COMSATS University Islamabad

PAKISTAN STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

NAME: NAYAB KHALID

REGISTRATION NO.: SP23-BDS-039

CLASS: BSDS-2A

INSTRUCTOR’S NAME: Mr. Zeeshan Izhar

DATE OF SUBMISSION: October 3rd, 2023

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Contents:

Question no.1:............................................................................................................................................3
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1919-1924):.................................................................................................3
Khilafat Movement’s Background:...........................................................................................................3
Khilafat Movement’s Failure:...................................................................................................................3
Role of Congress in the Failure of Khilafat Movement:............................................................................4
Question no.2:............................................................................................................................................5
Khilafat Movement paved the way for Pakistan Movement:...................................................................5
CONCLUSION (Of both questions):.......................................................................................................5
REFERENCES:.........................................................................................................................................6

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QUESTIONS:
Question no.1:
Why Khilafat Movement failed and what was the role of Congress in its
failure?

Answer:
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1919-1924):

Khilafat Movement’s Background:

The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) is an extremely significant event in the political history of
India.
Khilafat movement came into being when Turkey joined alliances with Germany during World
War I and lost and as a result of a pact called Istanbul Accord, the territories of Turkey were to be
distributed among Britain, France and Greece. This put Muslims in an awkward position because
although they supported Britain during World War I, they also had a deep-rooted devotion and
profound respect for the caliphate (The holy shrines In Turkey), which was going to be
dismantled badly so to protect their sacred place and preserve the authority of the Ottoman
Sultan as Caliphate of Islam an initiative was taken by the Ali brothers (Mohammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali) to start a movement called Khilafat movement. Congress under the leadership of
Gandhi, fully supported the movement under the leadership. That was the best demonstration of
Hindu-Muslim unity in India since a very long time.
In December 1919 both the Khilafat Committee and Congress held their meetings
simultaneously at Amritsar, and a delegation was prepared which was sent to England to see the
British Prime Minister and to explain the Indian point of view regarding the Khilafat and it
resulted in the Non-Cooperation Movement. This meant that Muslims and Hindus united to
peacefully resist British colonial rule, boycotting British goods and institutions.

Khilafat Movement’s Failure:

The Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its goals. This happened due to many reasons,
Some of them are explained below:
1) When the Khilafat movement reached its climax, the conflict between the Moplahs and
Hindu landlord community happened that ended up with the killing of 4000 Moplahs by
the British troops, this contributed to the downfall of the movement.

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2) Nearly 18000 Muslims participated in the Hijrat Movement to protest against the British
colonial government's policies by migrating to Afghanistan. Muslims mostly from Sindh,
NWFP and Punjab migrated to Afghanistan after selling their land and properties. The
Afghan Government refused to accept them. Many of those who returned to India died on
the journey back or found themselves homeless as a result of British government’s wrath,
thus Muslim’s support for the Khilafat Movement fell away.

3) The Treaty of Savers 1920 was imposed on Turkey and its territories like Samarna,
Thrace and Anatolia were wrested from it and distributed among European countries.
This angered the Muslims the Indian Muslims rose against the British Government.
Muslim leaders like Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar,
Moulana Shoukat Ali and others when responded to the British Government policy, were
put behind the bars.

4) Another event that contributed to the failure of Khilafat movement was the tragic incident
that took place in the village of Chauri-Chaura in which the police opened fire on the
procession of local resident. The angry mob in counteraction set the police station on
fires which resulted in the death of twenty one police constables. Due to this incident the
Ali brother and other Muslim leader were arrested and Gandhi put off the Non-
Cooperation movement. As a result of all this, the movement lost its strength.

5) Finally, on 3rd March 1924 the final and deadly blow was struck at the Khilafat
movement by Mustafa Kamal Ata Turk Pasha who exiled Khalifa, Muhammad VI and
abolished Khilafat and established nationalist government of Turkey. Hence there was no
point in continuing a movement which Turks themselves didn’t care about and had
destroyed, but it was still a devastating blow for millions of Muslims all across the
subcontinent.
Role of Congress in the Failure of Khilafat Movement:
Congress wasn’t solely responsible for the failure of Khilafat movement, in-fact it had little to do
with its failure as Congress was in support of the Khilafat movement. Congress wasn’t really
supporting the Khilafat movement because of the religious rights of Muslims but for their own
reason that they would achieve self-rule through it but naturally over the time, Congress and the
Khilafat Movement started to diverge in their interests which led to more arguments and
disagreements between the both the Congress and Muslim members of the Khilafat movement.
However, the changing international context and differences in priorities eventually led to the
movement's decline, and Congress shifted its focus back to the larger independence movement in
India by putting off the Non-Cooperation movement which weakened the movement further as

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Congress left Muslims all alone by not taking part in the Khilafat movement from that point
onwards.

Question no.2:
How Khilafat Movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different
nations as they could not continue the unity, and ultimately paved the way for
Pakistan movement?

Answer:
Khilafat Movement paved the way for Pakistan Movement:
When Congress initially supported Muslims in the Khilafat movement, there was peace and
harmony between both the groups but due to the difference of their religion, culture, politics,
mind set and way to do things, soon they started having arguments and disagreements that led to
Congress backing out from the Khilafat movement. As a result of this, the Muslim League fell
out of the favor of people and Muslim political leadership was taken forcefully from secular
leaders like Jinnah by conservative religious leaders.
The Hindus also turned against the Indian Muslim, thus the Khilafat Movement proved that
Hindus and Muslims were two different nations as they could not maintain their unity and could
not live together without sabotaging each other and that paved the way for the formation of
Pakistan. Khilafat Movement created political consciousness among the Indian Muslims, which
inspired them to start another movement for their independence. Thus, they started another
movement called Pakistan Movement. The Ali brothers (Mohammad Ali, Shaukat Ali) are
regarded as founding-fathers of Pakistan

CONCLUSION (Of both questions):

Khilafat movement emerged with the goal of protecting the holy shrines of Muslims in Turkey
but ended up with paving the way for independence. The movement witnessed a remarkable
display of Hindu-Muslim unity under the leadership of Congress and Mahatma Gandhi.
However, several factors contributed to its ultimate failure, including conflicts within the Muslim
community, British repression, the Chauri-Chaura incident, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's
abolition of the Khilafat. Apart from these factors, congress played a small role in the dissolution
of the movement as well, but all’s well that ends well. This movement gave birth to political
consciousness among Indian Muslims and ultimately led to the founding of Pakistan, with
figures like the Ali brothers playing a pivotal role in this transformative period of history.

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REFERENCES:

https://mhkhanbangash.blogspot.com/2014/01/why-did-khilafat-movement-fail.html
https://www.quora.com/What-were-the-reasons-for-the-failure-of-the-Khilafat-Movement
https://historypak.com/khilafat-movement-1919-1922/

This experiment leads to the

description of logic gates; NAND,
AND, NOT, NOR, OR and
XOR gate.