING FACTOR
1 R1 995 103 995 K
2 R2 14.9 103 14.9 K

Resistance value by colour method:

COLOUR CODE MULTI-METER

DIFFERENCE
RESISTANCE

VALUE BY
RESISTOR
CARBON

BODY END DOT TOLERANCE

R1 BROWN BLACK RED SILVER 1000 995 K 5

R2 BROWN GREEN ORANGE SILVER 15 K 14.9 K 0.1K

CONCLUSION: The values of carbon resistor as determined by colour

code method almost tally with the values measured by the multi-meter.
 ACTIVITY:2
AIM: To assemble the component of a given electrical circuit

APPARATUS: A voltmeter, an ammeter, battery, rheostat, one-way key,

unknown resistance, connecting wire, piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE: Connect items as shown in the above figure.

UTILITY: It is used for measuring unknown resistance.

 ACTIVITY:3
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at
least a battery, rheostat, resistor and a voltmeter mark the
components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram
APPARATUS: A battery eliminator or a battery, rheostat, resistance box,
two- or one-way key. D.C. ammeter and a D.C. voltmeter.
THEORY:
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the
battery.
DIAGRAM:

Open circuit diagram (Components are not connected in proper order)

Procedure:

Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with
the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One-way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Correct circuit diagram:

(Components connected in proper order)

 ACTIVITY:4
AIM:TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.
APPARATUS: A multi-meter and a collection of the items to identify.
THEORY: The different devices in the collection are identified on the basis
of their appearance and their operational working as explained below.
DIODE: It is a two terminals device. It conducts while forward biased and
does not conduct when reverse biased.

LED (light emitting diode): It is also a two terminals device. It conducts

while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When it is
kept under forward bias, it emits the radiations in the wavelength range of
visible spectrum.
RESISTOR: It is two terminals device which conducts whether the bias is
forward or reverse. If either of the terminals of resistor is at high potential,
the current through it remains steady and constant.

CAPACITOR: It is another two terminals device which does not conduct

dc but it conducts ac. To the dc, a capacitor is an open circuit offering
infinite resistance.
PROCEDURE: Touch the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each
device to notice the deflection and notice the deflection again on
interchanging the position of two probes.

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

(i) If there is unidirectional current but no light is emitted then the device is
‘DIODE’.
(ii) If there is unidirectional current but the light is emitted then the device is
‘LED’.
(iii) If the device is not conducting to dc even after interchanging the probes
then it is ‘CAPACITOR’
(iv) If there is a steady current before and after interchanging the probes
(conducts from both sides equally) then the device is a ‘RESISTOR’
 ACTIVITY: 5
AIM: Use of multi-meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of
a diode or led and check whether a given diode is in working order.
APPRATUS: A multi-meter diode / LED.
THEORY:
A p-n junction diode is a two terminals device which when under forward
biased then it conducts the electricity. The majority carriers of p-section and
n-section diffuse into the other sections. Due to concentration gradient the
recombination of electrons and holes in two sections takes place and hence a
forward current flows as shown in the diagram.

LED is a diode which when forward biased due to the recombination of

majority carriers at the junction am amount of energy is released in the form
of photons. The wavelengths of these photons lie in the range of visible
spectrum. In short, an LED emits light when forward biased.
PROCEDURE:
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT IN DIODE / LED: Touch
the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each diode / LED to notice the
deflection and note the deflection and then interchange the position of two
probes and note the deflection again If the multi-meter shows the deflection
in one case only, the given diode/LED shows the unidirectional flow of
current. It is so in case of diode as well as LED

TO CHECK WHETHER A DIODE IS IN WORKING PROCESS: To

check the working of a diode properly, touch the probes of multi-meter in
turn with the two ends of diode and observe the flow of current through it.
(i) If the multi-meter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other
case, then the diode is in working order.
(ii) If the multi-meter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is
spoiled.
 ACTIVITY: 6
AIM: To observe the refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab.
APPARATUS: A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-
pins, drawing pins, ruler and the carbon pencil etc.
DIAGRAM:

THEORY: When a ray of light is incident from air to glass, it suffers

refraction and bends towards normal such that the angle of refraction r is
less than the angle of incidence i. The refracted ray suffers refraction at
opposite face from denser to rarer medium and hence deviates away from
the normal as shown in the diagram. It is concluded from the diagram that
(i) The emergent ray travels parallel to the incident ray,
(ii) The emergent ray deviates laterally from the incident ray. Thus, the
lateral displacement d (say) is given by:
t
d= sin (i-r)
where t is breadth of the glass slab.
PROCEDURE:
(i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the board and draw its boundary by sharp
pencil.
(ii) Remove the glass slab and draw incident ray PE and normal at point of
incidence.
(iii) Fix two pins P and Q vertically and two more pins R and S on opposite
side such that all four pins are collinear.
(iv)Remove the glass slab and join RS and join EF. EF is refracted ray. Now
extend incident ray with dotted line as shown in diagram. It is observed that
the emergent ray is deviated laterally.
(v) Repeat the experiment with different sides of glass slab. It is found that
the lateral deviation is directly proportional to the thickness of slab t.
CONCLUSION:
(i) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it deviates laterally.
(ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
glass traversed by the light.