A COMP R E H EN S I V E AN D T H O R OU G H LY

P RACT I CA L WO R K O N TH E MO D ERN
AN D M O S T A P P R OV E D M E T H O D S
OF P L U M B I N G C O N ST R U C T I O N

TH E STAN WO RK FOR P LU M B ERS A RCH ITEC TS B U I LD ERS

DARD , , ,

PROPERTY OWNERS B OA RD S O F H EALTH AN D P LUM B ING

,

EXAM I NERS , AND FOR T RA D E CLASS ES L

I N P U M B I NG

BY R M . . STAR B U C K
AU THO R or cus s n o u
-
s A ND “ sw a ns on TH E r u cn ca AND T H EO RY
S A I ARY
N T Pw u am c
”
(2
“
u
o zsfl o n s AN D AN SW E R S on m :

RA I
P CT C E AN D m eo w or st un AN D n or wx rn n u rm o
'
,
“
un cm m cu . nn w mc FO R n uun z ns , ETC .
, ar c .

Th ird Ed ition Rev is ed an d En la rged

FU LLY I LLUST RAT ED D ETA I L ED P LATES

BY F I FTY EIGHT -

MAD E EXP RES S LY BY TH E AUTH OR F OR TH I S WORK

 P I BLEI
'
'

3 3 2563

COMP O S T I ION , E L E CT R O T Y P IN G, P RI N I N
T G , A ND

B IN IN
D G B Y T RO W D I R E CTO RY , P RI N I N
T G A ND

B OOKB IN IN D G COMPA NY , N EW Y OR K, U . S . A .
 P R EFACE
T H E R E is possibly no b ran ch of cons truc tion w o rk which has
unde r gone w i thin the same given time such gr ea t change s of a fa r
reach ing na t u re as plumbing cons truc tion These changes look to .

the be tte rmen t of sani ta ry condi tions and a re going on con tinually , .

As a consequence of all this any w o rk rela ting to plumbing con,

s tr uc tion to be of real value to the reade r mus t deal w i th mode rn

me thods and appliances fo r the old time cons truc tion called fo r such
,
-

en ti rely diffe ren t me thods ma te r ials and appliances that the trade
, , ,

of the younge r plumbe r of to day has l i ttle in common w i th the trade

—

which the olde r school of plumbe r s lea rned in thei r younge r days .

The p ractice of filling bo oks on plumbing w i th ins truc tions and

his to r ical da ta conce rning old time plumbing construc tion has no
-

fea tu r es to recommend it and the autho r believin g in the tru th of

. ,

this s ta temen t has avoided the employmen t of all such ma te rial

,
The .

ambi tious plumbe r of to day if he is to keep ab reas t of the times in

-
,

his chosen line of w o rk canno t a ffo rd to w as te much time in gaining

,

kn o w ledge of an obsolete na tu re .

M any fac to r s have taken pa rt in the advancemen t of sani ta ry

con s truc tion .

The goo d fea tu res tha t have a risen in plumbing cons truction a re
n o t to be c redi ted to any one influence b u t to many and va r ied in fl u ,

en ce s . In the fi rs t place the people of this coun try have been edu
,

ca te d to demand and to expec t the bes t possible livin g condi tions and ,

the r esul t is tha t the s tanda rd is cons tan tly being raised The public .

ye a r s ago began to demand mo re e fficien t reg ula tion of plumbing con

s tr uc tion in tow ns and ci ties and the resul ts a risin g f rom this demand
,

a n d its fulfillmen t have been of the bes t Municipal plumbing o rdi .

n a n ce s a re con s tan t l y being revised o r added to in the e ff o rt to p rovide

the p u bl ic w i th the mos t per fec t sani ta ry condi tions tha t a re to be
o b ta i n ed . C ompeti tion is anothe r facto r w hich has b rough t resul ts .

Ll an ufa ctu rers eve ry w he r e have s tr iven t o imp rove thei r g oo ds ,

a n d the advancemen t w hich t he y have made in all lines in recent yea r s

is tr ul y w onde rful . The plumbe r whose duty it is to execute w ork
o f co n s tr uc tion has been mos t influen tial in b r ingin g abou t chan g ed
c o n d i tion s I t is he who is bette r able than o the rs to o b s e rve the g o od
.

p o i n ts of di ff e ren t me t hods and devices a nd t hei r deficiencie s and to . .

him i due the c redi tof ve ry many of the im p rovemen ts in the co n s tru
s c
tio n o f the plumbing sys tem w hich the public n o w enjoys .
8 P REFA C E

S o fa r as it is w i thin his po w e r the a u tho r ha s en deav o red to

acq u a m t 1 1 1 5 read er s w i th the im pro v em en ts tha t ha v e been e ffected
1 n the m a n v di ff e ren t di rec ti o n s .

T he w o rk 1 5 design ed to co e r the en ti re fi eld o f plumbin g as far v

a s po s sible I t takes t1 p n o t onl y plumbin g a s p racticed 1 n to w n s an d

.

ci ties unde r trict plumbin g re gula ti o n s but pl umb in g con str uction
s
.

und er condi tions obta i n ing in c o un try di s tric ts w he re the problems

w hich a r ise a re o f ten of an en ti rel y di ffe r en t n a ture a n d w here there .

is n o t in exis tence any public regula ti on o f s ani ta ry \wo rk .

The subjects con s ide red cove r a v a r ie ty o f line s o f w o rk in clu din g .

fix tu re w o rk in d etail the con truc tion o f the drain ag e an d v en t sys.

s

tems in de tail and c o mple te plumb in g s ys tem s o f bu

, ildin g s o f v ariou s
kind s .

The w o rk is de s i g n ed e s s en ti a lly to co v e r s u bj ects pertain in g to

d raina g e alone but it is cl ea r tha t in man y in s tance s the s ubject of
,

w a ter supply is cl o s el y a s so cia ted w i th the d ra ina g e prob lem a n d the .

au tho r has the ref re d eem d it ad i abl e in s e e ral in s ta n ces to g o

o e v s v

s ome wha t in to the g ene ral subjec t o f w a te r s uppl y This is e specially .

true o f coun try plumbing y tem s and o f the s v s tem s o f la rg e city s s

buildings .

In conclu s i o n the au tho r w o uld s ay tha t t him the co ll ection an d

.
o

ar ran g emen t o f the info rma ti o n w hich Mod e rn P l umb i n g I ll us

tra ted c o n tains ha s been a ma tter n o t nl y f much labor but o f o o .

much plea u re a s w ll I t is a s ub jec t w hich has held his in teres t

s e .

f r m a n y y ea r s and th i n te re t w hi ch he ha l n g had in a ll tha t per

o ,
e s s o

ta i n s to the b ette rm n t f plum b i n g c n tr uc ti n and to the be tte rm en t

e o o s o

o f the plu mbin g tr a d a t l a rg e w ill al w a y s c o n tinue e .

I t is hi inc re h pe tha t the fo l lo w in g pa g es may hold in fo r

s s e o

m ati n o f i n tere t a n d f a lu t hi re a de r s and tha t they may pro v e

o s o v e o s .

a s o u rce o f h elp in time o f ne ed .

In bri n g in g o ut a n ew di ti o n o f Mo de rn P lumbin g Illu s tra ted e .

th a u e th r b ec o m e o m o re full y a “ a r e tha t in the yea r s w hich hav e

s

p a e d
s s inc i ts fi r t di ti o n a p ea red th s cience o f plumbing ha s seen
e
p s s e . e

n o g rea tchan g e m a n y f its e en ti l l p ri n ciple s and w ha teve r advanc e

o ss

1 1 : a b en m ade ha s 1 1 d 1 trg l y to do w i th the developin g and pe r fectin g

s e :1 e

o f d ta i l S u ch a d di ti n a s ha e been made to this p resen t edi tion w il l

e . o s v

th e re f o re b e f u n d t be a l o n g such lines
o o .

Au g u s t 1 9 1 5 , .
 C O NT E NT S
P A GE

P L AT E I .
—
T l1 e K itc h en Si k n —
L a un dr y Tub s —
V eg eta b le W as h
S in k

P LA T E I L —
L a v a to ries —
T he P a n try S i k n —
C o n te n ts of Marb l e S l a bs

h F o t B th h Ch ld
i h
'
P LA T E I I I T he B a t Tub S itz B a t B at
’
.
— —
o a — —
s

Sh o we r B at h —
Tri mm i n
g s fo r B at hs an d L a v a to r ie s —
S e ttin g
Ma rb l e F l oo r S la bs
P LA T E I V .
—
W a ter C lo s e t C o n e ctio n s
n —
V e n tin g of W a te r C l o s e ts

P LA T E V .
—
T he L o w do w n \V a te r C -
l os e t—
O pe ra tio n of the W a te r
C l o s e t by F l us h V a l v es —
W a te r C l o s et R a n g es

P L AT E VI .
—
T he S l o p S in k —
T he U r in a l —
T he B de t i
P LA T E V I L —
T he H o te l or R es ta ura n t S in k —
T he U s e of G rea s e
T rap s

P LAT E V I I I .
—
i
R e fr g e ra to rs —
S a fe W as te s —
Ta n k O v e rflow —
Floo r

D ra i n s an d D ri p s f ro m I ce H o us e s , e tc —
L a un d r y W as te
C rea m e r y W a s te

P LA T E I X .
-
R e frig e ra to r L i n es —
B ar S i kn s —
S o da F o un ta i n S i k
n s

Ex h a us ts ,
i
D r ps , an d B l o w - o ffs o f S tea m B o il e rs , e tc .

P L AT E X .
—
T he S ta l l S in k —
T he H o rs e T ro ug h F —
ro s t-
P ro o f W a te r
C l o s e ts

P L AT E X l .
—
C o n n e ct o n s fo r S i -
T ra p s —
V e n tin g

P L A T E JU L —
C o n n ectio n s fo r D r um T ra p s —
P ra ctica R eq ure m en ts l i
of V en t n g i
P L AT E X ML —
i
S o l P ipe an d i i
S o l P pe C o n n e ct o n s i
P LA T E X I V .
—
S upp o rtin g an d R un n in g of S oil P ipe
9
1 0 CO NTENTS

P AC 8

P L A TE X V .
—
T he H o us e or Ma i n T ra p and F re s h A ir I n le t

P L AT E X V I .
—
F l oo r an d Y a rd D ra i ns —
S ub s o il D ra i na
g e —
T he
C e ll a r D ra in er

P LA T E X V I I .
—
W a te r C lo s ets —
W a te r C lo s et F l o o r C o n n e ctio n s

P LAT E XV III .
—
L o ca l V en ttn g

P L AT E X I X .
-
B at Roo ms h
P LA T E XX .
—
B at R o o m s h
P LAT E XX L —
B at R o o ms h
P LA TE XX I I .
—
B at R o o m s h
P L AT E XX I I I .
—
P o o r P ra ctice s in P lum b in g C o n s tr uct o n i
P LA T E X x l V . R o ug in g in h - —
U se of C lea n o uts

P LATE X X V .
—
Tes t n g i o f the P umb l i n S
g y s te m T h e \V a te r T e s t
—

The A ir Te s t —
T he S m o k e Te s t —
T he P e ppe r m in t T es t

P LAT E X XV I .
—
C o n tin uo us V e n tin g

P LAT E XX V I I .
—
i
C o n t n uo us V e n t n g fo r T w o i -
Floo r \V o rk

P L AT E X XV I I I .
—
C o n t n uo us V i ent n i g fo r T w o L in e s of Fi u
x t re s o n

Th re e o r M o re F lo o rs —
l
P ra ctica R eq ure m e n ts i of V en t n g i 1 81

P LA T E XX I X
'
.
—
i
C o n t n uo us V e n tin g of \V a te r C l o s e ts —
C ircuit V e n ts
-
L o o p V e n ts

P LAT E X X X —
P l um b in g fo r C o ttag e H o us e —
G e n e ra l R e m a r k s

P LAT E XXX I .
—
C o n s tr uctio n of C e ll a r P pin g i —
T he H o us e D ra i n

H o us e S e w e r ,
e tc .

P L AT E XXX I I .
—
P l um b i n
g fo r R e s ide n ce s —
U se of S pec a l i F itti n
g s

—
B ra s s P ip in g

P LAT E XXX I I I .
—
l
P um b in g fo r T w o -
F la t H o us e —
R a i n L e a de rs
R e g ula tio n of P lum b i n
g C o n s tr uct i
o n in T e n e m e n t H o us es

i gH
L o dg n o uses , e tc .

P L AT E XXX I V .
—
P l um b i n
g fo r A pa rtm e n t B ui d in g l —
S ys te m s of

H o t W a te r S upp ly
- —
Rang e B o i l e r s , e tc .
 CO NTENTS 1 I

PAG E

P L A TE XXX V .
—
P l um b i ng fo r D o ub le A pa rtme n t B uil din g s —
F il
tered W a te r S upp ly

P LA T E XXX V I .
—
P l um b i ng fo r O ffi ce B uldin g s i
P LA T E XXX V I I .
—
P l um bi g nfo r Pub lic T o i le t R o o m s —
C a us es of

S ip h o g i na e n the U n v e n ted P um b in g S l y s te m
P LA T E XXX V I I I .
—
P lum b i n g fo r P ub lic To i l et R o o m s
P LAT E XXX I X l.
—
i
P um b n g fo r B a t E s ta b l h i h me
s nt —
Ta n k s fo r S to r
a g e an d S upp l y

P LAT E XL .
—
P l um b in g fo r E g
n i ne H o us e and S ta b l es —
Fa cto ry
P lum b i n
g

P LA T E X L I .
—
A uto m a tic F l us h i n
g fo r S c h o o ls F acto ,
rie s , e tc .

P LA T E X L I l .
—
The U s e of F lus h i n g V a lv es

P LA T E XL II I .
—
U rin a ls fo r P ub ic T o i l l et R o o ms

P LA T E X L IV .
—
T he D ur ham S vste m —
T he D e s tr uctio n of P ipe s by
E lectro ys l is
P LA T E X L V .
—
C o n s tructio n of “fo rk w it h o ut U s e of L ead

P LA T E X LV I .
—
T he D i s po s a l of S e wag e of F i tu es L o catedx r be lo w
S e w er L e v el —
A uto m at c S e w ag e i L i f ts A uto m a tic —
S um p
Ta n k s

P LA TE X LV l l .
—
C o un try P lum b in g —
\V a te r S upp ly
P LA T E XLV II I .
—
C o n s tr uctio n an d U se of C e s s po o ls
P LA T E X LI X .
—
C o n s tr ucti o n and o f the S e ptic Ta n k
A ctio n U n de r —

g ro un d D is po s a l oi P a rt a i ll y P ur ifi e d S ewa e
g A uto m a tic

S e w ag e S ph o n s i
PLA T E L P n e um
. a t
—
i c S y s te m s o f W a te r S u l
pp y H yd r a ulic R a m s —

P um p s \V a te r S uppl y b y S ip h o n a g e P um p in g by W i n d m ill
— —

C a pa city o f Ta n k s
—
P r o te ctio n o f S up p l y P ipe s a g a in s t —

F r e ez in g

L
P ATE L I W a te r S upply fo r C o un try H o us e
.
- —
D o ub l e -
A ctin g R a m
-
C is te r n F i l te rs H o t \V a te r S uppl y — -
 CO NTEN TS

P AGE

P LA TE L I L —
Thaw i ng U n derg ro un d W ater P i pe s by E l ect i ci ty
r

P L A TE LIII .
—
Doub le Bo i le rs

P L AT E L I V .
—
pp
-
il i gs
H o t \Vater S u ly fo r L a rg e B u d n

P LA TE L V .
—
Au tomati c Co tro l o f H o t W ater Ta k s n -
n

P L A TE L V I . The Th ee P i pe S ys tem o f S u
—
r pply
-

P LA T E L V I I The S o f ten i n g o f H ard W ater fo r D o mes ti c P u

.
—
rpo s es

P L ATE L V I I I S peci al P oblem s a d D e i ces i H o t W ate S u

.
—
r n ppl yv n -
r

Su gg es ti o n s fo r E s ti ma ti n g P l um bi n g Co s tru cti o n n
 INT RO D U C T I O N

M A N Y o f the reade r s o f Mode rn P lumbing Illustra ted have

long be en acquain ted w i th the same ti tle applied to ano the r wo rk by
the same au tho r w hich is n o w no longe r publi s hed
. A few rema rks .

rela tin g to the seve r al s teps th rough w hich thi s w o rk has passed may
be o f in te res t .

In Janua ry 1 899 Mr S ta rbuck published a novel w o rk rela t

, , .

ing to plumbing cons truc tion kno w n as The S ta rbuck Plumbing

,

Cha r ts .

This w o rk consis ted o f fi fty blue p rin t pla tes sho w ing a va rie ty
-

of w o rk rela ting to plumbin g s ys tems of va rious kinds including ,

bo th de tail w o rk and comple te sys tems The w o rk filled a requi re .

men t w hich had neve r befo re been m et and w a s co rdially received ,

by the plumbing f ra te rni ty at l arge Af te r a sho rt tim e ho weve r .

. ,

it w a s seen tha t the P lumbing C ha rts w e re d eficien t in many

”

r esp e c ts ,and as a resul t this w o rk w a s replaced in 1 900 by a fa r

mo r e ex tensive publica tion kno w n as Mode rn P lumbing Illus
.

tr a ted
. This w o rk w a s s till in the fo rm o f blue p rin t pla tes w i th -
,

ou t tex t bu t double the si z e o f the o riginal pla tes and mee ting
. ,

p r a c tical requi remen ts to a fa r grea te r exten t than the o riginal w o rk .

T he w o rk in the fo rm of blue p r in ts has had an immense sale du ring

the pas t six yea r s among a ll in te res ted classes includi n g a rchi tec ts , ,

m a s te r and jou rneyman plumbe rs boa rds o f heal th and plumbing .

ex a mine rs con tracto rs etc Mean while how eve r vas t imp rovemen ts
, , .
, ,

h a v e been made in all b ranches of plumbin g cons truction w i th the ,

r es u l t tha t much o f the w o rk sho w n in the 1 900 publica tion has n o w

bee n s o fa r imp roved upon tha t it has seemed bes t to the au tho r to
a g a i n r evise the w o rk .

I n the w o rk o f r evision it has been found inadvisable to make

us e o f a n y of the pla tes o f the 1 900 publica tion and acco rdingly each ,

ill us tr a tion of the p resen t publica tion has been d ra w n especially fo r

th i s w o r k \Vherea s the fif ty full pa g e cu ts of the 1 9 00 w o rk repr e
.
-

s e n ted s o me s ev en t v sep a ra te illus tra tions the p resen t fo rm sho w s ,

m o r e tha n tw ice this numbe r .

 THE KIT C HEN SI NK
TH E ki tchen sin k is made of plain galvanized o r enameled cas t ,

i ron sla te soaps tone and po rcelain The w as te fo r the ki tchen sink
, , , .

is gene r ally I V inch though the tendency is to w a rd the use of 2 inch

.» ,
-

i e As this fix t ure is u sually subjec t to g r ea te r use than any o t he r

pp .

p lumbing fix tu re o f the house and as much

, g r easy ma tte r en te r s it ,

even w i th the u tmos t ca re 2 inch pipe is of ten p refe rable t

,
-
o I V inch ; .

The vent fo r the trap of the ki tchen sin k should be of l y inch g

-

p ipe
. In connec tion w i th t his fix tu r e especially in
, la r ge r esidences ,

res t au ran ts boa rding houses o r whe reve r a la rge amoun t of dish
, ,

washing and cooking is done a g rease tr ap w ill of ten se rve the fi x

,
~

tu re much mo re sa tisfac t o rily than the o rdina ry trap An illus tra .

ti on and desc r ip tion of such a trap w ill be found unde r P la te 7 .

Sinks a re gene rally s et abo u t 32 inches f rom the floo r this meas u ,re

ment being to the to p of the sink This heigh t may be va r ied an

.

inch ei the r w ay to sui t the desi res of the o w ne r As the ki tchen

, .

sink is so much in use and demands so much ho t w a te r t

, he p refe r ,

enc e in t he ma tte r of such s u pply should be given this fix ture ove r

all othe r s . A q uick supply of hot w a te r may be sec ured by connect
ing the fl o w pipe f rom the range in t o the ho t w a te r pipe at the top
-

of the boile r ins tead of in to the side of the boile r as gene rally done .

Thi s is of special value w hen hot w a te r is requi red a t the ki tchen

sink in t he mo rning the range fi re having been allow ed to go ou
, t
the nigh t befo re .

TABLE O F SI Z ES O F C AST I R O N SINKS

The follow ing sizes a re fo r plain galvanized and enameled cas t
, ,

i on sinks the dep th o f sink being 6 inches and the dimensions in

r
, ,

inches .
1 8 M O DERN P LUMB I NG ILL USTRATED

The mos t sa tisfac to ry sizes o f ki tchen sinks fo r family use a re ,

viz : 1 8 x 36 2 0 X 36 and 2 0 x 42 If space allo w s 2 0 x 42 is

.
, , .
,

the p refe rable size Sinks 1 8 X 36 a re la rgely used in the cheape r

.

class of w o rk .

All sinks a re cas t w i th the bottom pi tching tow a rd the ou tlet

end The refo re the re is n o necessi ty of setting the sink so tha t its
.

to p is o the r than level .

A valuable device fo r use in connec tion w i th the ki tchen sink is

the flexible w ooden sink m a t This m at being flexible w ill fi t in to any.
, ,

sink and in the case o f enameled or po rcelain sinks keeps the su rface
,

f rom being sc ra tched by po ts and ke ttles I t also p reven ts b reakage .

in se tting dishes etc in to the bottom of the sink

, .
,
.

V EGETABLE
SINK W ASH
A fix tu re n ow m uch used in high g rade ki tchen w o rk of resi -

de uces hotels res tau ran ts clubs etc is the vege table w ash sink
, , , ,
.
, .

This fix tu re is gene rally made of enameled cas t i ron or po rcelain ,

and is p rovided w i th a s tanding ove rflow at one end so that the w a te r ,

may fill the sink w hich is of conside rable depth w i thout flow ing in to
, ,

the w as te .

The w as te and ven t fo r the vege table w ash sink a re of the same
size as fo r the ki tchen sink .

LAUNDRY TUBS
Laund ry tubs or w ash trays a re made of po rcelain enameled
, , ,

cas t i ron soaps tone sla te and a rtificial s tone

, , , .

The connec tions for this fixtu re a re show n in P la te I The .

 LAU N DRY TUBS 1 9

w as te o utle t f rom each sec tion o f the laund ry tubs should be 1 %

inches in size The main w as te and trap fo r a tw o pa rt laund ry tub
.
-

may be I V inches and fo r laund ry tubs o f th ree to six sec tions the
; , ,

main w as te and trap should n o t be less than 2 inches in si z e .

The ven t f rom the trap of a s et o f laund ry tubs should n ot be

less than inches in si z e Fo rme rly this fix tu re w a s made of
.

wood the seve ral sec tions some times being lined w i th shee t me tal
, .

The use o f the w ooden laund ry tubs o r w ooden sink should be pro
hibited as the w ood readily abso rbs mois tu re and fi fth and the fi x
. ,

tu re soon becomes u nsani ta ry .

F o r use in gene ral w o rk such as fo r d w elling houses and the

, ,

less p re ten tious residences laund ry tubs ei the r of sla te o r soaps tone
,

give excellen t se rvice .

La und ry tubs of a rtificial s tone a re much used in the cheape r

grades of w o rk but of ten have the disadvan tage o f c racking and
,

c rumbling especially if ins talled in cold places w he re f ros t may w o rk

, ,

in to the s tone A s trong cemen t fo r mending a rtificial s tone sla te

.
, ,

a n d soaps tone tubs may be made of li t ha rge and glyce rine fo rmed
in to a pas te w hich is ve ry ha rd when it has s et and ve ry d urable
, , .

In many ins tances especially in fla ts and apa rtmen t houses

, ,

the laund ry tubs a re loca ted in the ki tchen close to the sink , W hen
.

s o loca ted ,
it is cus toma ry in some sec tions to allo w on e trap to
s e r ve bo th fix tu res This is conside red poo r p rac tice in any case
'

.
,

a n d especially w hen applied t o such fix tu res as t he ki tchen sink

a n d laund ry tubs Each fix tu re should be sepa ra tely trapped A l
. .

th o u gh the use o f the d rum trap is n ot popula r in ce rtain sections ,

in connec tion w i th laund ry tubs it may be used to g rea t advan tage

m a n y times fo r it can usually be loca ted mo re advan tageously than
,

the S trap and is of s u

,
fl i cien t diame ter to easily receive any numbe r
of w a s te pipes tha t may be r equi r ed to en te r it. I n its use a less ,

l e n g t h o f fo u led w as te connec t ion t o th e trap is able to th r o w impu re

od o r s i n to t he r oom than in such a connec tion as sho w n in P la te I .

W hen th e ki t chen sink and laund r y tubs a r e each to be loca ted

in t h e k i tchen and,
especially w hen it is necessa r y to economi z e space ,

the co m b ina t ion ki tchen sink and laund r y t ub may be used to a dv an

ta g e .
T h is fix tu r e combines th e tw o fix tu res in one .
 P late I I

L A V A T OR I ES
24 M O D E RN P LUM BING ILLU STR A T ED
as show n in F ig B Thi s me thod is o f grea t advan tage to any fix tu re
. .
,

and is fully desc ribed unde r P la te 2 6 .

An objection to the use of the pa ten t ove r flow bo wl such as ,

shown in F igs A an d B is tha t the ove rfl o w soon becomes coa ted

.
,

w i th fil th w hich of ten th ro w s o flfoul odo r s in to the room The use ‘

.
,

of scen ted soaps inc reases this objec tionable fea tu re .

The s ame thing occu rs in public toile t room s w hen a l ine of sev
e ral lava to ries is se rved by a single trap at the end o f the line Thi s .

l ong line o f fou l ed w as te pipe sen ds out its foul odor s in to the room
th rough the ou tle t o f each bo wl .

I talian an d Tenn es s ee ma rble is the ma te rial mos tly used fo r

ma rble lava to ries .

On good wo rk l ava to ry top slabs are coun te rsunk w i th moulded

, ,

edges and 1 % inch thick The backs and ends for lava to ries may
, .

be 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 8 o r 2 0 in ches in heigh t
, , , , ,
.

The standard sizes o f ma rble s l abs for lava to ries are 1 9 x 2 4 ,

x 3o an d 2 2 x 36 , .

O n the be tte r grades o f wo rk the la rge r sizes o f slabs w i th high ,

back s a re mos tly used

, .

La va to ry bo wl s may be ob tained ei the r round or oval w i th com ,

mon ove rflow o r pa ten t ove rfl o w Round bo wls a re made of 1 2 1 3 .

, ,

1 4 1 5 and 1 6 inch diamete r t

, ,
he 1 4 inch bo w l being la rgely used on ,
-

gene ral work .

The sizes o f oval bo w ls a re 1 4 x 1 7 1 5 X 1 9 and 1 6 X 2 1 , , .

The bo w l is gene rally fas ten ed to the ma rble slab befo re the
la tte r is s et in posi tion The bo wl is a ttached by m ean s o f bo w l
.
'

clamps Th ree o r fou r bo w l clamps may be used on round bo wls

.
,

bu t n o t less than fou r on oval bo w l s .

The slab is d rilled out to receive the clamp bol t the hole being ,

cu t unde r a t the bo ttom The bol t is held fi rmly in the ma rble slab
.

by means o f lead pou red in a round it and caulked the unde r cut a t ,

the bo ttom clinching the lead and p reven ting it pulling o u t The .

join t be tween the bo w l and the ma rble is made w i th plas te r o f pa ri s - -

.

In connec tion w i th the subject o f ma rble w o rk the making o f ,

ma rble cemen ts may be o f in te res t P o rtland cemen t w i ths tands .

wa te r as also a cemen t made by soaking plas te r o f pa r is in a sa tu

,
- —

ra ted solu tion o f alum t he mix tu re being baked and g round in to a

,

po wde r and applied by mixing w i th w a te r A putty made o f l i tha rg e .

and glyce rine is also good .

 CO NTENTS OF MARBLE SLAB S 25

THE P ANTRY SIN K

P an try sinks commonly in use a re made of shee t coppe r ; the
h ig he r gr ades a re of enameled cas t i ron and of po rcelain .

A ve ry satisfacto ry pan try sink may be constructed by lining a

w oo den bo x o f p rope r dimensions w i th w hi te me tal
, The back and
, .

d r a in bo a rds should also be lined w i th the same ma te r ial This w o rk .

r eq u i res the se rvices of a skilled w o rkman fo r it is a di fficul t ma tte r ,

to lay the me tal smoo thly and to finish the join ts and seams so tha t
they may be as nea rly invisible as possible .

Manyo f the mo re p re ten tious residences n ow have a breakfas t

r o o m in addi t ion to the dining room each bein g p rovided w i th its ,

o w n special pan try si n k .

The size o f w as te fo r the pan try sink should be inch ; the

s iz e o f trap ven t should also be I V inch Z .

The pan try sink should be s et s o tha t the top of the sink is abou t
2 in ches f rom t h floo
3 e r .

C O NTENTS O F MARBLE SLABS

I n connec tion w i th the subjec t of ma rble lava to r ies the follow
in g ta ble w ill be found o f value Ma rble slabs a re sold by the foo t
.
,

a n d f ro m this table t he con ten ts of any slab f rom 6 x 1 2 inches to

47 x 6 2 inches may be quickly found The fi gu r.es in the to p ho r i
z o n ta l line sho w t he w id ths of slabs and the figu res in the lef t hand -
,

v e r ti c a l column sho w lengths In es tima ting on slabs w i th finished

.

e d g e s it is cus toma ry to add on e inch in leng t h o r w id th as the case ,

m a y b e for each finished edge

,
.

T he follo w ing example w ill show the manne r in w hich the table
is to be used
I t is requi r ed to find the con ten ts of a ma rble slab 2 0 X 2 4 in .
,

h a v i n g b o t h ends and t he f r on t edge finished w i th 1 0 inch back

,
-
.

Ad d in g 1 inch f o r each finished edge gives t h e slab dimensions as

,

2 1 X 2 6 l
.n ,
and th e dimensions of th e back as 1 1 x 2 6 in .

F ind in the side column the length 2 6 inches and in the uppe r , ,

l in e the w id th 2 1 inches ,
.

T O the r igh t o f the 2 6 and unde r the 2 1 w ill be found the con
, ,

ten ts O f a slab 2 1 x 2 6 in 3. fee

, t 1 0 inches and in th e same , manne r

t h e c o n ten t s of t h e back w ill be fou n d to be 2 fee t giving a to tal o ,

f
fe e t 1 0 inches End pieces w ill be found in the same w ay
5 . .
26 M O DERN P LUMBING I LLUSTRATED
m —‘ fl fl n h a N Q C N O —n m lfl b a fl N fi 'O

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6 N ”:
t b c fl fl fl kfi h a fl fi fi 'c w c N

- -
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‘
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‘ ‘

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-b

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N CJ D N G Q

v v v a e nc ae no -
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‘
N G O CQ N Q N Q O n ee 0 c -
N

:
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Q N Q O F ‘ F ‘ N

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‘ F ‘

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fi 3 3 3

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s Q o-n l QQ t —e

n —n m N C‘l N N N N N N N N Q 3 3 3 M

v c
A
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‘
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N c
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‘‘
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Cl N C l N OI N N N N N M N N N Q N M N N

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) V Q ‘
N N N G C F ‘ ~ ~ N n v mc c h w a o v-‘ N CO Q'

r i fl e- flF 's -0 0-4 - fi fi fi fi fi N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N M M Q M M

” fl e Q'kfi
c G C N N N V Q w c
‘
ee O O t F ‘ fi ‘ O O b fi
0 —1

1 e-t e-l p l od e-
1 fl ed —t r i ed fi fi m fi fl C 'N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N ”

0 0 01 N N fl fl'v w c fi l‘ ww G C Q —t F ‘ N N C'
O CO Q‘ Q O O N Q
1 1 F 1

0-4 fi m fi fi fi fl fi s—n — t — n w- fi fl —n N N N N N N N N N N N N N

t
s oo a c: c c fi fi N N M Q‘

— c— c-n — o-n -
q fi — n — n —n fi v-‘ N N N N N N N N

t w 0 fi v -H

. . . . . . . °

2 3 4 5 6 7
8
l
1 1 1 1 1 I 3
 C O NTENTS O F MARBLE SLABS 27

o ne 0 00 Q‘ w —‘ mb fi m h fl w

mu c w c ww
e h h h h
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_

w v w v u ~ mw ~ n c d w éé
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»
_ —

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t

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- — —

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a-t —t v-s v o I Q IO QQ Q Q O
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-

v - 2 mE — N E n h 0 ~ v m ~ mw a ma c

$ 0

co c
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c a c a c
r
c c un o
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"

o c
c fl ¢ 65 N tfi x v- N ‘
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N C c
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t
s ts oc oc oc oc oc a c cz c c c c v u c-A —n — n

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s ea m Lfi w
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c-n v h c; cin a n m on —1 0 5 0

m— a m fl‘ bQ G ous t- c — c
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¢ © h h h h w m mx x G G Q G G C C O C -
fl —n fi fi — N N N N N G’J M

o c oc
c n m v o a — os -r h c: l b h c M l w wa w c w

c on c
o u
“
ms — n se oc c —n ce c oc z —‘ m c

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n
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s rs rs h ac oc oo ac oc es e:

” Q Q N C N L“
. N C — N 'f c m
n a w mm c c c o o c h h h h ts x w x oc w

s s ss s s a s s e s s e
¢3 H J N
I
°

‘
H L
'
Q N ZI I l s s s es s s
s
s es s s a s s s s as s s e
P late 1 1 I

B A TH S
32 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
This makes the cleanou t accessible w i thou t the removal o f floo r
ing a thing w hich is necessa ry of ttimes in o rde r to ope ra te the clean
,

out a t the bo ttom of the S trap -

.

W heneve r the la tte r is used the floo r above it should be sc re w ed

dow n so tha t it may be taken up as easily as possible in the even t
,

of repai rs to the trap .

'
F OO T BATH SIT Z BATH C HILD S BATH
— —

The use o f foo t si tz and child s ba ths is n ot found to any ex ten t

, ,
’

except in ba th rooms of the bes t residences They do n ot rep resen t .

a necessi ty as does the common ba th tub but are luxu ries w hich ,

add much to the comfort o f the ba th room .

The w as te fo r each o f these th ree ba ths S hould be I V inch in ;

size and the trap ven t also I V inch In gene ral the p rinciples tha t
, ; .
,

apply to the o rdina ry ba th tub apply also to the foo t si tz and child s , ,
'

ba ths .

THE SH O W ER BATH
The show e r ba th gene rally to be found in the p riva te ba th room
consis ts o f a cas t i ron enameled or po rcelain recepto r s et upon the
-
, ,

floo r a round w hich the piping is a rranged the w hole being inclosed
, ,

by rubbe r cu rtains The w as te is connec ted to the recep to r and

.
,

should be I V inch in size the ven t being o f the same si z e

; , .

An excellen t show e r device is also made fo r use in connec tio n

w i th the lava to ry I t consis ts o f a s w inging b racke t w i th a S ho w e r
.

at t he end o f it the s w inging pa rt being connec ted w i th a supply

,

pipe a t the back o f the lava to ry the sp ray being th ro w n dow n in to ,

the bo w l .

TRIMMINGS FOR BATHS AND LA V AT O RI ES

As plumbing is n ow cons truc ted even the cheape r grades o f ,

w o rk include a la rge amoun t of nickel w o rk in w hich the re is a ,

grea t va riety of ma te rial to selec t f rom .

Ri transi t w as tes are ex tensivel y used on ba ths and lava to r ies

-

of t he be tte r g rades This device allow s the w as te to flow out by

.

the lif ting o f a plunge r ins tead o f the o rdina ry plug I t adds a .
 SETTI N G MA R BLE F L OO R SLAB S 33

certain finish to the fixtu re but also adds a complica tion w hich pro
,

vides addi tional su rface w hich may become foul and p roduce odo r
, .

In gene r al the simple r plumbing devices a re the mo re sa tisfac to ry .

Nickel pla ted supply pipes should be of i ron pipe size ra the r than
- -
,

of tubing as t he fo rme r can be sc re w ed in to the concealed i ron piping

, ,

while the tubing mus t be connec ted in to it by solde red join ts w hich ,

are n o t so subs tan tial .

C ombina tion cocks fo r ba ths and lava to ries a re ve ry sa tisfac to ry .

Both ho t and cold w a te r a re led in to the same cock in the combina tion
devices and by p rope rly regula ti ng the supply of each the w a te r
, ,

may ve ry easil y be tempe red as desi red .

F ulle r w o rk is almos t en ti rely used on high g rade w o rk n ot ,

w i ths tanding tha t the quick closing o f this w o rk is of ten accompanied

by vibr a tions and disagreeable rumbling of the pipes which is en ti rely ,

absen t in the slow e r closing comp ression w o rk .

O n much of the cheape r w o rk cas t i ro n nickel pla ted l a va to ry-

,
-

b r acke ts a re used These a re n o t sa tisfac tory as in time the i ron

.
,

w ill rus t th rough the nickel pla ting and the b r acke t w ill p resen t a
'

v e ry shabby appea rance .

SETTI NG MARBLE FL OO R SLABS

Ma rble slabs are much used unde r all ba th room fi xtu res In -
.

s e ttin g the ma rble slab the floo r should be cu t out and the floo r slab

s e t in to such a dep th t ha t the top o f it comes abou t a qua rte r of an

in ch above the floo r The floo r S lab should neve r be s et on top o f
.

th e fl oo r if the la tte r is of w ood In connec ting a w a te r close t to a

.

flo o r slab a b rass fl oo r flange and rubbe r gaske t should be used the

, ,

fo r m e r being secu red to the slab by means of expansion bol ts a n d ,

s e t in plas te r o f pa r is to give it a good bea r ing The floo r slab i tself

- -
.

S ho u ld p rope rly be s et in plas te r o f pa r is and leveled whe re n eces

- -
,

s a ry t
, o give it a level su r face I f n ot given a good level fou n da tion
.

the s l ab w ill be liable to rock .

Sl a te is anothe r ma te rial used to conside rable ex ten t fo r floo r

s l ab s .
 P la te I V

W A T E R C LO SE T C O NN E C TI O N S
 W ATER CL O SET C O N NE C TI O NS
T H E w as te fo r the w a te r close t should be 4 m in size
.
, but
never less .

W hen cas t i ron soil pipe is used the connec tion is made by means
-
,

of 4 in
-
. lead pipe o r a 4 in lead bend the pi pe or bend being w iped
-
.
,

to a b rass fe r r ule w hich is caulked in t o the soil pipe and the floo r ,

connec tion gene rally being made by means o f floo r flanges the la tte r ,

bei n g conside r ed unde r P la te 1 7 The connec tion o f the w a te r close t

.

to wrough t i ron soil pipe is sho w n unde r P la te

45
-
.

The w a te r close t should neve r discha rge in to a soil pipe of less

han 4 in
t .

The lead bend is ge n e rally connec ted in to a T Y o r modified -

form of this fi tting I t is p refe rable to connec t in to a bend and Y

.

branch as sho w n in P la te 40 Fig D or in to the same combin a tion

, , .
,

of fit tings a r r anged ve rtically Such connec tion is of ten impossible

.
,

howeve r o w ing to lack of space al though in la rge r w o rk such as

, , ,

p blic toile t rooms it may Of ten be used w i thou t difl

u ,
i cu lty .

The w a te r close t flush tank should be s et so tha t the bo ttom of

-

the tank is as nea r ly 6 ft f rom the floo r as possible. This tank .

shou ld be o f seven gallons cap a ci ty al though on cheap w o rk tanks ,

Of five gallons capaci t y a re la rgely used .

The flush pipe f rom tank to close t should be I V, in in size bu t .

,

never s malle r as this si z e is requi red t o delive r t he requi red volume

,

Of wat er w i th the necessa ry rapidi ty .

The flush pipe may be connec ted r igidly to the w a te r close t o r

bymeans of a slip join t o r rubbe r elbo w The la tte r tw o connec tions .

are refe rable as any se ling of floo r s o r S ligh t movemen t of t h

'

p ,
tt e

ure does n o t resul t in b reaking o ff t he connec tion to the bo w l as ,

Often happens in t he use o f r igid connec tions .

The flush tank should al w ays be p ovided r w i h a flush valve

t O f
the si hon pa tte rn In th e use Of this valve simply a ligh t pull on s
p . ,

the chain i s needed to flush the en ti re con ten ts o f the tank w hile in ,

the u se o f t he o rdina ry flush valve the flushing of th e w a e close

t r t

inu es o nly s o long as the chain is pulled do n w The flu h may

c Ot
lt s .

37
38 MO DERN P L U M BING ILLUSTRAT ED
be ope ra ted in many o the r w ays than by a chain and pull by the —

w eigh t of the pe rson using the fix tu re ; by the Openin g o r closing

of t he doo r ; by means o f a push bu tton ope ra ting a c ran k o r leve r to
which the chain is a ttached The la tte r me thod allo w s the tank to
.

be concea led behind w alls or pa rti tions This me thod n ot on ly allo w s

.

the unsigh tly high tan k to be concealed bu t also enables the w o rking
,

pa rts of the flush tan k to be loca ted in such a place tha t mischievous
o r igno ran t people a re unable to des troy o r damage them in any w a y ,

an evil often encoun te red in public toile t rooms .

THE V ENT I NG O F W ATER C L O SETS

The ven t f rom the wa te r close t should be 2 in in size but neve r .
,

o f smalle r size .

The ven t pipe is usually connec ted to the l ead bend but should ,

neve r be connec ted to the c rocke ry i tself as such a connec tion mus t ,

nec essa r ily be rigid and the se ttling o f floor s sligh t movemen t o f
, ,

the fix tu re etc w ill resul t in b reaking o ff the ven t ho rn

, .
, .

W hen co n nec ted to t he lea d bend the v en t should al w ays be

ta k en f ro m the to p of the ho r izon tal pa rt o f the bend neve r f rom —

the ve r tical pa rt as w h en so cons truc ted it is much mo re l iab l e to

,

s top page .

Fig A show s an excellen t me thod o f ven ting f rom the ven t hub
.

o f a ven ted T Y a common s tock fi tting the ven t pipe be ing o f

-
, ,

cas t or w roug h t i ron .

F ig B sho w s the use o f special w as te and ven t fi ttings o f w hich

.
,

nume rous s tyles a re n o w on the ma rke t .

This was te fi tting is s o ar ranged tha t the b ranch to the fixtur e

en te rs the side o f the main body o f the fi tting thus allow ing the fi x ,

tu re to s et close r to t he w al l than is possible w i th the w as te fi tting

of Fig A W o rk such as sho wn in these tw o illustra tions is
. .

gro wing in favo r an d se rves to sho w the decadence of lead w o rk

,

and the inc rease in the use o f cas t and w rough t i ron in plumbing
cons truc tion .

V en ting being employed chiefly to p reven t the siphonage of fix

tu re traps it is unnecessa ry to ven t a w a te r close t w hich is loca ted
,

close to its s tack and in a posi tion secu re f rom siphonic infl uen ces .

A w a te r close t s et close to the s tack o n the top floo r and withou t

, ,

o the r fix tu res on tha t fl oo r w as ting in to the same s tack is an example ,

4° M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTR ATED
Unde r these condi tions if p rovided w i th a bo ttom supply the
, ,

tank mus t be taken do w n to repai r the ball cock while in the case ,

of t op supply it can usually be repai red w i thou t such inconvenience .

Ball cocks may be fu rthe r divided in to tw o classes di rec t and indi ,

rec t p ressu re The indi rec t p ressu re ball cock w hich is commonly
.
,

used and leas t expensive is gene rally p rovided w i th a 5 o r 6 inch

,

coppe r ball w hich closes the valve by its buoyancy The di rect p res
, .

su re ball cock w o rks on anothe r p rinciple than the indi rect the w a te r ,

being conducted to the rea r o f the plunge r the reby adding the fo rce
,

of t he w a te r p ressu re to the buoyancy o f the floa t in closing the

valve In the di rect p ressu re ball cock a heavy ball o r floa t mus t
.
,

be used as a conside rable w eigh t is necessa ry to enable the ball cock

,

to open agains t p ressu re The ligh t coppe r ball used o n the indi rec t
.

p ressu re ball cock w ould be inadequate to pe r fo rm this duty .

Glass floats a re n ow much in favo r in connec tion w i th ball cocks ,

as they p rovide s ufl i cien t w eigh t and a re mo re du rable than the coppe r

floats w hich a re n ow la rgely used .

As a resul t o f keen compe ti tion coppe r floa ts a re n ow la rgely

,

made o f sheet coppe r tha t is s o thin that it can w i ths tand almos t no
rough usage .

Some o f the necessa ry requi remen ts in a ball cock is that it shall

be as nea rly noiseless as possible quick closing easy to repai r o f
, , ,

simple cons truc tion and made of a high grade o f me tal f ree f rom
,

impu r i ties so tha t the w ate r may n ot act chemically upon the valve
,

sea t and des troy it .

 P la te V

TH E LO W D O W N W A T E R C LO S E T F L U S H
V A LV E S —
W A T E R C LO SE T R A N GES
 TH E L O VV D O VVN
—
W ATER C L O SET
TH E low dow n w a te r closet appea rs to be displacing the high
-

tan k w a te r close t t o a la rge ex t en t Some of the ad v an tages of this .

sty le of w a te r close t a re vi z : the flush, tank is mo re.accessible ; and ,

being cove red p reven ts dus t di rt etc f rom en te r ing the tank and
, , , .
,

doing ha rm to the valves ; and because o f the small eleva tion requi red
, ,

itmay be used in many places w he re the high tank could n o t be used .

The low do w n tank how eve r requi res the se tting o f the w a te r
-
, ,

closet fu rthe r out in to the room .

the excep tion o f the di ff e rences in the flushing a r range

ment the p r incipl es tha t apply to the high tank w a te r close t also
,
-

apply t o the lo w do w n s tyle

-
.

The flush o f the low dow n w a te r close t as it en te rs the bow l has

-

ver li t tle head w hile in th case f th high tank it has a head due
y , e o e

to an eleva tion o f 6 ft This lack is made up by p ro v iding a much

.

larger flush pipe in o rde r tha t a la rge volume o f w a te r may en te r

,

the bowl w i th su fficien t rapidi ty to p roduce siphonage A w a te r .

closet of the siphon pa tte rn should be used in connec tion w i th the

lowd own tank as enough w a te r canno t en te r to p roduce good resul ts
,

exc ept by siphonage .

OPERATI O N O F THE W ATER C L O SET BY FLUSH

V ALV E

The flush valve is a compa ra tively recen t de v ice in troduced ,

for the pu rpo se o f flushing the w a te r close t w i thou t the use o f the '

flush t ank .

Ur inals and S lop sinks may also be flushed by the same de v ic e .

The advan tages of the flush valve a r e many I t may be Ope ra ted .

On di rect o r tank p ressu r e o n high and lo w p ressu re ; it is noiseless ;

,

itmay ea s ilv be concealed : it may be made to w o rk au toma tically

and it ma
y be u sed in many places and unde r many condi tions w he re
itwou ld be ve ry di fficul t and unsa tisfac to ry to use a tank close t .

43
44 M O DERN P LUMBING I LLUSTR A TE D
used ve ry ex tensively in public buildin g s in ma rine w o rk
I t is , ,

and in high class residence w o rk

-
.

The subj ect o f the applica tion o f the flush valve is conside red
fu rthe r unde r P la te 4 2
.

W ATER C L O SET RANGE

W hile ange close ts a re n ot to be compa red w i th individu a l
r

w a te r close ts as sani ta ry fix tu res the high g rade mode rn range

,
-

close ts rep resen t a g rea t s tep in advance o f the old s tyle range The -
.

g rea t objec tion to the range w a te r close t is tha t soil en te ring one o f
the c o mpa rtmen ts is n ot ca rried a w ay at once as soon as the use o f ,

it has ceased bu t mus t remain un til the flush fo r the en ti re range

,

ope rates Du ring this in te rval it is th ro w ing out in to the room foul
.

odo rs and w hen this same thing is occu rring in the case o f a num
,

ber o f compa rtmen ts it can plainly be seen tha t the range w a te r close t
is n ot s o conducive to the main taining of a clean sani ta ry toilet roo m ,

as is the individual w a te r close t w i th its immedia te flush The flus h .

of t he individual w a te r close t mo reove r is mo r e e ffective than tha t

, ,

of a range and the re is less liabili ty o f fouled su rfaces in the fo rme r

, .

The range w a te r close t consis ts in gene ral o f a long trough di rec tl y ,

in to w hich the seve ral sea ts Open In the mode rn range this trough
.

may be above the floo r o r belo w it In the la tte r case the bo w l of

.
,

each compa rtmen t has the appea rance to those n ot familia r w i th the ,

s ubjec t of being an o rdina ry individual w a te r close t

,
A close r in v es .

tig a tio n ho w eve r w ill S ho w tha t it is n ot w ha t it fi r s t appea r s to be

, , .

The range close ts n o w used a re gene rally au toma tically flushed ,

the flush ope r a ting a t s ta ted in te rvals This in te rval may be made.

longe r o r sho rte r by ope ra ting the valve on the supply pipe to
the tank .

Mos t ranges a re n ow p rovided w i th an au toma tic siphon w hich

is s ta rted w hen the flush en te rs the r ange and con tinues un til the ,

w a te r in the flush tank d rop s to such a level tha t a ir is ad m i tted to

a pipe communica ting w i th the c ro w n of the S iphon This b reaks the .

siphon and the res t o f the w ate r tha t en te rs the range remains the re
,

un til the next flush .

This w a te r p reven ts the su rface o f the range trough f rom becom

ing fouled .
 W ATER C L O SET RANGE 45

The action of the au toma tic flush and siph on is s trong and ,

very sa tisfac to ry .

The bes t fea tu re o f the mode rn ran ge w ate r close ts how eve r is
, ,

the local ven t w hich is p rovided w i th many o f them A t the end o f

.

the range a 1 2 o r 1 4 in O pening is p rovided w i th a colla r to w hich

-
.

he lo cal ven t pipe is a ttached and the la tte r ca rr ied in to a hea ted
t ,

flue Such a flue should n o t fail to be heated th roughou t the yea r

. .

The action of the local ven t unde r a s trong d raugh t is ve ry

effective in t he use o f the range w a te r close t The d raugh t dra w s
.

impu re air in to the range th rough each seat opening n ot only ca rry ,

ing it out of the toilet room but p reven ting the odo rs occasioned by
,

the use o f the fix tu re f rom rising in to the room .

The range w a te r close t should n ot be used w i thout a s trong

acting local ven t Mode rn range w a te r close ts a re gene rally of
.

enamel lined or po rcelain w a re w hi ch is far mo re cleanly fo r the pur

-
,

pos e than cas t i ron such as w a s fo rme rly much used O f the mode rn
, .

styles o f ranges the type in w hich the sea t opens in to the range
,

trough th rough a sho rt bo w l a ttached to the trough is p refe rable to

the longe r bo w l w hich p resen ts ea te oppo tuni ty fo r fouling The
, g r r r .

la tte r is a se rious ma tte r in connection w i th the range w ate r closet ,

a s the r e is no flush a round t he bo w l as in the indiv idual w a te r close t .

M a n y ci ties p rohibi t the use of ran g e close ts and this is a p rope r

,

r eg u l a tion as the toile t rooms of schools fac to ries etc w he re the

, , , .
,

r a n g e is mos tly used a re difl , i cult to main tain in a cleanly condi tion
a t be s t and t
, he us e of individual w a te r close ts reaches the desi red
en d m u ch more sa tisfac to rily .
 THE SL O P S I NK
TH E bes t fo rms of slop sink a re t hose of enamel lined or po r ce

lai n w a re .

O w ing to the na tu re o f the w as te w hich en te r s it the slop S ink

becomes a ve ry foul a n d unsani ta ry fix tu re unless p rope r ly con
struc t ed The mos t app rove d type is tha t having a flushing rim and
.

p ro vided w i th a flush tank As the w a te r

. en te r s th e slop sink th r ough
the flushing rim its en ti re su r face is tho roughly flushe d a n d cleanse d .

The use of plain cas t i ron slop sinks flushed only by means o f a
-
,

common fauce t is ve ry poo r p r ac tice indeed

, Such a fix tu re it is .

impossible to keep in a sani ta ry con di tion and a foul S melling roo m ,

-

mu st resul t f rom its use .

The w as te o f the slop sink shoul d be 3 in in si z e ; the si z e of the .

vent should be 2 in The bes t fo rm o f trap for this fix tu re is on e

.

which is enameled ove r its en ti re in te r io r and ex te r io r su rfaces and ,

which p resen ts no me tal su r faces w hich may co rr ode an d foul The .

slo sin k trap shoul d be p rovided w i th a 2 in cleanou t and it is

p
- -
.
,

exc ellen t p r ac tice to p rovide a cleanou t w hen possible a t the end of , ,

the hori z on tal w a s te f rom the fix tu re as sho w n in P la te 6 , .

The Opening o f the ven t in to the slop S ink trap is la rge and n o t -

so liable t o s toppage as the ven t opening o f lea d tr aps o f smalle r si z e .

An excellen t trap of compa ra tively recen t cons truc tion is the adjus t
able slop sink tr ap
-
I t is o f the half S pa tte rn a ttached to a s tanda rd
.
-
,

rest ing on the floo r in the usual manne r The heigh t o f the ou tl et .

ibove t h e floo r can be adj us ted by means o f a nipple to mee t rou g h

f ,

mg re ui remen ts and the trap being o f the half S type the con tinu
q
-
, ,

ou s ven t may be used in connec tion w i th it O n high g rade w o rk .

-

the slo sink is of ten p rovided w i th a local ven t

p .

This local ven t should be of the same si z e as the local ven t of

t he wate r close t; it S hould en te r a hea ted flue and in o the r respec ts ,

be installed in a manne r S imila r to the local ven t o f the w a te r clos et .

“hen the 51 01) sink is of the flus hin g rim type and is p rovid ed w i th-
,

a fl u sh t an k o f a dequa te si z e and also local ven t it may be made a ,

49
50 M O DERN P LUMBING ILL U ST RA TED
ve ry sani ta ry fixtu re The S ize of the slop si n k flush tank should be
.
-

o f 5 gal lons capacit y In addi tion to the type o f fix ture desc r ibed
.

above the w as te p reven tive S lop hO pper is used to a limi ted ex ten t
,
-
.

This fixtu re is flushed au toma tically by the emp tying o f l p s

in to it the flushin g bein g accomplished by the c rea tion o f a vacuum
,
‘

w hich p roduces siphonage As in tima ted above ho w ever this fixtu re

.
, ,

is used only to a limi ted ex ten t .

TH E URIN A L
The fo rm o f u rinal show n in P la te 6 is the Bedfo rdshi re lip
u rina l w i th flat ba ck This i s undoub tedly the u rinal mos t com
.

m on ly in use This fix tu re is made in a great va rie ty o f fo rms sev

.
,

e ral o f w hich are shown in P la te 43 .

The w as te o f the lip u rinal should be n ot less than in in .

size al though a w as te 2 in in S ize is n o w some times used

,
. .

The ven t should be I V in in size ; . .

The u rinal should be s et s o tha t the lip comes abo u t 2 4 in f rom .

the fl oo r This heigh t shou l d be l ess when the u r ina l is used in toile t
.

r ooms for small boys .

All lip u r inals should be o f the flushing r im type The flushing .

r im allo w s the en ti re su r face of the in te r io r to be thoroughly cleansed

a t each fl ush The lip u rinal may be fl ushed as sho wn in P la te 6
.
,

the flush being u nde r di rect p ress ure and Ope ra ted by means o f a ,

u r inal cock a ttached to the top of the u rinal I t may also be flushed .

f rom a tan k se rv ing a single fix tu re or a group This flush tank .

may be o f the au toma tic type fl ushing the group o f u rina l s at regula r
,

in te rvals .

O w ing to the condi tions su rroundin g the use of the u rinal the ,

know n ca relessness o f many o f the peo ple using it an d the cha r ac te r ,

of the w as te en te ring it the pa rti tions backs and floo ring S hould
, , ,

nev e r be o f w ood o r o f any ma te rial which may co rrode W hen .

w ood is used fo r these pu r po ses it soon abso rbs mois tu re w i th its

impu ri ties and in a sho rt time becomes ve ry unsani ta ry Sla te is
,
.

the p rope r and commonly used ma te r ial fo r this pu r pose A fo rm .

o f u rinal w hich is n o t sho w n in P la te 43 is the w as te p reven tive

, ,
-

u rinal which wo rks in a manne r simil a r to tha t of the w as te pre

,
-

v en tiv e slop hoppe r The fix tu re is o f such sensi tive ac tion tha t the
.
 TH E BIDET 5:

en tr ance o f u rine in to the trap acts to fo rm a vacuum w hich p roduces

s i phonage and t he immedia te Ope ra tion of the flush This fixtu re is .

n o t in ex tensiv e use ho w eve r al t

, hough an excellen t device
, .

THE BIDET
The bide t is a fix tu re o f compa ra tively recen t o rigin and , ,

al though n ot commonly in use its use is inc reasing

, .

I t is a ba th r oom or toile t room fix tu re and to be found p r i n

- -
,

cipally in the ba th room o r ladies toile t rooms of p re ten tious resi

’

deuces The bidet is simila r in shape to the w a te r close t

. .

The w as te for the bide t should be I V in and the ven t o f the

; .
,

s ame size .

O w ing to the pu rpose for w hich it is designed how eve r the , ,

supply to the bide t is o f a much di ff e ren t cha racte r than that of

the w a te r close t. Both hot and cold w a te r should be supplied to the
bide t en te ring the fix tu re th rough its S ide and r ising inside the bo w l
,

in the fo rm o f a j et and douche .

The supply also passes th rough the fl ushing rim in o rde r to

tho r ou g hly cleanse the fi x tu re . In connec tion w i th the bidet a mixe r , ,

s imi la r in cha r ac te r to the v al ve on sho w e r ba ths is g en erallv used,

.

Th is a llo w s ei ther hot o r cold w ate r o r w ate r o f any deg ree of

,

w a rm th to be used .Such valves should be of some non scalding -

p a tte r n .
 P la te VI I

TH E H O T E L O R RE S T A U R A N T S IN K
TH E U S E O F G R E A SE T R A P S
56 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
in se w age to sepa ra te f rom the liquid a fac t w hich is made use of in
,

the ope ra tion o f this o r any o the r g rease trap The body of the trap .

is su rrounded en ti rely by a w a te r jacke t or chambe r w i th the ex cep ,

tion of the to p In addi tion the pa rti tion in the cen te r o f the trap
.
, ,

w hich is designed to aid in b reaking up the se w age and deflec ting

the g rease up w a r d is also fo rmed in to a w a te r chambe r
, .

The w a te r pipe supplying the ki tchen S ink is connected a t the

inle t and ou tle t ends o f this w a te r jacke t cold w ate r thus flo w ing ,

th rough the j acke t cons tan tly and changing w heneve r w a te r is d r a w n

a t the sink I f the j acke t w e re simply filled w i th w a te r an d n ot
.

changed the re w ould be no cooling e ffect but the me thod desc r ibed ,

keeps the su r faces agains t w hich the was te comes in con tac t al w ays
cool resul ting e ffectively in the sepa ra tion o f the grease w hich r ises
, ,

to the to p and is taken o u t th rough the removable cove r The trap .

ou tle t is made at the bottom o f the trap ins tead of at the top to aid, ,

in p reven ting the escape o f the g rease .

The pa rti tion th rough the cen te r o f the trap also helps to pre
ven t grease en te ring the trap f rom being ca rried ove r in to the ou tle t .

W hile the w a te r jacke t su rrounding the trap does e ff ec tive w o rk ,

a la rge pa rt o f the resul ts ob tained is due to the p resence o f the hol

low pa rti tion o r deflec to r This trap is o f cas t i ron and made in
.

seve ral S i z es .

Less expensive and less sa tisfac to ry g rease traps a re made on

the same gene ral lines as the trap jus t desc r ibed bu t n o t p rovided ,

w i th a w a te r jacke t Many o f them do ve ry good w o rk bu

. t it is n o t ,

to be expec ted tha t they can hold back as la rge a pa rt o f the g reas e
as the trap does w hich is cooled con tinuously by the w a te r supply .

The re is o n e poin t in the use o f the grease trap w hich does n ot al w ays
receive conside r a tion the amoun t o f money to be de r ived f rom the
—

sale o f g rease coming f rom the grease trap In la rge es tablislun en ts .

this is of ten a ve ry respec table sum o f money T raps S imila r in .

design to the on e desc ribed a re also made o f w rough t s teel C as t .

i ron ho w eve r w ould seem to be less in dange r o f de te rio ra tion than

, ,

w rough t s te el w hich is mo re easily ac ted upon by acids

,
The g reas e .

trap o n a la rge r scale in the fo rm o f a ca tch basin is some time s

, , ,

l oca ted ou tside the building unde rground and in to this recep tacl e
, ,

all the ki tchen w as te f rom ki tchen sinks pan try S inks dish w ashin g , ,

sinks etc is discha rged The g rea t advan tage gained in the use
, .
,
.

o f s uch a ca tch basin is tha t it is cons tan tly cooled by the mois tu r e o f
 THE USE O F GREASE TRA P S
the g r ou n d in w hich it is loca ted I t S hould al w ays be s et low enough
.

in the g round to be out o f dange r o f f reezing I f it is impossible to

.

so install it the ca tch basin should neve r be used A se rious dis ad

, .

van tage in the use of the unde rg round ca tch basin is tha t gene rally
its use necessi ta tes a long line o f ho r izon tal w as te pipe f rom the
ki tchen to the ca tch basin and in this pipe and its connections grease
,

has abu n dan t opportuni ty to collect befo re reaching the ca tch basin ,

resul ting in t he ul tima te s toppage o f such pipes .

These pipes gene rally run in cool cella r s and for a dis tance unde r
ground w hich favo r s the collection o f mo re o r less o f the g rease on
,

thei r su r faces The be tte r plan w ould seem to be the use of grease
.

tr ap s u nde r the fi xtu res in the ki tchen w i th sys tema tic a tten tion given
,

to the r emoval of g rease tha t accumula tes .

I n the case of a line o f ki tchen S inks o r of dish w ashing sinks ,

o n e g r ease tr ap o f p rope r S ize may be used fo r t he accommoda tion

of the en ti re n umbe r of fixtu res C a tch basins fo r ki tchen w as te
.

m a y be o f b r ick o r cas t i ron and S hould neve r be less than 30 in in

,
.

in te rnal diame te r tape ring tow a rd the top if desi red to abou t 2 2 to
, , ,

2 4 in.
,and p rovided w i th a cas t i ron cove r If of b rick they should
-
.
,

b e made w a te r tigh t The d rain f rom the ki tchen ca tch basin to the
-
.

s e w e r may be of glazed tile and should be n ot less than 5 in in

,
.

di a m ete r and p rovided w i th a trap having a deep seal .

 P la te V1 1 1

R E F R I GE R A T O R S S A FE W A S T E S T A N K
O V E R F LO W S P E C I AL W A S T E S
 REF RI GERATO RS
RE F R I GE RATO R S should n eve r unde r any condi tion be di rec tly
, ,

connec ted to any pa rt o f the d rainage sys tem .

This res tr ic tion makes it necessa ry to p rovide connections for

the ref r ige r a to r on an en ti rely di ff e ren t p r inciple f rom those of the
regu la r plumbing fix tu res The ref rige ra to r should d rip in to a pan
.

benea th it w hich should be trapped the w as te f rom the trap d r ipping

, ,

into an Open sink .

The si n k should be trapped and ven ted in the usual man ne r and ,

may be connec ted to any soil o r w as te pipe .

The use o f the d rum trap is good p rac tice as it may ea s ily be ,

cleaned of the slime and S aw dus t w hich collec ts in conside rable quan
tity . I t also has a much deepe r seal to w i ths tand evapo ra tion w hen
t he ref r ige r a to r is o ut o f use .

The me thods sho w n in Figs A and B amply p ro tec t the ref rig
.

crato r fo r the re is n o t only the trap usually found inside the

,

ref rige r a to r and t he o the r tw o tr aps bu

, t also the tw o b reaks in the
,

connec tio n s .

The ou tlet f rom the ref r ige rato r trap should discha rge as fa r
from the sink ou tle t as possible I t is p refe rable to d rip in to a S ink
.

in common use as the rene w al of its trap seal is ensu red bu

,
t if ,

impracticable a special S ink may be employed

,
.

I t is pe rmissible also to discha rge the ref r ige ra to r w as te in to a

cell ar fl
-
oo r d r ain ya rd d rain o r in t
,
o a trap p rovided w i th a receiv
,

ing funnel In the la tte r case it is necessa ry to p rovide a b rass scre w

.

cover or a ga te valve fo r closing the trap w hen the ref r ige ra to r is

not in use .

The w as te f rom the ref r ige ra tor should neve r be less than I V,
in in size
. Sho rt w as tes and traps may be of lead but long lines
.
,

shou ld be of galvani z ed w rough t i ron .

The refr ige rato r w as te S hould have as sha rp a g rade as possible .

Fig C rep resen ts a desi rable fo rm o f ref rige ra to r d rip pan

. .

The bo x is lined w i th me tal fo rmed so tha t all d r ippings en te ring

,

the pan fl ow to w a rd the ou tle t w hich is p rovided w i th a s traine r and

,

61
62 M O DERN P LUM BIN G I LLUSTRATE D
br as s sc rew cove r the la tte r fo r use w hen the ref rige ra to r is n ot
,

being used .

The requi remen ts for refrige ra tors apply also to ice boxes or ,

any othe r recep tacle for food o r p rovisions w hich it is necessa ry

to d ra in .

SAFE W ASTE S —
TANK O V ERFL O W
W as tes f rom safes d rip pans , , etc, . should n ot be di rec tly con
n ected any pa rt o f the d rain age sys tem
to .

Such was tes should discha rge in to a S ink o r laund ry tub cella r ,

floo r d rain o r deep seal trap

, .

The lo w e r end o f such a pipe should have a b rass flap valve to

p reven t the passage o f cella r a ir .

The ove rflow f rom the a ttic tank o r o the r simila r tank shoul d
n o t be di rec tly connec ted to the d rain age sys tem but S hould be dis ,

cha rged upon the roof or in to an open fixtu re I t is of ten convenien t .

to discha rge this ove rfl o w in to the fl ush tank o f a w a te r close t on a

floo r below the tank This ove rflow should neve r be less than I % in
. .

in size an d 1 V ia pipe is often be tte r

, ;
-
. .

F L OO R D RA IN S A ND DRI P S FRO M I C E H O USES , ETC .

F loo r d rains etc used for the draining o f ice houses ref rig
, .
, ,

cra to r roo ms s to rage rooms for p rovisions etc o r fo r d r ain ing an y

, , .
,

room w he re food is p repa red should n o t be di rec tly connec ted to ,

the d rainage sys tem bu t should discha rge in to an open ca tch bas in
,

o r trapped sink loca ted ou tside the building the ou te r end of the pipe ,

being p rovided w i th a b rass flap valve .

L AU NDRY W A STE —
CREAM ERY W ASTE

The w as te f rom w ashing machine ry in laund ries f rom simila r ,

machines in b re w e ries an d o the r es tablishmen ts w he re a la rge volume

o f w a te r is cons tan tly used and f rom recep tacles and sinks used in
,

c reame ries m ay be discha rged on to the flOo r p rovided it is w a te r

, ,

tigh t p rope rly graded an d p rovided w i th a sui table floo r d ra in

, ,
.
 REFRIGERAT O R LI NES
TH E size of a li n e o f w as te pipe se rving ref rige ra to rs on tw o
floors should be at leas t I V4 in for th ree o r fou r floo rs I V in and
.
, ; .
,

for more tha n fou r floo rs 2 in .

Galvanized w rough t i ron pipe is gene rally used fo r this w o rk

-
,

and all b r anches f rom t his pipe should be made by mea ns of forty
five degree Y b ra n ches
- -
.

Ref rige r a to r traps do n ot requi re ven ting as n o condi tions a re ,

pres en t to cau s e siphonage of thei r con ten ts .

The w as te pipe w hich se rves a line of ref r ige r a to rs should in n o

ase be co n nec ted di r ec t to the plumbing sys tem
c but should dis ,

harge in the s ame ma n n e r as the single ref r ige ra to r as desc r ibed

c ,

und er Pla t e 8 All cha n ges in di rec tion and all o ff se ts on the ref rig
.

erator was te pipe s hould be p rovided w i t h full size clean outs -

.

Refrige r a to r pipes should neve r discha rge upon the cella r floo r
o r bot tom,
and w he reve r se w age p r ivileges exis t they should n ot
driponto the g round . How eve r if necessa ry to discha rge upon the
,

Mu ,
d such discha rge should n ot take place w i thin th ree fee t of
lttfou
t ndation w alls u n less in to a tigh t gu tte r
, .

Each ref r i g e r a to r con n ec ting in to a line of w as te pipe S hould be

l fately trap ped w i th its b ranch w as te as S ho rt and di rec t as pos
Sttt
,

e T he main li n e should be ca rr ied di rec tly th rough the roof and ,

itm idclimate s it s hould be inc r eased to 4 in i n S i z e befo re passing

.

throu h he roo f
g t .

The reas on for this is tha t smalle r sizes of ten close up a t thei r
“fi ends w i th hoa rf ros t thus s topping ven tila tion w hich in the
, ,

n ott he ref r ige rato r is a mos t impo rtan t ma tte r The cella r end .

xliltrefri era to r line should be p rovided w i th a b rass flap valve

o
g ,

n Order that the upw a rd passage of cella r a ir and odo r s may be

he u
T se of the fl ap valve and the cleanou t is show n in Fig B . .

6S
66 M O D ER N P LUMBING I LLUSTRATED

BAR SINKS S O DA F O UNTAIN SI NKS

— —

The ba r S ink or the soda foun tain sink may be ins talled i f -
,

desi red w i th an indi rect con nec tion to the d rainage sys tem o r w i th
, ,

di rect communica tion .

W hen an indi rec t connec tion is made fo r ei the r of these fix tu res

it may be tr apped o r n ot as p refe rred bu t S hould al w ays discha rge
, ,

in to a fixtu re o r pan p rope rly trapped and located as close to the ba r

sink o r foun tain sink as possible .

E X HAUSTS , DR I P S AND BL O W O FFS O F STEAM

,
—

B O ILERS ET C , .

The exhaus t d ra w o ff d rip and blow o ff f rom a s team boile r

,
-
, ,
-

should neve r connect di rec tly in to any se w e r o r in to any pa rt o f the

d rainage sys tem These pipes should discha rge in to a tank or co n
.

dense r the capaci ty o f w hich should be the same as tha t o f the boi le r
,
.

The tank S hould be p rovided w i th a ven t pipe n ot less than 2 in in .

diame te r connec ting w i th the ou tside air The tank should connec t
,
.
,

th rough a w as te n o t less tha n 3 in in diame te r in to the house d r ai n .

,

o r se w e r p refe r ably the la t

,
te r The w as te should be trapped an d
.

ven ted and p rovided w i th a back p ressu re valve The reason tha t -
.

this class of d rainage should n ot discha rge di rec tly in to the d r ainag e
sys tem o r se w e r is tha t the s team rising f rom it p roduces se w e r
p ressu re agains t w hich all possible p recau tions should be taken
, .

W a te r ove r 1 2 0 deg rees in tempe ra tu re should n o t be discha r ged

in to the se w e r ow ing to the result w hich may follow in the fo rm a
,

tion of s team .

The d rainage f rom ho t w ate r hea ting sys tems and f rom low
-

p ressu re s team hea ting sys tems may ho w eve r be connected di rectly
-
, ,

in to the d rainage sys tem if p rope rly trapped w i thout en te ri n g a

, ,

condensing tank .

The d rainage f rom hyd raulic eleva to r s lifts and othe r simila r , ,

appa ra tus w hich is di rect connected should n ot be discha rged di rectly ,

in to the d rainage sys tem but should fi rs t en te r a tank in o rde r th a t

, ,

it may be discha rged f rom tha t poin t i n to the se w e r w i thou t p ressu r e .

Tanks used fo r this pu rpose should be trapped and ven ted and pr o
v ided w i th a back p ressu re valve
—
.
 P la te X

T H E S T A LL S IN K H O R SE T RO U G H
F RO S T P RO O F W A T E R C LO SE T S
 THE STALL SINK
IN mode rn s tables much a tten tion is given to the p rope r d rain
age of ho r se s talls Al though n ot of so much momen t w hen s tables
.

are l oca ted a t a dis tance f rom d w ellings o r in spa r sely se ttled dis ,

t ricts the ho r se s talls of s tables tha t a re loca ted in sec tions devo ted
,

t o residen tial o r business pu r poses should be p rovided fo r in t he same

manner as any o the r plumbing fix tu re This applies to p r iva te s tables .
,

livery s tables engine house s tables etc

,
-
, .

The d rainage of the ho rse stall is bes t accomplished by the use

of a s ecially cons tr uc ted cas t i r n s tall sink the fou r sides of w hich
p o
-
,

iptch tow a rd the cen te r f ro m w hich poin t the w as te is ca rried o ff

, .

Below the sink a special fi tting is p rovided w hich bol ts to the s ink
and c aulks in to the cas t i ron w as te pipe The w as te and ven t shoul d
-
.

be of 2 in cas t i r on pipe cas t i ron w i ths tandin g the ac tion of the

-
.
-
,

ac ids in the w as te much mo re e ffec tively than w rough t i ron o r s teel .

The w as te line should en te r a trap loca ted as close to the s tall

as c onvenien t and p rovided w i t
,
h tw o 2 in clean outs -
. .

Two clean ou ts may be used by taking the ven t f rom a tee loca ted
next beyond t he trap ins tead o f f rom the trap i tself as S ho w n in
, ,

Plate 1 0 The use o i clean o uts whe reve r possible on w ork o f this
.
,

nat u re is a necessi t
,
y as even the u tmos t p recau tion w ill n ot se rve to
,

ent irely p r even t the en trance o f s o lid ma tte r in to the d rain A clean .

ou tatthe end o f the ho r i z on tal cas t i ron w as te as sho w n w ill p rove -

, ,

Of m u ch value .

A pe r fo r a ted cove r is p rovided w i th the s tall sink its pu rpos e ,

bein to p r even t as fa r as possible the escape o f solid subs tances in to

g ,

t he was te pipe .

The s tall sink should be s et w ell to w a rd the rea r o f the s tall a s ,

Shown in t he plan vie w in o rde r to bes t se rve its pu rpose

, .

The sink should be cove red by a skele ton tr ap doo r th rough ,

which the li uids may fi n d thei r w a in to the S ink

q y .

Even w hen p rovided w i th these d rainage facili ties the ho r s e s ta ll ,

30011 becomes foul smelling o w ing to the foul na tu re o f the s o lids

,

and li uids deposi ted

q ; but if the sink is tho r oughl y flu s hed o ut w i th
the hose each day it may be kep t in a compa r a tively clean con di ti o n
, .
70 MO D ERN P LUM BING I LL U ST RA TE D

THE H O RSE TR O UGH

The plumbing of the s table is n ot comple te w i thout the p rope rly
co nnec ted ho rse trough The ho rse trough is gen e rally made o f ca s t
.

i ron and may be p rovided w i th a s tanding ove r fl ow to gua rd a g ains t

,

the ove r flo w ing o f the fix tu re .

I ts w as te should be 2 in in S ize and its ven t I V in

. The d rain, ; .

age pipes o f s ta bles a re gene rally o f ca s t i ron as the p resen ce o f ,

s trong acids in the w as te soon caus es w rough t i ron to de te rio ra te .

F RO ST P R OO F
-
\ VATER C L O SETS
Seve ral fo rms of w a te r closet a re n ow made designed especially ,

fo r ope ra tion in places exposed to extreme cold such as un hea ted ,

sta bles ya rds etc

, , .“a te r closets fo r this pur pose c anno t be of the
l

yle tha t is w i th the trap combined in the fixture as the

o rd in a ry s t , , ,

con ten ts of the trap w ould be in dange r of f reezing The refo re lon g .

hoppe rs are gene rally used on f ros t p roof wa te r close ts the trap -
,

being gene rally of cas t i ron and loca ted below the close t at su fficien t
dep th to avoid dange r of f reezing V a rious me thods are em ployed .

in p roviding a flush In some cases the flush is di rect connec ted

.
.

whil in o the r cases g alvani z ed cylind rical flush tanks a re used

e The .

flush tank is som etimes placed in a pit below the w a te r close t an d .

some times o n the w all above it .

In the la tter case the tank fills on ly when the sea t is occupied .

\Vh en the sea t is releas ed a heavy w eigh t a ttached to it open s the

,

flush to the close t and emp ties the tank a n y w a te r s tanding in the ,

piping d raining th rough a small pipe in to the trap .

W hen the tank is loca ted bel o w the floo r it remains emp ty excep t
w hen the sea t is occupied W hen the sea t is p ressed do w n the tank
.
,

fills w i th w a te r to w ha teve r exten t the p ressu re w ill comp ress the a ir .

W hen the sea t is vaca ted the w eigh t a ttached tips the sea t up closing ,

the inle t to the tank opening the flush to the close t and the com
, ,

p ressed a ir fo rces the flush th rough the fix tu re W hen f ros t p roof .

-

w a te r close ts a re loca ted in cella rs o r basemen ts of such buildings as

fac to ries w a rehouses and othe r buildings occupied but n ot used as
. . .

d wellings they should be ven ted an d local ven ted

, .
 CO NNE CTI O N S FOR S —
TRA P S —
V ENTI NG

TH E tr ap and its ven t a re so closely allied tha t it is best to con

sider t hem unde r the same heading .

The trap is a vessel con taining a body of w a te r the duty of ,

which is to obs truc t and p reven t the en trance o f se w e r a ir and gases

into the house All plumbing ordinances recogn i z e the necessi ty of
.

at ra
p unde r each fix tu r e and upon
, t he applica tion o f p r ope r p r i n

ciples in its cons truc tion ins talla tion and ven ting a la rge pa rt o f the
, , ,

su ccessful ope ra tion of the mode rn sys tem o f pl u mbing depends .

A trap to be en ti rely sa tisfac to ry and sani ta ry should possess a

g oo d seal
,
be self scou -
r ing non s i
,ph o n a b l
-
e have the leas t possibl
, e

opport uni ty fo r the collection o f fil th have n o pa rti tions w i thin i tself

, ,

and depend upon no mechanical con t r ivance t o make a seal .

To secu re all these fea tu res in the same trap is a di fficul t matte r ,

bu tt he claim is made fo r seve ral traps n o w o n the ma rke t tha t they

meetthese requi r emen ts and the n on s iphon able requi remen t havin g
,
-

been solved they requi re no ven ting

,
.

If an absolu tely n on S iphon able trap could be p roduced the re

-

wou ld be no need of the ven ting sys tem and the cos t of the ave rage ,

lu
p bi ng sys tem w ould the reby be reduced app roxima tely on e thi rd
m -
.

It is true tha t seve ral traps have been in troduced w hich hav e
wit hstood seve re siphonage tes ts rema rkably w ell A ve ry impo rtan t .

u
q estion a r ises ho w eve r as to w ha t resul ts these traps w ill S ho w
, ,

after t hey have been in se rvice for a time become fouled and in ,

other ways reached the trap s no rmal condi tion ’

Some few plumb .

ing ordinances n ow allo w the use of these s o called non s i hon able
p
- -

tra s wi thou t the use o f t he trap ven t The vas t majo r i ty o f o rd i

p .

nanc es ho w eve r
, s till adhe re to the ven ting of the trap as a safe
,

u
g ard agains t siphonage and it w ould seem a t the p resen t ti me a
,

wise stand to take .

Befo re conside r ing the special subjec t o f S traps it w ill be w e ll -

,

toc ons ide r some o f t he gene r al fea tu res o f the trap ques tion .

By the seal o f the trap is mean t the dep th o f w a te r be tw een the

ou tletof the trap and the dip tha t is the dep th of w a te r w hich pre ,
,

Vent s the en trance o f gases f rom the se w e r .

73
74 M O DERN P L U MBING I LLUSTRATED
A safe dep th of seal is 2 in .

A much gr ea te r dep th of seal migh t be secu red for many traps ,

bu t the a rg u men t agains t it is tha t it p resen ts a la rge r bo dy of s tag

nan t w as te than is necessa ry A small seal is dange rous as it may .
,

mo re easily be des troyed by eva po ra tion Evapo ra tion is a grea t .

menace to the trap seals of fixtu res w hich do n ot have thei r seal s
rene w ed in t he eve ryday use of the fixtu re ; and the con veyance on to
the tr ap seal of a ir th rough the tr ap ven t inc reases the evil .

In te rnal pa rti tions are dange rous for se w e r gas may pass in to ,

the house th rough defec ts tha t may exis t in the pa rti tion above the
w a te r line .

F o rme rly traps w i th me chanical seals w e re much in use bu t a re ,

n o w gene r ally p rohibi t ed The mechanical device employed w a s.

usually a heavy ball or floa t w hich gave oppo rtuni ty for the colle e ,

tion of g rease and o the r fil th abo u t itself resul ting in the s toppage ,

of t he tr ap .

The trap seal may be des troyed by back p ressu re capilla ry ,

a tt rac tion momen tum eva po ra tion and siphonage

, , , .

The trap seal may be fo rced by back p ressu re tha t is the p res , ,

s u r e o f gases gene r a ted in t he se w e r .

This evil has been p rac tically eliminated by ca rry in g the ve rtical
s tacks t h rough the roof but w a s a se rious ma tte r in the old s tyle
,
-

sys tem in w hich each s tack ended at the highes t fixtu re

, .

The ac tion o f capilla ry a ttrac tion takes place in the trap w hen
th reads pieces o f clo th etc happen to dip in to the seal and ex tend
, , .
,

o ve r in to the ou tle t By this means a d rop at a time the seal may

.
, ,

be and often is b roken The re is no remedy tha t can be applied to

, , .

this evil fo r its exis tence is neve r kno w n

, A trap may lose its sea l .

by momen tum tha t is in flo w ing out o f the trap the rush o f the
, , ,

w as te is s o s trong tha t it may ca rry a pa rt o f the seal w i th it .

This is the tendency in some traps w o rking o n the cen trifugal

p rinciple In these traps the w as te inle t and ou tle t a re on a tangen t
.
,

r esul ting in a w hi rling mo tion w hich is so s trong as t o endange r the

s eal These traps have grea t scou ring quali ties which is an excelle n t
.
,

fea tu re .

O ccasionally traps on top floo rs may lose a pa rt of thei r seal by its

being blo w n out by gus ts o f w ind passing ove r the top of the s tack .

Siphonage how eve r is the w o rs t evil which the trap has to con
, ,

tend w i th F o r the pu rpose of the conside ra tio n of the ac tion o f

.
 C O NNE C TI O NS FO R S -
TRA P S —
V ENTI NG 75

s iph on ag e it is cons ider ed tha t the trap in Fig A P la te 1 1 is wi th .

, ,

ou t a ven t .

I n tha t case if a vacu u

, m o r pa rtial vacuum w e re fo rm ed by any
m ea ns in the lo we r pa rt of the trap ou tle t the a tmosp he ric p ressu re .

he ho u
'
e x er ted on t se side of the trap seal would fo rce the con ten ts
ou t o f the trap in to t he w as te pipe I n o the r w o rds the con ten ts
.
,

w ou l d be sucked o ut of the trap I f condi tions a re such that a .

v a cu um is p rod uced as above the on ly w ay in which siphonage of,

the trap can be p reven ted is by b ringing a supply of a ir in to the trap

a t or n ea r its c ro w n .

The siphon consis ts p rima rily of a ben t tube one a rm being ,

s ho rte r than t he o the r Af te r the vacuum has been c rea ted and bo th
.
,

a rms fill ed wit h wa te r the ac tion con tinues because the fall ing o f
,

the g rea te r weigh t of w a te r in the l ong a rm exe rts a su ction on tha t

in the short a rm I f the two a rms w e re of the sa me l ength the
. ,

weig h t of each w ou l d balance tha t of the o the r an d the res u l t would .

be tha t the w a te r in each a rm w o uld fall by g ravi ty a t on ce emp ty .

in g both a rms o f the siphon I t w ill be seen th en tha t the trap w i th

.
, .

its ou tl et a l mos t al ways rep res en ts the ideal fo rm of siphon fo r t

, he ,

middl e l eg of the tr ap is sho rt an d unde r a tmosphe ric p ressu re and ,

the ou tl et is gener ally much lon ge r an d a t its lo w e r end of ten subj ec t

,

to in fl uences w hich tend to p roduce a vacuum In o rde r then tha t .

, ,

the en tr ance o f a ir may b reak the siphonic ac tion the air mus t be ,

adm itte d at o r nea r the cr o w n o f the trap Tha t the re a re man y .

in fl uences in the plumbing sys tem tending to p rod uce a vacuum may
b e se en in the tex t unde r P la te 36 in w hich this subj ect is taken up
,

m o re ex ten s ively .

The v en t pipe connected a t the c ro wn o f the trap is the

me an s em ployed to p reven t trap siphonage and to da te it is the .

on ly pra ctical me ans V a rious expe r imen ts have been tried to pre
.

v en t tr ap siphona ge w i t hou t em ploying an expensi v e ven t sys tem .

bu t to n o avail . Having n o w cov e red some o f the fea tu res w hich

a pply to traps in gene ral the conside ra tion of the S trap w ill be
,
-

This p is mo re extensively used than any o the r fo rm of trap

tra .

The S trap and the d rum trap may be conside red as the funda
m en ta l forms o f traps all o the r traps n o w in use being ba sed upon
,

o n e or the o the r in thei r Ope ra tion .

Much deba te ha s a ri s en a s to the rela tive advan tag es of these

76 M O DE R N P LUMBIN G ILL U ST RA T E D
tw o fo rms of traps butitis n otthe pu rpose of the au tho r to en te r in to
,

the con trove rsy F ac ts conce rning the advan tages and disadvan ta g es
.

o f each w ill be given t he reade r reaching his o w n conclusion s a s to

,

w hich is the mo re pe r fec t trap .

The S trap o w ing to its form and to the fac t tha t its pa s s a g e
-
,

th roughou t is of the same si z e possesses excellen t self scou r i n g ,

-

quali ties a mos t desi rable fea tu re in traps

,
.

O n the o the r hand the re is n o o the r tr ap so suscep tible to the

,

ac tion o f siphonage as the S trap and it w ould be ve ry unsafe to -

,

install this trap w i thou t p roviding it w i th a ven t Upon the p rop e r .

applica tion of the ven t the successful ope ra tion o f the S trap la rgel y -

depends The grea tes t di fficul ty w hich the trap ven t has to con ten d
.

w i th is the accumula tion o f g rease hai r lin t etc abou t the Openi n g , , , .
,

of t he ven t in to the trap .

So grea t is this evil tha t it is an acknow ledged fac t tha t in a ve r y

la rge majo ri ty o f ins tances the ven ts of traps tha t have been in us e
fo r a numbe r of yea rs a re undoubtedly inope r a tive o w ing to co m ,

p le te s toppage of th e en tr anc e of th e ven t in to the tr ap .

P a ten t devices to p reven t this have failed Clean outs on tr a p .

ven ts as sho w n in Fig D a re seldom used o w ing to the fac t tha t

, .
, ,

the exis tence of the trouble is usually unkno w n and the need of the ,

remedy t he refo re n o t app reciated .

The nea res t app roach to a ven t w hich w ill n o t close up is the
connec tion show n in Fig F in which the ven t is taken f rom the to p
.
,

of t he w as te fi tting This me thod is kno w n as con tinuous ven ting

.
,

and is of such ackn ow ledged excellence tha t it is taken up at len g th

unde r P lates 2 6 2 7 and 2 8 , , .

S traps a re made in th ree s tyles the full S th ree qua rte r S and
-

, ,
-
,

half S .

In the la tte r tw o fo rms the ven t may be taken o ff at a conside r

able dis tance f rom the seal as seen in Figs C and E Such a con , . .

n ection is p r efe rable to t ha t o f ei the r Fig A B o r D fo r the re is .

, , ,

n o t so g r ea t a tendency t o th row the w as te up in to the ven t as in

the th r ee connec tions named .

The re is o n e o th er fea tu re w hich makes the w o rk of Fig C .

p refe rable to tha t o f Figs A B and D .

, , .

A ir is supplied to the trap seal a t such a dis tance f rom it tha t ,

the ra te o f evapo ra tion w ill be ma te r ially less than in the case o f the
o the r th ree connec tions .
 CO NNE CTI O NS FOR S -
T RA P S —
V ENTING 77

The ven ts in F i g s B an d D bein g taken off f urthe r f rom the

.

trap s eal tha n in F ig A thei r r a te of evapo ra tion w ill be les s

.
, .

I t may be s ta te d how eve r tha t the connec tion show n in F ig A

, , .

is the on e mos t commonly in use Al though evapo ra tion is n ot so .

dange rou s a fac to r a s siphonage in con nec tion w i th traps it is much ,

m o re to be fea red than w ould appea r a t fi r s t though t .

This is pa rticula rly true of traps unde r fixtu res wh ich a re sel
dom used o r traps o f fix tu re s in houses tha t a re vacan t as is of ten
, ,

the case du r ing the summe r season .

The S trap w hen used to se rve the ba th tub is of te n foun d ve ry

-
, ,

ina ccessible w hen it is desi red to clea r it of s toppage fo r the trap ,

s c rew ,
so convenien t in mos t pos itions is in this case ve ry di fficul t ,

to g et a t .

Floo ring mus t usually be taken up to g et at the cleanout .

I n Fig E is sho w n a ve ry desi rable me thod of p roviding a clean

.

out fo r the ba th trap The cleanou t being b rought flush w i th the

.

floo r auv s toppage may be removed w i thout taking up the floo ring
,
.

The S tzes of traps a re vi z ,

a e closets
w tr ,

slop sinks ,

ki tchen sinks I V , ;

laund ry tubs ,

ba th tubs ,

u r inals ,

lava to ries ,

o the r fixtu res ,

Eve ry trap S hould be p rovided w i th a cleanou t on its inle t side

o r b elo w t he w a te r level in the trap and the ove r flo w f rom each fi x ,

tu r e should be connec ted o n t he inle t side of the trap Th rough .

ca r e lessness and ign o rance the ove r flo w is some times found connec ted

to the se w e r side of the tr ap the reby fo rming a by pass th rough ,

-

w hich gases and odo rs f rom the d r ainage and se w e r sys tem may
e n te r t he ho u se The trap should al w ays be s et level w i th respec t
.

to its w a te r seal O the rw ise the available depth of seal w ill be

.

le s s en ed and the seal possibly en ti rely los t

, .

T raps l oca ted unde r floo rs should have clean outs accessible f rom
abo v e t he tr ap excep t in cases w he re the tr ap is accessible f rom the
,
7s M O DERN P LUMBING I LLUSTRATED
floo r belo w ow ing to the fo rm of floo r cons truction a s fo r i n s ta nc e
, , , ,

in facto ry w o rk The w as te f rom a fix tu re should neve r pass th ro ugh

.

mo re than one trap befo re en te ring the house d rain The e ff ec t o f

.

passing w as te th rough tw o traps is to cause a ir lock be tw een the tw o

-

tr aps w hich impedes the na tu r al fl

,
o w o f the w as te and resul ts finall
y
in a s toppage o f the w as te
.
 CO NN E CTI O NS FOR DRUM TRA P S
TH E d rum trap fOr gene ral fixtu re use is 4 in in diamete r and .
,

i n to it a re w iped the inlet and ou tle t w as te pipes The trap then .

, ,

r e presen ts an enla rge m en t in the w as te f rom a pipe of I VI I V o r , ; ,

z in diame te r to 4 in
-
. and unde r this condi tion it can not be expec ted
.
,

that the d r um trap w ill possess the scou ring qual ities to be found in
the S tr ap -
The d rum trap ho w eve r ce rtainly possesses one ve ry
.
, ,

s trong po in t W hile the S trap is the trap mos t easily siphoned the
.
-
,

d ru m trap is one o f the mos t di fficul t to siphon In fact un de r any .

,

o rdina ry w o rki n g condi tio n s t he d rum tr ap is p rac tically non siphon -

a ble
. Special tes ts of grea t seve r i ty have show n tha t a t leas t a pa rt
o f it s seal may be siphoned bu t these tes ts subj ec t the tr ap to con
,

di rions fa r mo re seve r e than they encoun te r w he n ins talled on the

u
p mbing sys tem
l The s trong poin t of the d rum trap is tha t unlike
.
,

the S trap it holds a l a rge bo dy of w a te r and w hen subjec ted to

-
, ,

Si hon ic influence such ac tion takes place th ough a passage f th

p ,
r o e

same diame te r as t he w as te pipe allo w ing the remai n i n g body o f

,

water to fall back and fo rm the seal .

While ackno w ledging tha t the d rum trap is far less subjec t to
Si h age than th S t ap it should be ven t ed in o de tha t eve y
p o n e r r r r
-
, ,

p ible p r e ca u tion may be taken to elimina te this da n ge r and to give

o s s

the enti re sys tem the benefi ts to be de r ived f rom tho rough ven tila tio n .

It w ould seem a poo r policy to main tain a radical s tand agains t

the u se o r in favo r o f ei the r t he S o r the d rum trap A be tte r cou rse .

is to selec t the fo rm o f trap to be used af te r conside r ing the na tu re

Of t he fixtu re w hich it is to se rve and the special condi tions u n de r
,

which the plumbing sys tem ac ts .

For ins tance in coun try dis tr ic ts w he re ven ti ng is n ot al w ays

, ,

u sed it w ould appea r t

, o be good p rac tice t o make f r ee use of t he
dru m trap W he reve r the con tinuous ven t can be applied to the trap
.
,

however the use of the S trap w ill give excellen t resul ts

,
-
.

The d rum trap is of special value in se rving the ba th tub as it ,

maybe easily cleaned and ve ry of ten a be tte r pi tch can be secu red
,

for the ou tl et pipe than in the use of the S trap I t is also w ell -
.

81
82 M O DERN P LU M BING I LLU ST RA TED
a dap ted to the laund ry tubs as it w ill easily receive the inle ts f rom
,

the seve ral compa rtmen ts and may be placed in a mo re adv an

,

tag eou s posi tion than t he S tr ap of ten avoiding a long line of ho ri

-
,

z on tal w as t e extending f rom the fa rthest sec tion to the S trap The -
.

d rum trap is of ten used to se rve two or mo re fixtures but this is a ,

p ractice w hich should n ot be follo wed as each fix tu re should have its

,

o wn sepa ra te trap .

Con n ec tions to the d rum trap may be made in a gr ea t va r ie ty

o f w ays seve ral o f the mo re common connections being sho w n in
,

P la te 1 2 .

The connections o f F ig A a re no doubt the mos t com mon but

.
,

the trap so ins talled is open to an evil w hich is n ot of ten conside r ed .

The trap sc re w is made tigh t by means o f a rubbe r or lea the r

gaske t and unless this join t is pe r fec tly tigh t di rec t communica tion
, ,

w i th the se we r w ill exis t I t i s almos t impossible to Open this clean

.

ou t af te r the gask e t has been in use fo r s ome time w i thou t des troy

ing it an d a defec tive join t is ve ry liable to be left The re are a

, .

numbe r o f ways in which this dange r may be avoided F ig G S ho w s . .

a me thod of using the d rum trap s o that any defect in the cl ean ou t
gask et w i ll at once be made appa ren t by l ea ka ge f rom the trap The .

cleanou t may be placed at the bo ttom o r on the side as sho wn by ,

dotted lines In ei the r case it is n ot only subme rged but allo w s the
.
,

trap to be cleaned to be tte r advan tage Many o rdinances n ow requi re

.

the cl ean o u ts o f fix tu re traps to be subme rged .

Fig B show s a trap which is well gua rded having its ou tle t
.
,

su bma g ed in w hich case when the trap sc re w is removed the re is

, , ,

no di rect communica tion .

This me thod of connec tion how eve r is Open to a se rious ob

, ,

j ec tio n .By ta k ing the ou tle t f rom the bo t

t om o f the tr ap w he re the ,

heavy pa rts of the se w age collec t and the reby making the ou tlet,

pipe fo rm the trap the re is much grea te r liabili ty of s toppage

, .

In F ig C the ou tle t ends inside the trap dippi n g down in to the

.
,

seal and the reby pr even ting di rec t commun ica tion w i th the se w e r
,

w hen the trap sc re w is removed Al though gai n ing this poin t the
.
,

pa rt o f the ou tlet inside the trap fo rms an obs truction an d the re is ,

oppo rtuni ty fo r the collec tion of grease etc a roun d it The in te r io r, .

, .

o f the trap should al w ays be f ree f r om any obs tru c tion .

Fig D sho w s a trap in w hich the ven t is connec ted th rough the
.

cl eanou t cove r Many o rdinances p rohibi t a ven t connec tion of this

.
 C O NNE CTI O NS FOR DRUM TRA P S 83

kind on the ground that no v en t connection should be made by means

of a union and gaske t .

The re is s till ano the r objection to this form of v en t connection .

All traps soone r o r la te r have to be opened and cleaned out and ,

in this ca se to remove the cleanou t the ven t mus t be ben t a round ou t

of t he w ay w hich is n ot only an annoyance bu
,
t ha rmful to the v en t .

In Figs E and F the ou tlet pipe is sho w n dipping do w n to the

.

bottom o f the trap This is done to p reven t di rect communica tion

.

when the cleanou t cove r is removed bu t is a bad p rac tice for tw o , ,

reasons . In the fi r s t place it takes U p space in the trap and fo rms , ,

an obs tr uc tion a round w hich collec tions o f foul ma t te r may fo rm .

In the second place ei the r o f these tw o fo rms of tr ap is ve ry much

,

more liable to siphonage than w ould be the traps in Figs A and B .

,

for the inle t and ou tle t Openings a re close enough toge the r to p ra e
t ically fo r m an S trap w hich is v e ry susceptible to S iphonage
-
, .

Fig H show s a tr ap w hich is compact in the manne r in w hich

.

its connec tions a re made bu t w hich has the same faul t tha t is found
,

in Figs C E and F
.
, , .

This trap w ill S iphon mo re readily than w hen connec ted as in

Figs A and B
. .

Fig K sho w s a trap p rovided w i th a con tinuous ven t tha t is a

.
, ,

connection s o made tha t the ven t may be taken o ff the w as te fi tting .

As stated in connec tion w i th S traps this me thod is an excellen t on e -

, .

It is taken up tho roughly unde r P la tes 2 6 2 7 and 2 8 , , .

In the case o f F ig K the faul t is the same as in Fig A tha t is

.
, .
, ,

there will be di rec t communica tion w i th the se w e r w heneve r the

cover is remov ed The same trap reve rsed how eve r so that its
.
, ,

cleanou t is subme rged ove rcomes this objec tion , .

The refo r e in summing up it w ould seem tha t the trap sho w n in

, ,

Fig G connec ted like tha t sho w n in Fig K w ould p res en t the d rum
.
, .
,

ra u
t p nde r the mos t favo rable condi tions possible .

PRA CTI C A L RE QUIREMENTS O F V ENTING

The ma tte r o f v en ting appea r s in the plumbing sys tem in sev
eral ways In the fi rs t place the re is the soil or w as te ven t th rough
.

the roof the main lines of ven t in to w hich the individual trap ven ts
,

cOlmect t he tr ap v en ts themselves the f resh air inle t and the local -

, , ,

vent s of w a te r close ts u r inals and slop sinks Local v en ts and the .

, .
84 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
f resh air inlet have no connection w i th the sys tem of trap v en ts an d
-
,

w ill n ot be touched upon unde r this pla te The soil and w as te ve n ts

.
,

main ven t lines and trap ven ts a re closely allied how eve r
, , .

O ne o f the chief s teps tow a rd the improv emen t of the plumbing

sys te m was taken when soil and w aste s tacks w e r e ca rr ied th rough
the roof ins tead of being allow ed to end a t the connec tion o f the to p
fi xtu re . Even w i thou t the use o f trap ven ts the roof ven t w a s of
great ben efi t as it w as often the means of p reven ting the c rea tion of
,

s iphonic condi tions w hich mean t the siphonage of t

, he unven ted tr aps .

In addi tion it p roved a successful remedy for back p ressu re

,

f rom the se w e r as the latte r could n ot force the seals o f traps fo r

, ,

the reason tha t the roof ven ts relieved any such p ressu re .

I t is gene rally th rough the soil o r w as te ven t tha t a ir is b rough t

in to the main ven t lines o f the plumbing system w hich in tu rn ,

delive r the air to the traps th rough thei r sepa ra te ven ts .

The trap ven t should be as di rect in its cou rse f rom the trap to
the main ven t line as possible in o rde r tha t the passage of a ir may
,

be secu red w i th as grea t an amoun t o f f reedom as possible .

Each fixtu re vent or trap ven t S hould incline upw a rd th rough

ou t its cou r se in o rde r tha t any condensa tion fo rming in it may be
,

conducted back in to the trap The trap ven t should in all cases en te r
.
'

the main line of ven t abo ve the fix tu re w hich it se rves W hen the .

ven t is thus p rope rly connected and a s toppage occu rs in the tr ap

,

or t he fixtu re w as te the w as te f rom the fixtu re w ill back up in to

,

the fix tu re thus giving w a rning of the trouble tha t exis ts

,
I f the .
:

ven t pipe is connected below the fix tu re how eve r the w as te in , ,

the even t of such a s toppage w ill n ot back up in to the fixtu r e b u t ,

w ill fl ow o ff th rough the fix tu re ven t in to t he main ven t line and ,

thence in to the d rainage sys tem thus defea ting the pu rpose o f the
,

v en t sys tem ,
and making o f the trap ven t and main ven t a w as te
pipe for the fix tu re .

Each fix tu re trap should be sepa ra tely ven ted but v en ts f r o m ,

seve ral fixtu res may be connec ted in to a single b ranch ven t p rovided ,

this b ranch ru ns above the highes t fixtu re o f the group .

 P la te X I I I

SO IL P I P E A N D S O I L P I P E C O NN E C TI O N S
88 M O DERN P LUMBIN G I LLUSTRATED

caulked

I t is gene rally unsa tisfacto ry to give such a table as the abo ve ,

o f the amoun t o f lead necessa ry fo r caulked join ts o f di ff e r en t size ,

as on e w o rkman may use much mo re oaku m than anothe r and a ,

co rrespondingly less amoun t o f lead The refo re it w ill no doub t be .

found tha t the table published w ill n ot agree al w ays w i th the prac
tice o f di ff e ren t w o rkmen The re is a rule some times used in es ti
.
,

ma ting the amoun t o f caulking lead calling for one pound of lead ,

fo r each inch in size o f the respecti v e join ts ; thus 3 lbs fo r a 3 in , .

-
.

join t 4 lbs for a 4 in join t etc In es tima ting the total amoun t of
, .
-
.
, .

lead to be used on the cas t i ron piping it is necessa ry si mply to es ti

-
,

ma te the numbe r o f hubs on fi ttings o f di ffe rent sizes and the num ,

ber o f lengths o f pipe o f di ff e ren t S izes adding the amoun ts of each ,

size toge the r and mul tiplying by the w eigh t o f lead used per join t .

Thus a Y o r tee w ould call for tw o j oin ts the thi rd join t on the ,

spigot end being es tima ted on the straigh t pipe

,
.

An allow ance fo r w as te S h rinkage and extra fi ttings S hould

, , ,

al w a ys be added to the es timated amoun t of lead .

I t is some times necessa ry to make a r us t join t on soil pipe This .

should be done by caulking in to the hub a ring of oakum and filling ,

the remaining space w i th a pu tty made by mixing toge the r sulphu r ,

i ron filings and sal ammoniac

,
.

Connec tions be tw een cas t i ron pipe and lead pipe should be
-

made by connecting the lead pipe to a brass fe rrule by means of a

w iped solde r join t the fe rrule being caulked in to the cas t i ron hub
,
-
.

O ve rcas t and cup join ts a re of ten w eak and impe r fect an d ,

should n ot be used .

Connec tions be tw een cas t i ron pipe and w rough t i r on o r b ra s s

- -

pipes should be made by means o f a caulked o r sc re w jo in t All .

ho ri z on tal soil pipes w he the r for d rainage or ven ting should w hen
, , ,

possible have a unifo rm fall of V in to the foot but neve r less than
, ; .
,
 S O IL PIPE AND S O IL PIPE CO NNE CTI O NS 89

V; in . foo
to the t A less amo un t of pi
. tch b r ings the pip e n ea r ly
l ev el and stoppage and sluggish flow o f w aste is liable to resul t
, .

A gr ade on ven t pipes is necessa ry in o rde r that con densation may

be ca rr ied off .

All ch ange s in di rection of soil pipe used on the d ra inage s y stem

s hould be mad e by means o f Y b ranche s and six th eigh th or six
-
, ,

teen th bends .

This connection is show n in F ig A P late 1 3 and applies whe the r .

, ,

the change in di rec tion is made v e rtically o r ho r izon tally A clean .

ou t s hould al w ays be used in the end o f the Y in o r de r to con trol

tha t sec tion of the piping The change in di rec tion made in F ig B
. .

is en ti rely w rong the qua rte r bend n ot being pe rmissible on an y pa rt

,

of the d rainage sys tem .

I t is allo w ed how eve r on the f r esh a ir inle t ven t lines rai n

, ,
-
, ,

leade r s and floo r and ya rd d rains

, .

The tee should n ot be used on any pa rt of the d rainage sys tem ;

the T Y being allo w ed on ve rtical lin es w hen it is impossible to use
-

the Y b ranch bu
-
t n ot being allo w ed on the ho r izon tal piping
, .

The objec t in restricting the use of these fi ttings on the d rainage

sy stem is t o secu r e fo r the w as te flow ing th rough the d rainage sys
tem as na tu r al and unimpeded a passage as possible .

D ouble hubs should n ot be used on the d rainage piping as in ,

thei r us e a r ough end of pipe is al w ays exposed w he r e t he pipe w as

cu toff and on this end lin t pape r etc in the se w age is liable to be
, , , , .
,

cau
ght .

The use double hub pipe w ill often avoid the use of double hubs
of -
.

The double T Y is ano the r fi tting w hich should n o t be used o n

-

horizontal w o rk as the w as te en te r ing on e side o f the fi tting w ill

,

cross an d en te r the b r anch on the other S ide ins tead o f en te r ing the
’

main line only .

Vertical s tacks should be s tr aigh t w heneve r possible bu t w hen ,

offsets are necessa ry they should be made w i th 4 5 degree fi ttings -

.

Any building in w hich plumbing fix tu res o f any desc r ip tion

are inst alled S hould have at leas t on e s tack ex tending th rough
the roof .

Wheneve r a ve rtical line receives w as te f rom a fixtu re on any

floor it should extend th rough t
,
he roof if 1 0 ft o r mo re f ro m the , .

nearest s tack .

The follow ing sizes of soil an d w as te pipes should be follo w ed

90 MO DERN P LUM BING ILL U ST RATED
Ea ch soil pipe should be at leas t
Main soil pipes for w a te r close ts on two th ree o r fou r fl oor s , , .

Main soil pipe fo r w a te r closets on five o r mo re floo rs

Main soil pipe fo r tenemen thouses of mo re than th ree s to ries .

B ranch soil pipes

Main was te pipe for k i tchen sink
Mai n was te pipe for S inks lava to r ies o r l aund ry tubs on five
, ,

o r mo r e floo r s

Main w as te pi pe for six o r mo re fixtu res n ot less than ,

The follo w ing sizes fo r main ven t lines should be follo w ed

Main ven t fo r 4 ia soil pipe line
-
.
-
N .

Long b ranch ven t lines N

Main ven t for s tack se rving s in k laund ry tubs and lava to ries N , , .

Main ven t fo r line of w a te r close ts on th ree o r mo re floo rs Q .

J

Main ven ts for tenemen t houses of mo re than th ree floo rs O .

J

Addi tiona l main ven t sizes w ill be found unde r P la te 36

-
.

The main ven t line may be run independen tly th rough the roof ,

or it may be reconnect ed to the main soil or was te pipe above the

highes t fixtu re ven t The l a tte r connec tion is shown in F ig C P la te
. .
,

1 3 and it has ce rtain advan tages ove r the independen t roof connec
,

tion In the fi rs t place it saves cu tting an ex tra hole th rough the

.
,

r oof and t he smalle r the numbe r o f pipes pass ing th rough the r oof
,

the less w il l be the dange r of leak age and the less unsigh tly w ill the .

r oof appea r In addi tion the ci rcula tion of a ir th rough the ven t sys
.
,

tem w ill be be tte r o w ing to the influence of the w a rme r a ir of the

,

main s tac k in k eeping the air in mo tion .

This connec tion may be made in to the ven t fi tting sho wn in

Fig C in to an inve rted Y b ranch and in the use o f w rough t i ron
.
,
-
,
-

main ven t by means of a tapped fi tting on the main s tack W hen the .

pipe is to be increased th rough the roof the ven t l in e may en te r the ,

main s tack th rough an inc rease r such as sho wn in Fig F p rovided ,

.
,

w i th a side hub o r tapp ing The lo we r end o f the main vent should
.

be reconnec ted to the main s tack as shown in Fig D ,

. .

This connec tion a l low s all condensa tion an d collection of rus t

and scale to be ca rried o ff in to the d rainage sys tem and in addi tion . ,

it gives r i gi di ty to the w o rk the dange r f rom leakage due to acci

,

den tal blow s se ttling sh rin kage etc being la rgely elimina ted
, . , .
 S O IL PIPE AND S O IL PIP E C O NNE CTI O N S 9 1

Fig E show s a ve ry common but undesi rable method o f con

.

n ect in g the lo wer end o f the main ven t to the fix tu re ven t o f the
l o w es t fixtu r e .

I t w ill be plainly seen tha t all scale falling th rough the main
v en t w ill collec t in t he bend a t the foot o f the line and such colle e ,

tions of rus t and sca le of ten p resen t a se r ious di fficu lty .

In Fig F is S ho wn a common me thod o f making the roof connec

.

tion . Some plumbing o rdinances requi re a 2 in s tack to be inc reased -

.

to 3 in in passing th rough the roof and a 3 in s tack inc reased to

.
,
-
.

4 in
. tha
, t is each pipe less than
, 4 in in S ize shall be i n c r eased one .

inch in size .

Mos t o rdinances ho w eve r allow n o pipe o f less S ize than 4 in

, , .

to pass th rough the roof The la tte r is the p refe rable method for
.
,

the reason tha t 2 and 3 in and smalle r S izes o f pipe w ill some times .

e n ti r el y close up w i th hoa r f ros t fo rmed abou t t he opening above the

r oo f this accumula tion being p roduced f rom t
, he s team r ising th rough
the s tac k In inc reasing the size o f pipe long inc rease rs such as
.
, ,

sho w n in Fig F should be used and the inc rease r loca ted n o t less
.
, ,

than one foo t belo w the roof .

Caps or co w ls should n o t be used to cove r roof pipes In the .

case of r oof pipes o f tenemen t houses w hose roofs a re used by the

in ma tes the openings S hould be p ro tec ted by the use of a w i re baske t
, ,

bu tu nde r othe r condi tions it is p refe rable to keep the opening en ti rely
free as ev en the w i re baske t gives oppo rtuni ty for the collection
,

of f ros t .

The roof pipe should ex tend tw o feet a bove the roof W hen .

eve r the r oof is used by t he inma tes all pipes passing th rough it ,

shou ld be ca rried up at leas t 6 ft above the roof Roof pipes should . .

termina te n o t less than 3 ft above any w indo w doo r o r a ir S haft

.
, ,

that may be w i thin a dis tance o f 1 2 ft a n d such pipes should n ot .

,

term ina te w i thin 6 ft of any chimney o r flue . .

“h en ca rr ied abo ve the roof pipes should be secu rely s tayed ,

to the roof Many styles of roof fla n ges are in use the mos t com
. ,

mon p robably being tha t of Fig F in w hich the hub is r ive ted to a .
,

fl ange of shee t coppe r w hich may be slipped unde r the sla te o r

,

shingle s abo ve t he pipe and ove r them below it Adjus table roof
,
.

fl ange s w ill fi t a roof of any pi tch A ve ry desi rable form is one in .

the use of w hich the plumbe r is n o t r equi r ed to go on to t h e r oof to

pou r the lead join t .

9 ; M O DERN P LUM B IN G ILLUSTRATED
A change has in recen t yea rs come a bou t in the us e of ma ter i a l s
on the d rainage and ven t sys tems o f the plumbing sys tem Ye a r s .

ag o all piping o f the p lumbing sys tem w a s of lead This was fol
.

lowed by the use of cas t i ron on bo th main d rainage li n es and ven t

lines w i th b ranch was tes and v en ts of lead
, .

Al though much cas t i ron is s till used on main v en t lines a la rge

,

pa rt o f the main ven ts of mode rn plumbing sys tems are n ow con

s tructed o f w rough t i ron pipe and the branch v ents as w el l un til a t
-
, ,

the p resen t time a la rge majo r i ty of tr ap ven ts a re of w rough t i r on

,

excepting in ce rtain sec tions o f the coun try tha t s ti ll adhe re to lead
w o rk .

The p resen t tendency especially on la rge wo rk in the la rge

,

ci ties is tow a rd the use of w rought i ron and b rass for fixtu re w as tes
, ,

and a ve ry excellen t featu re to be no ted in thei r use is tha t clean o uts

at bends may be used w he reas this w a s n o t done in the use o f le a d
,

w as tes The use o f b rass pipe for d rainage pu rposes is excellen t

.

p ractice but the cos t o f b rass pipe is so g rea t tha t excepting on the
, ,

highe r grades of w o rk its use is limi ted

,
.
 P la te X I V

S U P P O R TIN G A N D R U NN IN G O F S O I L PI PE
9 6 MO DERN P LUMBING I LLUSTRATED
cause it to sag and though the sag may of ten be ve ry S ligh t it w ill
, ,

gene rally be su fficien t to cause defective join ts .

All ve rtica l lines of soil pipe should be suppo rted at each floo r
by i ron bands placed jus t below the hub o r unde r the branch of a
fi tting .

These bands a re made o f flat w rough t i ron and should hav e the ,

s tren g th of V in round i ron and should be secu rely fas tened to the
;
-
.
,

timbe r w i th sc r e w s .

The support should be made on a ve rtical timbe r if possible as ,

the dange r of se ttling o r sagging of a ho r i z on tal timbe r is g rea te r .

A p rac tice sometimes follow ed is to cut the pipe in such a man

n er t ha t it suppo rts i tself on a hub at each floo r as S how n in Fig C , . .

F or hange r s for 2 and 3 in soil pipe in w rough t i ron ro d-

.
,
-
.
-

s hould be used ; and V in ro d fo r 4 a n d 5 ln pipe

;
-
.
-
. .

Tha t the re is grea t need o f eve ry p recau tion in running an d

s uppo rting soil pipe may be seen w hen it is conside red t hat a 4 ia -
.

s tack in almos t any o rdina ry residence o r d w elling w il l w eigh at

l eas t 550 lbs w i thou t taking in to accoun t any b ranches o r fi tting s
.
, ,

a n d pipe of la rge r size w ill w eigh ve ry much mo re .

Fu rthe rmo re w hen the en ti re sys tem is filled w i th w ate r du r i n g

,

the w a te r tes t this w eigh t is r aised to a much highe r amoun t

, .

S tacks passing th rough the roof and ca r ried seve ral fee t above
it in o rde r tha t thei r uppe r ends may be above all roof openings or
a bove adjoining w indo w s S hould be given special suppo rt as t
, he ,

p r essu re of t he w ind agains t them is at times ve ry s trong .

l t en roofs o f tenemen t houses a re occupied and used by ten

an ts as of ten happens the re is the addi tional dange r o f blow s agains t
, ,

the pipe Such pipes should be suppo rted by th ree or fou r s tout
.

w rough t i ron rods fi rmly secu red to the soil pipe ru

-
n o ff at an angle ,

and secu red to the roof A w rough t i ron colla r placed a round the
.
-

pipe and above a hub p rovides a good means o f a ttaching the rod s
,

to the soil pipe Anothe r method is to tap the pipe and secu re the
.

r ods by bol ts .

V en t pipes f rom cesspools w hen requi red to ru n ve rtically in t he

o pen fo r a numbe r of fee t should also receive special suppo rt .

A ve ry good me thod of p roviding such suppo rt is to s et in the

g round close to the cesspool a heavy pole w hich w ill n ot s w ay unde r
, ,

the p ressu re o f the w ind and ru n the pipe ve rtically a gains t it sup
. ,

po rting the pipe unde r each hub by w rough t i ron bands -

.
 S U P P O RTI NG AND RUNNI NG O F S O IL PIPE 97

The p resen t excel len t p rac tice o f con n ec ting main lines o f ven t
ppi e to thei r main soil and w a s te s tacks above th e highes t fix t u r es ,

and below t he lo w es t fixtu res is a goo d p ractice a s it ties the w o rk

, ,

toget her giving r igidi ty to it and in the even t of se ttling allow s

, , , ,

bot h lines to se ttle evenly w i thou t resul ting in an unequal s tr ain on

the two lines tha t w ould r esul t to a g rea te r exten t if n ot thus con
nect . ed The se ttling of a line of cas t i ron pipe often resul ts in pull
-

ing apa rt the ca ulked lead join ts especially if the lin e is n o t p rope rly
'

su pp o rted
. F o r ins tance
, a ve rt ical line tha t may happen to be w el l
su pp o rted in its uppe r sec tions b
, u t poo r ly suppo r ted a t lo w e r poin ts ,

is very liab le to pull apa rt f rom the sec tion tha t is secu rely fas tened .

This some times resul ts in pulling the caulked lead join t en ti rely out
of t he hub .

The grea t necessi ty w ill thus be appa ren t o f secu ring ve rtical ,

lines firmly th roughou t thei r cou r se and o f p roviding suppo rt a t the

,

foot of each s tack w hich cannot possibly se ttle O ne o f the chief .

advant ages to be ga ined in the use of w rough t i ron d rainage and ven t
-

i
pp g i
,
n in t h e cons tr uc tion o f th e Du r ham sys tem o f plumbing is tha
,
t
the screw join ts of such pipes w ill n ot pull apa rt in the se ttl ing o f
st acks as the caulked join ts of cas t i r on piping w ill do w hen t
,
-
he pipe
is not prope rly suppo rted . As fa r as a ve rtical pull o n a ve rtical line
of scre w ed pipe is conce rned it w ill have n o mo re e ff ec t on t
, he join t
than on the pipe i tself in pulling it apa rt .

How eve r if p rope r p recau tions a re taken ve rtical lines o f cast

, ,

i ron pipe m ay be ins talled even in high buildings w i thou t dange r of

p u l l ing ap a rt .
 P la te X V

TH E H O U SE O R MA I N T R A P A N D F R E S H
A I R IN L E T

t) 32
e 5 6 8
 TH E H O USE O R MAI N TRA P AND F RESH AI R
I NLET
I N the cons truction o f any plumbing sys tem one o f the fi rs t ,

hng
t i s to be decided is w he the r the sys tem shall be p rotec ted by a -

main trap o r n ot .

The ques tion is a deba table one and has been since the in tro
,

du ction o f the trap i tself P la te 1 5 sho w s th ree me thods o f ins talling

.

t he main tr ap and its accompanying f resh air inle t F rom these

-
.

illustrations it w ill be seen tha t the main trap is placed on the house
drain at a poin t as close to the place w he re the d rain leaves the
bu ilding as possible .

The objec t o f this trap is to p reven t the en trance in to the plumb

ing sys tem o f gases and odo r s f rom the se w e r .

At fi r s t though t the en trance of gases in to the plumbing sys tem

,

wou ld n o t appea r to be ha rmful especially as it has abundan t oppo r

,

tu nit to r ise and escape t

y h rough the r oof pipes Ho w eve r al though .
,

the plumbing sys tem of to day is subjec ted to r i g id tes t af te r being

—

const ruc ted unde r rigid o rdinances the re a re nume rous w ays in
,

whi ch gases r ising th rough the plumbing sys tem may en te r the house .

The se ttling o f floo r s and founda tions may resul t in r ende r ing soil
pipe join ts defec tive ; the soil piping is seldom p rope r ly suppo rted ,

and of ten se t tles o r sags th rough its ow n w eigh t causing the same ,

kind of tr ouble . These and o the r condi tions tha t migh t be named
are of such unive r sal occu r rence t ha t it is safe to say tha t only a
c om a ra tively small pe r cen t age f plumbing sys tems tha t have been
p o

in service fo r a te rm o f yea r s w ould be able to S ho w pe r fec t join ts

u nder tes t . Even though the plumbing sys tem w i th all its va r ious ,

c onnections may be pe r fectly tigh t s till the dange r o f en trance of

,
,

sewer gas is n o t al w ays elimina t ed .

Traps o f fix tu res n o t in eve ryday use often lose thei r seals in a

com ara tively S ho rt time as do floo r d r ains cella r d r ains etc
p , , , .

Wheneve r repai r s a re to be made on the soil piping o r on b ranch

'

Wast es se w e r gas has a f ree passage un til t

,
he repai r s a re comple ted .

When eve r the w a te r close t is removed fo r repai r s o r to be

renewed s e w e r gas has a f ree en tr ance un til it is replaced Many .
,

IOI
1 02 M O DERN P L U MBING I LLUSTRATED
o the r ins tan ces migh t be given in w hich the gases and odo rs f rom
the se w e r may find thei r w ay in to the house .

The main trap is p rovided as a means o f p reven ting this r esul t .

The opponen ts of the main trap claim tha t it obs tructs the flo w
of se wage th rough the house d rain tha t the trap w ill soon s top up
, .

tha t in cold w ea the r it w ill of ten f reeze These objections a re n ot

.

se rious and in many ca ses a re mo re fancied than real To be su re

, .
,

the ou tflo w is some wha t impeded by the trap bu t the g ain in p ro

,

v idin g p ro t ec tion to the house w ould much mo re th an o ff se t such

di fficul ty The s tronges t and p ractically the on ly real a r gum en t
.

agains t the use o f the main trap is tha t it p reven ts the ven tila tion o f
the public se w e r th rough the r oof pipe o f the building The w eigh .

ing of the ques tions w hich a rise in this connection is a ve ry d ifficul t

ma tte r .

In the fi rs t place it does n ot seem to be r igh t to make a ven ti

la ting flue o f each s tack in each d well ing house th rough w hich the ,

se w e r may th ro w its gases to escape in to the houses th rough defec ts

,

a n d op enings .

A t the same time the main d rain and s tacks p resen t a t p resen t
,

the mos t available me ans o f ven tila ting the se we rs and a re the refo re ,

often made use of The closed se we r should n ot be tole ra ted and

.
,

the p resen t me thod o f ven ting the se w e r th rough pe r fo ra ted m a nhole

cove rs is open to se rious objec tion as it a llo w s di rec t communica tion
,

betw een the s tree ts and the se we r Special ven t s tacks shoul d be
.

e rec ted a th igh poin ts in the se w age sys tem th rough which the se w e rs
,

migh t v en t themselves but su ch means are n o t p rovided and ther e

, ,

fo re n o t to be conside red .

I t is claimed tha t w h e re a f r ee passage exis ts be tween the se w e r

and the ou te r a ir th rough the roof extension o f the pl umbing sys
tem a ci rcula tion o f a ir w ill be kep t up by me a ns of w hich f res h
, ,

a ir w il l be d ra w n in to the se w e r th rough the manhole cove r s an d .

the foul a ir d r a w n o ut th rough the r oof pipes I f it w er e n o t fo r the

.

ma tte r of exposing the in te rio r o f the house to the admission o f

se we r gas this w ould unques tionably be an excellen t plan .

Some go even fu rthe r and claim tha t enough f resh a ir w ould

,

be d ra w n in th rough the manholes to rende r the gases ha rmless .

This does n o t seem reasonable w hen it is conside red w ha t a

sma l l a rea the manhole pe r fo ra tions really rep re sen t an d tha t a la rge ,

pe rcen tage o f th ese holes a re closed up wi th di rt ice and snow etc , , .

1 04 MO D ERN P LUMBING I LLUSTRATE D
it w ould be w ise r to do w i thou tthe main trap than in the mo re densely
po pula ted sec tions .

The use of the main trap makes necessa ry the use of the f resh
a ir inle t w hich as sho w n in P la t
,
e 1 5 mus t be connec ted on the house
, ,

side o f the trap The pu rpose o f this pipe is to b ring in to the plumb
.

ing sys tem a supply o f f resh air and to c rea te a ci rcula tion of this ,

a ir th rough the sys tem and o u t th rough the r oof pipe I t also se r ves .

to p reven t a ir lock be tw een heavy bodies of w as te flo wing do w n the

house d rain and the seal o f the main trap .

If the f resh a ir inle t w e re connec ted on the sew e r S ide o f the

-

main trap it w ould n ot only fail o f its pu rpose of supplying a ir to

,

the sys tem bu t w ould fo rm a di rec t ven t fo r the se w e r a t a pa rticu

,

la rlv bad poin t .

The f resh a ir inle t should unde r no condi tions receive d rainage

-

o f any so rt Fo rme rly the f resh a ir inle t w as connec ted to the trap
.
-

i tself as sho w n in F ig A w hich me thod allo w ed but on e cleanou t

,
.
,

to be used on the tr ap w he reas tw o should al w ays be used E x per i

, .

ence p roved how eve r tha t this connec tion had ano the r disadvan tage
, , ,

f rom the fact tha t it b rough t in a cu rren t of col d a ir di rec tly upon
the trap seal w hich resul ted in the chilling and some times in the
,

f ree z ing o f the w a te r in the trap Even though n o t f ro z en the chill .

,

ing of the w as te caused the grease to sepa ra te f rom the se w age and
cling to the inne r su r face of the trap making ul timate s toppage mo re ,

possible .

The f ree z ing and the s toppage o f the trap a re tw o o f the a rgu
men ts agains t its use but by the employmen t o f prope r means these ,

r esul ts may be la rgely ove r come The f resh a ir inle t w hen p rope rly .
-
,

cons tructed is taken o ut o f a fi tting placed nex t to the trap on the

, .

house S ide o f it This fi tting may be ei the r a tee o r a Y as sho w n

.
,

in Figs B and C The mo re bends the re a re in the pipe and the

. .
,

mo re indi rec t its cou r se the less w ill be the possibili ty of chilling ,

and f ree z ing .

The f resh a ir inle t s hould neve r end at a poin t w i thin 1 5 ft of

-
.

any doo r w indo w o r cold a ir box supplying hea ting sys tems The
, ,
-
.

reason fo r t his is tha t w hen heavy volumes o f se w age pass th rough

the house d r ain a discha r ge o f foul a ir passes th rough the inle t
, .

This same trouble also occu r s some times ow ing to a heavy a tm os

p her e W
. hen th e f r e s h a ir ime t ends a t a dis tance grea te r than I 5 ft-
.

f rom any opening in to the house it may te rmina te a t the oute r f a ce o f ,

 HOU SE O R MAIN TRA P AND F RESH AI R INLET 1 05

he o
t f unda tion as seen in Fig B In this case its end mus t be pro
, . .

vided wi t h a pe rf o ra ted cap o r w i th a bend looking dow n in o rde r

, ,

t o preven t di ff e ren t a rticles such as s tones etc f rom being th rown

, , .
,

into it I t mus t usually be ca rr ied out in to the la w n o r ya rd to cove r

.

the requ i remen t in w hich case it is often cons truc ted as sho w n in
, ,

Fig A w i th a ven tila ting cap cove ring its end o r ending in a re tu rn
.
, ,

bend this bend ending a t leas t one foo t above the g round
, In busi .

ness di str ic ts w he re such devices as t

,
he re tu rn bend and ven tila ting
cap cou ld n o t be used the f resh a ir inle t S hould open in to a box 1 8
,
-
,

in squ
. are loca ted belo w the level o f the S idew alk and at the cu rb
, ,
.

The bottom o f this box should be a t leas t 1 8 in belo w the unde r side .

of t he en d o f the inle t pipe .

The bo x may be cons truc ted of b r ick o r flagging o r of cas t i ron , ,

and c ov e r ed w i th a flags tone p rovided w i t h a removable i ron gra t

ing leaded in to the flag The gra ting S hould have small pe r fo ra
.

tions in o rde r tha t refuse may n ot pass th rough and the to tal a rea of ,

the perfo ra tions should at leas t equal the a rea of the f resh a ir inle t -
.

An othe r me thod of running the f resh a ir inle t is to ca r ry it -

throu g h t he r oof as seen in Fig C ,

. .

In gene r al this adds conside r able expense w i thou t giving much

,

added value An objec tion to it especially in the case of the o rdina ry

.
,

hou se whe r e t he re is but on e 4 in s tack is tha t the w eigh t of a ir in -

.
,

the stack and in the f resh a ir inle t abou t balances w i th the resul t
-
,

that the re is bu t li ttle ci rcula tion This me thod ho w eve r is but .

, ,

seldom used .

As to si z e the f resh a ir inle t fo r traps up to 4 in in si z e should

,
-
.

be of the same si z e as the trap .

For tr aps la rge r than 4 in it may be less than the si z e o f the tr ap . .

For 5 and 6 in traps the f resh a ir inle t S hould be 4 in in

-
.
-
.

diameter .

For 7 and 8 in traps the f resh a ir inle t should be 6 in in diam

-
.
,
-
.

eter ; an d fo r traps la rge r t han 8 in it should be 8 in in diame te r . . .

Care should be taken tha t the main trap is set level in o rde r ,

t hat non e o f its seal mav be los t W hen loca ted belo w the cella r .

bottom it S hould be made accessible ei the r by se tting it in a b r ick

,

manhole p r ovided w i th a removable co v e r o r by making dep ressions ,

in the cemen t bo ttom s o tha t the clean outs may be easily reached .

The connec tion sho w n in Fig B w he reby it is made possible to .

,

u se an end cleanou t is an excellen t o n e

,
.
1 06 M O DE R N P LUMBING ILLUSTR A TED
W i th tw o clean ou
on the main trap and this end cleanout the
ts , ,

house d rain at this poin t is w ell gua rded agains t an y possible s top
page The connection refe rred to is n ow demanded by the o rdina n ces
.

o f a numbe r of di ff e ren t ci ties All con nec tions in to the d rainage

.

sys tem mus t be made on the house side of the main trap .

An excep tion to this rule is made in the case o f rain leade r s ,

w hich a re some times ru n ou tside the founda tion w alls in w hich case ,

they may be connec ted in to the house se w e r on the se w e r side o f the

main trap Such rain leade rs mus t be p rope rly trapped The mai n
. .

trap is some times loca ted unde r g round ou tside the fou n da tio n w alls
, ,

in which case it mus t be made f ros t p roof an d accessible This i s .

done by se tting it belo w the f ree z ing level in a b r ick o r s tone m an

,

hole cove red w i th a fl ags tone W hen so located the f resh a ir inle t
. .
’
,
-

should neve r be taken o f?the trap as the passage of cold a ir w ould

,

be so di rect as to cau s e trouble .

 F L OO R AND YARD DRAI NS
F LOO R d rains a re much used an d o f much value on l arge w o rk ,

e specially in public toile t rooms fo r ho t els depo ts s tables etc , , , .

The size o f floor and ya rd d rai n s should neve r be less than 3 in .

i n diame te r and ve ry of ten w he re the re is much se rvice r equi red

, ,

o f t hem and w he re the re is any dange r of solids o f any desc r ip tion

,

e nt e ring them 4 in is p refe rable

, . .

The d rainage of ya rds and a reas in conges ted business dis tr icts ,

a nd in densely popula ted dis tr ic ts is a ma tte r o f impo rtance to the

,

p u blic heal th Unde r

. such condi tions all a reas ya
,
rds paved cou r ts , , ,

a n d cou rt ya rds should be p rope rly d rained .

This applies especially to tenemen t house dis tric ts The com -

.

m on fo rm of floo r and ya rd d rains is o f the s tyle to be see n in F ig A .

o f Pla te 40 p rovided w i th a removable pe r fo ra ted cove r

, The re are .

s everal special fo rms o f d rains such as those show n in F igs A and

,
.

B of P la te 1 6 some o f them being p rovided w i th a ven t connec tion

,
.

O rdina r ily ho w eve r d rains o f this desc r ip tion do n ot requi re ven t

, ,

in g bu
, t may safely be ins talled w i thou t it as in F ig C ,
. .

Floo r and ya rd d rains should al w ays be p rovided w i th deep

s eal ed tr aps The deep seal is a special fea tu re of the trap in F ig A
. . .

An excellen t fo rm of trap w hich w ill fill this requi remen t is one

made of qua rte r bends This trap is gene rally of the half S fo rm
.
-

and ma
y be easily cons tr uc ted o f th r ee qua rte r bends The use of .

a very deep seal on this class o f w o rk is n o t to be fea red as it w ould ,

be in the case of pollu ted d rainage fo r all d rainage passing th rough

,

Su ch drains is composed p r ac tically of clea r w a te r In the case of .

Ot her d rainage a ve ry deep seal w ould allo w too la rge a body of

Sewa e s and in ap pu r efy and make h sys t em mo e
g t o t the tr to t t e r

1m
u
p et
r han he e
t r 15 need of The d r ain
. of Fig B w i th it s flushing
‘

.
,

device is an excellen t on e fo r many pu rposes pa rticula rly fo r use ,

,

in hospi tal s an d on o the r w o rk w he re gene ral condi tions mus t be as

Perfect a s possible .

The fl ushing r im and j et w i th w hich the d ain is p o ded allo

r r x 1 w
t he enti r e su r face to be tho roughly cleansed and the cleansing is ,

ompl is hed w i thou t w e tting t he floo r B v means of p ope ly

acc .
r r

1 09
n o MO D ERN P L U MB I N G I LLUSTRATED
a rranged supp ly connec tions the trap may be flushed w i th hot o r col d
,

w a te r o r w i th bo th
,
.

The seal o f this trap is Of much gr ea te r dep th than tha t o f the

o rdina ry floo r d rain The connection O f the w a te r supply w i th d rains
.

O f this desc rip tion is an excell en t idea as a ve ry small d r ip may be ,

p rovided w hich w ill insu re a pe rmanen t seal in the trap Ya rd .

d rains for in s tance in times Of d rough t and especi ally w hen n ot

, , ,

p rovided w i th deep seal traps may become a sou rce o f dange r f rom
-
,

loss o f the trap seal This sou rce of dange r by the way is an a rgu
.
, ,

men t in favo r o f the use O f a main trap .

M any plumbin g o rdinances de mand tha t floo r and cella r d rain s

shall be wa te r supplied and this is ce rtainly a needed p recau tion
,
.

F loo r and ya rd d rains need n ot be separ a tely trapped w h en on e

trap can be made to se rve tw o o r mo re d r ains o r w he re such d rain s ,

a re so connec ted as t o be con tr olled by t

he trap o f a r ain leade r In .

fac t the use o f a sin gle trap especially a rain leade r trap to con trol
, ,
-
,

o n e o r mo r e floo r o r ya rd d ra ins is an excellen t means O f p ro tec tion ,

as the pe rman en ce Of the seal o f such trap is more posi tive than the
seals of sepa ra te traps wo uld be .

In many ci ties a s epa ra te sys tem o f se we rs is used for the dis

posal Of su rface and subsoil w a te rs no house d rainage being allo w ed ,

to en te r it I n this case all floo r and ya rd d rains roof leade r s s u

. b , ,

soil d rains etc should en te r the su rface w a te r sys tem W hen these
,
.
, .

d r ains en te r the house d rainage sys tem how eve r no d rainage w hich , ,

is n ot Of cl ea r w a te r should be allo w ed to en te r them .

V i tr ified ea rthen pipe may be used fo r s table d rains and fo r ya rd

d rains which a re n o t conn ec ted w i th an y house d rain Such d ra ins .

mus t al ways be trapped and connected to the house se w e r ou tside of

the connec tion o f the house d rain to the house se w e r .

W hen d rains a re o f vi trified ea rthen pipe they should n ot be less

than 5 in in diame te r
. .

The p rac tice is sometimes follo wed o f using any conve nien t
cleanou t Opening as a cella r floo r d rain but it is a poo r p rac tice and
-
, ,

shoul d n o t be follo w ed .

The cons truc tion o f the ce l la r d rain is show n in Fig C Thi s . .

d rain is na tu rally loca ted at the end O f the cella r at w hich the house
d rain passes o ut as the house d rain pi tches in this di rec tion The
, .

cemen t bo ttom should be gr aded f rom the seve ral sid es of the cell a r
to w a rd the en trance to the cella r d r ain .
1 1 2 MO D ERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
THE C ELLAR DRAI NER
W hen the house d rai n is run ove rhead it is clea r tha t the cella r ,

and subsoil d rai n age cannot be dispo sed O f by gravi ty in the o rdina ry
manne r as jus t desc ribed The device used in rai s ing the subsoi l
, .

w a te r is the au toma tic cella r d r aine r and it is also used fo r rem o v ,

ing w a te r f rom excava tions w heel pi ts o r othe r dep ression s w he re

, ,

w a te r accumula tes .

The d raine r is placed in a pit o r ma n hole below the cella r bo t

tom in to w hich the d r ainage to be raised is discha rged
,
As soon a s .

the w a te r collec ts to the dep th of abou t a foo t in the pit the d raine r ,

opens and discha rges the w a te r .

As the w a te r r ises in the pit a floa t a ttached to the d raine r is ,

gradually raised an d w hen a ce rtai n level is reached the leve r to

, ,

w hich it is a ttached opens the valve w ide allo w ing w a te r o r s tea m ,

p ressu re to pass th rough the d raine r and the reby d ra w ing o r suck ,

ing the w ate r f rom the pit in to the discha rge pipe .

The d raine r is gene rally ope ra ted by w a te r p ressu re this con ,

n ection being made t o any supply pipe The w a te r passes unde r full .

p ressu re th rough the d raine r poin t or j et thus c rea ting the necessa r y ,

suc tion to d ra w the w a te r out \Vhen the w a te r has been remove d .

f rom the pit the valve ins tan tly closes and the d raine r again beco m e s
, ,

inac tive .

The w a te r in passing th rough the j et O f the d raine r c rea tes a

vacuum this vacuum being the means of p roducing the necessa r y
,

suction The discha rge pipe f rom the d raine r should emp ty the w a ter
.

Of t he pit an d the p r essu re w a te r used in Ope ra ting the appa r a tus

, ,

in to a sink o r pan loca ted above the house d rain i n to w hich the ,

d rainage may then flo w by gravi ty The sink or pan should b e .

trapped and ven ted in the same manne r as any o the r fix tu re .

In gene ral the cella r d raine r requi res a w a te r p ressu re Of fo ur

,

o r five pounds fo r each foo t t h rough w hich the w a te r is to be r aised

ve rtically The cella r d raine r is n ot adap ted to raising w a te r ove r
.

1 2 ft usually and many of them lose much O f thei r e fficiency a f te r

.
,

passing 8 ft .

The d raine r may be loca ted in an unde rground box o r ba rr el .

C ella r d raine rs a re capable Of raising f rom 2 50 to gallons of

w a te r per hou r .

The si z es of supply pipe gene rally used a re V in for sm all 2 .

si z es 94 in for medium si z es and I in and la rge r fo r la rge si z es

, .
,
. .
 P late X VI I

W A T E R C LO SE T S —
F LO O R C O NN E C TI O N S
1 1 6 M O DE R N P L U M BI NG ILL U STRA TED
The w ashou t wa te r cl oset is some wha t di ffe ren t f rom o the r
fo rms f rom the fac t tha t soil as it en te rs the fix tu re falls in to a
, , ,

shallo w poo l Of w a ter above the trap f rom which it mus t be co n ,

v eyed by t he fl ush in to and o u t of the trap The mee ting O f the fl ush .

w i th the resis tance above the trap and w i th the resis tance w hich the
soil p res en ts impedes its fo rce to a grea t ex ten t w i th the resul t tha t
, ,

the w a te r me rely r u ns ove r the dip in to the trap w i thou t much

fo rce losing the reby much o f the scou ring eff ec t tha t it w ould
,

o the rw ise have .

S O much of the ene rgy Of the flush is us ed up in removing the

'

soi l f rom the upper shallo w bo wl tha t it has n ot su fficien t ene rgy to
pe rfo rm the wo rk needed in d riving o ut the con ten ts of the trap
.
.

This same loss O f fo rce is to be Obse rv ed in the flush ing of the O ld

p ressu re close t in which the flush is sen t a round the bo w l The re
, .

is o n e advan ta ge tha t is n o t Often conside red that the w ashou t w a te r

closet has in having its uppe r shallo w pool The loca tion o f the pool .

allo w s exc re ta to remain in sigh t w hich in the case of the sick room
, , ,

is of ten desi rable to the physician and nu rse F or this reason the .

washou t w a te r close t is some times m ade use o f in p riva te in fi rm a r ies .

The washdow n w a te r c l ose t is an imp rovemen t ove r the w ash

ou t as the ac tion O f the flush is mo re seve re and its scou ring quali ties
,

the refo re be tte r .

Su rfaces which in the w ashout close t a re lef t ex posed in the

, ,

w ashdo wn close t a re subme r ged ma king the la tte r much the mo re ,

cl eanly of the two .

A t length ho weve r the p rinciple O f siphonage was applied to

, ,

the ac tion of the w ashdo w n w a te r close t this s tep ma rking a ve ry ,

grea t advance in w a te r close t cons truc tion -

.

In the washdow n siphon w a te r close t the ou tle t is th rough a

-
,

ho rizon tal l eg w hich is con trac ted so tha t its a rea is conside rably
,

less than that O f the passage above it A s the flush en te rs the fi x .

tu re and the con ten ts o f the trap pass o u

,
t th ro ugh the ve rtical
passage the wa te r in passin g th rough this passage a ttains a much
,

highe r veloci ty than it has w hen it reaches the con tra cted ho rizon tal
l eg The ou tflo w bein g thus re ta rded the w a te r comple tely fill s the
.
,

ho rizon tal leg and as it passes o ut c rea tes a vacuum behind it

, .

W i th no th ing but the w a te r in the trap to resis t it a tmosphe r ic ,

p ressu re exe rted on the uppe r su rface of the trap seal fo rces the con ,

ten ts of the trap o u t th rough the ou tle t and in to the dr ai n age sys tem .
 W ATER C L O SETS 11 1 7

Atmosphe r ic p ressu re is app roxima tely lbs per squ are inch and .
,

itis this amoun t of p ressu re tha t ac ts to fo rce the con ten ts of the
water cl ose t tr ap
-
. W hen the siphon finally b reaks enough w a te r fills ,

into the bo w l to fill the trap w hen it is ready fo r anothe r ope ration
,
.

The applica tion o f the p r inciple Of the siphon to the w ashdow n

water cl ose t allo w s a la rge r amoun t o f the su r face O f the bow l to be
su bmerged than possible to Obtain in the sam e fo rm of close t in w h ich
sole de endence is made on a rush O f w a te r t o Ope ra te it In the
p .

Siphon close t the re is n ot only a pushing fo rce exe rt ed by the w ate r

ent e ring the fix tu re but the re is also the fo rce o f suction pulling the
,

con tents O f the tr ap ou t Of the fix tu re .

The nex t s tep in advance in w a te r close t cons truc tion w a s the -

ap l i c
p ation O f the w a te r j et to the siphon close t as seen in Fig D ,
. .

In the w ashdo w n siphon w a te r close t the fo rma tion O f siphonic

-

acti on depends en ti rely upon the filling Of the ou tle t and un til enough
,

Wa ter flo w s ou t O f the trap to accomplish this the ac tion does n ot

tak e lace
p .

In the case o f the siphon j et w a te r close t addi tional aid is pro

-
,

Vid ed for t he comple te filling Of the w a te r close t ou tle t .

At the poin t w he re the flush en te r s the fix tu r e it divides a pa r t , ,

en tering t he bo w l th rough the flushing r im the res t en te ring a small ,

P s sage w hich leads in to the trap in such a w ay tha t its opening s hall
a

P i n t di rec tly up the middle a rm o f the trap f rom w hich it eme rges
o
,

in the fo rm O f a et The fo r ce w i th w hich this et eme rges w ill

j .
j
he l to raise the w a te r and cause it to pass ove r in to the ve rtical
p
ar m , The aid Ob tained f rom this j et in addi tion to the na tu ral flo w
,

Of t he con ten ts Of the trap in to the con trac ted ho r i z on tal leg quickly ,

fO r ms a solid plug o f w a te r a vacuum fo rms and siphonage takes

, ,

P a ce as seen above
l , .

This en ti re action is ve ry s trong and in the case of both fi x ,

tl l l es sho w n in F igs C and D all su r faces a re tho roughly flushed

'
.
, .

These exce l len t fea tu res make Of these tw o fix tu res the mos t sani
tar an d mos t sa tisfac to ry w a te r close ts on the ma rke t In addi tion
y .
,

t here is less annoyance f rom the noise c rea ted by flushing the siphon
Wat er close t than o the r s .

The w ashout w a te r close t w i th its shallow seal and its su r face s

,

eK )osed to t
1 he con tac t Of the soil may be p r ocu red , a t fa r less cos t

t han the siphon j et and it may be said tha t this fac t is the only on e
,

thatmakes its use favo red by anyone w ho is at all acquain ted w i th

1 1 8 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
the subj ect The w ashdo wn siphon w ate r close t may be Obta i n e d at
.
-

a sligh t advance ove r the cos t o f t he w ashou t the di ff e rence be in g ,

so sligh t tha t it would seem tha t n o on e desi ring p rope r san itary
condi tions w ould hesi ta te a second in selecting the siphon closet .

The siphon fo rm of w a te r closet is the only on e that should be

used in connection w i th the low tank the reason for this being th at , ,

al though the flush inle t f rom the tank is enla rged to make up fo r the
loss in head w hich is secu red in the high tank enough w ate r cannot ,

be th row n in to the close t f rom the low tank to make the fl ushi n g
of the fix ture su ffi cien tly s trong .

By the aid of the s iphon how eve r the low tan k is able to pro
, ,

duce excellen t resul ts .

The re a re nume rous othe r w ate r closets w o rki n g on sligh tly ,

di ff e ren t cons truction than those show n in P la te 1 7 w hich w ill ha rdl y ,

be w o rth conside ring as those al ready discussed a re mos t gene ra ll y

,

in us e The hoppe r an d trap fo rm of w a te r closet in its va rious

.
,

fo rms appea rs in compa rison to the mode rn hi g h grade fixture to

, ,
-
,

be O f a ve ry p rimi tive cha racte r an d is n ow gene rally p rohibi ted

, .

The use of the o ff set w a te r close t is a p ractice w hich shoul d

neve r be allow ed This fo rm o f close t is made fo r us e in con n ec
.

tion w i th the lead o r i ron tr ap u sed w i th the pan p res s ure lo n g , ,

hO pper and o the r close ts

, .

V e ry Of ten w hen close ts o f this class w e r e taken o u

, t in s tead ,

of taking out the trap benea th the floo r it w ould be allowe d to ,

r emain and t he o ff se t w a te r close t w hich has no trap s et in pla ce o f

, , ,

the Old fix tu re The reason tha t on e Of the mode rn closets coul d n o t

.

be used ins tead O f the O ff se t close t w a s tha t the re w ould th en be tw o

traps on the same fix tu re The objections to the use o f the O ff s et
.

w a te r close t a r e tha t the flush loses its fo rce befo re it reaches the
trap consequen tly n o t flushing the trap to any ex ten t and tha t the re
, ,

is a la rge amoun t o f pollu ted su rface extending f rom the c rocke ry ,

in to the trap below the floo r w hich gives o ff foul and un s a n ita ry
,

odo rs in to the room in w hich the fix tu re is loca ted The O ff set closet .

is made in s uch a manne r as to deceive those n ot acquain ted w i th the

subjec t in to the belief tha t it is a fixtu re buil t on mode rn p rinc iples .

The only cou rse to pu rsue in rene w ing such w o rk as the above ,

is to tea r o ut the trap unde r the floo r replace it w i th a lead ben d , ,

and use a mode rn type Of w a te r close t .

V i treous china w a r e is n o w used in the cons truction of all fi rs t

1 20 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
the la tte r as show n A rubbe r gaske t is placed be tween the fl ange
,
.

and the base O f the w a te r close t and the w hole fas tened toge the r
,

and made tigh t by means o f b rass bol ts This makes a connec tion .

w hich should neve r leak even though the re be sh rinkage o r se ttling

,

Of the floo r on w hich the fix ture res ts .

Fig E sho w s a pa ten ted fo rm o f floo r connection w hich also

.

makes a good join t The base Of the close t is recessed to receive a

.

b rass sc rew connec tion it being made fi rmly to the c rocke ry by

-
,

cemen t and lead .

A female b rass sc rew connec tion is solde red inside the to p p a rt

-

Of the lead bend and the close t sc re w ed do wn in to it The join t

,
.

fo rmed betw een the b rass and the c rocke ry makes the fo rme r pra c
tically an in teg ral pa rt O f the close t .

Fig F show s a floo r connection fo r use in connection w i th

.

w rough t i ron soil pipe such as is used fo r the Du rham sys te m

-
,
.

A b rass floo r pla te or flange is sc re w ed in to the end o f the ell

o r o the r w as te fi tting in use and a tigh t join t made by using a rubbe r
,

gaske t be tw een the flange and the base of the w a te r closet the la tte r ,

being sc re w ed to the floo r .

 P la te X VI I I

LO CA L V E N TI N G
1 24 M O DERN P LUMBI N G ILLUSTRATED
running the mechanical devices used in p roducing it and it w o uld ,

the r efo re seem o f much advan tage to the inma tes to be able to enj oy
its comfo rts du r ing those mon ths w hen the fl ues a re h eated The re .

is this to be said conce rning the mon ths of the yea r w hen it migh t
n ot p roduce resul ts : t he w indow s at such season of the yea r a re
gene rally w ide Open and the need of a rtificial ven tila tion n ot so gr ea t
,

as du ring the pe r iod w hen the local ven t does its w o rk tho roughly .

I t is ce rtainly true tha t the toile t room p rovided w i th the local

ven t is fa r mo re w holesome than the on e w hich is w i thou t it This .

ven t some times called a sea t ven t opens in to the w a te r close t bo w l

, ,
-

jus t back o f and below the sea t and w hile the w a te r close t is in us e
,

ca rries O ff all the Odo rs inciden t to its use In addi tion w hen the .
,

cove r o f the close t is dow n the re is su ffi cien t space fo r a ir to en te r

,

the bo w l and pass in to the ven t be tw een the sea t and the c rocke ry ,

w hich a re kep t apa r tby means Of rubbe r bumpe rs on the sea t The re .

fo re the local ven t is at all times p roviding ven tila tion n ot only fo r
the w a te r close t i tself bu t fo r the en ti re toile t room
, .

In o rde r to p rovide p rope r ven tila tion th ree fac to r s a re n eces

sa ry The re mus t be an in w a rd passage o f f resh a ir and ou tw a rd
.

passage of foul air and a fo rce acting to p roduce the movemen t of

,

a ir w hich resul ts in t he changing o f the a ir The fi rs t facto r named

.

is on e mos t likely to be omi tted in p roviding a sys tem Of ven tila tion .

Foul a ir w ill n o tpass o uto f the toile t room unless o the r a ir is b rough t
in to take its place The demand fo r a supply o f f resh a ir is ve ry
.

la rgely filled by na tu ral means O pen w indow s the en tr ance of

.
,

a ir th rough w indo w casings etc supply in gene ral a conside rable

, .
,

amoun t o f f resh a ir In addi tion it is a fac t tha t a ir passes th rough

.
,

b rick w alls to a ve ry conside rable ex ten t and th rough the plas te r ,

ing as w ell .

Many plumbing o rdinances do n o t make the use Of local ven tila

tion compulso ry . Even though it is n o t compulso ry to use the local
ven t in all toile t rooms the re a re ce rtain condi tions unde r w hich it
,

ce rtainly should be used as a sani ta ry p recau tion .

In this connection the follow ing requi remen t is a good on e

All w a te r close ts slop sinks and u rinals should be p rovided w i th
, ,

local v e n ts w hen loca ted in rooms w hich receive thei r light f rom light
shafts skyligh ts o r cou rtya rds o r w hen loca ted in compa rtmen ts n o t
, , ,

di rectly connected w i th the outside a tmosphe r e and sunligh t The .

application o f the local ven t may be made mo re unive rsal by prov id

 L O CA L V E N TI N G 1 25

ing artifi cial mean s of c rea ting a d raf t when it is impossible to en te r

a heat ed fl ue o r a fl ue w hich is al w ays hea ted Unde r such condi .

tions an exce llen t me thod is to ca rry the local ven ts up to an ai rtigh t

box or comp a rtmen thea ted by means of gas je ts the pipe f rom w hich ,

sh ou ld be ca rried 3 ft or more above the roof ending in an au to

.
,

matic ven tila to r . A no the r method Of a simila r na ture is to p rovide

a speci ally con s truc t ed device o f the kind show n in Fig C P late 1 8 .
, .

Thi s may be inse rted in the main ve rtical line of local ven t and w ill ,

be fou nd t o pe r fo rm excellen t se rvice a t only a sligh t cos t fo r t he

consu mption of gas .

Figs A and B of P la te 1 8 sho w tw o di ff e ren t sys tems o f local

.

vent ing F ig A gives the sepa ra te sys tem o f ven ts in w hich the
. .
,

ventfrom each w a t e r close t is ca rried sepa ra tely to the poin t w he re

ent rance is made in t o the hea ted flue .

The sys tem sho w n in Fig B consis ts of a main ve rtical line

.
,

into which the loca l ven t f rom each w a te r close t is en te red and is ,

p bably mo re commonly in use than the sys tem fi r s t men tio n ed

ro .

The system of s epa ra te ven ts of Fig A has ve ry decided advan tages

.

over t he o the r sys tem .

In the even t of the p resence in one apa rtmen t o f a con tagious

di sease it is po ssible in the use O f the sys tem of Fig B to comm u
, ni .

cat et he disease to the inma tes of o the r apa rtmen ts in the building .

This w ould be especially true of apa rtmen ts the w a te r close ts of

which bac k ed up to opposi te sides of the same pa rti tion I n the same .

way in the use of the sys tem O f Fig B conve rsa tion and o the r
, .
,

Sou nds may be ca rried f rom t he toile t room Of one apa rtmen t in to
the toilet r ooms of o the r apa rtmen ts The sepa ra te sys tem of local
.

vent s su ff e r s f rom n one of t hese Objec tionable fea tu res and al though ,

Cert ai nly some w ha t mo re expensive t o ins tall the addi tional ou tlay ,

shou ld n ot be conside red if the ma tte r o f f reedom f rom the evils

mentioned is to be secu red The local ven t f rom a single w a te r
.

closetshould neve r be less than 2 in in diame te r W hen two th ree

. .
, ,

or fou r ven ts en te r a main line of local ven t t he main ven t should ,

notbe less than

3 in .in diame te r .

The s e a re the sizes o rdina rily used in the local vent s ys tem and -

are t he s izes gene rally specified in plumbing o rdinances bu t a re n ot ,

st ric tly in acco rd w i th the p r inciples tha t should be follo w ed in sec a r

ing a per fect sys tem o f ven tila tion .

P roviding tha t a 2 in pipe is O f su fficien t size to tho roughly

-
.
1 26 M O DERN P LU M BI NG ILLUSTRATED
ven tilate a singl e w a te r clos et a t the poin t w he re the second ven t ,

en te r s the pipe should be enla rged s o tha t its a rea shall be equal to
,

the combined a rea Of the tw o ven ts w hich it suppli e s the .

thi r d ven t en te r s it the si z e should be such tha t its a rea w ill be equ a l
,

to the combined a reas Of the th ree b ranch ven ts This gr ada tion in .

the si z e o f the main local ven t pipe is neces s a ry if ea ch w a ter clos e t

-

is to receive its full amoun t Of ve n tila tion tha t is if each w a te r close t , ,

is to be ven tila ted as it w ould be if its individual 2 in local ven t w e r e -

.

able to pe r fo r m its full du ties The a rea Of a 2 in pipe is sq .

-
. .

in ; Of tw o 2 ih pipes
.
-
sq in ; a n d Of th ree 2 in pipes
.
,
sq in . .
-
.
,
. .

The a rea o f a 3 in pipe is 7 ih ; an d it w ill the refo re be seen tha t

-
. .

w hile a 3 in pipe is su fficien tly la rge to p rovide fo r tw o 2 in ven ts

-
.
-
.
,

it is n o t la rge enough to p rovide fo r a la rge r numbe r .

The main in o rd er to p rope rly p rovide fo r th ree fix tu res sho uld

, ,

be 3% in in diame ter a n d 4 in for fou r fix tu res “ltile 2 in local

.
f
, . .
-
.

ven ts to the seve ral w a te r close ts w ill accomplish go od w o rk singl e ,

ven ts Of 2 in diame te r w ill be found to do be tte r w o rk \Vhen

1
2 . .

this si z e is used it w ill be found tha t tw o w a te r close ts w ill requi r e

,

a main ven t 3% in in diame te r and th ree w a te r close ts 4 % in in

.
, , .

diame te r This show s an inc rease in the main local ven t o f o n e

.

inch in diame te r fo r each addi tio n al w a te r close t but a f ter the thi rd ,

fix tu re has been added the inc rease in the si z e of the main need n o t
be s o grea t W a ter close ts on w hich the local ven t is to be connec ted
.

should be p rovided w i th a spud w hich may be o n the righ t o r lef t ,

hand side as may be desi red As the loc a l ven t ha s n o conn ec tion
, .

w i th the d rainage sys tem o r w i th the tr ap ven t sys tem , it is n o t an -

e ssen tial fea tu r e tha t its join ts s hould be gas tigh t F o r local ven ts .

ei the r coppe r o r gal v ani z ed shee t i ron pipe is used \Vhere the v en t -
.

is exposed to vie w and nea t looking w o rk is desi red the copp er pip e
,
-

may be nickel pl a ted All changes in di rection reduction o r inc reas e

.
,

in si z e Of local v en ts should be m ade w i th l o n g ells reduce r s and Y s , .

Y b ranches and 4 5 deg ree be n ds a re p refe rable to tees a s they

- -
,

m a ke the cou r se o f the a ir cu rren ts mo re easily taken and th us ,

imp rove the d raf t .

The local ven t should pi tch up w a rd th roughout its cou r s e in ,

o rde r to f a cili ta te the w o rk Of the ven t as much as possible H ea te d .

a ir na tu rally r ises and th erefo re it is al w ays poo r p rac tice in run

,

ning pipes to convey such a ir in any o th er w ay th an pi tching u pw a r d

to w a rd the poin t o f delive ry F o r the s ake Of convenience l o cal v en ts
.
1 28 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATE D
no ve n ti la tion is grea t in compa r ison w i th the a tmosphe re O f m any
,

o f ou r mode rn w e ll appoin t
,
-
ed toile t rooms of hote ls etc
, .

I t has become a ma tte r of good business to make special effo r t

and ou tlay in secu ring p rope r ven tila tion fo r toile t rooms of p ublic
buildings fo r the public has become educa ted to the poin t w he re they
,

w ill pa tronize only those es tablishme n ts tha t look af te r these p o in ts

.

O n the la rge r w o rk it of ten becomes necessa ry to secu re grea te r

motive po w e r for ve n tila ti n g pu rposes than the hea ted flue is able to
fu rnish .

F o r this pu rpose fans a re la rgely employed connec ted as sho w n

,

in Fig D
. Usually an exhaus t fan is used to w i thd ra w the foul a ir
.
,

a n d ano t he r fan to supply f resh a ir to the f resh air duc ts

-
.

This class of w o rk w ill be taken up again in connection w i th the

s ubjec t o f public toile t roo ms as also the loc al ven ting of ur in al s
, .
 P la te X I X

B A T H RO O M S
1 32 M O DERN P LU M BI NG ILLUSTRATED
F u rther mo re qui te a length of w as te mus t be run f rom the lava tory
,

befo re it en te rs the trap and the fil th o f the in te r io r of this trap is

,

bound to give off impur e odo rs in to the ba th room To p reven t this .

resul t as fa r as possible each trap should be placed as close to its

,

fi xtu re as ci rcums tances w ill allow .

The wo rk o f F ig A is f ree f rom these troubles w hich ar ise f rom

.
,

n o t en ter in g ea ch w as te sepa ra tely in to the s tac k .

The re is ano the r se rious objection to be found w i th the w o rk

shown in F ig B . .

The w as te af ter leaving the d rum trap ins tea d o f being con ,

n ect ed in to a Y b ranch o n t he s oil pipe line is connec ted in to the

— -
,

ho rizon tal arm o f the lead ben d No w if a s toppage occu rs in the .

,

lea d bend eve ry fix tu re in the ba th room is i mmedia tely put out o f

,

use and the w as te unde r these condi tions of ten se ts back in to the
,

ba th tub an d w a te r close t A less numbe r of fi ttings an d doub tless

.
,

less labo r is necessa ry in con s tructing such w o rk but if troubles of

, ,

the na tu re men tioned do n o t some times occu r it is simply a ma tt er ,

o f good fo rtune .

Usu ally a sligh t addi tion al ou tlay would have made such evils
unnecessa ry The w iping o f the w as te in to the lead bend is also
.

accompanied by the liabili ty tha t sha rp poin ts o f s olde r ha ve run

th rough inside the bend fo rming p roj ections agains t w hi ch pape r
,

and o the r ma te rial may ca tch and fo rm the s tartin g poin t of a s top
page The only favo rable thin g abou t this lead bend connection is
.
-

tha t in the p resen t ins tance it is made on t he ho riz on tal a rm r a the r

than in to the h eel of the bend w he re the co n nec tion w ou l d be much
,

mo re likely to be follo wed by trouble .

I t is a fac t tha t many ci ties ope ra ting u nde r s tr ic t plumbing

o rdinances and main taining a high s tan da rd o f plumbing cons tru e
,

tion allo w bo th the lead bend w as te connec t

, ion and the use o f a
-

single trap to se rve the lava to ry and ba th I t is also s trange tha t .

ce rtain ci ties w i l l allo w the k i tchen sink and la u nd ry tubs to be

se rved by a single trap and tha t occasionally on e of these connec
,

tions is allo w ed and the o the r p rohibi ted .

I t mus t be ac kno wledged tha t the pl u mbe r is of ten at faul t in

a l lo w ing such conn ec tions to be made How eve r it mus t also be .
,

s ta ted tha t it is Often almos t impo ssible to gain a se pa ra te en trance

fo r each o f the th ree fix tures o w ing to lack o f w o rk ing S pace l o ca
, ,

tion of fix tu res shape and size of the room etc

, , .
 BATH ROO MS 1 33

Man y e epa ra te en trance can be p rovided for the l ava

tim s a s
tory if loca ted ne a r t
, he s tack by running the w as te back to the w all
,

and u sin g a h a lf S tr ap as sho w n in F ig A t

-
, he w as te fi tting coming .
,

so mu ch above the o the r fi ttings as n o t to in te r fe re in any w ay w i th

the rest of the connec tions .

The a r chi tec t could in a g rea t many cases a rr ange his w o rk to

, ,

a great deal be tte r advan tage than he usually does .

For ins tance the fix tu res w i th a li ttle s tudy may be loca ted in
, , ,

su ch a w a tha t th advan tages jus t men tioned may be Ob tained

y e .

The shape and loca tion Of the ba th room the loca tion o f pipes etc , , .
,

mayu sually be w o rked o u t so tha t the plumbi n g may be ins talled to

the bestpossible advan tage I t is n o t the good fo rtune Of the plumbe r
.

oft en t o w o rk f rom plans w hich sho w tha t t he a r chi tec t has given
mu ch conside r a tion to o r has much kno w ledge of the requi remen ts
, ,

of t he plumbing sys tem .

The plumbe r Of ten finds for ins ta n ce tha t in o rde r to ru , n t he ,

soil i e as sho w n in t h plans an O ff se t t h ve tical line mus t be

pp e o n e r ,

u sed which is al w ays de tr imen tal

, He also fi n ds especially in ba th .
,

room wo rk t ha t he mus t cut in to floo r timbe r s and in to up righ ts in

,

order t o conceal his w o rk and indeed often cut th rough timbe rs

, ,

and make use of a heade r t o suppo rt it; w he r eas if t he a rchi tec t kne w ,

t he requ i rem en ts and put this know ledge in to his w o rk many of thes e ,

di fficu lties migh t easily be avoided .

The ve rtical soil piping may some times be ru n in a da rk close t

adjac ent t o the ba th r oo m bu t mo re of ten mus t be ru

,
n inside a n a r

row arti tion o r exposed t vie w I f it is desi ed t conceal th soil

p , o r o . e

p p t should be bo xed in bu
i ,e i t the f ron t boa rding should be pu
, t up
wi th screw s in o rde r tha t it may be easily and quickly taken do w n
,

when repa i r s o r changes a r e necessa ry on the piping Unless this .

pr ovision is m ade la thing and, plas t e r ing mus t be c u t o ut .

 BATH R OO MS
Ir w ill be Obse rved tha t all the w as te and ven t connec tions of
the bath room w o rk show n in F ig C of P la te 2 0 a re of ei the r
-
.

wrou g h t o r cas t i ron w i th the excep t i o n, of tr aps thei r sho r t con ,

nec tion s and the lead bend

, This is the s tyle o f cons truc tion that is
.

ra i dly displacing lead w o rk This change in plumbing cons t uc tion

p . r

is wi thou t doub t as it should be To be su re the skill of the expe rt.

,

lead worke r is n o longe r requi red to any grea t ex te n t on a la rge pa rt

of t he p resen t day cons truction w o rk bu
-
t the w o rkm an of to day ,
-

mu sthave a fa r g rea t e r know ledge o f physics hyd raulics and many , ,

other subj ec ts w hich conce rned the o ld lead w o rke r bu t li ttle .

Wheneve r a fix tu re is loca ted a t a g rea te r dis tance than 6 ft .

from its s tack it should n o t have a lead w as te

, The chief reason .

for this is tha t long lines Of lead pipe a re ve ry liable to sag the reby ,

cau sing tr aps t o be fo rmed on t he w as te pipe .

The lava to ry in Fig C being mo re than 6 ft f rom its s tack a

. .
,

line of cas t i ron pipe is ru

-
n to it and as t he fix tu r e is loca ted o n the
,

Op osi t e side O f the room f rom the s tack the ven t is ca rr ied up to
p ,

the fl oor above and t hen run ove r to the main line o f ven t a cou rse
, ,

mu ch refe r able to any a ttemp t to ru

p n t h e ven t a round t h e sides Of
he room
t .

The la tte r cou rse w ould Of ten be di ffi cul t as it w ould gene rally ,

be necessa r y to expose the ven t to vie w and to ru n it above t he ,

height o f the fix tu re de trac ting much f rom the appea rance of the
,

bath room If obliged to run the ven t abou t the sides o f the room
.
,

it wou ld be necessa ry to use nickel pla ted b rass pipe in o rde r to -

Obt ain a good looking piece Of w o rk

-
The ven t o f the lava tory is .

ktlown as a con tinuous ven t and above the w as te fi tting should be ,

“In of w r ough t i ron pipe -

.

Sepa r a te en tr ance fo r the ba th w as te is Obtained in to the

caSti ron w as te and the cleanou t in t
-
,
he end o f this ho r i z on tal line
atIl l p ro tec ts it in the even t o f s toppage The main ven t is sho w n
py .

Of c ast i r on also the ven t fo r the w a te r close t w hich is taken

, ,

ftom a ven ted T Y w hile the ven t fo r the ba th trap is o f w rough t

-
,

1 37
1 38 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
i ron and connec ted to the cas t i ron piping by me ans of a tapped
,
-

fi tting .

A n othe r me thod o f ba th room connections is seen in Fig D

-
. .

\Vhile sepa ra te en tr ances in to the s tack a re n o t p rovided fo r the

ba th and lava to ry the connec tion of the w as tes f rom the tw o fix tu res
,

in to one pipe connec ted to its o w n w as te fi tting is much p refe rable to

the me thod sho w n in Fig B P la te 1 9 O f cou rse a s toppage migh t
.
, .

occu r be tw een the junc tion of the tw o w as tes and the Y but the ,

chances a re agains t it The refo re the re is n ot so much dange r of a

.

s toppage a ff ec ting both fix tu res In this w o rk an S trap is used fo r

.
-

the ba th and a cleanou t to the floo r p rovided

,
I f such a cleanou t is .

n o t used t he floo r ing ove r the trap should be pu

,
t do w n w i th sc r e w s ,

in o rde r tha t the trap may be made as accessible as possible in the

even t of cleaning .

Fig D show s a ba th room unde r condi tions of ten to be found

.
,

tha t is the re a re no fix tu res w as ting in to the same s tack ei the r above

, ,

o r belo w t he ba th room .

Unde r such condi tions no main ven t line is requi red the fix tu re ,

v en ts b e ing connec ted direct lv in to the s tack above the highes t fi x

tu re and receiving thei r a ir supply th rough the roof ex tension of
,

the s tack Tha t pa rt o f the s tack above the en trance Of the highes t
.

fixtu re w as te is called the soil ven t in the case o f a soil s tack and a ,

w as te ven t in the case o f a w as te s tack .

In the p resen t ins tance the re being no fixtu res ei the r above o r
,

below the ba th room the re a re no condi tions p resen t w hich might

,

cause the siphonage o f the w a te r close t trap and the re is con s e -

,

quen tl y n o necessi ty o f ven ting it pa rticula rly as it is loca ted on the

,

to p floo r close to the roof connec tion

, Unde r these condi tions the .

only reason fo r v en ting a w a te r close t w ould be tha t the fi tu re w a s x

loca ted at a conside rable dis tance f rom the s tack in w hich case ven t ,

ing migh t be desi rable The ques tion m ay a r ise as to the necessi ty
.

o f ven ting t he o the r fix tu res o f Fig D In the case Of these tw o . .

fi x tu res condi tions a re some w ha t di ff e ren t fo r the w a te r close t w as te ,

-

en te r s the s tack above the en trance O f the w as te f rom the ba th and

lava to ry and is Of su fficien t volume to make the possibili ty of siphon
,

age O f these fix tu re trap s s trong enough to demand ven ting espe ,

cially as the re is an addi tional dan g e r tha t the w as te f rom ei the r

the ba th o r lava to ry may exe rt siphonic influence on the o the r If . ,

how eve r the lava to ry en te red the s tack above the entrance of the
,
 P la te XX I

B ATH RO O MS
1 44 M O DE RN P L U M BI NG I LL U STRATED
but the p racticed eye w ill easily see how useful they a re and how ,

much wo rk they save for ins tance in the ma tte r o f w iped and
, ,

cau lked jo in ts w hich a re compa ra tive l y few conside r ing the amoun t
, ,

of wo rk cove red .

The use of spe cial fi ttings ac complishes tw o th ings : it r educes

the n u mbe r of caulked and w iped join ts and it gene rally allo w s the ,

use o f con tinuous v en ts two ve ry impo rtan t fea tu res

, .

Too much a tten tion cannot be given to the ligh ting an d v en ti

la ting o f the ba th room The l oc al ven t which is desc ribed unde r
.
,

P la te 1 8 is of ve ry g rea t va l ue in main taining w holesome co ndi tion s

,

in the ba th room as it n ot only ven tila tes the w a te r closet w hile in

,

use but ven tila tes the en ti re r oom a t all times

, .

In addi tion to ge tting rid Of the fou l air a good supp l y o f f resh ,

a ir should be fu rnished t he ba th room .

Ex te rio r ligh ting sho ul d al ways be p rovided This may al w ays .

be done in de tached buil din gs but in buildings tha t a re bu il t close up

,

to the w alls o f o ther buildings it is of ten a difficul t ma tte r In the ba th .

o r toile t room receiving ligh t f rom a ligh t shaf t t he a ir is usually ,

lifel ess and mus ty and in such cases all p re cau tions possible in the
,

ma tte r of ven ti la tion should be taken and the room and fixtu res ,

kept as cl ean and wholesome as possible The exis tence o f disagree .

able Odo rs in the b a th room may of ten be traced to a sou rce ove r
w hi ch the plumbe r has no con trol as it is as likely to occu r in the ,

plumbing sys tem which is ab s olutely pe rfect as in the poo rly con
s truc ted sys tem .

This trouble some times a ri se s f rom the use o f highly scen ted
toile t soaps toile t w a te r etc w hich are much in use in the p r iva te
, , .
,

ba th room and but seldom us ed in public toile t roo m s

, .

W hen mixed w i th grease and w aste filled w i th impu r i ties ,

emana ting f rom the s kin these s trong pe rfumes give rise to heavy
, ,

nauseous Odo rs which are ex tremely off en sive and w hich a re of ten
,

mis taken for esca ping se w e r gas Mos t of the tr ouble comes f rom .

the slime in the traps and w as te c onnections bu t a sou rce w hich is ,

n o t Of ten tak en in to accoun t is the pa ten t ove rflo w o f the lava to ry

.

bo w l The fact tha t this is a p rolific sou rce fo r the same trouble
.
,

makes it appa ren t tha t the same evil of ten a r ises in the use O f the
p riva te lava to ry in sleeping rooms whe re the p resence of foul odo r s ,

is especially unheal thf ul .

To remedy this ev il the s traine rs shou l d be removed f rom th

,
 B A TH R OO MS 1 45

bath tu
b an dl avatory bo w l an d the w a s te con n ection s an d traps
,

t horou g hly cle a n ed o ut w i th po tash o r w a shing s o d a a n d b o il in g

water As to cle aning ou
. t the ove rfl ow the bo w l s houl d be take n
,

down and the ove rflo w w ashed ou t in the s ame w ay The trap s an d
.

waste connec tions may be kep t clea n bv occasi o nally u s ing the a l ka l i

in the bath tu b an d l ava to ry an d turm n g on the ho t w a te r

, .

If this trouble shoul d occu r in the bath room o f F ig B P l ate .

,

1 9 it will be seen tha t the long u

, np rotec te d lavato ry w as te w ould
,

be the pa rticula r poin t to l ook to as the re is a la rge a mou

,
n t o f s ur
face here w hich mus t cons tan tly emi t odo rs in to the room This
, .

p t fu rthe r emphasi z es the fac t tha t each fix tu re shoul d hav e its

oi n

own i ndividual tr ap loca ted as close as possible t o t he fixtu re .

,

A poin t w hich may p rope rly be men tioned in connec tion w i th

bat h room w o rk rela tes to the pain ting of expo sed soil piping
-
.

When soil pipe is exposed i n the ba th room it is unsigh tly at

best and to give it the be s t possible appea rance it should be pain te d
,

1n t he prevailing colo r of the room .

It ts n o t s u ffi cien t to cove r it w i th seve ral coa ts of pain t as the ,

t ar will soo n s trike th rough and sho w .

The pa in t should n ot be applied un til seve ral coa ts of shellac ,

su c has is us ed by pa tte rn make r s a re applied The shellac w ill pre

.
,

ventthe ta r f rom s triking th rough .

Anothe r po in t w hich may be of value 1 5 in rel ation to the clean

t tt Of m a rble and po r celain
g w hich of ten become soiled w i th rus t ,
,

01 1 and o th er s tains w hich may gene r ally be removed by a mix tu re

,
,

0f 2 arts o f s oda 1 of pumice and 1 of po w de red chalk o r w hi ting

p , ,
.

These ma te r i l s should be sif ted and w a te r added to fo rm a pas te

a ,

which sh o uld be applied to the soiled su r face and allo w ed to remain

for a n umber of hou r s then w ashed O ff w i th soap and w a te r
,
.
 BATH R OO MS
A S PE C I A L fea tu re of the ba th room o f F ig G P l ate 2 2 is tha t .
, , ,

wt i
h the excep tion of the w a te r close t bend no pa rt of the w o rk is
-
,

of ea l d .

Fig C P l ate 2 0 and Fig E P l ate 2 1 also show ba th room

.
, , .
, ,
-

connect ions w hich a re of simila r gene ral cons truc tion but in which ,

Spec ial and expensive fi ttings a re used .

The w o rk in Fig G it w ill be noted is pe rfo rmed by the use

.
, ,

of c ommon fi ttings ca rr ied in s t ock by all deale r s The concealed .

work may be of ei the r w rough t o r cas t i ron .

If of w rough t i ron the pipe should be galvani z ed The trap s

, .

for t he ba th and lava to ry should be O f b rass Ano the r featu re of .

t his work is tha t each trap is se rved by a con tinuous ven t Seve ral .

references h a ve been made t o con tinuous ven ting a full desc r ip tion ,

Of which is to be found unde r P la tes 2 6 2 and 8

7 2 , , .

In Fig H is show n a ba th roo m the fix tu res o f w hich a re

.

u nvent ed .

While w o rk o f this k ind is n ot allow ed in many of our la rge

t ow n s and ci ties it may be and is used to a la rge ex ten t in coun try
, ,

districts and in the s m alle r to w ns .

If the w o rk is ins talled in the r ight manne r it may usually be ,

made qui te safe even though unven ted In the fi r s t place the ba th
, .
,

r00m
is usually on the uppe r floo r and close to the roof pipe fea tu res ,

which are of a dvan tage as the supply o f a ir th rough the soil ven t is
,

l l iclt an d di r ec t The re is p rac tically no dange r tha t the lava to ry

t t .

ahd bath w ill exe r t siphonic influence o n the w a te r close t trap b u t -

,

mlder the r igh t condi tions the flushing Of the w a te r close t may exe rt
Sheh i n flue ce on
n them In the case o f the ba th tub it is necessa ry
.
,

tlsu all t c y it w as te in to t h s tack belo w th e lead bend In

y o a r r s e .

o g iv e a ll p o ssible p ro tec tion t his fix tu re its trap should

Order t
o t ,

be of the dr um pa tte rn o r o f some n on s i ho n a ble make and the

p
-
,

Waste ou tl et in to the s tac k should be as sho rt as possible The lava .

t
Ot ma
‘

y y b e s t be loc a ted so tha t its w as te may en te r the s tack above

he entran ce Of the w a te r close t He re it receives the mos t di rec t
t
1 5
0 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
supply of a ir th rough the
soil ven t and if a n on s iphon able trap is ,
-

used the re w ill be p ractically no dange r f rom siphonage .

The same gene ral p recau tions should be taken w i th o the r plu m b
in g fix tu res o f the house O n an unven ted sys tem it is poo r policy .

to loca te a fix tu re in the cella r close to the foo t of a s tack and w as t , ,

ing in to the ho r i z on tal line as the liabili ty o f siphonage unde r s uch ,

condi tions is fully as grea t as at any o the r poin t in the sys te m .

Befo re leaving the subject O f ba th rooms it w ill be Of in te res t to ,

many reade rs no doubt to s tudy the fixtu res and trimmings fo r a n

, ,

up to da te high g rade ba th room

- -

,
-
.

The w a te r close t should be of the siphon j et s tyle and o f po rce -

,

lain and should have nickel pla ted flush and supply pipes w i th flus h
,
-
,

tank finished in the na tu ral w ood o r enameled to sui t the finish and ,

deco ra tions o f the room The lo w tank is at the p resen t time m o re .

popula r than the high tank and the flush valve doing a w ay en ti rely , ,

w i th the flush tank bids fai r to become mo re popula r than ei the r

, .

The flush valve may be exposed to vie w o r concealed in the w all

behind the w a te r closet .

The ba th tub should be o f po rcelain o r a t leas t po rcelain line d , ,

and should n o t be less than 5 or 5% ft in length and p rovided w i th .

,

nickel pla ted w as te and supply fi ttings The ba th may be fu rnish ed

-
.

w i th a show e r and sho w e r cu rtain .

The re is a w ide choice in the selec tion o f the ba th The e ff ec t .

O f the solid po rcelain tu b is massive especially if its base res ts up o n ,

the floo r ins tead o f upon legs The only decora tion tha t the b a th .

should have is a na rrow plain band or othe r deco ra tion a sho rt d i s

tance belo w the rim .

I n lava to r ies also the re is a w ide range,

P o rcelain is p r efe r
,
.

able for fine w o rk and the on e piece lava to ry o f enameled cas t i r on

,
-

comes nex t .

I f Of po rcelain it should be fu rnished w i th po r celain legs a n d

,

back A ve ry a rtis tic fix tu re is the oval pedes tal lava to ry w hic h is

.
,

massive and looks w ell w i th a heavy ba th The lava to ry is m uch .

imp roved w i th a mi rro r follow ing in its shape the gene ral s tyl e of
the lava to ry Nickel pla ted legs o r b racke ts may suppo rt the l a va
.
-

to ry bu t do n o t appea r to such advan tage as the w hi te po rcelain

,

legs W hi te is by all means the colo r fo r the ba th room I t is cool

. .

and clean in appea rance and obliges f requen t a tten tion as an v d us t , ,

o r di rt t hat ga the r s show s plainly .

 P late XX I I I

P O OR P R AC TI CE S IN P L U M B IN G C O N
.

S T R U C TI O N
1 56 MO DE RN P LU M BI NG ILLUSTRATED
f rom the same fix tur e should n ot dr op afte r leaving the closet but ,

should pi tch up w a rd th roughou t its cou rse No 2 shoul d have sepa . .

ra te en trance in to the s t ack through a Y b ranch ins tead o f bein g -

,

conn ected in to the l ead bend the p rope r cou rse allowing a sho rte r
,

and mo re di rec t connec tion The ven t f rom NO 2 should have . .

en te red the ven t f rom N o 1 above the top o f NO 2 A s it is n o w

. . .

connected if a s toppage occu r s on the w as te of No 2 w as te f r om

, .
,

this fix tu re w ill ru n O ff th rough its ven t thence th rough the ven t o f ,

N O I and discha rge in to No I

.
, . .

F ix tu res NO 3 and No 4 should be trapped and ven ted inde

. .

penden tly an d be en te red sepa ra tely in to the s tack o r in to the open

, ,

ings of a Y caulked in to the Y al ready in us e .

The ho r izon tal ven t f rom Nos 5 and 6 pi tches in the w rong .

di rec tion V en t pipes should al ways pi tch up wa rd afte r leaving the

.

trap .The ven t connection o f No 5 shoul d have been made in to .

the ho r izon ta l a rm o f the bend r a the r than in to the ver tical a rm ,

as the la tte r p resen ts grea te r Oppo rtuni ty for the col l ection of refuse
in the opening o f the ven t in to the bend .

The was te f rom No 6 should have a sepa ra te en tran ce in to the

.

s tack but if it mus t be connected in to the lead ben d it should be con

,

n ected in t o the uppe r pa rt o f the ho rizon tal a rm as the Opening o f ,

the was te in to the heel of the bend is in such a posi tion tha t soil and
o the r refuse ma tte r may d rop direc tly in to it in passing th rough
the bend .

The l oca l ven t f rom No 5 en te rs the chimn ey a t the second floo r

.
,

and at a poin t below the highes t opening in to the chimney W hen .

all local ven ts are n ot en te red above the highes t chimney openin g
the re is d ange r tha t foul Odo r s ca rr ied in the ven t may en te r room s
in to w hich openings in the chi mney commun ica te Fixtu res NO 7 an d . .

NO 8 a re double trapped
. The w as te f rom N O 8 should be discon
. .

n ected f rom t he trap o f No 7 and en te red sepa ra tely in to the s tack

.
, ,

o r a t leas t connec ted t o t he w as te f rom No 7 close to the po in t a t .

which it en te r s the s tack Nume rous e rro rs migh t be men tioned

.

which do n ot appea r on P la te 2 3 Some o f these e rro rs are the fo l .

low ing Ea rthen wa re house se w e rs are some times con tinued inside
.

the fo u nda tion w all an d the house d rain connected to it by me ans o f

,

a cemen t join t .

Clea n outs a re occasionally used which depen d for a tigh t j o in t

upon the use o f a ring Of pu tty .
P OO R P RA C TI C ES IN P LUMBI NG CO NST R U CTI O N 1 57

D rainage is allow ed to en te r the f resh air inlet and the la tte r is -

,

Of ten cons tructed of too small pipe .

B y passes a re a ve ry common fo rm o f e rro r and this pa rticula r

-
,

e rro r Of ten occu rs in t he connec tion of the ba th ove r flo w to the

outle t side of the ba th trap the p rope r connec tion being in to the ,

inle t to the trap W hen thus connected the trap is p ractically sho rt
.

ci rcui ted gases and Odo r s passing f rom the w as te pip e th r ough the
,

o ve rflo w and ou t in to the room In the absence o f the main trap a .

,

by pass means tha t di rec t communica tion exis ts be tw een the hous e
-

and the se w e r Much poo r w o rk is to be found in connec tion w i th

.

r ef r ige ra to r w o rk Ref rige ra to rs are some times found connec ted

.

d i rec tly in to the d raina g e sys tem w i thou t a trap and ve ry of ten ,

found connected di rec tly in to the d rainage sys tem th rough a trap ,

w hich is n ot much be tte r than the fi rs t named connec tion Local -

.

ven ts may be found connected in to main back ven t lines and trap -
,

ven ts in to flues The blind ven t is a deception also of ten p racticed

. .

I t consis ts in running the trap ven t back to the w all o r th rough ,

the w all and plug ing the end n o connec tion being made in to the
,
g ,

m a in ven t This is n o t so bad in its resul ts as the blind ven t w i th

.

an Open end w hich is also to be found and th rough w hich di rect

, ,

communica tion w i th the se w e r exis ts The blind ven t has eve ry .

appea rance o f being hones t w o rk and is no mo re than Open f raud ,

.

I t w ill be seen then tha t the Oppo rtuni ties fo r e rro r a r e g rea t and
, , ,

it behooves the ow ne r and inma te o f the house to kno w r igh t f ro m

w rong in plumbing cons truc tion .

The ins tances of poo r p rac tice in plumbing cons truction to be

n ot ed in P la te 2 3 a re self eviden t to the pe rson w ho has a know ledge
-

o f the subjec t of plumbing They a re e rro rs w hich the plumbing

.

inspec to r should n o t pass ove r A t the same time the re is n o t an.

e rro r t o be found o n t his pla te w hich is o f an exagge ra ted na tu re ,

a n d w hich does n o t Of ten appea r .

Indeed some o f the p rac tices w hich have been c r i ticised as

,

e rro r s a re n o t looked upon unde r some plumbing o rdinances as in

, ,

a n y w ay ou t of cha rac te r .

F o r ins tance the p rac tice o f connec ting the w as te f rom the lava
,

to ry as in fix tu re N O 2 in to the lead bend is a me thod allo w ed in

,
.
, ,

m any ci ties w hich boas t Of s tr ic t plumbing o rdinances .

P oo r p rac tices a re n ot alone confined to the me thods o f making

con n ection s bu t appea r in va r ious o the r w ays
,
.
1 58 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
The use o f infe rio r mate r ial is a ve ry common ma tte r and is ,

to be m et in connec tion w i th plumbing cons truc tion a t almos t eve ry

poin t .

The use Of ligh t cas ti ron soil pipe ins tead o f extra heavy pi p e
- -

is an ins tance as also the use o f ve ry ligh t w eights o f lead pipe lea d
, ,

traps bends etc

, , .

The use o f ligh t lead has reached such a poin t that much o f th a t
used on cheap w o rk is en ti rely unfi t for its pu rpose inasmuch as it ,

is s o thin tha t it can w i ths tand ve ry li ttle rough usage In this con .

n ectio n it may be s ta ted tha t on e of the advan tages in the rapid dis
placing of lead pipe traps etc is the fac t tha t s ti ff e r and mo r e
, ,
.
,

du rable ma te rials are taking the place O f lead .

Many o the r ins tances migh t be named o f the use o f infe r i o r

ma te rials such as cheaply cons tructed b rass w o rk o f poo r m e tal
, ,

tanks lined w i th me tal O f the thinnes t quali ty fix tu res full o f impe r

,

fection s , etc .

These resul ts have been reached ve ry la rgely ow ing to the kee n

compe ti tion Of recen t yea rs .

I t is true tha t plumbing cons truc tion can be made possibly m o r e

deceptive than any o the r b ranch Of building cons truc tion O ne rea .

s o n fo r this is the fac t tha t such a la rge pa rt Of the w o rk is conceale d .

Frequen tly to judge f rom the nea t app ea rance Of fixtu res w i th the i r
, ,

b righ t nickel w o rk the plumbing sys tem mus t be an excellen t on

,

w he reas in reali ty it may be O f the poo res t desc rip tion fo r the con ,

cealed w o rk w hich is gene rally the mos t impo rtan t f rom a san i ta r y
,

s tandpoin t may be ins talled in any but a sani ta ry manne r

,
.
 R O UGHI NG —
IN

TH ATpa rt Of the w o rk on the plumbing sys tem know n as the

rouhing in is sho w n in P la te
g 24
-
.

As w ill be no ted w hen the w o rk has p rogressed to this poin t

, ,

all soil piping has been ru n f r om a poin t 1 0 ft ou tside the tounda

, .

tion through the c ella r and all s tacks run up th rough the roof thei r
, , ,

ventst acks also run and comple ted all was te fi ttings and ven t fi t ,

ti gs on mains inse rted and all b ranch fix tu re w as tes and ven ts

n
,

com let ed fa r as possible In the roughing the f resh a ir inlet is

p a s .
,
-

i lu
nc ded all clean o u
, ts o n the soil piping rain leade r s if they a re to ,

enter t he d rainage s ys tem inside the cella r all floo r and ya rd ,

drains, etc .

In fact w hen the roughing is comple te li ttle should remain to

, ,

be done befo re the fix tu res a re s et in place The w a te r tes t is gen .

erall
y applied to the plumbing a t this poin t This w hen p r ope r ly .
,

ap li ed is a mos t t ho rough tes t and a tes t w hich cannot be applied

p , ,

aft er t he w all s a re plas te red .

The refo re in the roughing j us t as much O f the w o rk should be

, ,

Inc lu ded a s possible in o rde r tha t as much of the piping and as many
,

Of t he joi n ts a s possible may be tes ted w i th hyd raulic p re ssu re .

The ref o re all fix tu re w as tes and ven ts should be comple ted if

,

P ac
r ticable o r b rough t as nea r comple tion as possible
, .

The v en t fo r the w a te r close t may almos t al w ays be comple ted ,

tmless n ick el is to be used T raps tha t a re loca ted unde r floo r s may
.

u su ally be placed in posi tion inle t connections made as fa r as pos

,

sible
, and the outle t in to the s tack completed All fe rrule connec .

tions whe the r on the ven t o r on the d rainage sys tem should be made
, ,

before the r oughing can be conside red comple te I t w ill be no ted .

thatsizes fo r all pipes in the plumbing sys tem o f Fig 2 4 a re given .

,

these size s co rresponding to the si z es demanded in mos t plumbing

or(fin
an ces .

In the cas e
ki tchen sink how eve r some o rdinances n ow
Of the , ,

re u
q ire a 2 in w as te ins tead o f I % in a requi remen t w hich is in
-
. .
,

the line o f ood p rac tice

g .
 M O DER N P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
W hen the fix tu re w as tes a re roughed in grea t ca re should be ,

t aken tha t the long runs Of lead pipe benea th floo rs a re p rope rly
suppo rted .

If n o t suppo rted the lead pipe is ve ry su re to sag thus forming

, ,

tr aps in the w as te The bes t me thod is to suppo rt s traigh t runs of

.

lead w as te on boa rds p rope rly secu red , .

Fix tu re w as tes o f grea te r length than 6 ft should a lw av s be run .

Of mo re rigid ma te r ial than lead e i the r O f cas t o r galvani z ed w rough t

,

i ron o r O f b rass .

As elsew he re noted no thing but coa ted cas t i ron pipe should
,
-

eve r be used unde rg round as the ac tion O f the mois tu re O f the ea rth
,

is ve ry ha rmful to w rough t i ron o r s te el pipe and also to unp ro tec ted

-
,

cas t i ron pipe The re is really n o necessi ty fo r coa ting cas t i ron pipe
-
.
-

tha t is n o t bu r ied w i th ta r o r asp hal tum fo r excep ting w hen unde r

, , ,

ground the re is ra rely any ha rmful ac tion tha t takes place

, .

CL E AN O U TS

The connec tion show n on the se w e r side Of the main trap in

P la te 2 4 is an exc ellen t o n e and is a p rac tice n o w demanded w her
,

eve r possible by many plumbing o rdinances .

The chief value o f such a connection is tha t it allow s a cleanout

to be used in the end Of the Y b ranch in to w hich the main trap -

discha rges .

This cleanou t con trols the s trai g ht run Of house d rain in to the
house se w e r and a conside rable length Of the la tte r w hile the clean
, ,

ou t a t the opposi te end Of the house d r ain con trols tha t s ec tion Of the
d rain and the tw o clean o uts on the main trap comple te the en ti re
,

con trol Of the house d rain and house se w e r .

Nothi n g can add mo re to the w o rth Of the plumbing sys tem than
the in tellig en t and libe ral use Of clea n o u ts The money inves ted in .

clea n o u ts is a go od inv e s tmen t al w ays fo r thei r use Of ten saves n ot

,

o n lv much annoyanc e b u t avoids the b reaking in to pipes to remove

,

s toppages .

Eve ry trap on the plumbing sys tem w i th the excep tion o f w a te r ,

close t traps and othe r traps combin ed in the fix tu re i tself should be ,

p rovided w i th a cleanout All cleanou t sc re w s should be o f b ras s

.
.

C l ea n o uts fo r use on soil piping a r e Of tw o kinds en ti r ely O f b ra s s ,

o r having t he body O f i r on and the sc rew O f b rass .

1 64 M O DER N P LUMBING ILLU STRATE D
The foregoing remark s apply only to clean outs used on the l a rg e
drainage piping .

The re a re ce rtai n addi tional facts to be conside red also con ce rn ,

ing clean outs on o the r pa rts of the plumbing sys tem .

W heneve r b rass and galvani z ed i ron pipe is used fo r w as te pur

-

poses clean outs should be libe rally used at poin ts whe re a chan g e in
,

di rec tion occu rs .

All d rum traps located unde r floo rs should have thei r cle a nou t
cove rs flush w i th the floor in o rde r to mak e them accessible w i thout
,

the removal of floo ring Such cleanout cove r s may be conc ealed
.

benea th nickel pla ted cove rs or gua rds sc re wed to the floo r The
-
.

clean o u ts o f all traps should be on the inle t side Of the trap and s u b ,

me rged w he reve r possible Subme rged clean outs sho w an i m pe r

.

fect join t by lea k age whe reas the same impe r fec tion in the c a se of
,

a cleanou t n o t subme rged migh t remain unde tected for an indefini te

length Of time .

Clean o u ts on fix tu re ven ts a re demanded by the plumbing o r di

nances of ce rtain ci ties but in a vas t majo ri ty of cases it is p ro bab l y
,

a p ractice which has li ttle value The reason for this is tha t u su al ly
.

use O f the cleanou t is by the inma tes only who know so l i ttle con
,

ce rning the purpose of the ven t and of the cleanou t tha t it is a lmos t
neve r made use o f W hen the re 1 5 a stoppage o f the w as te it m a k es
.

i tself know n a t once but a s toppage of the ven t opening is neve r

,

kno wn and consequen tly the remedy by means of the cle anout neve r
, , ,

applied .
 P late X X V

TE S T I N G O F T H E P L U M B I N G SYS T E M
T H E W A T E R , A I R , SM O KE , A N D
P E PP E R M INT T E S T S
1 68 M O D E RN P L U M BI NG ILLUSTR ATED
P la te
show s the plumbing sys tem ready fo r tes tin g All
24 .

Openings mus t be closed Lead bends traps an d pipes m us t have:

.
, ,

thei r ends solde red and w rough t i ron pipe ends mus t be capp ed
,
-
.

The ends o f pipes bends etc should be closed when the r oughin g
, , .
,

is comple ted w i thou t rega rd to the tes t in o rde r to p reven t r efus e

, ,

o f any kind f rom en te r ing t he sys tem .

Soil pi pe openings should be closed by specially devised s toppe rs

-

o r tes ting plugs as sho w n in t ,

he th ree illus tra tions O f Pl a te 2 5 .

These openings w ould include the house d rain ou tl e t f r esh air -

,
-

inle t rain l eade rs fl oo r d rains etc

, , , .

I f the s tack s do n ot end above the roof on or nea r the same

level the sho rte r s tack s should have thei r Open en ds plugged
, .

W i th the plumbing sys tem thus p repa red w a te r is filled in to

'

the sys tem un til it ove rflo w s f rom the highes t s tack on to the roo f .

The tes t is gene rally made by the plumbe r in the p resence o f ,

the pl u mbing inspec to r and the w a te r is gene rally requi red to s tand
,

fo r seve r al hou r s befo re being d ra wn o ff .

This is fo r the pu rpose o f exposing leaks which some time s do

n ot make t he mselves kno wn fo r a time .

D efects of ten do n o t appea r un til the w a te r has been s tanding

lon g en ough to tho roughly soak th rough the oakum W a te r ma y be .

filled in to the sys tem th rough any Opening the f resh a ir inle t of ten ,
-

bein g a convenien t poin t .

Tes ting plugs a re ma d e w i th a p rovision a llow ing w a te r to pass

th rough them fo r the pu rpose Of filling the piping
,
Such a plug .
,

w i th its connec tion is sho w n in the f resh a ir inlet o f Fig A

i

, S ev -
. .

e ral di ff e r en t makes o f testing plugs tha t do good s ervice a re n o w '

o n the ma rke t seve ral fo rms o f w hich a re sho wn in Fig B

,
. .

The mos t common fo rm is tha t sho wn at the righ t hand en d -

.

I t ma k es tigh t by means o f the expansion o f a hea vy rubbe r r ing

agains t the in ne r su r face o f the pipe The ring is expanded be tw een .

tw o i ron pla tes b roug h t toge the r by a la rge hand n u t .

P lugs o f this des crip tion w ill n ot gen e rally hold much ove r 50
lbs p ressu re w i thout being blo wn out
. .

A ve ry good plug fo r high p ressu res is on e w hich cl amps a round

the ou tside o f the hub ma king tigh t by means o f a rubbe r pa cking
,

fo rced agains t the end o f the hub This tes ting plug i s sho w n in .

Fig B . .

The same plug may be applied to the spigot end o f a pipe by

 TH E W ATER TEST 1 69

us in g pli t colla r agains t w hich the clamp may hold In F ig A

a s . .

the use of a double tes ting plug is sho w n .

This is a valuable device fo r the connec tion shown and for ,

closing the main trap ou tle t -

.

In using this tes t w a te r should be filled in to the sys tem slowly

, ,

and as fas t as defects appe a r they should be made tigh t befo re rais
ing the w a te r highe r .

The re are tw o reasons for this A small leak at a high poin t .

may allow w a te r to tr ickle dow n the pipe and thus make it di ffi cul t ,

to loca te If the sys tem is quickly filled a la rge quan ti ty Of w ate r

.
,

may esca pe f rom some la rge defect befo re it can be d ra w n O ff .

I t is some times necessa ry to tes t ce rtain sec tions of the sys te m

a s the w o rk p rog r esses .

In mak ing such tes ts the re should be a column o f w a te r at leas t

1 0 ft in heigh t abo ve all pa rts O f the w o rk to be tes ted
. .

V e ry high s tacks should be tes ted in sec tions o f n o t ove r 75 ft .

in len gth as the p ressu re Of w a te r w hen such a s tack is tes ted en ti re

,

i s ve ry grea t and cannot be applied w i th safe ty

,
.

To find the p ressu re tha t is being exe rted at any poin t on the
plumbing sys tem mul tiply the ve rtical dis tance Of this poin t f rom
,

the to p of the highes t s tack by 434 the p ressu re exe rted by one .
,

foo t o f w a te r This w ill give the p ressu re in pounds per squa re

.

inch Thus a poin t 50 ft f rom the to p w ill be unde r a p ressu re of

.
,
-
.

5 0 X 4 34.
= lbs per s q in . . .

The follow ing table may be valuable in this connection

TA B L E OF P RE S S U R E S OF W A TE R

Pres sure
H ead per s q . in .

I 1 0 ft. lbs
I 1 5
1 20
1 25
1 30
1 35 8
5 4 8
I 4O

1 45
1 50 64 9 7-

1 55
1 60
1 7° M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
P ress ure
H ead per s q . in .

330 ft lbs
340

350 1 5I . 61
360 1 55 94-

370 I

38 0

390

400 I 73 - 27

500 2 1 6 58 .

600
700
800 6
34 54 -

9 00
1 000

THE AIR TEST

W hen the es is applied to the roughing a ir should be
a ir t t ,

f o rced in to the sys tem th rough a fo rce pump un til a p ressu re of I O ,

l bs is reach ed 1 0 lbs rep resen ting 2 0 in o f me rcu ry

.
, . The a ir test
. .

is n ot s o convenien t and sa tisfac to ry to the plumbe r as the w a te r

tes t fo r the loca tion o f a small leakage O f a ir is n o t so easily f ound
,

as a small leakage O f w a te r Gene rally in the case O f a small a ir

.
,

l eak the plumbe r goes ove r the pipe w i th a la the r O f soap applied
,

w i th a b rush The escaping a ir w ill form a bubble thus sho w ing the
.
,

l oca tion of a defec t .

How eve r the a ir tes t subjec ts all pa rts O f the sys tem to the
,

s ame unifo r m p ressu r e w hile the p ressu r e in the w a te r tes t va r ies

,

from z e ro p ressu re a t the to p to a p ressu re a t the bo ttom depending

upon the heigh t Of the s tack In applying the a ir tes t all openings
.
,

a re closed Th rough any convenien t plug a gas pipe is connected

.
, ,

to w hich a me rcu ry gauge is a ttached and hose connec tion made ,

to the fo r ce pump The air pumped in to the sys tem exe rts a p res
.

s u re O n the me r cu ry fo rcing it up w a rd in t
, he tube abou t tw o inches
fo r each pound O f a ir p ressu re .
1 72 M O D ERN P L U MBI NG ILL U ST RA TE D
ins tance on o ld w o rk much of the soil pi ping is of ten bur ied
F or , ,

unde rg round In the even t Of defects unde rground the peppe r m in t

.
,

fumes w ill often penetra te th rough in to the cella r w he reas s m oke

,

w ould n ot .

A t the p resen t time the re are compa ra tively few tow ns of s ize ,

or ci ties w hich do n o t demand the tes ting and inspec tion Of the
,

plumbing sys tem and w i thou t doubt n o othe r facto r has resul te d
, , ,

in an equal amoun t of good in the attainmen t of sani ta ry w o rk .

Such p rovision makes it far mo re di ffi cul t fo r w o rk to be con

s tructed of infe rior ma te rial and w i th w ron g connections as betw ee n ,

the tes ting and inspec tion of the sys tem many of these fea tu r e s a r e
discove red .

I t is almos t an impo ssibili ty to p rovide cou n try plumbin g con

s truc tion w i th t he advan tages of the inspection and tes t .

The resul t of inabili ty unde r the ci rcums tances to p rovide su ch

,

re u la tion esul ts in th cons t uc tion of a conside able amoun t of

g r , e r r

poo r and unsani ta ry w o rk in the coun try .

This condi tion has been much imp roved in recen t yea r s how ,

eve r chiefly th rough the demands of ow ne r s fo r tes ts to be made in

,

the p resence of a rchi tect and o w ne r and th rough the e ff o rt of m a n y

,

a rchi tects to demand these th ings in thei r speci fi cations .

 P la te

C O N TI N U 0 U S V E N TIN G
1 76 M O DERN P LUMB I NG ILLUSTRATED
be tak en off the top of the s ame fi tting I t w ill be read ily s een tha t .

the possibili ty of the s toppage of the openings o f the s e ven t pipe s is

ve ry s mal l in compa rison w i th work of o rdina ry cha racte r in w h ich ,

the v en t is connec ted to the tr ap W rough t i ron is gene r ally u s ed .

fo r the w as te and ven t on w o rk tha t is concea led w hile b r ass is m uch ,

used on exposed w o rk F igs A and B s ho w the same w o rk ins talled

. .

w i th cas t i ron pipe The objec tion to the use of cas t i ron pipe o n
-
.
-

thi s w o rk is tha t it is n o t made sma lle r than of 2 in diame te r The -

. .

fi ttings being so la rge is anothe r reason fo r n ot using it so ex ten

s iv ely as w rough t i ron .

In all con tinuous ven t w o rk the ven t is a con tinuation of the

w as te line .

As w ill be seen in connec tion w i th seve ral late r pla tes the co n ,

tin u ou s ven t finds excellen t applica tion t o g roups and lines of fi x tu re s .

on la rge w o rk such as lines of u rinals or lava to ries in public toile t

’

r ooms The fact tha t the ven t opening is in no dange r of s toppage

.

is sufficien t to recommend the con tinuous ven t to unive rsal use even ,

if no o the r advan tages w e re to be gained An addi tional advan tage .

of impo rtance gained by the con tinuous ven t is a dec reased ra te of

, ,

evaporation of the trap sea ] This resul t is to be expected o w ing to

.
,

the dis tance o f the ven t connec tion f rom the seal o f the trap .

Fig B sho w s the con tinuous ven t applied to tw o lava to ries back
.
,

to back on opposi te sides o f the same pa rti tion

,
F or fix tu r es thus .

rela tively loca ted t he con tinuous ven t is o f ve ry g rea t value n ot only
,

because of the advan tages tha t a re gained as named above but also ,

for the reason tha t a saving in cos t o f cons truc tion is e ff ec ted by its
use As fa r as the w as te and ven t for the tw o fix tu res a re conce r ned
.
,

no mo re labo r or s tock is used than in cons tructing the w as te and

ven t fo r one alone .

I t may n ot be clea r to the reade r tha t tr aps w i th othe r than a

ho ri z on tal ou tle t cannot be used on con tinuous ven t w o rk .

As al ready s ta ted else w he re in o rde r to p reven t the siphon f r o m

,

ope ra ting air mus t be b rough t in to it a t or nea r its c rown I f a ir

,
.

is b rough t in to the long ou tle t arm of the siphon it w ill n ot b re a k ,

its ac tion In the same w ay a vent taken o ff the ou tle t at some dis
.
,

tance do w n f rom the c ro w n of the S sink trap sho wn in P la te 9 -

, ,

w ill n ot accomplish resul ts In o rde r then tha t a ir may be adm i tted

.
, ,

on the same level as the trap seal and at a dis tance f rom it a tra p o f ,

the gene ral design of the half S trap mus t be u s ed -

.
 P late XX VI]

C O N T I N U O U S V E NTI N G F O R T W O F L O O R
WORK
1 80 M O DE R N P L U M BI NG I LLU ST RA TE D
s tyle o f w o rk nei the r ve rtic al s tack is en ti rely a w as te
I n this ,

s tack o r en ti rely a ven t s tack W hile al toge ther unl ike the r egul a r
, .

tw o fl oo r w o rk this s t
-
y le of w o rk is pe rfec tly legi tima te
, .

I t can be applied only to two fl oo rs fo r the thi rd fl oo r fi x tu r es ,

-

w ould have to w as te in to one o r the o the r of the tw o ve rti ca l s tack s ,

and tha t s tack could n o longe r be used as a ven t line .

A compa rison of this p l a te w i th P late 2 8 w ill sho w th a t th is

s ta temen t mus t be true and it w ill also show tha t the us e of the
,

connec tions such as P la te 2 7 show s calls fo r much less ou tl ay in ,

s tock an d labo r per fi x tu re than does the o rdi n a ry me thod o f con

tin u ou s ven ting .

A s compa red w i th c row n ven ting the work of P l ate 2 7 wa ll s ,

fo r fa r less labo r and conside r ably less s toc k .

I f c rown ven ting w e re empl oyed the main ven t line w ould have ,

to be ru n and connec ted w i th the was te s tack above an d bel o w ,

as sho w n .

A fi tting on the main ven t l ine woul d be required at ea ch fl oo r ,

w hile the w as te fi ttings w ould remain the same .

Sepa rate ven ts w ou l d have to be run f rom the c rown of e ach

.

trap necessi ta ting in t

, he case o f l ead wo rk a w iped join t on the
, ,

trap and ano the r at the v en t fi tting This compa rison w ill sho w that
.

the labo r involved in the con tinuous ven ting of tw o fl oo r w o rk of the -

s tyle sho w n in P la te 2 7 is ve ry much less than on the same sys tem

ins tall ed acco rding to the o rdina ry me th ods of c ro wn ven ting .

W hile in gene ral it w ould seem tha t con tinuous ven ting ca n be
done w i th less l abo r it cann ot so of ten be done w i th l ess s toc k b ut
, ,

its advan tages are so g rea t tha t it w ou l d appea r tha t in the hi ghe r
grade o f cons truction at l e as t it would soon come in to g ene ral use
, , .

At the p resen ttime its use is demanded by some few ci ty o rdinan ces ,

and recommended by o the rs .

The re is this to be said conce rning its adoption : the con tin uous
ven t cannot a l w ays be applied and in some ca ses it co ul d n ot be ,

applied w i thou t conside rable addi tional cos t .

O w ing to these condi tions it woul d seem un w ise to a ttem p t to

demand its use w i thou t rega rd to ci rcums tances su rroundin g the
fix tu re but at the same time much good w o rk w ould be p rovid ed
, ,

fo r in the fu tu re and a long s tep tak en in advance if plum b ing

, ,

o rd inances would call for the use of con tinuous ven ting w her eve r
p racticable .
 P la te X X VI I I

C O N TIN U O U S V E NTIN G FO R TW O L I N ES
OF F I X T UR E S O N TH R E E OR M O R E
F LOO R S P R A C TI C A L R E QU I R E
ME N T S O F V E NTIN G
1 84 M O DERN P L U M BI NG I LL U STRATED

P RA C TI C AL RE QUIREM ENTS O F V ENTI NG

The fixtu re ven t should pi tch upw a rd f rom the trap at all
poin ts in o rde r tha t condensa tion may d rain in to the trap and it ,

should be connected in to the main ven t line at a poin t higher than

its fix tu re s o tha t in the even t Of s toppage o f the trap o r w as te the
, , ,

fixtu re w as te may n o t pass O ff th rough the ven t .

TO p rovide agains t the la tte r evil it is good p rac tice in the case ,

Of a gr oup of fix tu res whose ven ts connec t in to a main b ran ch ven t ,

to ru n this b ranch s o tha t its lo wes t ven t fi tting shall be at leas t two
o r th ree inches above the to p O f the highes t fix t u re Of the group .

Fo rme rly much ven t wo rk O f lead wa s used but the bes t prac ,

tice to day calls fo r the use o f galvanized i ron o r b rass on all b r anch
-
,

main b ranch and individual fixtu re ven ts o f 2 in o r less in s ize

, . .

The use Of lead fo r v en t w o rk is fas t becoming limi ted to use in

connec tion w i th l ead traps sho rt connec tions being made in to the
,

w rough t i ron o r b rass pipe

-
.

Main b ranch ven ts should be inc reased o n e size in di ame te r

af te r passing 30 ft .

W hen a fixtu re is loca ted 8 ft or mo re f rom the main ven t its .

,

trap ven t should ei the r be ca r r ied independen tly th rough the r oof o r ,

en te r the ma in ven t s tack above all fixtu res .

Thus in the case Of the lava to ry O f F ig C P la te 2 0 if its dis

, .
, ,

tance is 8 ft o r mo re f rom the s tack its ven t should be ru

. n as above ;
,

if its dis tance is 6 ft o r mo re lead should n ot be used on its w a s te

.
, .

Unde r such condi tions the us e Of the con tinuous ven t fo r the fixtu re ,

as sho wn is excellen t p rac tice

, .

Unde r P la te I 3 it wa s sho wn tha t the main ven t line migh t

,

ei the r run independen tly th rough the roof o r re en ter the soil o r w as te
ven t above the highes t fix tu re In m any O f the la rge ci ties this
.

demand is qualified by requi ring the running o f a ma in ven t s epa

rately t h rough the roof wheneve r such ven t se rv es fi xtu res on mo re
,

than six floo r s o r ex tends mo r e than 80 ft above the grade line . .

W hen eve r main ven t lines a re reén tered in to soil o r w as te ven ts ,

no fixtu re should be loca ted on any fl oo r above such reen trance an d ,

be connec ted to the soil was te ven t or back ven t pipes f rom fi x
, , ,
-

tu res on floo r s belo w .

 P la te X X I X

CO N TI N U O U S V E N TI N G O F W A T E R C LO S
ET S —
C I R C U I T V E NT S L OO P V E NT S
1 88 M O DERN P L U M BI NG ILLUSTRATED
se rved by a ci rcui t ven t and loca ted 5 ft o r mo re f rom tha t l ine
, .
,

should be ven ted in the usual manne r .

I t w ill thus be seen tha t the con tinuous ven ting of lines o f w a te r
close ts by mean s Of ci rcui t ven ts p rovides ample p ro tec tion to the ,

fixtu res agains t siphonage an d e ff ec ts a grea t saving in avoidin g

,

the ou tlay inciden t to ins talling a sepa ra te ven t fo r each w a te r closet .

The common me thod o f ven ting lines o f w a ter close ts is sho wn

in F ig D P la te 40 Any b ranch line o f soil o r w as te pipe se rv ing
.
, .

a line o f two o r mo re fix tu res may be p rovided w i th a ci rcui t ven t

to the advan tage o f the sys tem .

W hen the ho r izon tal soil b ran ch is o f n ot mo re than 2 0 ft in .

l ength measu ring f rom the main soil s tack an d the l in e is n ot en te red
, ,

by mo re than fou r w a te r close ts the ven t ex tension may be reduced to ,

3 in f
. rom the end Of the b ranch in to th e main ven t s tack W h en a .

la rge r numbe r than fou r w a te r close ts en te r the ho rizon tal soil b ranch ,

the ven t ex ten sion should n o t be r educed in diamete r bu t should co n ,

tin u e o f the same size as the soil b ranch in t o the main ven t s tack , .

W hile n o t allow able to use qua rter bends on any pa rt o f the -

d rainage sys tem they may be used on ci rc ui t ven ts as sho w n in

, ,

P la te 2 9 W hile much used on this wo rk a be tte r fo rm of p rac tice

.
,

i s seen in the use of a T Y o r Y and eigh th bend in place o f the

- -
,

qua rte r bend thus allo w ing the use Of an end cleanou t by means of
-
, ,

w hich the en ti re ho r izon tal b ranch could be con trolled in the even t
O f s toppage .

In addi tion to the ci rc ui t ven t the re is also wha t is kno w n as ,

the loop ven t The Ioo p ven t is a modified fo r m o f the ci r cui t ven t
.
,

used w hen a line o r group Of fix tu res on a single floo r is to be ci rcui t

ven ted and the re are no fix tu r es on the floo rs above
,
.

In this case the soil o r w as te b ranch is ex tended beyond the

l ine o f fixtu res and run up as in the case Of the ci rcui t ven t an d
, ,

then looped ove r the line o f fix tu res in to the soil o r w as te ven t o f

the s tack in to which t he b r anch soil o r w as te pipe connec ts .

The loop ven t may be used fo r a single line Of fixtu res on a ,

floo r above which a re othe r fix tu res emptying in to the same soil or

w as te s tack by connecting the loop in to the main ven t s tack abov e
,

the highes t fix tu re o f the gr oup .

The loop ven t fo r a 4 in soil b ranch may be 3 in in diame te r

-
. . .

F o r 5 and 6 in soil b ranches the loop ven t sho u

-
. ld be 5 in in , .

diame te r and fo r la rge r sizes 6 in

, .
 P la te XXX

P LU M B I N G F OR C O TT A GE H O U SE
GE N E R A L R EMA R KS
1 9 2 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTR ATED
ions of the coun try the supe r seding o f it by i ron and b ras s
'

t , bein g
pa rticula rly noticeable in the la rge ci ties .

F o r w as te pipes the follow ing table Of w eigh ts may b e sa fely

follow ed
D ia m eter o f Lead Pipe W eig ht per Foo t
I in 2
lbs .

( C
I
C‘
I
I 7

The amount Of p ressu re on s tree t mains mus t de te rmi n e the

w eigh ts o f lead pipe p rope r fo r supplies but fo r o rdina ry p r e s s ure s ,

the follow ing table is safe to follow :

Di am eter o f Lead P ipe

3
4

Shee t lead should neve r be less than 4 lbs and 6 lbs fo r roof .
, .

flas hin g s is p refe rable The tendency to use ligh t ma te rials o w i n g

.
,

to the k een compe ti tion o f the p resen t day is ve ry ma rked and , ,

now he re on the plumbing sys tem mo re plainly to be s een than in the

lead w o rk Lead bends and d rum traps for ins tance are of ten use d
.
, ,

w hich a re so f ragile tha t the w o rkman mus t be ca reful tha t in his

handling Of them they a re n ot c rushed This is true also Of the p ipe . .

The w eigh ts given above how eve r if Obtained w ill ensu re sol id a n d
, , ,

secu re w o rk .

The choice o f ma te rial fo r w ate r supply pipes shou l d al w ay s be

-

made w i th due conside ra tion to the chemical p rope rties of the w a te r

supply This is true also in the matte r of range boile r s S o me
. .

w a te r s w il l quickly a ttack w rough t i ron pi pe and boile r s and m a ke

-
,

rene w al necessa ry in compa ra tively few yea r s .

Unde r such condi tions lead o r b rass supply p ipe s an d cop per
,

range boile r s should gene rally be used .

O n high g rade w o rk b rass piping is n ow being e xtensively us ed

-
, ,

an d fo r t he bes t w o rk all changes in di r ection a re made by bendin g

the pipe r a the r than by the use O f elbow s .
 P late X X X ]

C O N S T R U C TI O N O F C E L L A R P I P I N G
T H E H O U S E D R A IN , H O U S E SE W E R , E T C .
1 96 M O DERN P LUM BI NG ILL U STRATE D
seve ral flats being placed in the cella r w hich necessi ta tes runnin g ,

the house d rain unde rg round The house d rain should be o f ex tra . .

heavy i ron pipe and should be ca r ried to a poin t 1 0 ft f rom the

, .

inne r face o f the cella r w all This means that tw o full lengths o f.

soil pipe a re to be used in running f rom the foundation w all to the

house sew e r .

The reason fo r this requi remen t is the dange r Of b roken ea rth en

w a r e pipe and fi ttings and cemen t join ts close to the founda tion w all , ,

w i th the consequen t dange r of the leeching o f escaping se w age

th rough the founda tion w alls in to the cella r W hen l a id under .

ground nothing but ex tra heavy ta rred cas t i ron pipe should be
,
- -

used w he the r it be the house d rain o r b ranches f rom it This is

, .

requi red fo r t he reason tha t uncoa ted cas t i ron pipe is in time de -

s troyed by galvanic ac tion w hen laid unde rground and w rough t i ron ,

and s teel pipe su ff e rs in the same w ay but to a far grea te r ex tent , .

O n n o accoun t should ea rthen w a re pipe en te r the cella r The best .

me thod Of making the connec tion atthe main trap is show n in F ig A .

,

P la te 2 5 as the use o f an end cleanou t is thus allo w ed w hich w ill

, ,

con trol the s traigh t line out in to the house se w e r in the even t of
s toppage I f the house d rain th rough the founda tion w all cannot
.

be laid low enough fo r the main trap to discha rge in to the Y f rom
above the Y may be used lying on its side
,
.

All en trances in to the house d rain o r in to any ho ri z on tal soil ,

o r w as te b r anch should be made th rough Y b ranches o r Y b r anches

,
- -

and bends .

In to the house d rain all floo r d rains cella r d rains etc should , , .
,

be connec ted .

In the case Of rain leade r s they should be connec ted in to the ,

house d rain w hen b rough t inside the basemen t o r cella r but may also ,

be run ou tside the founda tion w alls and en te red in to the house se w e r .

I f ho w eve r the re is a sepa rate public sys tem fo r su r face se w age

, , ,

clea r w as te such as coming f rom floo r and ya rd d rains rain leade rs

, , ,

subsoil d rainage etc should be connected in to the house d rain O f the

,
.
,

su rface se w age sys tem .

The ma tte r of the use of the main trap is gen era l ly de te r min ed
by plumbing o rdinance The p ractice is va ried some ci ties de m and
.
,

in g its use othe r s p rohibi ting it and s till o the r s ma k ing its use
, ,

Op tional W hen the main trap is used how eve r all connection s in to
.
, ,

the main d rain should be made o n the house side of the tr a p .

 TH E H O USE DRAI N , E TC . 1 97

The Objection to the use o f a main trap due to the fo rcing of ,

its s eal has caused a tr ial o f tw o main traps o n the house d rain
, .

Th e u s e of tw o traps ho w eve r has n ot been t

, aken up t ,o any ex t en t .

When eve r tw o traps have been used the f resh a ir inle t has been ,
-

t ak e n O ff on t he house side Of the trap fa rthe s t f rom the se w e r and ,

in o rde r tha t the re shall be no a ir lock be tw een the tw o traps a ven t ,

wa s taken o ff a fi tting placed be tw een the tw o traps The idea Of .

t hi s arrangemen t w a s tha t in case back p r essu re f rom the se w e r ,

wa s sufficien t to fo rce the seal Of the fi rs t tr ap the seal o f the second ,

t ra
p could neve r be fo r ced because of the ven t be tw een th e t w o tr aps ,

an d in this w ay sew e r gas w ould be p reven ted frOm ente ring the
hou se d rainage sys tem
-
An Objec tion advanced agains t the use o f
.

a s i n gle main tr ap is tha t it impedes t he f ree ou tflo w o f se w age and

is s ubject to s toppage .

The use o f two traps w ould ce rtainly inc rease these troubles ,

and thei r use w ould seem to be inadvis a ble As al ready s ta ted sim .
,

p li c i ty r a the r than complexi t y is to be desi red in all pa r ts o f t he

p lu m b i n g sys tem ,and especially a t such a poin t as t h e main t r ap ,

wh e re se r ious trouble a ffects the en ti re sys tem .

As s ta ted above the house se w e r begins a t the poin tw he r e the

,

hous e drain ends w hich is gene rally I O ft f rom the inside face O f
, .

t he founda tion w all a l though some plumbing o rdinances make this

,

dis tance only 5 ft In gene ral the house se w e r is cons truc ted of
.
,

vitri fied ea rthen pipe and should be on e si z e la rge r than the house
,

drain
. If the house d rain is 4 in in diame te r the house se w e r .
,

shou ld be 5 in
.

All pipe tha t is bu r ied deep unde rg round and the refo re n ot ,

easil accessible should be Of la rge r si z e than fo r t h same line w hen

y ,
e

ru nning above ground w he the r the pipe be use d fo r d rainage o r

,

su l
ppy pu r poses . W hen the house sew e r is laid in made g round o r ,

in ground tha t has been filled in o r is in dange r o f destruc tion f rom ,

f00t s Of tr ees o r f rom the ac tion Of f ros t ea rthen w a r e pipe should ,

never be used . Unde r these condi tions no thing but extra heavy -

t arred cas t i ron pipe should be used laid w i th caulked lead join ts bu
-
, t ,

not wi t h cemen t join ts Wh en the house se w e r mus t O f necessi ty

.

ru n close t o any cis te rn o r any sou rce Of w a te r supply it should be

, ,

constru cted o f cas t i ron pipe

-
.

J oi n t s on the ea rthen pipe of house se w e r s should be given as

carefu l atten tion as join ts on any o the r pa rt Of the plumbing sys tem ,
1 98 M O DERN P LUM BI NG I LL U STRATED
al though this w o rk is Of ten cons truc ted in a mos t ca reless ma nner
P o rtland cemen t o f the bes t quali ty should be used three pa rts o f ,

cl ean sand to one pa rt Of P o r tland cemen t .

The opening be tween the spigo t and the hub should be en ti rel y
filled w i th cemen t and w ha teve r cem en t has squee z ed out in to the
,
:

in te rio r Of the pipe should be cleaned O ff and removed befo re the

nex t length o r fi tting is laid A la th is convenien t fo r cu tting O ff
.

the su pe rfl uous cemen t A s tronge r and be tte r j oin t may be made by
.

caulking a ring O f oakum in to the hub befo re the cemen t is put in .

The S pigo t end should be inse rted in to the hub so tha t the
thickness O f the cemen t w ill be u ni fo rm a ro und the ci rcumfe ren c e .

Dep ressions should be cut in to the bo ttom o f the trench fo r the hubs
to s et in to thus allo w ing the pipe to res t fi rmly on its en ti re length
,

ra the r than on the hubs only The bo ttom o f the trench should have
.

a unifo rm grade O f n ot less than 2 ft in 1 00 ft an d mo re w he re . .

,

possible and in long lines of trench wo rk it becomes almos t n eces

,

sa ry to have the grade laid o ut by an eng inee r in o rde r tha t the w o rk

may be done p ro pe rly This is especially true w hen the to tal pi tch
.

fo r the en ti re length is ba r ely su fficien t and mus t be dis tr ibu ted ,

evenly .

Befo re trenches a re filled in the ea rth a round pipes should be ,

tho roughly r ammed and no pipe w he the r w a te r o r d rainage sho u

, , ld ,

be cove red un til ins pec ted by the p rope r o fficial Chan g es in d irec .

tion of the house se we r en trances in to it o f rain leade r s etc should

, , .
,

be done un de r the same gene ral rules regula ting like w o rk in con
n ectio n w i th the house d rain .

W hen rain leade rs connec t in to the house d rain o r house se w e r ,

it s hould be seen to tha tthese tw o lines a re of s u fficien t size to handle

the la rge volume O f rain w a te r en te ring them du r ing seve re s to rms .

The amoun t o f w a te r which a line Of pipe can safely be depen ded

upon to ca rry depends la rgely on the g rade at w hich the pipe i s laid .

The connec tion O f the house sew e r in to the s tree t se w e r should

be made as sho wn in P la te 3 1 tha t is by the use Of a Y b ranch on
, ,
-

the main se w e r and a bend o n the house se w e r .

This is mo re sa tisfac to ry than en te ring a tee jus t as it is on ,

the hous e d rainage sys tem

-
W hen the s tree t se w e r and house se w e r
.

a re O f such levels tha t a p rope r g rade can be secu red the house se w e r ,

should en te r the main s tree t se w e r above the cen te r of the a rch Of

the la tte r .
 PLUMBI NG F O R RESIDEN C ES USE O F S P E C IAL —

FITTINGS BRASS P I P ING —

TH E plumbing fo r a residence show n in P late 32 sho w s the

, ,

u s e of va r ious special w as t e and ven t fi ttings w hich are n ow coming ,

in to use extensively on the bes t class Of w o rk A special advan tage .

g na i e d in thei r use is tha t fix tu‘

r e tr aps may be easily p r ovided w i th

a continuou s ven t In p revious plates the running O f con tinuous
.

ven t s by t he use O f common fi ttings is to be seen The use o f spe .

cia l fittings of ten saves the making O f on e o r mo re join ts In P late .

3 all the fix tu res a re supplied w i th con tinuous ven ts w i th the ex cep

2

ti on of the ba th and lava to ry in the ba th room and the ref rige ra to r ,

dr i p si n k
. I t is ve ry r a re tha t a fix tu re is s o loca ted ho w eve r tha t , , ,

by the u s e of some one Of t he nume rous special fi ttings o r common

fitti n s it ca nno t be ven ted on the con tinuous p rinciple I t w ill be
g
, .

not ed t hat size s O f all pipes a re given .

For the o rdina ry r esidence double house two and th r ee fl

, at ,
-

hO u ses an d much o the r w o rk a i house d ain and main s tack is

4 n r -
, ,
.

lal e enough fo r the w o rk requi red Of them

‘

I t is poo r policy in
g .

ru ctin g the house d r ain o r the house se w e r o r any ho r izon tal

cO n st
,

dr ainage pipe to use a pipe o f la rge r si z e than is necessa ry fo r it

, ,

18
mu ch bette r to have the sew age which is flo w ing th rough a ho ri
al li n e fi ll t he pipe w ell up on its sides than to have the pipe so
ZO l tt

la t e t
g ha t the se w age flo w s in a thin s tream a t the bottom Of it In
‘

the
latte r case heavy se w age is mo re liable to lodge in the pipe
, ,

W hile the use Of a smalle r pipe w ould have resul ted in su fficien t
S co
u ri n g ac tion t o ca rry it along th r ough t he pipe I t w ill be noticed .

that
in P la te 32 the laund ry tubs a re loca ted in the cella r This is .

a very common p ac ice A strong poin t agains t it how eve r is tha t

r t .
, , ,

b l l tfor placing this fix tu re in the cella r the house d rain migh t be

,

ru n ove rhea d and in sigh t w hich is al w ays p refe rable t

,
o bu rv in g it

Underground .

On high gr ade w o rk such as is to be found in residences apa rt

-
, ,

mentbuildi n gs etc b rass piping is n ow la rgely used fo r w as te and

. .
,

Vent wo rk .
202 M O DERN P LUM BI NG ILL U STRA TE D
The p rope r w eigh ts of b rass pipe a re to be found in the fo llo w
ing table
W E I G H TS O F B RAS S P I P E
N omina l D ia meter N o mina l D ia m eter
of P ipe Weig ht per Foo t o f Pipe

lbs 4 in
5
6

B rass fi ttings used on d rainage w o rk should be cas t and of ,

extra heavy weigh t and o f r ecessed pa tte rn simila r to cas t i ron

, ,
-

recessed d rainage fi tt ings as illus tra ted in P la te 44

, .

W i th the va rious appliances n o w on the ma rke t the re is a bs o ,

lu tely no excuse fo r using on b rass and nickel pipes the tools designed
fo r use o n w rough t i ron pipes These appliances include b rass pipe
-
.

vises an d wrenches of va rious mak es the use O f which avoids all ,

s c ra tching o f pipe and tubing and the c rushing O f the la tte r r esul t
,

ing f rom the use of common v ises and pipe w renches .

B rass pipe wo rk shou l d al ways be put toge the r w i th th read ed

connec tions o f i ron pipe size but neve r w i th slip join ts and couplings
-
, .

I t of ten happens bo th o n supply and d rainage w o rk tha t it i s

, ,

necessa ry o r desi rable to mak e a bend in the pipe ra the r than to us e

an elbo w The follow ing is a p rac tical me thod o f pe rfo rm ing th i s
.

w o rk and the resul t when the w or k is p rope rly don e is a pe r f ec t

, , ,

bend .

F i rs t fill the pipe to be ben t w i th sand and securely plug each ,

end S et the pipe on the wo rk bench w i th the poin t to be ben t ove r

.
,

hanging P lace a plumbe r s fu rn ace unde r the pipe so tha t the flame
.
’
,

hea ts the pipe a t the bending poin t To confine the hea t cove r th is .
,

pa rt of the pipe w i th a piece of sheet i ron o r a shovel i f mo re con , ,

v en ien t See to it tha t the pi pe does n o t become ove rhea ted

. .

W hen it becomes su fficien tly ho t the w eigh t of the ove rhanging ,

pipe w ill cause it to bend W i th ca re and a li ttle expe rience sha rp

.
,

r igh t angle ben ds can be easily and nea t

-
ly made in this manne r .

W hen hea ted b rass becomes ve ry b ri ttle an d it should n ot be

, ,

r emoved t he refo re un til some w ha t cooled

, ,
.

I f the ove rhanging end is too sho rt to p rovide s ufl icien t w eigh t

to cause the pipe to bend a w eigh t may be a tta ched to the pi pe
, .
 P LUMBING FOR TW O F LAT —
H O USE
TH E eleva tion of the plumbing fo r a tw o flat house w i th pipe -
,

sizes given is show n on P la te 33 In gene ral the plumbing on build

, .
,

ings of this class is confined to the ki tchen sink laund ry tubs and , ,

th r ee ba th room fix tu res
-
Al though n ot show n in P la te 33 o w ing
.
,

to lack of su fficien t space fl a t buildings of all classes should be pro

,

v ided w i th ref r ige ra to r d rainage Usually in flat houses O f tw o or

.

th ree s to r ies a 4 in ba th room s tack and a 2 in ki tchen s tack is

,
-
.
- -
.

r equi r ed al though in some cases t

, he 4 in s tack can be made to se rve -
.

all the fix tu res obvia ting the use Of a second s tack The use of two
, .

s tacks is be tte r ho w eve r as sepa ra te en trance in to the s tacks can

, ,

be gained for each fix tu re w hich w ould be ve ry di fficul t if the five

,

fixtu res en te red one s tack In two o r th ree flat houses the laund ry
.
-

tubs a r e some times loca ted in the cella r agains t w hich the re is no ,

special Objection if the cella r is w ell ligh ted and ven tilated except
, ,

the ma tte r of inconvenience to the tenan ts on the uppe r floo r s In .

P la te 33 all fix tu res have sepa ra te w as te en trances and it w ill be ,

noted tha t the ki tchen fix tu res a re se rved by the special me thod

desc r ibed and illus tra ted in P la te 2 7 .

I t w ill be no ted tha t the w a te r close t on the uppe r floo r is n ot

ven ted The re is in reali ty n o dange r w ha teve r o f the siphonage of
.

the w a te r close t trap w hen the fix tu re is loca ted close to its s tack
-
,

w i th no fix tu res en te ring the s tack o n floo r s above and the refo re ,

the r e is n o necessi ty Of ven ting it Mos t plumbing o rdinances ac .

kn ow ledge this fact by n o t demanding the ven ting O f w a te r closets

thus loca ted .

In connec tion w i th this pla te the subjec t of rain leade rs w ill be ,

conside red .

RAI N LEADERS
The size o f rain leade rs s hould neve r be less than 3 in and .
,

as much la rge r as the roof a rea w hich is d rained should requi re .

Plumb ing ordinances di ff e r in trap requi remen ts fo r r ain leade r s ,

zo s
2 06 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
some requi ring n o leade r trap w hen the main trap is used o the rs ,

demanding leade r traps even though the sys tem is p rotec ted by the
main trap I t goes w i thou t saying tha t each rain leade r should be
.

trapped on the sys tem w hich has no main trap I t w ould ap pea r .

w ise to use the tr ap also on sys tems p rovided w i th main trap The re .

is no dange r in this case of a ir lock f rom double trapping fo r this ,

trouble is obvia ted by the p resence o f the f resh a ir inle t The use of -
.

the trap p reven ts foul Odo r s f rom the house d rainage sys tem and po s ,

sible back p ressu re f rom the se w e r f rom finding thei r w ay th rough

,

the r ain leade r s and conduc to r pipes and escaping th rough j oin ts
and defects in the la tte r in to the rooms O f the house th rough open
w indo w s The usual me thod is to run the rain leade r of cas t or
.
,

w rough t i ron f rom its connec tion w i th the house d rain to a poin t
,

outside the founda tion w all w he re the galvanized i ron conductor

,

en te rs it The i ron pipe connec tion should end n ot less than 5 ft

. .

above the grade level W hen run en ti rely inside the building they
.
,

mus t be o f cas t o r w rough t i ron and connec ted at the roof by means
,

O f lead o r coppe r pipe w iped t o a b r ass fe r r ule and caulked in to the

to p o f the leade r the opening being p ro tec ted by a w i re gua rd o r

,

baske t W heneve r possible it is be tte r p rac tice to connect tw o o r

.
,
'

mo re b ranch rain leade r s in to on e main and place a trap on thi s ,

main ra the r than to sepa ra tely trap each leade r This me thod
,
.

gua rds the piping be tte r fo r the reason tha t a trap thus loca ted is
,

m o re ce rtain of main taining its seal In the same w ay and fo r the

.
,

s ame r eason t he rain leade r may be connec ted in to a ya rd d r ain the

, ,

two lines being p ro tec ted by on e tr ap .

Conduc to r s run ou tside should be o n e size la rge r than r equi r ed

fo r a conduc to r d raining the same a rea w hen ru n inside

W hen rain leade r s pass th rough the founda tion close to a d rive
w ay o r w he r e the r e is dange r o f being ha rmed by passing teams
, ,

the yshould be ru n up in r ecesses made in t he w alls and should n ot ,

pass th rough the side O f the building a t a poin t lo w e r than 1 2 ft .

above the grade .

I f the re is n o sew e r in the s tree t on w hich the building is loca ted ,

its roof d r ainage should be conduc ted f rom the leade r s in to a pipe
r unning belo w t he side w alk to the s tree t gu tte r .

If the s tree t is p rovided w i th a public su r face se w age sys tem ,

the r ain leade r s should connec t in to the su r face house d rain and n ot ,

in to the house d rainage sys tem If desi red it is p rope r to ca rry the
.
,
2 08 MO DERN P L U MBI NG ILLUSTR ATED
a re mo re than 1 5 pe r sons l iving on the same fl oo r the re s hou l d be ,

an addi tional w a te r close t ins tal l ed on tha t floo r fo r eve ry 1 5 a ddi

tion a l pe rsons o r f rac tional pa rt o f tha t numbe r
, The w a te r closet .
-

compa rtmen ts o f tenemen t and l odging houses facto ries and w o rk ,

shops should be made w a te rp roo f w i th ma rb l e s l a te or tile In

, , , .

tenemen t houses w hen the w a te r close t is used by a sing l e f a m ily

,

only its base mus t be n ot less than 6 in high and in all o the r c a s es
, .
, ,

w he re it is requi red it should be as high as the sea t

,
.

W a te r close t and u rina l apa rtmen ts O f tenemen t and l o d g ing

houses should in all cases be p rovided w i th a w indow opening i n to
the ou te r a ir o r in to a ven tila ting shaf t n o t less than 1 0 sq ft in
,
. .

a rea The pa rti tions sepa ra ting the toile t f rom the res t of the flo o r
.

s pace should ei the r ex tend to t he ceiling o r the apa rtmen t be s e a led

,

ove r These pa rti tions should be made a ir tigh t and the ou ts ide
.
-
,

pa rti tion be made to include a w indow opening in to the ou te r a ir ,

in to a ven tila ting shaft o r in to such a ligh ted a rea as may be

app roved by the p rope r Officials The in te rio r pa rti tions of s uch
.

toile t apa rtmen t should be d w a r fed pa rti tions The gene ral w a te r
.

closet accommoda tions fo r a tenemen t o r lodging house shoul d n o t

be allow ed to be ins talled in any cella r and all such fix tu res shou l d be
,

Open and f ree f rom any inclosing w ood w o rk Sinks Of these h o us e s

,
.

should also be en ti rely open and suppo rted on i ron legs o r b rack e ts
, ,

w i thout inclosing w ood w o rk of any desc r iption .

I f the w a te r p ressu re is n ot sufficien t to fill the house tank of s uch

buildings as tenemen t and lodging houses facto r ies and w o rks hops
, ,

pow e r pumps should be p rovide d Cesspools should neve r be per

.

m itted in the case O f tenemen t an d lodging houses and the y a r ds , ,

a reas and cou rts of such buildings should be p rope rly d rained in to
,

the se w e r .
 P late X X X I V

P L UM BI NG F O R A P A R T ME NT B U I L D IN G
SY S T EMS O F H O T W A T E R S U PP L Y
-

R A N GE B O I L E R S , E T C
.
21 2 M O D E RN P L U MBI NG ILLUST RATE D
use o f wa te r at a single fixtu re w ill res ul t in a reduced fl o w a t otbs
fix tures The follo w ing w ill be o f se rvice in es ti ma ting the ne cess al
.

size of main to pe r fo rm given amoun ts Of w o rk In the fi rs t plac: .

it mus t be r emembe red tha t all fix tu res a re n ot in use a t any on

time The chances a re tha t in an apa rtmen t such as sho wn in P l a
.
t

34 , n o t mo re than o n e fix tu re in h
t e ba th r oom w il l be used a t an

on e time o r mo re than o n e fixtu re in the ki tchen

, The refo re in tl: .
,

case Of apa rtmen tbuildings the ma in w ill be ample in s ize if des ign s ,

to supply two in fixtu re supplies pe r apa rtmen t Thus if them

-
. .
,

we re 2 0 apa rtmen ts a main having a supplying capa ci ty equ a l to 4

,

-
in pipes w o u
. ld be o f suffi cien t size The follo wing ta ble show
mbe r Of V in pipes di ff e ren t la rge r s izes of m
.

the app roxima te n u z

-
.

w ill supply

Refe rring to this table it w ill be seen that a Size be tw een 2 it ,

and 2 % in w ill be requi red to supply this sys tem The 2 54 in woul
. . .

be the safe r and be tte r size a l though 2 in w oul d no doubt do tl ,

.
‘

w o rk sa tisfac to rily In a gr ea t many sys tems this ques tion 001 1 ]

.

n o t be figu red o u t in this w ay F o r ins tance in la rge toilet r oorr .

,

Of ho tels rail road s ta tions etc the demand a t times is l ar ge and a

, , .
,

o the r times sm all The main supply lines and b ranch mains un dc
.

s uch condi tions mus t be made to supply m aximum r eq ui remen ts .

In supplying hotand cold w a ter to apa rtmen t buil ding s an d otht

simila r wo rk each group of fix tu res shoul d be supplied by a s epa rat
,

l ine Thus ea ch k i tchen should have its o wn supply and each but
.
, ,

room also each line having a shu to ff This avoids much an n o:

,
-
.

ance fo r if o t
, he rw ise the making o f r epai rs in one flat m ig ht resu
,

in the shu tting O ff o f the supply in o the rs O n a gr ea t dea l O f hig l .

’

grade w o rk fauce ts for the va rious fix tu res a re specifi ed to be a

,

the F ulle r pa tte rn an d on public w o rk Of ten of some self cl o s in

,
-

pa tte rn Both F ulle r and self closing w o rk closes ve ry quickly an

.
-
,

w a te r bei n g almos t incomp ressib l e fo rms a ve ry poo r cushio n

, ,
J

receive t he shoc k The common resul t in the use Of these tw o s tyh

.

o f w o rk is a snapping and ja rring o f t he pipes w henev er the tan ce

a r e closed A ir chambe r s p rope rly placed w il l of ten en ti rely remec
.

this trouble Comp ression fauce ts ho weve r a re mu ch slo w er l

.
, ,
 P LUMBING F OR A P ARTMENT BUIL D I NG 21 3

c losing and f rom them none of the above annoyances is expe rienced
, .

C omp ression w o rk is n ot only bette r many times than Fulle r and

s elf closing w o rk bu
-
t it is less expensive
, .

Tw o sys tems of supply a re in gene r al use : tank p ressu re and

st r ee t p r essu r e In the use Of range boile rs on the di rect o r s tree t
.

p ressu re sys tem supplies are taken di rec tly to the bo ile rs w hile in
, ,

the use of the tank sys tem the supply fo r the boile r s is taken di rec t
to the tank and f rom tha t poin t delive red to the bo ile r s below The .

r esul t Of t he tank me thod of supply is a unifo rm p ressu re w hile ,

the di rec t sys tem gives a p ressu re w hich va r ies g rea tly acco rding to
the demands tha t a re being m ade upon it Boile rs used on tank .

sys tems may usually be of ligh te r cons truction than tank boile rs ,

al though this is n o ttrue in the case O f high buildings The condi tion s .

in ve ry high buildings are Of a special na tu re often requi ring special ,

appa ra tus F o r ins tance many Office buildings ho tels: etc in the
.
, ,
.
,

la rge ci ties a re of such grea t heigh t tha t the p ressu re on the s treet
,

mains is n o t su fficien t to fo rce w a te r to the uppe r floo r s Unde r .

such ci rcums tances fo r those floo r s n ot reached by di rect p ressu re

, ,

a house tank above all fix tu r es mus t be p rovided in to w hich w a te r ,

mus t be pumped .

La rge hot w a te r boile rs a re gene rally of the ho rizon tal pa tte rn

-
,

hung f rom the cella r timbe r s by heavy w rough t i ron hange r s -

.

The follow ing is a table O f boile r s of s tanda rd size an d make ,

an d thei r capaci ties :

S ize of B o iler Capa city S ize of B o iler

5 ft .
x 1 2 in .
30 gals .
1
0 ft x 30 in
. .

66 6‘ 0 u
5 X 1 3 3S 0 x 24
5 X I 4 40 Ux
\
x 30
6 x 30
\

5 X 1 52 O

5 X 1 8 66 h- x 36
5 X 20 82 m x 36
5 x 22 1 00 m X x 36
5 x 24 1 20 Q x 36
4 X 30 I 4O N x 36
6 X 24 1 44
O
O x 36
7 x 24 1 68

F o r apa rtmen t buildings such as sho w n in Figs 34 and 35 the .

,

con s tru cti on of ci rcula tion w o rk is of ve ry grea t advan tage as it is ,

in a lmos t an y sys tem of plumbing O n o rdina ry w o rk the ho t w a te r .

,
-

supp yl is r un f ro m the ho t w a te r main and ends a t the fix-

tu r e w hich ,
21 4 MO DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATE D
it supplies In ci rcula tion w o rk the supply is run f rom the m a in
.
,

also but it is retu rned by a ci rcula ting o r re tu rn pipe in to the boile r

, ,
.

The resul t is tha t in the fi r s t case a long line Of pipe filled w i th cold
w a te r mus t Of ten have to be d ra w n O ff befo re the w a te r w ill ru n ho t ,

w hile in the use O f the ci rcula ting pipe the w a te r w ill ru n ho t almo s t ,

a t once The la tte r natu rally causes much less annoyance to the
.

pe rson desi ring to d ra w hot wa te r The fi rs t cos t of ci rcula tion w o rk

.

is grea te r than tha t of o rdi n a ry w o rk but if the w a te r is me te red ,

and paid fo r by the cubic foot it w ill be found tha t ci rcula tion w o rk
,

gene rally fi g u res out a good inves tmen t .

In ins talling ho t and cold w a te r supply sys tems fo r la rge build

-

ings it is usual to supply heade rs w hich are connected w i th the boile r

, .

Sepa rate heade rs a re use d fo r the col d supply hot supply and re tu rn ,
.

The s treet s u pply is connec ted w i th the cold w a te r heade r and f ro m -

,

it all cold w a te r supply lines a re tak en ou

-
t The flow pipe f rom the .

boile r is connected in to the ho t w a te r heade r and f rom the h eade r

-
,

a ll ho t w a te r supplies a re taken O ff
-
All retu rn o r ci rcu la tion pipes
.

a re connec t ed to the re tu rn heade r and the la tte r connected to the ,

boile r re tu rn Each line o f pipe connec ting w i th each heade r should

.

be p rovided w i th a s top and w as te cock close to the heade r a smal l ,

w as te connec tion f rom each cock being connec ted in to a mai n li n e

o f w as te w hich should emp ty in to some convenien t basemen t fi x tu r e
, .

Such a w as te should n o t be connec ted di rec tly in to the d r ainag e

sys tem Each line Of ho t and cold w a te r supply and each r e tu rn
.
-
,

pipe s hould be p rovided w i th a me tal tag show ing w ha t fix tur e o r , ,

group of fix tu res and w ha t floo r it se rves

,
.

A keyboa rd as the abo v e a rrangemen t is called is a ve ry co n

, ,

v en i n t t
e hing especially o n la rge w o rk and is much use d in n ice
, ,

residences apa rtmen t buildings o ffice buildings etc

, , , .

In the ev en t o f bu rs ts o r o the r eme rgencies the keyboa rd s ho w s ,

a t once the valves tha t con trol the piping t ha t is to be shu t o ff and ,

often saves damage to the p rope rty tha t w ould resul t if the p rope r
valve could n ot be found quickly The use of the valve w aste a ll o w s
.

the con ten ts O f the pipe to d rain O ff in to the fix tu re w i thou t dis

cha rging on to the cella r bo ttom .

The fo regoing as al ready s ta ted is n ot mean t as com p rehen

, ,

sive in any w ay but is given simply in a sugges tive manne r in

, ,

connec tion w i th the gene ral subjec t Of d rainage of di ffe ren t classes
o f buildings .
 PLUMB IN G F O R D O UBLE A P ARTMENT BUILDINGS
IN P la te 35 a re show n two s tacks se rving the fixtu res of a double
apart men t building on e s tack fo r the ki tchen fix tu res the o the r fo r
, ,

bath room fix tu res

-
.

The main lines of soil and w as te pipe s in buildings o f this class

mayoften be ru n in the mu tual w all o r pa rti tion w hich divides the
bu ilding a t the cen te r This method cen tralizes the plumbing and
.
,

allows t he w o rk to be ins talled a t the lo w es t possible cos t of labo r

and mat e r ial
.

Lack o f space p reven ts s how m g in this sys tem a line of ref r ige r
at or was te, w hich shoul d al w ays be p rovided in buildings of thi s
Class. In the mo re p re ten tious apa rtmen t buildings a pan try sink is
Oft en ovided f each a a tmen t and some times one mo e bed
pr o r p r o r r

l 00m lava to r ies

”
.

Connec ted w i th the gene ral plumbing a rrangemen ts fo r ap a rt

ment buildings O ffi ce buildings etc the ma tte r Of a fil te red w a te r
, , .
,

St l
pply is n o w demanding much a tten tion as also fo r r esidences an d , ,

a brief conside ra tion o f t he subjec t w ill n ot be o u t o f place a t thi s

powt .

F ILTERED W ATER SU P P LY
The re is a cons tan tly grow ing demand for fil te red w a te r supplie s
for cit y buildings o f nea rly all classes the demand inc reasing as the
,

collnt ry g r o w s in popula tion and as a consequence hi the rto pu re

,

Stl
pplies of w a te r become pollu ted .

The re are tw o fo rms O f fil tra tion tha t w hich clea rs the w a te r

,

Of all mechanical impu r i ties such as rus t sedimen t etc and tha t
, , ,
.
,

which n o t only cla r ifies the w a te r bu t f rees it o f all ge rm life and

,

rfinders
it f ree f rom the dange r O f p roducing such diseases as typhoid
fever F o r comme rcial pu rposes fo r the ba th room etc the fi rs t
.
, , .
,

It
tu ned f o rm Of fil tr a tion is su fficien t bu t fo r d r inking and culina ry
,

Pu r ose s
p , th e la tte r fo r m should be requi red I t is a mis taken ide a .

thatthe ordin a ry fil tra tion plan t w hich fil te rs the supply fo r an en ti re

bu ilding in ev ery case pu rifies the w a te r o f di s ease ge rms The w a te r .

21 7
21 8 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
coming th rough such appa ra tus is ce rtainly rende red pu re r as fa r a s
ino rganic ma tte r is conce rned but a fil te r w o rking unde r p res s ur e
,

cannot delive r w a te r s o f ree f rom the mo re d readed disease g erm s

as the fil te r w hich ope ra tes by the gravi ty Of the w ate r pass in g
th rough it .

An ideal p rovision fo r the supply of fil te red w a te r w ould incl ude

the ins talla tion Of a p ressu r e fil te r on the main supply of the buildi n g ,

to cla r ify and pu r ify the en ti r e supply fo r the building outside of the
supply for d rinking pu rposes and the ins talla tion of a gravi ty fil te r
,

supplying a sepa ra te sys tem o f piping fo r d rinking and c ulina ry

pu rposes In place Of the la tte r a fo rm o f fil te r of excellen t con
.
,

s truc tion desc ribed as follow s may be used The common fo r m of

, , .

the fil ter refe rred to is made in di ff e ren t si z es fo r domes tic use filter ,

ing enough w a te r du r ing the tw en ty fou r hou r s of the day to p rovide

-

a libe ral supply o f d r inking w a te r .

The appa ra tus is b riefly as follo w s : C onnec tion by means O f

block tin pipe is made to the supply pipe the w a te r being conveyed
-
,

to a s hee t m etal tank hung on the w all inside Of w hich and a ttached
-
, ,

to a collec ting device a re ungla z ed po rcelain tubes filled w i th bone

,

black o r animal cha rcoal The w a te r is admi tted to the tan k th rough
.

a ball cock w hich admi ts it only as fas t as d ra w n The w a te r by

,
.
,

means Of its ow n g ravi ty only fil te rs th rough the tubes and thei r

,

con ten ts and flow s in to the collec to r to w hich the tube s a re connec ted
,

by rubbe r conn ec to rs F rom the collec to r the fil te red w a te r runs

.

do w n in to a glass globe a ttached to the bo ttom Of the tank f rom ,

w hich the w a te r may be d ra w n as requi red .

I n mos t o f the la rge ci ties w ill be found companies ope r a ting

this and o th er domes tic fil te r s w ho inspec t clean and s te r ili z e the
, , ,

appa ra tus each mon th Upon the p eriodical a tten tion given to fil te rs
.

d epends thei r sa tisfac to ry ope ra tion I f n o a tten tion is given them

.
,

af te r a time the tubes clog up and refuse to fil te r or if fil tration ,

con tinues it is unde r ve ry unsafe condi tions as all w a te r passing ,

th rough mus t come in con tac t w i th the thick cove r ing of sedimen t

and impu r i ties collec ted on the ou tside Of the tubes This same s tyl e .

o f fil te r in a modified fo r m can be made to p roduce any amoun t o f

,

pu re w a te r desi red per day and is made use Of extensively fo r pro

,

v idin g the d r inking supply o f ho t els res tau ran ts hospi tals and other
, , ,

in s ti tu tions w hich desi re no thing but a pu re quali ty of d r inking w a ter .

O n la rge w o rk the emp ty tubes a re placed in la rge coppe r tanks

, ,
2 20 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
pene tra te much mo re tho roughly th rough bone black it is cla im ed -
, ,

and the refo re this ma te rial is p refe rable fo r fil te r use .

The bone black fil te r desc r ibed above is cleaned by fo rcin g co m

-

p ressed air in to the mass of bone black thus b reaking it up i n to -

,

pa rticles afte r w hich the flow of fil te red w a te r is sen t th rough the

,

ma te r ial tho roughly cleansing it and ca rrying it o ff in to the w as te

, , .

In the use o f sand in p ressu re fil te rs it is necessa ry to use a ,

coagula ting agen t ow ing to the closeness w i th w hich the sand pack s
, .

F o r this pu rpose alum is gene rally used and its ac tion is to coagul a te,

the sedimen t and o the r impu r i ties Of the w a te r in to such la rge m as s e s

tha t they canno t pass th rough the sand W hile the use o f alu m is
.

n o t o rdina r ily ha rmful it is n ot desi rable and it makes the w a te r

, ,

ha rd w hich is undesi rable fo r many manufac tu ring pu rposes

, .

A grea t many fo rms Of p ressu re fil te r s a re n o w made mos t o f ,

them using ei the r sand bone black po rcelain o r s tone as the fil te r in g

,
-
,

medium and being p rovided w i th a va rie ty o f appa ra tus and me th o d s

,

fo r cleansing .

The re a re th ree me thods Of p roviding a sto rage of fil te red w a te r ,

each having advan tages Of its ow n .

S to rage by means of the closed ove rhead tank is mos tly used .

The d elive ry pipe f rom fil te r to tank also ans w e rs as the dow n sup p ly
fo r the building thus e ffec ting a sa v ing in pipe
,
An a ir ven t a t the .

to p allo w s a ir to pass in to and ou t Of the tank bu t p reven ts ove r flo w , .

In this sys tem n o impu ri ties can reach the w a te r w hich is n o t true ,

Of the open tank sys tem

-
.

S to rage by the open gravi ty tank is Often the mos t conveni e n t

to ins tall in houses al ready p rovid ed w i th an a ttic tank .

The open gravi ty tank is used w hen the fil te red supply m us t be

fo rced in to it by a pump .

The p ressu re o r comp ression sys tem is also much used O n ly

,
.

p ressu re tanks should be used fo r this w o rk as othe rs w ill n ot hold ,

a ir s u fl i cien tly w ell to p roduce the desi red comp ression .

The p ressu re tank is plac ed close to the fil te r in to which the

la tte r delive r s fil te red w a te r and f rom the tank the house supply is
,

taken unde r p ressu re

, “h en the tank is filled to its full capaci ty
.

w i th w a te r unde r a ir comp ression the comp ression s tops the ac tion

,

of the fil te r un til w a te r is d ra w n The chief d ra w back to the use of

.

this sys tem is the use Of tanks Of to o small capaci ty to p rovide a

su fficien t rese rve supply o f fil te red w a te r .
 P la te X XX V I

P L U M B IN G F O R O FF I C E B U I L D IN GS
2 24 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
Many plumbing o rdinances call for the ven ting o f all w a te r
closets excep t a w a te r closet above which n o o the r fixtu res e n te r .

As a ma tte r o f fact it is ve ry di fficul t to siphon a w a ter close t tr ap

,
-

even pa rtially by the discha rge of othe r fix tu res than w a te r cl o se ts

, .

The refo re it does n ot seem necessa ry to ven t any w a te r close t w h ich

,

is the only fixtu re of its kind on the s tack p rovided the w a te r close t
,

is w i thin 3 ft of the s tack F or the same reason it does n o t s eem

. .

necessa ry to ven t ei the r of two w a te r close ts discha rging in to a d o uble

fi tting and loca ted on the same floo r close to the s tack if o the r w a te r
, ,

close ts do n ot discha rge in to the same s tack Judgmen t mus t be us ed

.

in these ins tances ho w eve r fo r ba tte ries of fix tu res s uch as l ava

, ,

to r ies migh t be loca ted on the same s tack as a single w a te r cl o se t ,

and be able to th ro w enough w as te in to the s tack to en dange r the

w a te r close t
.

If it could be depen ded upon tha t people o f high in telli g e nce

w e re al w ays to ins tall the plumbing sys tem and also tha t in e ve ry
,

case they could be depended upon to ins tall the w o rk hones tly the re ,

a re many condi tions cons tan tly a r ising unde r w hich a safe pie ce of

w o rk could be cons truc ted w i thou t the necessi ty of ven ting w he r eas ,

ven ting unde r the ci rcums tances is requi red by o rdinance Be ca us e .

dependence of this na tu re cannot be made i ron clad rules m us t be

,
-

adopted to make the a ttainmen t o f pe r fect w o rk a su rety .

 P la te XXX VI]

P L U M B IN G F O R P U B L I C T O I L E T ROO MS
C A U S ES O F S I P H O N AG E IN TH E U N
V E NT E D P L U M B IN G SYS T EM
2 28 M O D ERN P LU M B I NG I LLUSTRATED
I t w ill
be found desi rable to allo w Openin g s in both foul and
f resh a ir ducts at in te rvals du ring thei r cou rse outside o f the fi x ture
-

s tall open ings In this w ay a pe rfec t exhaus t o f foul air an d en tr ance

.

o f f resh a ir may be main t ained and the a ir o f the room kep t as nea rly
,

pu re as possible fo r the air of a room o f this cha rac te r to be kep t .

In rooms of this na tu re a change o f air once in fifteen minutes should

,

be p rovided fo r In p ropo rtioning the a rea o f these duc ts about 2 4

.
,

sq in of duc t a rea should o rdina rily be allo wed for each u rinal w a te r
. .
,

clos et and slop s in k and abou t on e hal f this amoun t fo r su ch fixtu res
, ,

as lava to ries and the e ffec tive a rea o f ven tila tion th rough the r egis
,

te rs should be o f the respec tive amoun t fo r each fixtu re na m ed I t is .

be tte r p rac tice to raise al l pa rti tions o f fix tu re com pa rtmen ts o ff the

floo r in public toile t room w o rk as the re is then no oppo rtuni ty fo r the ,

col lec tion o f di rt and fil th abou t the bases I f loca ted in such a place .

tha t ou tside ligh t canno t en te r the toile t room it should be l igh ted ,

as tho roughly as possible f rom a ligh t shaf t or skyligh t th ro ugh ,

w indo w s open ing in to a ligh ted room o r by a rtificial means W a te r , .

close t compa rtmen ts are gene rally abou t 7 ft in heigh t above the .

floo r and u r inal s talls abou t 4 ft and 6 o r 8 in The bes t p rac tice
, . .

in the cons truc tion o f toi le t rooms to be used by the publ ic such a s to ,

be found in ho tels schoo ls fac to ries etc calls fo r the use o f the
, , , .
,

individual w a te r close t The range wa te r close t as cons tructed and

i
.

p rovided fo r to day is ce rtainly fa r supe rio r to the old s tyle con

-
,

s truction but the fac t remains tha t m its use the re 1 5 g rea ter dange r
,

o f infec tion and it is mo re di ffi cul t t

, o keep the a ir o f the r oom pu r e

w hen rang es a re used as exc r e ta mus t remain in the bo wl un til the

,

au toma tic flush ac ts whe reas in the use o f individual tan k w a te r

,

close ts this is ca rried a w ay immedia tely afte r the fix tu re has been

used I f the range is to be used ho weve r a la rge foul a ir flue should
.
, ,
-

be p rovided at the end of the range and en te red in to a hea ted flue ,

capable o f p roducing a s trong d raugh t on the foul a ir fl ue -

.

I t is qui te cus toma ry to p rovide public comfo rt s ta tions and to il et

rooms w i t h d rinking foun tains placed in close p roximi ty to o th er
fixtu res I t w ould seem p refe rable and mo re cleanly to pla ce this
.

fixtu re ou tside o f the toile t room w he re it w ill n o t be in the m ids t ,

o f foul and impu re odo r s .

The o n ly sani ta ry d r inking foun tain is that in which no d rin k ing

cup is requi red .

D rinking foun tains o f this type a re n o w much used the w a ter ,

 C AUSES O F SI P H O NAGE 2 29

is suing th rough bubbli n g cups w hich may be adjus ted to give an y

d esi red amoun t of w a te r The use r simply places his mouth ove r
.

the s tr eam coming f rom the bubbling cup his mou th coming in con ,

ta c t w i th no thing bu t the w a te r The o rdina ry fou n tain w i th its

.

co mmon d r inking cup is unsani ta ry and a successful agen t fo r the

s p r eading o f many diseases These foun tains are made singly in
.

p edes tal fo r m and, in ba tte r ies of any numbe r o f bubbling cups th e ,

l a tte r being especially desi rable fo r school use .

In the ins talla tion o f long lines o f lava to ries each lava to ry should ,

b e p r ovided w i th its ow n tr ap and sepa r a tely ven ted

, The use o f a .

common w as te pipe ex tending the w hole length of a long ba tte ry

o f lava to r ies t o a trap a t the end is t o be conside red ve ry poo r p ra e

tice . I t leave s a long line of foul w as te pipe to send its odo r s in to

the r oom th rough each w as te connec tion in to it .

In o rde r to economi z e space it of ten becomes necessa ry to loca te

,

a double ba t te ry of lava to r ies at the cen te r of the public toile t roo m a ,

ma tte r tha t is usually difl icu lt o w ing to the impossibili ty usually o f ,

ru nning the w as te and ven t pipes concealed as is desi rable in wo rk ,

o f this kind .Fig A show s a me thod o f accomplishing this resul t

.
,

w hich is conside red fu rthe r in connec tion w i th P la te 38 .

C AUSES O F SI P H O NAGE I N THE UN V ENTED

P LUMBI NG SYSTEM

Unde r the subject of ven ting taken up unde r P la te I I it w as

, ,

s e en tha t the trap seal may be los t by siphonage the la tte r action ,

f o llo w ing the fo rma tion in the d rainage sys te m o f a vacuum o r par
ti a l vacuum . Some o f the w ays in w hich this vac u um may be fo rmed
in the d rainage sys tem tha t is n ot p rovided w i th a sys tem o f trap
v e n ts a re conside r ed in t
, he follo w ing .

Siphonage of a trap may be caused by the ou tflo w o f the w as te

f r o m its o w n fix tu re the momen tum o f w hich is some times su ffi cien t
,

to suck ou t a la rge pa rt of the seal Wh en tw o fix tu re w as tes b ranch

.

i n to the same pipe the passage o f the w as te f rom on e fix tu re may

,

fi l l th e pipe su ffi cien tly to p r oduce a vacuum behind th e column o f

w as te and thus siphon o u

,
t the seal o f the o the r trap .

A fix tu re having a long line of ho ri z on tal w as te is of ten en

da nge r ed by a pa r tial t empo r a ry s toppage in the ho r i z on tal pa rt o f
t h e w as te
. W hen this s toppage is r elieved the w as te filling
,
the pipe
2 30 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
may flow o ff so s trongly as to p roduce a vacuum behind it a n d ca use
siphonage This is true even o f the w a te r close t The pas s a g e o f
. .

a heavy volu m e o f w as te do w n a ve rtical s tack may p roduce a p a rtial

vacuum a t the en trance in to the s tack o f anothe r fix tu re causi n g the
,

tr ap of the la tte r to lose its seal. Fix tu res at the foot o f a s ta ck a r e

mo re Open to the dange r o f trap siphonage than those nea re r the to p
of the s tack As the low e r floo rs a re reached mo re w as te fi ll s th
.
,
e

s tack than a t poin ts fa rthe r up and as this h eavy volume o f w a s te

,

s tr ikes the ho ri z on tal line it is na tu rally impeded and mo re n ea r ly

,

fills the pipe w i th a consequen tg rea te r dange r of producing a v a cu um

,

follow ed by the siphonage o f trap seals .

These condi tions tha t have been desc ribed a re the cause o f m a n y
of the rules regula ting the cons truction o f plumbing such a s the ,

p rohibi tion of qua rte r bends on the d rainage sys tem for ins tan ce
-
, ,

the use o f w hich w ould impede the ou tflo w of w as te fa r mo r e than

the Y b ranch and eigh th bend fo rm of connec tion be tw een v e r ti cal
-

and ho rizon tal lines .

 P LUM B I N G FO R P UBLI C T O ILET R OO MS
INFig A of P la te 37 and Fig E of P la te 38 are show n two
. .

v ie w s f ron t and end of double ba tt

, e r ies of lava to r ies ins talled at the
,

cen te r of the public toile t room o r in such loca tion tha t no p a rti tion
,

may be used fo r concealing the w as te and ven t piping .

Ea ch individual lava to ry is sepa rately trapped and p rovided w i th

a con tinuous ven t this w o rk sho w ing t, he p r inciple of con tinuous
ven ting applied some w ha t di ff e r en t ly than in P la tes 2 6 2 7 and 2 8 , , ,

thou gh w i th equal e ff ectiveness In Fig A P la te 37 it is in tended

. .
, ,

t o show the main ho r i z on tal w as te pipe ru n abo ve t he floo r w hile in ,

Fig E P la te 38 the main is ru

.
, , n belo w t he floo r an d b ranch w as tes ,

connec ted f r om each fix tu re .

Ei the r me thod tha t is mos t desi rable may be used The chief .

feature o f this w o rk is the concealmen t o f the main ven t line and

branch ven ts inside a bo x fo rmed by the ma rble backs o f the tw o
lines of fix tu res and a piece o f ma rble s et on to p The ma rble box
, .

ru ns t he en ti r e length o f the line w hich may rise ve rtically to ru n to

,

a vert ical ven t s tack at any in te rmedia te poin t as in Fig A o r at , .

,

ei ther end The lava to ries in bo th illus tra tions a re o f po rcelain o r

.

p celain lined w a re and suppo rted on cas t i ron s tanda rds

o r -
, In Fig -
. .

A the ma rble backs run do w n to the floo r allo w ing all bu

, t the traps ,

t o be concealed in the space be tw een t he tw o ma rble back slabs w hil e ,

in the case o f Fig E the space bel ow the lava to r ies is open and a
.
,

p tof the w o rk is in sigh t

a r .

The use o f con tinuous ven ts is o f g rea t advan tage in this in

stanc e as it n o t only allo w s t
,
he w o rk to be done in a mo re sani ta ry
manner mo r e nea tly and compac tly than by o rdina ry me thods but
, ,

atfar less cos t o f labo r and ma t e rial This las t advan tage is g ain ed .

in the use o f con tinuous ven ts on nea rly all w o rk w he re fix tu res

back u to each o the r in pai rs w he the r unde r such ci rcum s ta n ces
p ,

as t hese o r o n opposi te sides o f a pa rti tion .

Unde r o r dina ry ci rcums tances it is n o t difl icu lt to s con s truc t

,
o

the toilet r oom tha t much o f the w o rk may be conc eal ed in op en

p es behind pa r ti tions
S ac
.
2 34 M O DERN P LUMB I NG I LLUST RAT E D
In F ig C fo r ins tan ce the flus h v alves for a line o f w a te r closets
.
, ,

may be thus concealed and as in Fig D the flush tanks whether

, .
, ,

high o r low and the ho rizon tal soi l pi pe may bo th be con cealed
, .

Concealmen t o f w o rking pa rts such as flush valves and tanks , ,

w i th thei r chains and pulls is of ten ve ry desi rable es peci ally in s choo l
, ,

and facto ry w o rk w he re the re is dange r o f damage due to m ischiev

,
/

ou s tam mrin g w i t h such devices W hen so con cealed ho w ever the; .

, .

w o rking pa rts shoul d be made accessible fo r repai rs an d inspection ,

The use of the ci rcui t sys tem of ven ting is of ten o f much adv an /

tage in public toile t rooms es pe cially in connec ti o n w i th line s of wa ter

“
,

closets I t is applied in the case o f F ig A and migh t be a pplied to

. .
,

e qual advan tage in F ig D . .

The choice o f w ate r close ts fo r public toile t room w o rk is alm ost -

unlimi ted if the ma tte r o f ex pense is n o t to be conside red F ig D

, . .

sho w s a ve ry desi rable fo rm in many respects I t is s o cons tructed .

tha t it fi ts squa rely in to the co rne r m ade by the pa rti tion and mav ,

be made much mo re fi rm and secu re agains t acciden tal blo w s bv

being bol ted both to the floo r and to the pa rti tion I t has a r ea r .

o ut le t w hich allo w s the soil pipe to be run above the fl oo r This .

me thod of run ning the soi l pipe an d conn ec ting the wa te r c l ose ts is
o f special value in fi re p r oof buildings and fo r public buildings o f
-

va rious kinds The soil pipe is suppo rted on s tanda rds the en ti re
.
,

w o rk p resen ting a ve ry nea t appea rance I n F ig B a ve ry con . .

v en ien t fo rm o f w a te r close t is sho w n p rovided w i th a la rg e local ,

v en t connection whi ch is a pa rt o f the bo wl i tself This local ven t

, .

connec tion gives a much mo re finished appea ran ce to the fixtu re than o

a connec tion made w i th me ta l pipe The connection is des ig n ed to .

p rojec t in to a foul air flue loca ted back o f the pa rti tion agains t w hich
-

the w a te r close ts a re set .

W hen w a te r closets o f public toile t rooms a re flushed by indi

vidual flush tank s the capaci ty o f the la tte r should n o t be less than
,

fo r o the r uses tha t is n o t less than o f 5 gallons capa ci ty

, , .

W hen supplied f rom an au toma tic flush tank ho w eve r the la tte r , ,

should be of such capacity tha t each w a te r close t on the line shall

be flushed by at leas t four gal l ons o f w a te r a t each dischar ge of
the tank .

All lip u rinals w a te r close ts and slop sinks u s ed in public toilet

, ,

r ooms should be of t he flushing r im type this fo rm of fixtu r e being

-
,

flushed and cleansed mo re tho ro ughly than othe rs .

 P LUMBI NG F O R BATH ESTABLI SHM ENT
S Y S TE M S o f plumbing such as tha t sho w n in P la te 39 a re to be
found in Tu rkish ba th es tablishmen ts clubs Y M C A buildings
-
, , . . . .
,

a n d in o the r like ins ti tu tions Such a sys tem usually includes a num
.

ber o f sho w e r ba th compa rtmen ts o the r compa rtmen ts for tu

-
, b ba ths ,

s w imming p ool lines o f lava t

, o ries and ample toile t a rrangemen ts
, .

A ve ry impo rtan t fea tu re in the ba th es tablishmen t is the libe ral

us e o f floo r d rains fo r a g rea t deal of w a te r na tu rally falls upon
,

the floo r s ; and in addi tion abundan t opp o rtuni ty mus t be p rovided
,

fo r flushing and tho roughly cleansing O w ing to impu ri ties w ashed

.

f rom the skin the ba th rooms o f an es tablishmen t o f this kind may

,

become exceedingly fil thy unless cons tan t a tten tion is given them .

F o r this reason many such ba th rooms a re supplied w i th fl us hin g

rim floo r d rains p rovided w i t h hot and cold w a te r connec tions w hich -
,

are ve ry e ff ec tual in keeping such d rains in a sani ta ry condi tion .

All floo rs and w alls of ba th es tablishmen ts should be o f tile o r

w a te r p roof ma te r ial The w alls and ceilings should neve r be cov
.

e red w i th any ma te r ial tha t may abso rb mois tu re and odo rs .

Gene rally the w as te f rom a line o f show e r ba ths is ca rried o ff

in a gutte r at the rea r o f the s talls the s tall floor s being g raded so
,

tha t all w a te r w ill fl o w in to the gu tte r .

The gutte r may be fo rmed in the floo r i tself o r o f sla te o r ma rble

s et in to the floo r fo r this pu rpose o r it may be o f cas t i ron
, The .

gutte r should be g raded to its outle t The ou tle t should connec t in to

.

a cas t o r w rough t i ron w as te line and be p rovided w i th a trap the

-
, ,

s i z e o f w hich should be de te rmined by t he numbe r o f sho w e r ba ths

which a re se rved the si z e gene rally being f rom 2 to 4 in
, .

This trap should be p rovided w i th a 2 in ven t and clean outs -

. .

The plunge o r s w immin g pool should w as te th rough a 4 in trap -

.
,

p r ovided w i th a 2 in ven t and clean o u

-
. ts of the same si z e as the trap .

The bottom o f the pool should be g raded tow a rd the outle t end The .

s wimming pool should be p r ovided w i th ladde r s r eaching do w n in to

it and a b rass hand r ail running comple tely a round it

,
.

The w a te r o f the s w imming pool w hen cons tan tly in use should
, ,

be changed at leas t once in seven hou rs .

2 37
2 38 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATE D
Al though n o t seen in P la te 39 the s w imming pool should be ,

p rovided w i th an ove rflo w The plunge ba th is n ow to be f o un d

.

occasionally in the bas em en t of fi n e residences and the use o f sh o w e r ,

app a ra tus o f ex ten s ive na tu re has become a common fea tu re o f high

grade and w ell appoin ted ba th rooms In some sec tions w he re the
-
.
,

w a te r supply is n o t rema rkably clea r the fil te r in g o f the w a te r used ,

in the ba th es tablishmen t w ill be found to add much to its l uxu r ies .

As in the case o f o the r public toile t rooms it some times beco m e s ,

necessa ry to p ro v ide a s to rage o f w a te r to be used at such ti m e s a s

the regula r supply is inadequa te .

C once rning the use o f tanks the follow ing rema rks m a y b e o f ,

value :
TANKS F O R ST O RAGE AND SU P P LY
Fo rme rly the a ttic tank w hich supplied the house w i th w a te r
,

unde r tank p ressu re w a s o f la rge si z e holding seve ral hund r ed g a l

, ,

lons To tlay how eve r much smalle r tanks a re used fo r this p ur p o se

.
-
, , .

They a re supplied w i th a ball cock thus allow ing w a te r to e n te he ,

r t

tank a t the same ra te tha t it is d ra wn o u t .

The s to rage tank al though it may be used for the s am e p ur

,

pose and in the same w ay as the common a ttic tank is gene ra lly ,

used as an auxilia ry to the p ressu re sys tem o f supply and m a y be ,

o f any size f rom a capaci ty o f a few hund red gallons t

, o many th o u

sands These tanks should be o f w ood o r i ron o r o f w ood li n e d

.
,

w i th heavy tinned shee t coppe r .

The bes t ma te r ials fo r w ooden tanks are cyp ress whi te a n d ,

yellow pine cyp ress being the mos t sa tisfacto ry

,
.

The s to rage tank should be suppo rted o n heavy i ron bea m s

w hich w ill n ot sag unde r the immense w eigh t o f the tank a n d its
con ten ts .

In many cases the s to rage tank mus t be placed above the p o in t

tha t the p ressu re supply can reach I ts supply mus t then be pum p e d.

in to it In high buildings it of ten happens tha t du r ing the day ti m e

.
,

w hen the mains a r e being heavily d ra w n on the s tree t p r essu re is ,

n o t su fficien t to fo rce w a te r in to the tank but du ring the nigh t it is ,

su fficien t A supply can thus be s to red at nigh t fo r use du ring the

.

day time on those floo r s n ot reached by the ci ty p ressu re .

Tanks should al w ays be cove red in o rde r to keep out dus t foul ,

gases and odo r s

, .
 P LUMBI NG FOR ENGI NE H O USE AND STABLES
I N P la te 40 is show n the eleva tion of a sys tem o f plumbing fo r
a n engine house . The same s tyle of w o rk may also be used in
p r ivate s tables .

In addi tion to the connections show n the re are usually toilet ,

a ccommoda tions fo r t he hos tle r in the case o f the s table and ba th

, ,

r oo ms and t oilet fixtu res fo r the engine house Floo r d rains should .

be placed in the appa ra tus room w ash rooms hose tow e r etc The
, , ,
.

cons truc tion and connection o f s tall sinks is sho w n in de tail by

P la te 1 0 Tw o adjacen t s tall sinks may be se rved by the same trap
. .

The plumbing sys tem for a s table should be p rovided w i th the

s ame sani ta ry fea tu res as fo r t he house sys tem A sepa ra te main .

d rain should be p rovided fo r it to the s tree t sew e r w hich should n o t ,

be connected w i th the house d rain o f any building .

Even unde r the mos t favo rable condi tions mo re or less solid ,

m atte r f rom the s talls w ill find its w ay in to the d rain and the fol ,

low ing p rovision is of advan tage All w as tes f rom s tables includ
.
,

in g w as te f rom w ash rooms manu re pi ts etc may befo re en te ring

, , .
, ,

the s tree t se w e r be discha rged in to a ca tch basin loca ted unde r

,

ground outside o f the s table The catch basin may be cons truc ted
.

o f b ric k o r o f cas t i ron and should be w a te r tigh t w i t

, h a tigh t cove r
-
, ,

and p rope rly ven ted The outlet f rom the ca tch basi n may be con
.

n ected to t he s table se w e r o r s tree t sew e r .

FA C T O RY P LUMBING

The s ani ta ry a rrangemen ts of w ell appo in ted fac to ries o f the

-

p r e s en t day a r e o f as high an excellence as fo r schools an d o the r

in s titu tions The re is no reason w hy they should n o t be of a high

.

stan da rd bu , t it is true tha t un til w i thin a compa ra tively few yea rs

, ,

they h av e of ten been given scan t a tten tion .

The v en ti l a tion o f the toile t roo m should be on the same scale

24 :
2 42 M O DERN P L U MBING ILLUSTRATED
and as tho rough as tha t o f othe r public toile t rooms I n F ig B is . .

sho w n a floo r plan of pa rt of a facto ry toile t room .

As w ill be seen it is tho roughly ligh ted f rom ou tside w ind o w s

,

and also by inside w indo w s the la tte r admi tting ligh t f rom the o ut ,

side to the w ash room The floo r should be constructed o f w a te r

.

p roofed conc re te and pr ovided w i th a floo r d rain as the tho ro ugh

, ,

flushin g o ut o f such rooms is ve ry essen tial .

A sill cock convenien tly loca ted w ill be found convenien t in s up

, ,

plying w a te r fo r this pu rpose .

In Fig D is sho w n the common me thod o f ven ting such a l ine

.

o f w a te r close ts and the connec tion o f the main ho r i z on tal ven t l ine

in to the main ven t s tack The use o f the ci rcui t ven t sys te m as.
-
,

s ho w n in P la te 2 9 is adv a n ta geous in such w o rk and resul ts in

, ,

reduci n g the cos t o f in s talla tion .

In buildings o f fac to ry cons truc tion ho ri z on tal w as te and s oil ,

lines may be run o n the ceilin g o f the floo r belo w thus making s uch ,

lines w i th thei r clean outs accessible f rom the floo r below I t m a y

, , .

be s ta ted tha t in using the ci rcui t and loop ven ts it is desi r abl e to
, ,

ru n the ho r i z on ta l soil line as close t o the bases o f the w a ter cl o s ets

as possibl e The line o f w a te r close ts sho w n is p rovided w i th l o c a l
.

ven ts V en tila tio n by means of f resh and foul a ir flues and fan s as
.
-
,

desc ribed in P la te 37 is p referable fo r l a rg e toile t rooms to the

,

sys tem sho w n in Fig D a s it is mo re tho ro u g h pu rifying the a ir o f

.
, ,

the en ti r e room mo re e ff ec tu a lly The w a s h sink fo r fac to ry us e is .

a n impo rtan t ma tter .

I n Fig B a doubl e line o f w ash sinks is sho w n and in F ig C

.
, .

an end view o f the sam e The sinks sho w n a re o f enameled cas t .

i ron cas t in sec ti o n s thus allo w ing an y l en g th o f sink to be used

, , .

They a re suppo rted on cas t i ron s tanda rds and made in a va r iety -

o f fo rms The w a s te may be a rranged as in F ig C w hich show s a

. .
,

sho rt w as te con n ec tion above the floo r leading in to a trap w hich ,

se rves bo th lin es the ho ri z on tal w as te being o f cas t o r w rough t i ron

,

and hung o n the c eiling belo w In fac to ry an d school plumbin g sys .

tems it is w ell to h a v e as li ttle piping exposed as possible o w ing to ,

the rough and ca r el ess usage given it .

The si z e of the w as te f rom the fac to ry sink should n ot be les s

than 2 in and 3 in fo r s ink s o f grea t len g th The trap should be
. .

ven ted w i th 2 in cas t o r w ro u g h t i ron pipe w hich is ca rried ve rti

-
.
-
,

cally to the ceiling and then ho ri z on tally in to the nea res t ven t s tack
,
 AUT O MATI C F LUSHI NG FOR S CH OO LS ,

F A CT O RI ES , E TC .

IT is often desi rable to p rovide groups of such fixtu res as w a te r

close ts an d u rinals w i th au toma tic flushing such p rovision being ,

specially valuable in school and fac to ry use and of t en in public w o rk , ,

such as r ail w ay s ta tion t oile t rooms public comfo rt s ta tions etc

-
, , .

In the use o f any toile t room fo r the accommoda tion of the public ,

the fix tu res a re bound to be used by many people w ho a re igno r an t

or ca reless in the ma tte r o f flushing fix t u res af te r having used them .

In the ma tte r of u r inals especially the flus hing o f them is of ten left
, ,

t o the a tten tion o f an a ttendan t w ho may be ca reless in pe r fo rm

ing this du ty In school houses pa rticula rly small child ren using
.
,

the fix tu res canno t al w ays be expec ted to unde r s tand the necessi ty
of flushing w a te r close ts O w in g to these ci rcums tances and many
.

othe r s the pe riodic and au toma tic flushing o f fix tu res is o f much

,

advan t age in main taining w holeso m e toile t rooms .

In F ig A P la te 4 1 is sho w n a sec tional vie w o f a fo rm o f

.
, ,

automa tic flush tank the ac tion o f w hich is as follow s

,

The admission o f w a te r to the au toma tic tank is n ot con trolled

by ball cock as the supply mus t be cons tan t The in te rval be tw een
, .

fl ushes depends upon the amoun t o f w ate r flo w ing in to the tank ,

which is regula ted by the valve G The p rincipal w o rking pa rts o f

.

t he flushing device consis t o f a ci rcula r vessel D w hich is suppo r ted ,

by seve ral w i res a ttached to the ou te r ci rcula r compa rtmen t B The .

vessel D ,
is filled w i th w a te r in to w hich a tube C p rojects O ut
, , .

side o f C is a hollo w cylinde r H closed at its uppe r end and sup

, ,

p lied w i th holes a t th e bo ttom th rough w hich th e w,a te r may en te r .

As the w a te r r ises in the tank it fills the space be tw een the tubs C
,

an d t he cylinde r H the a ir in the tube and a t the top o f the cylinde r

,

being confined be tw een the r ising level o f the w a te r and the w a te r

seal o f D . This a ir becomes mo re and mo re comp ressed as the w a te r
rises, un til the p ressu re exe rted is s ufl icien t to fo rce the w a te r ou t
of D This p roduces a vacuum a t the bo ttom o f the tube and the
.
,

comp ression being relieved a tmosphe ric p ressu re on the su rface of

,

2 4s
2 46 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
a e in the tank w ill fo rce it in to the tube C and in to the fl ush
the w t r ,

pipe A w hich conveys it to the di ff e ren t fix tures to be flushed

, .

This siphonic action con tinues un til the w a te r in the tank d ro ps

to such a poin t tha t a ir is admi tted th rough the holes Ill w hen the ,

ac tion s tops the tank again beginning to fill fo r the nex t flush
,
.

Fig B s ho w s the gene ral plan o f connec tions be tw een the ta n k

.

and the fix tu res .

The p rinciples gove rning the cons truc tion loca ting etc o f s to r , , .
,

age tanks also apply to au toma tic flush tanks and a re to be foun d ,

unde r P la te 39 Successive flushes should n o t be mo re than se v e n

.

minu tes apa rt A grea t objec tion to au toma tic flushing is tha t w hen
.

eve r w a te r closets o r u rinals a re used the exc re ta en te ring them m us t

,

remain in the fix tu re giving o ff impu re odo rs in to the toile t r oo m

, ,

un til the nex t flush takes pl ace F o r this reason it is necessa ry to

.

p rovide each w a te r clos et an d each u r inal o f an au toma tically flus hed

sys tem w i th s trong ac ting loc a l ven ts
-
.

The au toma tic flush tank should be o f s u ffi cien t si z e to discha r g e

in to each fix tu re at leas t fou r gallons o f w a te r a t each flush The .

coppe r lining fo r the au toma tic flush tank and fo r all othe r fl ush ,

tanks should n o t be less than I O ounces

, This w eigh t is o rdina r ily .

used fo r tank linings but a he a vi er grad e o f me tal is p refe rable

, .

Anothe r disadvan tage in the use o f the au toma tic flush tank i s
the la rge amoun t o f w a te r used w hich is a ma tte r o f impo rtance i f
,

a me te red public supply is to be used o w ing to cos t of w a te r I n , .

many ins tances ho w eve r ins ti tu tions fac to ries and hotels hav e a
, , ,

la rge p riva te supply the use o f w hich is n o t res tr ic ted W hen used
, .

in connec tion w i th ma n y sys tems the pe r iodic flushing mus t g o o n

,

w i thou t in te r rup tion but in the case o f school buildings the sup p ly
,

to the tank may be shu t o ff w hen school is n ot in session In co n .

n ection w i th plumbing sys tems au toma tically flushed w a te r clos e ts ,

and u rinals in p riva te toile t rooms and ba th rooms may n ot be co n

n ected to t he au toma tic flu s h if it is desi rable to keep do w n the c o s t
of w a te r us ed .

Fig C P la te 4 1 sho w s a fo rm o f au toma tically flushed u r i n a l

.
, , ,

o f excellen t design .

I t is made o f po rcelain o r po rcelain lined ma te r ial is f r ee f ro m

,
-
,

exposed me tal pa rts w hich may co r rode and is w ell adapted to publ ic ,

toile t rooms .

A c ross sec tion o f a u rinal o f this type may be seen in Fig E .

,
 P la te XL I 1

THE U SE OF FL U SH I NG V A LV E S
2 52 M O DERN P LUMBING I LLUSTRATED
pounds and a re n ot a ffected ope ra tion by a va ria tion betw een '
in their
,

these tw o poin ts .

O the r makes o f flush valves ho weve r a re made in di ff e ren t , ,

s tyles for di ff e ren t p ressu res O w ing to inabili ty to give absolu tely
,
.

defini te da ta w hich w ill cove r all makes o f flush valves the follo w ,

ing info rma tion is given in gene ral and may or may n o t be c o r r ec t ,

in the case o f ce rtain makes Gene rally a p ressu re o f 8 to I O po unds .

is requi red fo r the ope ra tion o f flush valves unde r di rec t p ressu re ,

and supply pipes se rving buildings in w hich flush valves a re used

should be of such sizes and so ins talled tha t the d ra w ing of w a te r a t
fix tu res w ill n ot reduce the p ressu re at any flush valve belo w the
amount named .

In gene ral the size o f se rvice pipe fo r flush valves is f rom I X;

,

to I V in ; w hen ope ra ted by di rec t p ressu re fo r valves up to fou r

.
, ,

in numbe r and these sizes should be inc reased for la rge r numbe rs
, .

W hen w o rking unde r tank p ressu re a main line o f supply pipe ,

is run do w n to the seve ral floo rs b ranches being taken to the dif ,

feren t fix tu res to be supplied .

A I V in main is ample fo r f rom on e to fou r fixtu res I f the re

;,
-
. .

is mo re than this numbe r o f fix tu res it is w ell in o rdina ry build ,

ings to ca rry a 2 in supply do w n f rom the tank 1 0 o r 1 5 ft redu e

-
. .
,

ing to I % in fo r the res t of the dis tance and if the building is ten
.
,

s to ries o r mo re in heigh t the lo we r floo r s may be reduced to ,

and I in .

Flush valves fo r u rin al use a re of ten smalle r in size tha n those

designed fo r w a te r clo s e t use and have smalle r supply connec tions
-
, .

F o r low p ressu res a I in connec tion to the flush valve is used and
-
.
,

fo r o rdina ry p ressu res I x in is the gene ral size . . .

The s to rage tank fo r use in connection w i th flush v alves should

have a capaci ty w heneve r possible o f about 6 gallons per fix tu re
, , .

This capaci ty is the requi remen t w hen a small numbe r o f flush valve s
a re ins talled O n la rge sys tems w he re a la rge numbe r of valves a re
.
,

used it is n o t necessa ry to p rovide such libe ral s to rage as the amoun t

, ,

named per fix tu re allow s fo r two successive flushes and in la rge ,

w o rk it is almos t imposs ible tha t all o r any w he re nea r all o f the , ,

fixtu res se rved w ill be flushed at the same time The refo re the siz e .

of the tank may be reduced f rom the capaci ty named as may be co r ,

rec t fo r each sepa r a te sys tem A libe ral capaci ty o f sto rage is al w ay s .

desi rable how eve r

, .
 P la te X L I I I

U RIN ALS F OR P U BL I C T O I L E T ROO MS

2 56 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUST RATE D
the reby con tinually rene w ed In the case of a u rinal seldom used.
,

it w ould be un w ise fo r this reason to apply the local ven t , .

As to the fo rm in w hich the u rinal is made the re is a g reat

va rie ty o f choice .

O ne of the mos t common fo rms is the lip u r inal show n in ,

Fig A w hich is suppo rted on a sla te o r ma rble back by m eans of

.
,

bol ts and receives its flush th rough a u rinal cock by di rec t p ressu re
,

o r f rom a tank loca ted above it w hich may o r may n o t be o f au t , o

ma tic ac tion In P la te 44 is show n a line of these fixtu res f rom

.
,

w hich it w ill be seen tha t such a line may be p rovided w ith con
tin u ou s ven ts to advan tage .

The va r ious fo rms of sla te u r inals a re also ve ry common Fi gs . .

B and C sho w tw o of these fo rms the la tte r show ing a double line ,

w i th single dividing pa rti tion In the u r inal of Fig B the w aste

. .
, .

s triking the tw o d rip slabs is w ashed dow n in to a gu tte r fo rmed

, ,

in the conc re te floo r by means of w a te r discha rged f ro m tw o per

,

p o r a ted flush pipes r unning leng th w ise This flush keeps the sl ab s .

w et at all times all liquids being w ashed a w ay as they fall upon the
,

slab Mo re commonly in use than this type of u rinal ho w eve r is

.
, ,

tha t sho w n in Fig C w hich consis ts of a ve rtical d r ip S lab w i th

.
,

pe rfo rated flush pipe the w as te liquids being w ashed in to the cement
,

gu tte r o r in to a cas t i ron g u tte r The ends of such gu tte rs shoul d

-
.

be p rovided w i th me tal connec tions and cas t o r w rough t i ron trap -

o f n o t less t han 2 in diame te r connec ted in to the w as te All u rinals

. .

should be p rovided w i th sla te o r ma rble floo r slabs and any w all ,

su rface tha t is exposed and w i thin 5 ft of a u rinal should be con .

s tructed o f P o rtland cemen t o r othe r impe rvious ma te r ial The :

u rinal g utte r should also be cons truc ted o f like ma te rial .

In connec tion w i th the cas t i ron u rinal gu tte r men tioned above
-
,

it shou ld be added tha t to be s tric tly sani ta ry the g u tte r should be

lined w i th enamel in o rde r to p reven t any co rrosion due to the
,

p resence of the u rine in the w as te All lip u rinals should be of the .

flus hin g rim pa tte rn in o rde r tha t all su r faces of the u r inal m ay be
-
,

as tho roughly scou red and cleansed by the flush as possible In .

Fig D is sho w n a s et o f th ree po rcelain u rinals flushed by means

. ,

o f an au toma tic flush tank .

The po rcelain u rinal is a massive fix tu re and especially adapted

to the se rvice of public toile t rooms and comfo rt s ta tions w hich de ,

mand the mos t pe rfec t sani ta ry condi tions possible usually w i thout ,
 URI NALS FOR P UBLI C T O ILET R OO MS 2 57

ques tion of expense The flush pipe is concealed in the fixtu re i tself
.
,

the flush en te r ing each u r inal th rough a sp reade r w hich th ro w s it ,

upo n eve ry pa rt of the exposed su rfaces these su rfaces being so ,

fo rmed as to allo w the flush to cleanse them to the bes t advan tage .

An excellen t fea tu re of this fo rm of u rinal is tha t no me tal pa rts o r

tr i m mings a re exposed and thus the re is no thing w hich may co rrode ,

by con tac t w i th the u rine The addi tion o f the local ven t comple tes .

in t his fix tu re the highes t sani ta ry excellence to be found in u rinal

cons truc tion The po rcelain trough u rinal show n in eleva tion in
.

Fig C P la te 4 1 and in section in Fig E P la te 4 3 has been fully

.
, ,
.
, ,

desc ribed unde r the fo rme r pla te and is to be conside red an excellen t ,

fixtu re for public toile t room w o rk -

.

The pedes tal u rinal o f po rcelain is one of the la tes t types of ,

u r ina l to appea r on the ma rke t and is also of much excellence An , .

o the r recen t u rinal o f high grade cons truction is the siphon j et u rinal - -
,

supplied f rom a tank In this fix tu re a heavy body of wa te r is at.

,

all times main tained W hen the tank is ope ra ted the flush en te rs
.
,

th rough the flushing rim and th rough a j et in the same manne r as ,

in the siphon j et w a te r close t This ac tion resul ts in siphoning the

-
.

en ti re body o f w a te r out o f the fix tu re w hich is o f the lip pa tte rn , .

Flushing valves may be applied to the u rinal to advan tage as ,

s ho w n in P la te 4 2 These valves may be concealed as in Fig C

.
, .
,

o r expo sed as in Figs A and B

,
. .

Au toma tic flushing o f u rinals as illus tra ted and conside red in ,

P la te 4 1 is along the line of good p rac tice

, W hen the flushing of .

this fix tu re is lef t to the use r of it this impo rtan t ma tte r is of ten ,

neglec ted the resul t being a foul smelling toile t room Au toma tic
,
-
.

flushing does a w ay w i th much of the nuisance a rising f rom this

ca use .

In P la te 44 a line of u rinals is sho w n in connec tion w i th the

Du rham sys tem The d rainage of this sys tem is en ti rely o f w rough t
.
.

iron o r s teel pipe upon w hich the ac tion of the acids in the u rine
,

passing f rom the u r inals is especially ha rmful This action is fa r .

less s e rious on cas t i ron pipe and p resen ts addi tional a rgumen t in
-
,

favor o f the use o f the la tte r ma te rial fo r d rainage pu rposes .

A s else w he re in tima ted the public toile t room should be pro ,

v ided w i th t he advan tage o f good ven tila tion and w i th an abundan t

s upply of l igh t W i thout these advan tages the u r in a l becomes a foul
.

an d u n s a n ita ry fi x tu re .
 THE D URHAM SYSTEM
T H E RE is n o di ffe rence in the p rinciples o f cons truc tion betw een
the D u rham sys tem and the plumbing sys tem as o rdina r ily con
s truc ted The only di ffe rence in the D u rham sys tem is tha t it is
.

cons tructed en ti rely of w rough t i ron th readed pipe and cas t i ron
- -

fi ttings .

O n the Du rham sys tem all join ts a re made w i th sc re w th reads ,

n o caulked lead join ts being used The D u rham sys tem is sho wn in
.

P la te 44 w i th a de tail in sec tion o f the s tyle of cas t i ron fi tting used

, ,
-

on D u rham Fi ttings of o the r than recessed cons truction S hould n ot

.

be used on any pa rt o f the d rainage sys tem O n ven t w o rk in con

.

n ect ion w i th the Du rham d rainage sys tem galvanized cas t or mal
, , ,

leable s team and w a te r fi ttings of o rdina ry make may be used The .

purpose in using recessed fi ttings is that the align men t of the inside
su rface o f d rainage pipe and fi ttings may be as even as possible w i th ,

n o ends of pipes t h at sc re w in to fi ttings p resen ting shoulde rs agains t

w hich solid ma tte r flo w ing in the w as te may find lodgmen t .

The use of cas t i ron pipe and fi ttings is f ree f rom this trouble
-
,

fo r the hubs a re su fficien tly recessed to allow an even inside align

m en t In the use of common s team and w a te r fi ttings on cas t i ron
.
-

d rain a ge w o rk the re being n o recesses in such fi ttings the ends o f

, ,

all pipe s en te r ing fi t tings p resen t S houlde r s agains t w hich lin t and
othe r m a te r ials in the w as te may collec t I t may be s ta ted ho weve r
.
, ,

th at thi s trouble is expe rienced in a grea te r deg ree in connec tion

w ith D u rham w o rk than in cas t i ron soil piping -
F o r this reason
.
,

s p ecial ca re should be ta ken in cu tting w rough t i ron pipe fo r d rainage

-

us e and all bu rs on the ends of such pipes should be reamed out

,
.

The w eigh ts of w rough t i ron pipe fo r d rainage pu rposes should n ot

-

be l ess than the follow ing

D iameter of Pipe htp
W eig er Foot
lbs .
2 62 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
All fi ttings used on Du rham w o rk and on all ven t w o rk sh ould
be galvani z ed Sho rt nipples in w hich the un th readed pa rt is l ess
.
,

than in long should be made of w eigh t and thickness kn oxm

.
,

as ex tra heavy o r extra s trong This p rovision is to g uard .

agains t c rushing and S pli tting w hich is liable to happen in the use
,

of nipples made of o rdina ry pipe .

J oin t s on the Du rham sys t em should be made up w i th re d o r

w hi te lead applied to the male pa rt of the th r ead

, hen thus applied .

the re is less oppo rtuni ty fo r the lead to squeeze th rough in to the

in te r io r of the pipe and fo rm an obs truction .

Ca re should be taken tha t all such obs truc tions a re removed when
the join t is made w rough t i ron o r b rass pipe is connected
.
-

in to cas t i ron pipe the connec tion may be made by a caulked l ead
-
,

join t o r by a sc rew join t .

Connec tions be tw een lead and w rough t i ron pipes may be made -

by m eans o f a b rass fe rrule caulked o r sc re w ed in to the cast i ron

the lead connec tion to the fe rrule b e ing made by means o f a wi ped
join t .

An advan tage claimed fo r the Du rham s v s tem by its f riends is ,

tha t a sc re w join t being as s tro n g as the p1 pe is the re a re n o weak

, ,

po in ts in a line o f such pipe w he reas it w ould be folly to clai m any

,

such thi n g as this rega rding a line of cas t i ron pipe w i th its caulked -

join ts This a rgumen t is follow ed by the claim tha t the above being
.

true as r e ga ds a ve rtical line o

r f w r ough i on pipe so long
t r a s i t -
,

res ts a t its base on a fi rm fo u nda tion the re is no necessi ty fo i r s d e

,

suppo rts and tha t it m ay be ca rried thus th rough the height o

,
f t h e
,

talles t buildings This w ould n o t seem plausible fo r the reason

.
th a t
,

any line of d rainage pipe w h ethe r ve rtical o r ho rizon tal of cas

,
t o r
,

w rough t i ron S hould be giv en la te r al suppo rt in o de r tha t

,
r it m ay
be rigid and n ot subjec t to any la te ral movemen t Even though t h e .

sc re w join t is a s trong on e la te ral mo tion in a long line o f pi pe

.
w i ll
of ten res ul t in s n apping the pipe at on e of the sc re w joints o r i n

b reaki n g a fi tting Fu rth ermo re if a ve rtical line o f cas t i ron d

.
,
ra in -
“

age pipe be given the suppo rt tha t it should receive it w ill n ot sag ,

o r se ttle so tha t the caulked joi ts ill be fo rced out of the

n w h u b s ,

a claim tha t is made agains t the use o f cas t i ron pipe I t is true that -
.

in the cons truc tion of the plumbing sys tem the p roper supporting Of
heavy piping is n ot given the a tten tion tha t it S hould rece ive damage ,

to caulked join ts of ten resul ting the reby I t is also tru e tha t lines of .
2 64 M O DERN P LUM BING ILLU STRATED
the coa ting and when eve r the pipe is cut the coa ting at the en ds
, ,
.

o f the pipe is mo re o r less dam a ged so tha t the s teel o r w r ou g,h t

i ron is lef t ba re At such poin ts co rrosion ge ts in its wo rk A s cale
. .

is fo rmed by this galvanic action over the exposed su r face w hich in

, ,

time expo ses a f resh su rface to be ac ted upon the scal e fo rm in g ,

again and aga in falling o ff Thus the action co n tinues un til a hole
, .

has been ea ten en ti rel y th rough the pipe The action o f ga s es and .

acids in the sew age and in the vapo r s and s team tha t rise f ro m the
,

se w age tends to inc rease this co rrosive action in a ma rked degree

, .

Cas t i ron ho w eve r is much mo re f ree f rom such co rrosion for it

, , ,

simply rus ts ove r on any expo s ed su rface but does n ot sca l e the ru st , ,

ac tually fo rming a so rt o f p ro tec tion fo r the piping .

An impo rtan t agen t in the co rrosion o f w rough t i ron and s teel

is the condensa ti on o f vapo rs on the sides o f the pipe in the form of
d rops o f w a te r which quick ly oxidize any ex posed su r face w hich
,

they come in con tac t w i th .

Mild s teel is especially objec tionable as it is so fill ed w i th im ,

pu ri ties tha t it rapidly decays whe reve r they exis t .

The ven t sys tem is open to the inju rious effec ts o f co rrosion to an
even g rea te r exten t than the d rainage sys tem fo r the l a tte r is of ten ,

cove red w i th a slime which ac ts as a p rotec tion agains t such ac tion .

W hile the sc re w join t is the s trong a rguing poin t in favo r o f the

Du rham sys tem it is r igh t at this poin t tha t the mos t s e ri o us tr ouble
,

may be expec ted both on the d rainage and on the ven t lines W her
, .

eve r a thr ead is cut the ma te rial o f the pipe is en ti rely expo s ed and
, ,

whenev e r th reads p rojec t ou t f rom the join t w hich of ten happens , ,

the re is n o t only abundan t Oppo rtuni ty fo r co rrosive ac tion to tak e

place but the re is a la rge su r face to act upon because o f its being
, ,

th readed an d o w ing to the dep th o f the th read ther e is less thick

,

ness o f me tal to be ea ten th rough befo re the pipe is p unctu red In,
.

the case o f mild s teel especially it tak es only a few yea r s to a ecom
, ,

p l is h such a resul t unde r th e above condi tions .

I t is a ve ry easy ma tte r fo r mos t use rs to be imposed u p o n in

deciding f rom the appea rance o f pipe whe the r it is w rough t i ron or ,

s teel A ve ry la rge pa rt o f the pipe n ow tu rned out is o f s teel

. .

The follo w ing show s some o f the di ff e rences betw een i ron an d
s teel I ron pipe looks rough and has a heavy sca le while the scale
. ,

on s tee l pipe is much ligh t e r and in the fo rm o f small bubbles with ,

a smoo th and ra the r w hi te su r face benea th .

 D ES TRU CTI O N OF P I P ES BY ELECTR O LYSI S 26
5

Steel p ipe when sp read out seldom b re ak s whi l e i ron pipe b rea k s
, , ,

ea sily A brea k in the fo rmer sho w s a ve ry fine gr ain w hile tha t

.
,

of the latter is much co a rs er .

Steel pipe is n o t ha rd and its th reads tea r ra the r than b reak .

Dies tha t a re used on s tee l pipe may also be used on w rough t i ron -

pipe but blun t dies tha tw ork sa tisfacto rily on w rough t i ron pipe w ill
,
-

tear the s of te r thr eads of s teel pipe .

A few rema rks conce rning the length of life o f w rough t an d

cas t iron pipes un de r ac tual wo rk ing condi tions and the condi tio n s
-
,

w hich act to p rotec t o r des troy them may be o f in te res t A case , .

i s on r ecord o f the complete decay o f an en tire u n de rground wrou g h t

i ron g a s supply sys tem in elev en yea r s the ca use being in this case
-
,

tr aced en ti rely to ex te rna l condi tions and n ot to the gas which the

pipes we re ca rry ing In the same to wn expe rien ce sho w s tha t

.

wr ough t i ron w a te r se rvice pipes have a life gen er al l y o f abou t seven

- -

yea rs Cast i ron pipes have been kno wn to fai l th rough so fteni n g
.
-

o f the me tal af te r a pe riod of use unde rground of f rom t hi rty fi ve to -

fif ty yea rs This action ho w eve r is ve ry ra re and the failu re of

.
, , ,

ca s t i ron pipes when l aid unde rgr ound may gen e rally be traced
-
, ,

to defects in ma nufactu re .

A few yea rs ag o in the ci ty o f Lo s An geles the cas t i ron wa te r ,

-

mains w e re un cove red in ove r th ree hund red places and the pipes , ,

w hich ha d been l aid nea rly thi rt y yea r s p r ev ious w e re found to be ,

in alm os t pe r fect condi tion .

I t w a s foun d tha t the coa ting o f asphal t had almos t en ti rel y dis
a ppea red tha t in sandy soil the ba re pipe had n ot rusted and tha t
, ,

in othe r mois t soil it had rus ted some w ha t bu t w a s almos t u ninj u red .

I n conclusion it would seem advisable to use cas t i ron pipe fo r d rain

,
-

a g e pu rpo ses wher ev e r possible and tha t when impossible o r im ,

prac ti cabl e noth ing but wrough t i ron pipe heavily galv anized should
,
-

be used S teel pipe shoul d neve r be used

. .

D EST RU CT I O N BY ELE CTR O LYSI S

OF P I P ES

I n recen t yea rs gr ea t damage has been done to al l k inds o f

m derg romtd pipin g by the action o f elec tric cu rren ts chie fl y f rom ,

e l ectric ra i l way sys tems This damaging acti on a ffects wa ter mains
.

an d service pipes gas mains and se rvice pipes the lead shea t
, hing o f ,
2 66 M O DERN P LUMBI NG I LLUSTRATED
unde rg round telephone and telegraph lin es and in fac t any line ,

o f unde rg round piping r ega rdless o f t he na tu re o f the me tal of w hich

,

it is mad e . In the ac tion o f the o rdina ry galvanic ba tte ry such as ,

is used fo r house bells tw o me tallic pla tes a re used on e of these gen

, ,

e r a lly being z inc and the o the r some me tal w hich w ill n ot oxidi ze
,

s o readily as z inc .

“h en tw o such pla tes a re imme r sed in a saline solu tion and a ,

ci r cui t comple ted by connec ting a w i re f rom on e pla te to the o th er ,

it is a w ell kno w n fac t tha t the mo re easily oxidi z ed pla te w ill be

-

a c ted upon chemically and decomposed I t is fo r the reason th at.

this chemical ac tion in time des troys the z inc pla te tha t ba tte r y z inc s
mus t be replaced in ba tte ries a t longe r o r sho rte r in te rvals Thi s .

des truc tion o f a me tal by means o f the passage of an elec tric cu rrent ,

is know n as el ec trolysis and is an ac tion w hich is cons tan tly goi ng

,

o n unde r g round in t he vicini ty o f trolley tracks

, .

I t is the p rac tice in the ope ra tion o f mos t elec tr ic r ail w ay sys tems -

to ca r ry the elec tr ic cu rren t to the end of the line th rough la rge

w i res and to ca r ry it back to the dynamos th rough the r ails
,
As .

the rails a re n o t sepa ra ted o r insula ted f rom the su rr ounding ea rth
in any w ay the re is no thing to p reven t a pa rt of the cu rren t f rom
,

e scaping f rom t he rail and passing in to and th rou g h ano the r nea r by -

conduc to r . An elec tr ic cu rren t w ill al w ays take the pa th tha t is

e asies t fo r it; t ha t is the pa th that has the leas t resis tance
,
.

e ve r an elec tr ic cu rren t passes a poin t w he r e it may take ei the r of

tw o o r mo re pa ths it w ill al w ays di ide a pa rt o f it passing thr ough

,
v ,

e ach pa th t ha tis Open to it and the pa th tha t p resen ts the leas t amoun t
,

o f r esis tance to its pa s sage w ill receive the la r ges t pa r t o f the cu r ren t .

If the rails o f the troll ey sys tem w e re w elded toge the r and th er efo re
o n e con tinuous conduc t o r the ac tion o f elec trolysis w ould be much
,

less p revalen t As it is ho w eve r the rails mus t be bonded and at

.
, , ,

these join ts the g rea tes t resis tance is to be m et Even though two .

rails migh t have t hei r ends p ressed toge the r as closely as possible .

the re w ould s till be a t this join t a resis tance to the passage of the

cu r ren t many times g r ea te r than the resis tance it w ould mee t a t a n y

in te rmedia te poin ts in the rail Even w hen the rails a re connec ted
.

toge the r by means o f coppe r w i re a ttached to the rails in the mos t

app roved manne r the resis tance at the poin ts of connec tion w ill be
,

ve ry grea t I t is at such poin ts o f resis tance as these tha t the elec tr ic

.

cu rren t w ill j ump f rom the rail to s ome o the r conduc to r w hich o ff e r s
2 68 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUST RA TED
t aking out sections of pipe tha t a re being constan tly de s troyed in
, ,

as easy a manne r as possible Some time s it is w ell to encase the pipe

.

in ano the r pipe in w hich case the cu rren t w ill often act on the o uter
,

pipe only .

The ac tion o f elec trolysis has caused the plumbe r an en dless

amoun t of annoyance in a grea t many ins tances as one pipe af ter ,

anothe r has often been des troyed and the cause many times being
,

unkno w n the plumbe r has been blamed for resul ts tha t a re p rae
,

tically beyond his po w e r to remedy .

In addi tion the gas and w ate r and telephone and telegr aph
,

companies have su ff e red eno rmous losses In the case o f the g as

.

and w a te r companies especially the forme r the loss ha s n o t b een

, ,

en ti rely on the piping but loss o f grea t exten t has occu rred in the
,

w as te of gas or w a te r ca rr ied in the pipes .

The ac tion o f electrolysis is n ot confined al one in its de s tru ctiv e

ac tion to unde rground piping The s teel f rames of la rge ci ty b uild
.

ings the s teel f rame w o rk o f eleva ted rail w ays and much other
, ,

construc tion w o rk of a simila r natu re has also been v e ry s e r i o us l y

impai red f rom the same cause .

The g rea t losses due to the ac tion o f elec trolysis and the dan g er ,

a ttending the resul ts of such action have become of such impo rta n ce
,

tha t a ve ry la rge amoun t of money has been o ff e red by a l ea d ing

scien tific ins ti tu tion for a p racticable remedy tha t w ill ove rco m e its
e ff ects .
 P late X L V

C O N S T R U C TI O N O F W O R K W ITH O U T
U S E O F L EA D
2 72 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
fix tu re the main w as te and ven t lines a re connected by a 1 % ia -
.

ve rtical pipe and in to these ve rtical lines the fixtu re w as tes a re con
,

n ected by a ho r i z on tal trap ou tlet in to a fi tting of the T Y pa tte rn ,

-
.

This p rovides a con tinuous ven t fo r each fixtu re and e ff ects a saving ,

in cos t of ins talla tion ove r the o rdina ry me thods .

The w as te connec tions in to the ho rizontal w as te are ordina rily

made th rough T Y fi ttings but it is p refe rable to use a Y b ranch
-
,

and eigh th bend the w as te passing o ff by this means mo re smoo thly

,

than th rough the T Y fi tting In the use o f w rough t i ron pipe on

-
.
-

the d rainage sys tem the w o rk may of ten be pu ,

t in mo r e compac tly
than w i th cas t i ron o w ing to the fac t tha t fi ttings and hubs take up
,

less room This w ill appea r f rom Fig A In Figs A and B the
. . . .

b rass floo r flange fo r the w a te r close t is sc re w ed in to the cas t i ron -

elbow Fig F P la te 1 7 show s a detail of a w a te r close t connection

. .
, ,
-

w hen the soil pipe is of w rough t i ron and no lead bend is used All -
.

cas t i ron fi ttings used in connec tion w i th w rough t i ron d rainage pipes
- -

should be recessed fi ttings w he the r the en ti re sys tem is of Du rham

,

cons truc tion o r only b ranch w as tes as in Fig C , . .

W hen the Du rham sys tem is used and it is desi red to connec t ,

lead pipe in to the w rough t i ron pipe it may be done by means of a -

,

b rass solde r ing nipple o r b rass fe rrule caulked o r sc re w ed in to the

w rough t i ron as sho w n in connec tion w i th the w a te r close ts in the
,

basemen t in P la te 44
,
.

B rass fe rrules should be o f ex tra heavy cas t b rass n ot less than ,

4 in .in leng th and and 4% in in diame te r . .

The w eigh ts o f b rass fe rrules should n o t be less than the fol

lo w ing
D ia m eter

Solde ring nipples should be o f b rass pipe i ron pipe si z e o r of ,

-
,

ex tra heavy ca s t b ra s s C as t b rass solde ring nipples should n o t be

-
.
-

less than the follo w ing in w eigh t

D ia meter
 CO NSTRU CT I O N OF W O RK 273

O n seve ral of the fo regoing pla tes illus tra tions a re show n of ,

w o rk cons tr uc ted w i thou t the use o f lead F o r ins tance on P la te .

,

43 ,Fig D sho w s a
. line of po r celain u r inals cons
. tr ucted in this
manne r .

F o r u r inal w o rk cas t i ron and b rass a re p refe rable to w rough t

,

iron s teel and lead pipe fo r ce rtain acids an d gases in the u r ine
, , ,

w hich en te r s the connec tions o f this fix tu re a ct des truc tively on the

three las t named ma te r ials and this ac tion is of ten ve ry rapid
-
, .

The re is a conside rable amoun t o f wo rk ins talled in w hich the

o nly lead used is the lead bend The ba th room connections o f Fig .
-
.

E P la te 2 1 a re an example of this s tyle of w o rk in the use of spe

, , ,

cial fi ttings .

Fig G P la te 2 2 sho w s the same class of w ork pe rfo rmed by the

.
, ,

us e o f common fi ttings .

Figs B and C of P la te 2 6 and the illus tra tions of P la tes 2 7 and

.
,

28 ,S ho w plumbing cons tr uc tion p rovided w i th con tinuous ven ts in ,

w hich b rass tr aps may be used thus avoiding the use o f lead These , .

illus tra tions show clea rly tha t con tinuous ven t w ork favo r s the use
o f o the r ma te r ials than lead P la te 36 sho w s an en ti re plumbing .

s ys tem in w hich t he only lead ma te r ial used is the lead w a te r close t -

bends and if desi red o the r ma te rials may be used in place of these
, , , .

Fig E P la te 38 show s connections of w rough t i ron fo r a line

.
, ,

o f lava to r ies w hich give sa tisfac tion and make a ve ry nea t appea r

ance Thus it w ill be seen tha t lead has but a small place in the
.

cons truction o f p resen t day plumbing in the la rge r ci ties and on -

,

la rge w ork especially .

The displacing o f lead in plumbing cons truction by such ma te

r ials as cas t and w rough t i ron and b rass is a ttended by resul ts bo th

favo rable and unfavo rable some o f w hich may be seen f rom the ,

follow ing The grea t objection to the use of lead as s ta ted else
.
,

w he re is tha t w hen ru
, n of conside rable lengt h it w ill sag and fo rm
tr aps o w ing to the sof tness of the me tal
,
This objec tion is cer .

ta in ly n ot encoun te red in the use of w rough t and cas t i ron and -

b rass piping .

The re are many places w he re lead w ill give bette r se rvice ho w ,

eve r than ma te rial of a s ti ff e r na tu re F o r ins tance lead w ill s tand

,
.
,

sudden stra ins and concussions be tte r than cas t o r w rough t i ron o r -

bra s s pipes F o r this reason it is al w ays advisable to use lead on

.

th e s u cti on i
pp es o f pum p s w a te r lif ts etc O n such w o rk as this, , . ,
274 MO D E R N P L U MBI NG ILLUSTR A TED
lead pipe does n o t deve l op the leaks tha t othe r ma te ria l s do In
.

connection w i th the use of lead fo r suction pipes it may be s ta ted

,

tha t in the even t o f a leak on the suc tion pip e it is fa r ea sie r to

loca te it if the pipe is o f lead than if of w rough t i ron

.

The reason fo r this is tha t the sound made by the pas sage of
a ir t h rough the leak telephones along the len g th of the w r ou g h t
i ron pipe to a much g rea te r ex ten t than th rough lead pipe the r esul t
,

being tha t it is di fficul t of ttimes to loca te the exac t place w her e the
defec t exis ts w hile in lead pipe the noise can be hea rd onl y indis
,

tin ctly a t dis tan t poin ts

.

The objec tions to the employmen t o f w rough t i ron and s teel on

the d rainage and ven t sys tems a re conside r ed tho roughly un de r the
subject of the Du rham sys tem .

I t may be s ta ted tha t w hile ce rtain disadvan tages exis t in co n

n ection w i th the use o f lead w rought i ron and s tee l pipes for dra in
,
-
,

age and ven t pu rpo ses the re is almos t nothing tha t can b e s a id
,

agains t the use o f cas t i ron and b rass fo r the same pu rposes .
TH E DI S P O SAL O F SE W AGE O F FI X TURES L O CATED
B EL O W SE W ER LE V EL AUT O MATI C SEW AGE LI F TS —

—
AUT O MATI C SUM P TANKS
I N the la r ge r ci ties the re a re many ins tances w he re p lumbing
fi x tu res a re loca ted belo w the level of the s tree t se w e r in w hich case ,

i t i s obviously impossible to discha rge the w as te coming f rom them ,

in to the se w e r by g ravi ty Such condi tions mus t be deal t w i th in

.

th e sub basemen t floo r s o f nume rous tall ci ty buildings unde r g round

-
,

to il et rooms o r public comfo rt s ta tions and in unde rg round o r sub

-
,

w a y passenge r s ta tions .

B r iefly sta ted the method o f handling such se wage is to convey

,

it b y g r avi ty th rough the o r dina ry soil and w as te lines in to a receiv

i n g tank f rom w hich it is pumped o r ejec ted by o the r means in to
, ,

th e house se w e r o f the g ravi ty sys tem .

In addi tion to fix tu re d rainage the ma tte r of subsoil d rainage , ,

w h ich is of ten a ve ry conside rable ma tte r in unde rg round w o rk mus t ,

b e taken ca re of .

The re a re seve ral me thods of raising the low level se w age in to -

th e g ravi ty house d rain .

I t may be done by pumps of di ffe ren t kinds o r by means of ,

a u to ma tic se w age lif ts seve r al o f w hich a re n ow on the ma rke t and

, ,

o p e r a ted by comp ressed a ir o r s team .

A sectional view o f such a sew age lif t o r ejector is to be se en

i n P la te 46 .

W hen pumps a re to be used the low level sew age is discha rged
,
-

i n to a receiving tank loca ted belo w the level o f the low es t fix tu res ,

e a ch soil o r w as te inle t to the tank being trapped and the trap sup ,

p l ie d w i th a ven t w hich may

, be connec ted in to any main ven t o f the

r a v i ty sys tem
g .

A tank of this kind should be la rge enough to hold the se w age

co ll ecting du r ing seve ral hou r s if the discha rge f rom it is au toma tic
, ,

a n d if n o t it should be la rge enough t

, o hold the se w age en te r ing it

d ur ing tw en ty fou r hou r s

-
.

A s nea rly above the tank as possible a cen trifugal pump is s et , ,

w hich is Ope ra ted by an elec tr ic mo to r A floa t inside the tank is .

a r r a nged t o r ise w i th the se w age in the tank and w hen it has filled ,

2 77
278 M O DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
to a ce rtain poin t the r ising of the floa t locks an electr ic s w i tch
,

w hich con trols the mo to r The moto r is thus s et in action Ope ra t

.
,

ing the pump and the la tte r quickly d ra w s o ut the con ten ts of the
,

tank and fo rces them in to the house se w e r of the g ravi ty sys tem .

The suc tion o f the pump should reach down to the bo ttom of the
tan k in o rde r to d ra w o u t all the heavy ma tte r To the tank a f resh .

a ir inle t should be connec ted n o t only to se rve the o rdina ry pu

, r

pose of the f resh air inle t but to relieve the tank w hile it is filling
-
,

and to aid the pump by admi tting a ir w hen the la tte r is in ac tion .

The pump may also be s et on the same level as the tank and in fact , , ,

w o rks to be tte r advan tage w hen so s et as no p r i me r is necessa ry , ,

and the appa r atus is the reby conside rably simplified P is ton pumps .

a re also used in raising se w a g e f rom lo w levels .

The cen trifugal fo rm o f pump is bes t adap ted to la rge volumes

o f se w age w hich a r e n o t to be r aised ve ry high w hile pis t on pumps ,

w ill raise smalle r amoun ts th rough much g rea te r dis tances .

In the use of pis ton pumps how eve r it is necessa ry to p revent

, ,

anything but clea r se w age f rom en te ring as the coa rse r and gri tty ,

ma tte r w o rks des tructively on the w o rking pa rts of the pump .

The g rea t objection to the use of pumps in disposing of low

level se w age is the cos t o f ope ra ting .

The use o f automa tic se w age ejecto r s ho w eve r is accompanied , ,

w i th small r unning expenses and they have many advan tages ove r
,

the use of pumps chief among w hich is the fac t tha t the re a re almos t
,

n o w o rking pa rts t o g et ou t of o rde r and ve ry few auxilia ry devices

, ,

w hich a re expensive to ope ra te as in the case o f elec tr ic mo to r s used

,

o n pumps .

In P late 46 is s ho w n such an appa ra tus ope ra ting automa tically , ,

and desi g n ed especially fo r this kind o f w ork .

The re a re seve ral o the r make s tha t m av be obtained all w o rk ,

ing on mo re o r l ess s imila r p rinciples C o m p ressed a ir has p roved

.

the mos t sa tisfac to ry m o tive po w e r b u t ve ry of ten these machines

,

a re pro vid ed w i th appli a nc es by means o f w hich s team o r w a te r m ay

be used to ope ra te them in the even t of an in te rrup tion in the com

p ressed a ir appa ra tus
-
.

The ac tion of the au toma tic se w age lif t is the follow ing : S ew
age f rom the levels below the c row n of the se w e r is conducted ,

th rough va r ious lines o f soil and w as te pipe in to a se w age tank or ,

r eceive r .
2 80 M O DERN P L U MBING ILLU STRATED
p ressed air o r s team a re generally used in o rde r tha t in the even t ,

o f a b reakdow n on one sou rce of motive po w e r the o the r may at ,

once be made use o f I t w ill readily be seen tha t n o chances can be

.

tak en in p roviding agains t a mishap w hich may to tally disable an

en ti re sys tem of this kind for it is a ques tion of handling a great
,

many thousands of gallons each hou r and w hen this canno t be done , ,

and the se w age cons tan tly accumula tes at this high ra te the si tua ,

tion becomes ve ry se r ious .

W hen seve ral ejec to rs a re connec ted toge the r the mai n se w age ,

inle t divides the se w age be tw een the di ff e ren t ejecto r s and each one ,

discha rges in to a main .

Some of the advan tages of this method o f disposal a re the fol

low ing : No pumping appa ra tus w i th w o rking pa rts to g et o ut of
,

repai r, is necessa ry ; the re are p rac tically no w o rking pa rts in the

lif t to g et out o f o rde r ; the receiving tank in w hich the w o rk of the ,

appa ra tus is chiefly pe r fo rmed has no finished su r faces o r pa rts on

,

w hich the coa r se r ma tte r in the se w age may a ct inju r iously ; a n d the
tank ac ts as a trap to p ro tec t the building agains t the en trance o f
gases f rom the se w e r .

In addi tion to the ma tte r o f ca ring fo r fixtu re d rainage sub . ,

soil d rainage floo r d rainage etc mus t also be p rovided fo r This

, , .
, .

d rainage is usually di s posed of by othe r appa ra tus than tha t used in

connec tion w i th pollu ted d rainage the appa ra tus being know n as the ,

au toma tic su m p ta n k an illus tra tion o f w hich appea rs in P la te 46

, .

This tank is ins talled in a w a te r tigh t ca tch basi n o r pit cons tr uc ted
-

o f b r ick o r i ron Subsoil floo r d rainage and any o the r cl ea r w a ter

.
, ,
-

d rainage tha t mus t be taken ca re o f S hould en te r the pit th rough ,

inle ts p rovided w i th ch eck v alv es as show n all d ra ins being tr apped

, ,

in the usual manne r The tank sh ould be a ir ti g h t and ven ted gen
.
-

er a lly in to some convenien t m a in v en t in the g ravi t y sys tem The .

ac tion o f the au toma tic s um p tank is simila r to tha t o f the au toma tic
se w age lif t al ready desc ribed .

the bucke t is r aised by the d rainage in the tank to the

r igh t heigh t it Opens the comp r essed a ir supply valve and closes t he
-

ven t pipe the admission of comp ressed a ir fo rcing the con ten ts out
,

of t he tank and in to the main g r avi ty line .

A w ise p rovision in the ins talla tion of au toma tic se w age lifts on
la rge w o rk is tha t they shall be p rovid ed in pai r s each being la rge
, ,

enough to hold the d rainage accumula ting f rom the fix tu res du ring
 DI S P O SAL O F SEW AGE 281

an hou r The tw o ej ec to rs should be so connected tha t they w ill

.

ope ra te al te rna tely W hen w a te r closets discha rge in to se w age

.

ejec to rs the ven t f rom the appa ra tus should n ot be less than 4 in
, .

in diame te r and w hen o the r fix tu res only a re connected in to it the

, ,

ven t should be of the same size as the main w as te pipe se rving such
fix tu res .

The re is anothe r fo rm of ejecto r some times used w hich dis ,

cha rges low level sew age in to the house sew e r of the regula r s ys
-

tem also by means of comp ressed a ir

, .

The comp ression of the air in this appa ratus ho w eve r is a ecom , ,

p l is he d by the head of the se w age in the g r avi ty sys tem discha r ged
in to a la rge tank W a te r f rom the public w a te r supply may also
.

Ope ra te this sys tem and this w a te r af te rw a rd be used in supplying

,

fi x tu res on the floo rs below the se w e r level This sys tem while n ot .
,

pa rticula rly w ell know n has the advan tage of disposing of the s ew
,

age w i thout appa ratus w hich en tails expense in ins talling and in
ope ra ting .

O f the seve ral di ff e ren t me thods men tioned o r desc r ibed for
r aising lo w level se w age -
the au toma tic se w age lif t ope ra ting by
, ,

comp ressed air w i th s team as an auxilia ry is in gene ral the mos t

, , , ,

desi rable .

In o rde r to dete rmine the size o f lift needed fo r any g iven plan t ,

the amoun t o f w as te en te ring it mus t be kno w n and to es tima te this ,

it is necessa ry to kno w the numbe r and cha rac te r o f all plumbing

fixtu res below the se w e r level the numbe r o f floo r d rains and the , ,

cha racte r and size of all o the r d rains and appa ra tus f rom w hich
w as te of any desc r ip tion is discha rged .

I t is also necessa ry to kn o w the si z e o f the g ravi ty house se w e r ,

and the kind of pow e r that is to Ope ra te the lif t w i th full da ta con ,

ce rning p ressu re etc rela ting to such motive pow e r

, .
, .

In addi tion to its use in connection w i th unde rg round floo r s o f

high buildings and unde rground public toile t rooms the re a re sev ,

e ral othe r uses to which the automa tic se wage lif t may be put .

I t of ten happens tha t small villages o r hamle ts si tua ted in level ,

coun try which has no advan tages fo r disposing of public se w age by

,

gravi ty are in a pe rplexing si tua tion The se w age lift may be used
, .

to a dv a n tage unde r such condi tions .

By ins talling it in a pit unde rground as low as desi red enough , ,

p it c h ca n be o b ta ined t o allo w the discha rge o f t h e public se w e r i n to

 M O DERN P LU MBI NG ILLU STRATED
it
. The lif t may discha rge the se w age in to a septic tan k at a
level and this tank in tu rn on to fil te r bed s the la tte r deli v e r in g the
, ,

clea r se w age w hich resul ts in to under ground dis tributing p ipes

, .

Mo re conce rning the sep tic tank fil te r beds and unde r gr o un d dis
, ,

tr ibutio n w ill be fo und unde r follow ing pla tes .

If o the r sou rces o f motive pow e r are n o t ava ilable the lift may
,

be ope ra ted by w a te r.

The se w age lif t is used in man y ma rine plumbing s ys tem s a lso .

The appa ra tus is loca ted below all fixtu res w hich discha rg e in to it
,

by g ravi ty the lif t discha rging the se w age in to the sea

. .

ThI S I s an impo rtan t applica tion as the disposal of se w a g e of

,

la rge s teamships as w ell as o the r vessels is a ma tte r of i m po r ta nce

, ,

an d di ffi cul ty
.
 C O UNTRY P LUMBING

subjec t of coun try plumbing di ffe r s in many respects f rom

TH E
the plumbing o f ci ties and tow ns The di ff e rence a rises p r incipally
.

b e cause o f the fact tha t usually the plumbin g sys tem ins talled in the
c o un try cannot en te r a sys tem of public sew e rs and a w a te r supply ,

c a nno t be secu red f rom any public sys tem of supply These condi .

tions make it necessa ry to s tudy each individual plumbing sys tem ,

an d t o p rovide fo r it as condi tions r equi re .

Anothe r fea tu re tha t also influences the ins talla tion of the plumb
ing sys tem is the absence of any regulation o r inspection of plumbing
,

w o rk As a consequence many houses in the coun try o f o rdina ry

.
, ,

s tyle a re p rovided w i th an unven ted plumbing sys tem This how

, .
,

eve r in many cases need n ot be a se rious ma tte r as on small sys tems

, ,

special p rovision may of ten be made fo r making the w o rk as safe as

is possible to make it w hen the traps are n ot ven ted .

P la te 4 7 sho w s such a plumbing sys tem .

In many cases one s tack se rves all plumbing fixture s of the

house including usually the th ree ba th room fix tu res ki tchen sink
,
-
, ,

and possibly laund ry tubs The use o f S traps on such w o rk is poo r

, , .
-

p rac tice as this fo rm of trap is easily siphoned unless p rovided w i th

, ,

a ven t The use of d rum traps and app roved fo rms of non s iphon able
.
-

traps is much be tte r p r ac tice As fa r as possible long ho ri z on tal

.
, ,

runs o f lead w as t e pipe should be avoided in an unven ted plumbing

sys tem as siphonage of ten resul ts f rom the backing up of w as te in
,

these long runs The connec tions f rom ba th room fix tu res in to the
.
-

stack ca n usually be a rranged as show n in P la te 47 w i th the lava to ry ,

was te en te r ing above the w a te r close t connec tion -

If the lava to ry .

connec tion is below the close t connection the liabili ty of siphonage ,

of t he lava to ry trap w ill be g rea te r o w ing to the passage of a ,

heavy volume of w as te f rom the w a te r close t pas t the lava to ry w as te

Opening .

The passage of the s tack th rough the roof is a grea t safeg u a rd

for any sys tem of plumbing especially in the case of an unven ted
,

sy stem W hen the coun try plumbing sys tem emp ties in to a cesspool
.

or septic tan k a ven t should be ru

,
n f rom such recep t acle The septi c .

28 5
2 86 MO DERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTRATED
tank o r cesspool s tands in the same rela tion to the coun try plumbing
,

sys tem tha t the public sew e r sys tem does to the ci ty plumbing system .

I f the cesspool o r se w e r is n o t ven ted gases w ill gene ra te a n d

,

p roduce a p ressu re tha t w ill fo rce the seal of the main trap .

The soil ven t o r roof connec tion relieves this p ressu re w hich is ,

a du ty o f much impo rtance fo r if n ot thus relieved the fixtu re tra ps

, ,

w ill also be fo r ced and poisonous gases f rom the cesspool thus find
,

en trance in to the house The use o r n on use of the main trap d oes
.
-

n o t appea r t o be a ma t te r of s o much impo rtance in connec tion w i th

the coun try plumbing sys tem as w i th the ci ty sys tem O ne reason .

fo r this is tha t in the coun try dis tr icts the re is no dange r of con
tam in a tin g the su rrounding a ir by ven ting the cesspool w he r eas in ,

the ci ty the ven ting o f the se w e r th rough the soil ven ts o f a build
ing only a few s to ries in heigh t may th row foul odo rs and gases in to
the w indo w s o f a high building nex t to it .

The re is on e reason w hy the main trap is of much value to many

coun try sys tems The re being no regula tion by o rdinance o r in s pec
.
,

tion of plumbing much poo r w o rk is ins talled tha t remains u

, n dis cov

e red which a tes t w ould quickly reveal ; and mo reove r s ta n da rd soil

, , ,

pipe is gene rally used w hich is easily spli t in handling and w hich has
, ,

mo re defec ts than ex tra heavy pipe C ons equen tly se we r gas w ould
-
.
,

have a much grea te r oppo rtuni ty to find its w ay th rough defective

pipe and join ts than in w o rk o f a highe r grade and the main tr ap ,

w ill p r even t much o f this trouble by p reven ting the en trance in to the
,

plumbing sys tem o f the house o f gases f rom the cesspool

,
.

The subjec ts o f cesspools se w age siphons sep tic tanks etc are
, , , .
,

conside red mo re tho roughly unde r the tw o pla tes follo w ing .

W ATER SU P P LY
'

The manne r in w hich the w a te r supply fo r the coun try house

shall be p rocu red is al w ays a ma tter o f impo rtance and usually ,

depends la rgely upon the na tu ral facili ti es tha t exis t The me thods .

co m monly in use a re pumping by hand f rom w ells o r by pow e r such

,
—

as w indmill o r pumping engine supply by g ravi ty by siphonage or

—

, ,

by the use o f a ra m In the use o f a gravi ty supply the sou rce of

.
,

supply mus t be a t a highe r eleva tion than the poin t of delive ry The .

siphon is used in p rocu r in g w ate r f rom a highe r poin t than the poin t
of delive ry w hen a hill o r o the r obs truc tion in te rvenes be tw een the
,
2 88 M O DERN P L U MBI NG ILLUSTRATED
is unde r tank p ressu re and in o rde r to p rovide fo r expansion an
, ,

expansion pipe should be taken f rom the highes t poin t o f the ho t

w a te r sys tem and ca r ried ove r the to p of the tank in to w hich any ,

e xpansion may ven t i tself .

Unde r the tank a safe o r d rip pan should be placed to take ca re ,

o f any leakage f rom the tank F rom the safe a d r ip should be run.

in to some Open fixtu re in common use in o rde r that by the escape , ,

o f leakage th rough t he pipe w a rning of trouble m ay be given as ,

q uickly as possible Shee t lead is gene.r ally used fo r d r ip pans o r

s afes w hile shee t coppe r is n o w mos t

, ly used for tank linings \Vhen .

the a ttic tank is filled f r om a pump o r ra m the ball cock and valve ,

a re n o t used bu t w hen a supply by g r avi ty is used the ball cock and

, ,

valve are necessa ry in o rde r to re g ula te the flow o f w a te r as it is

needed .

A g rea t objection to many w ell w ate rs is thei r excessive ha rd

ness which make them objec tionable fo r ki tchen and laund ry pur
,

poses W hen the na tu ral supply is o f this na tu re the rain w a ter

.
,

falling on the roof of the house is collec ted and used fo r these pur
poses en ti rely o r as fa r as possible
,
.

Rain w a te r may be discha rged di rec tly f rom the roof into the
a ttic tank as show n in P la te 47 the objection to this cou rse being
, ,

tha t a la rge pa rt of the w a te r mus t be l o s t th rough the ove r flo w ,

and in the ev en t o f the s toppage o f the ove rflo w du r ing a heavy

s to rm the house w ould be in dange r o f being flooded Ins tead of
, .

d ischa rging the ove r flo w upon the roof it may be ca r r ied in to a ,

cis te rn and all the w a te r needed thus saved

, If desi rable the rai n , .
,

w a te r may n o t be connec ted di rec tly in to the a ttic tank bu t may be ,

d ischa rged in to the cis te rn .

In ei the r case of using the cis te rn a pump mus t be used to fo rce ,

the w a te r in to the a ttic tank Wh en the ra in w a te r is thus u tili z ed

.
,

w holly o r in p a rt the pump connec ti o n w i th the w ell may be allo w ed

.

to remain a s s h o w n in P la te 4 7 to be u s ed w h eneve r the cis te rn ,

w a ter gives o u t and fo r p roviding th rough the pu m p fauce t a s u

,
p ,

pyl o f d r inking w a te r .

In the use o f the faucet the re w ill of ten be s ufl i cien t s to rage of

,

w a ter in the pipe be tw een the pump and the tank w i thou t havi n g ,

to pump .

I t is bes t to use a cis te rn capabl e o f holding a mon th s supply

’

o f r ai n w a te r in o rde r th at w h en a rainy pe riod comes enough w ater

, ,
 W ATER S U P P LY 2 89

m ay be s to red to las t un til it w ill p robably be rene w ed W hen en ti re .

d ependence is made upon rain w a te r s to rage should be p rovided fo r ,

a pe riod o f six w eeks if possible a t the ra te of abou t tw en ty fi v e

, ,
-

gallons per day fo r each inma te of the house To some this ra te of .

w a te r use may seem excessive bu t it is lo w ra the r than high as

, ,

extended expe rience show s .

the w a te r supply mus t be economized a much lo w e r ,

amoun t may be figured on but w hen plumbing fix tu r es such as , ,

w a te r close ts a re cons tan tly in use the ra te inc reases r apidly

, , .

I f possible rain w a te r should be sc reened befo re en te ring the

,

attic tank as leaves tw igs slate etc en te r the cis te rn in conside r

, , , , .
,

able quan ti ty Fil te rs are some times used fo r clea r ing the w a te r
.
,

and sc reens of va rious kinds a re employed Devices know n as rai n .

wa te r sepa ra to r s may also be p rocu red w hich p reven t the fi r s t w ash ,

ings o f a rain s to rm f rom en te ring the tank o r cis te rn .

W ell w a te r is n o doubt used to a fa r grea te r ex ten t in the coun

'

try than any o the r sou rce o f supply “hether it is a w ell o r sp r ing
f
.

o r o the r sou r ce o f supply the g rea tes t ca re should be taken in pro

,

v idin g agains t its con t amina tion in any w ay I t is popula rly con .

s idered tha t t he coun try is f ree f rom all manne r of impu re condi
tions bu
, t it is true neve rtheless tha t in the pas t the dea th ra te in
, , ,

coun try dis tric ts w he re appa ren tly living condi tions a re pe rfect
, , , ,

has been as grea t o r g rea te r f rom such diseases as typhoid feve r

than in ci ties .

Gene rally a case o f this d readed disease in the coun try may be ,

traced to a con tamina ted w ell o r o the r supply F o r this reason eve ry .

p recau tion should be taken .

The w ell should neve r be loca ted nea r a leeching cesspool it ,

being w ell to have a t leas t 300 ft sepa ra te them A tigh t cesspool

. .

should n ot be loca ted w i thin 30 ft o f any w ell o r o the r sou rce o f .

su pply .

In running a line of ea rthen w a re d rain pipe it should be kept ,

as fa r a w ay f rom a n y sou rce o f w a te r supply as possible .

W heneve r possible a cesspool ,

o r d rain pipe line should be 1 0 -

C a ted a t a lo w e r eleva tion than t he w ell in o rde r tha t the na tu ral ,

d r ainage may ca rry any leakage a w ay f rom ra the r than to w a rd , ,

the w ell .

The loca tion and common use of w ells w i thin a few feet o f
p r ivies is
,
a p rac tice w hich may be seen in almos t any coun try dis
zoo M O DERN P LUMB IN G I LLUS T R AT E D

i and is a p ractice w hich has been the di rect ca u se of a large

tr et,
pa rt of the typhoid feve r cases in the coun try
-
.

I t is claimed tha t con tamina ted w a ter in running throu g h a co m

p a r a tiv ely few fee t of soil w ill
, pu r ify i tself and on t
,
he s tr en g th of
this claim many a re w illing to take chances in the u
, se o f dr inking

w a te r coming f rom expo sed sou rce s .

\Vhile this fac t may be true unde r ce rtain ci rcums tan ce s it ha s ,

li ttle in it to cause a lessening o f p recau tiona ry meas ures a s the co n ,

ta m in a tin g sou rce is usually a pe rmanen t o n e and the a ction o f,

pu rifica tion by fil tra tion is n ot to be depended upon at a de p th of

mo re than th ree o r fou r fee t as the admission of a ir u po n w hich
. ,
'

the ac tion depends is n o t su ffi cien t a t g rea te r dep ths

,
.

W ells a re of th ree kinds those w hich a re dug dr iv en w ell s and

, , ,

bo red w ells .

The fi rs t named is the mos t common and the d riven w el l n ex t

, .

Even the d r iven o r bo red w ell is by no mean s p roo f a g a ins t

con tamina tion as impu r i ties may en te r the w a ter at consi de r able
,

dis tances f rom the w ell .

Many w a te rs o f spa rkling appea rance an d appare n tly a b s o

,

lu tely pu re a re ve ry fa r f rom being w ha t they appea r an d too m uch

, ,

a tten tion canno t be given to the ma tte r o f p recaution in s e cu r i n g a

supply fo r coun try use w hich is absolu tely pu re and then s ee in g to,

it tha t it is n ot con tamina ted la te r .

 CO NST RU CTI O N A ND USE OF C ESS P OO LS

TH E cesspoo l is made use of only in the absence of public

s ew e rs .W heneve r en trance may be made in to a public se w e r the ,

us e of the cesspool should be discon tinued en ti rely A fte r public .

se w e rs have been cons tructed cesspools are sometimes connected

,

in to the se w e r ins tead of replacing them en ti rely w i th a di rect con ,

n ectio n f rom house t o sew e r This is extremely poo r p ractice for ’

.
,

the cesspool should al w ays be conside red simp ly as a makeshift made ,

necessa ry by the absence of be tte r facili ties The w o rs t fea ture that .

p resen ts i tself in coun try plumbing is the dispo sal o f the soil in ,
-

house sew age .

W hen as o ccas ionally happens the se wage of a house may be dis

, ,

cha rged in to a running s tream the di ffi cul ty may be solved in the case
,

of tha t pa rticula r house al though fo r all poin ts low e r dow n on such a

,

s tre am the w ate r is pollu ted and should n ot be used for d rinking pur
,

poses The refo re this method is usually out of the ques tion even
.
,

though such a s tream is at hand The only othe r practical me thod is

.

to discha rge the house se w age in to a tank f rom w hich the liquids may ,

escape in to the su rrounding soil the tank re taining the solid ma tte r
, ,

including soil Such a tank or compa rtmen t is called a cesspool

. .

In P la te 48 a re sho wn two forms of cesspoo l the leec hi n g and com ,

bina tion leeching and ti g h t cesspoo ls The fo rme r is by fa r the more

.

common type The leeching cesspool is buil t of loose brick or s tone

.
,

w i thou t the use of cemen t Th rough the c revices o r join ts in the

.

sides o f the cesspool the liquids leech out in to the su rrounding soil
, ,

leaving the solid ma tte r to remain in the cesspool A se rious obj ec .

tion to the use of this fo rm of cesspool is tha t af te r a time the , ,

crevices become filled w i th soil and othe r solid matte r and the leech ,

ing p rocess is in te rfe red w i th Anothe r objection is tha t mo re or

.

less solid ma tte r passes o ff w i th the liquid in to the su rrounding soil ,

the reby in time des troying it as a fil te r ing medium upon the e ffec t ,

iv en es s of w hich the p rope r ac tion o f the cesspool depends

,
To be .

su re
, w hen these resul ts have come abou t the liquids en te rin g the ,

cesspool may be ca rried in to a second cesspool th rough an ove r flo w ,

2 03
2 94 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
in w hich case the fi rst cesspool w ill con tinue to retain the solid pa rt
of the sew age and the second cesspool to dispose of the liquid s s om e
, ,

wha t in the manne r of the sep tic tank .

W hen the fi rs t cesspool has become filled it may be emp tied ,

and its use con tinued Ins tead o f discha rging in to one cesspool and
.

ove rflo w ing in to a second on e it may be mo re desi rable w hen the

, ,

fi rs t cesspool is n o longe r able to pe r form its duties satisfacto rily ,

to abandon it disconnec t the house d rain f rom it and reconnec t in to

,

a cesspool loca ted in n ew soil .

The only p rope r l oca tion fo r a leeching cesspool is in ligh t o r

s andy soil in to which the liquids may leech and pu rify themselv es
,

by fil tra tion Sand is a recogn ized fil te ring medium F il tration

. .

depends upon the action o f ce rtain bac te ria which exis t in the soil ,

thei r numbe r s being fa r g rea te r in ligh t soils than in those w hich

a re heavie r as in the forme r a ir has an Opportuni ty to reach the
, ,

bacte r ia w i thout w hich the bacte ria are unable to live

, .

The refo re at conside rable depths the action of fil tra tion is n ot

, ,

nea rly so s trong as at poin ts nea re r the su rface and fo r this reason , ,

cesspoo ls of compa ra tively small depth w ill give bette r se rvic e .

Wh ile the employmen t o f the leeching cesspool in the manne r

desc ribed above is the common me thod a be tte r method is to dis ,

cha rge the hous e d rainage in to a tigh t cesspool and connec t it by

ove rflow in to a second cesspool of the leeching type the fi r st retain ,

ing the solids w hich may be cl ean ed out and the second cesspool
, ,

le eching the liquids in to the su rrounding soil The w a te r tigh t cess .

-

pool should o rdi n a r ily be abou t six feet in diame te r by ten fee t in
dep th and is usually buil t o f b rick o n e b rick thick laid in P o rtland
, , ,

conc re te and p rovided w i th a 2 4 in ca s t i ron cove r and f rame A

,
-
.
-
.

tigh t cesspool should n ot be loca ted w i thin tw o fee t o f any bounda ry

line o r w i thin ten fee t o f any house o r rain w a ter cis te rn o r w i thin
,
-
.

thi rty f ee t o f any sou rce o f w a ter supply A leeching cesspool should .

n o t be loca ted w i thin 1 00 fee t o f any house o r cis te rn o r w i thin 300 ,

feet o f any sou rce of w a te r supply .

The house s ew e r should be trapp ed befo re en te ring a cessp ool ,

and the trap p rovided w i th a 4 in f resh a ir inle t w hich should be

-
.
-
,

gove rned by the regula r limi ta tions su rrounding the cons truc tion
of f resh air inle ts The cesspool w he the r leeching o r w a te r tight
-
.
,
-
,

should be ven ted by a 4 in ven t pipe ca rried at leas t I O ft in to the

—
.
,
.

air.
A convenien t me thod is to ca rry this ven t line on a s tou t pol e
 M O DERN P LUMBI NG I LLU STR A T E D
The se w age should be b rough t in to the ce s s pool in s uch a way
tha t its con ten ts w ill n o t be s ti rred up an y mo re th an po s s ibl e.

If the con ten ts are dis tu rbed a g rea te r amoun t of so l id matter

,

w ill be ca rr ied ou t th rough the ove r flo w s By ca rryin g the inlet

.

pipe w ell do w n in to the cesspoo l the s e w age w ill en te r w i th less

,

commo tion than othe rw i s e .

W hile the re is a grea t di ff e rence be tw een the effi c ien cie s o f the
seve ral types of cesspoo ls it should al w ay s be remembe red th at thi s
,

device at bes t is only made use of as the mos t p rac tica ble m e th od of
solving a di fficul t p roblem at the leas t possible expen s e I n other
, .

w o rds the cesspool should be conside red only a s a nece s s a r y ev il to

, ,

be used only w hen o the r me thods canno t be employed .

Ci ty plumbing o rdinances make ackn ow ledgmen t o f this f act by

p rohibi ting the use of cesspools in all sections of the city that are
p rovided w i th public se w age facili ties A ve ry gr ea t i m pr o v em en t
.

ove r the cesspoo ls as sho wn in P la te 48 is to be foun d in the s ep

, ,

tic tank .

This subject is on e o f ve ry grea t impo rtance and is ta k en up

,

unde r the follow ing pla te .

 P la te XL I X

C O N S T R U C T IO N AN D A C TI O N OF TH E
S E P TI C TAN K U N D E R G RO U N D D IS
P O SA L O F P A R T I A LL Y P UR I F I E D
S E W AG E A U T O MA T I C S E W
AG E SI PH O NS
3oo M O D ERN P LUMBI NG ILLUSTR A TED
the p rope r ac tion o f the bacte ria al though no special a rrangement ,

to p rovide hea t is necessa ry The re is conside rable heat p re s ent in

.

all house se w age and the sinking of the tank unde rgroun d p rovides
,

an addi tional amoun t as also the action of the bacteri a itself To

,
.

secu re the bes t resul ts the se w age w hich en te rs the sep tic tank should
,

be well dilu ted .

The p resence o f a supply of air in the septic tank n ot only s tops

the ac tion of the bac te r ia bu t allo w s the con ten ts to pu trefy as in
, ,

the use o f the cesspoo l W i thou t the p resence of a ir obnoxious gases

.
,

do n o t fo rm and the refo re even w hen Opened fo r a sho rt tim e the

, , ,

septic tank does n o t th ro w o fl foul o do r s and gases in any a mount

’
.

In s ta rting a sep tic tank the re is nothing to be done of a S peci al

na tu re af te r the plan t has been made ready beyond the admission
, ,

of se w age to it F o r the tank to reach a high s tate o f effi ciency

.
,

how eve r requi res a su fficien t length o f time to elapse fo r the bac
,

te r ia to b r eed and fo rm in su fficien t numbe r s This pe riod varies .

w i th condi tions tha t are p resen t f rom one to th ree w eeks On the
, .

su r face o f the se w age s tanding in the tank a thick coa ting o r s cum ,

of vege table and animal ma tte r soon form s in w hich the bacte ria ,

breed and pe r fo rm thei r w o rk o f disin tegra tion .

Upon the unde r side of this scum thei r ac tion is particularl v

s trong the solids being transfo rmed w i thin the space o f a few hours
,

in to liquids which a re in the fo rm of ammonia compounds

, .

The scum on the su rface of the se w age va ries grea tly in thi ck
ness but is some times o f such an amoun t and so compac t tha t the
,

w eigh t o f a pe r son can be sus tained upon it The bac te r ia also form .

upon the sides o f the tank thus a ttacking the se w age f rom every
,

di rec tion .

The numbe rs o f these bac te ria a re so grea t as to be in con ceiv

able million s Of them being p resen t in a ve ry s mall volume of the
,

se w age .

I n o rde r tha t the bes t resul ts may be Ob tained the bac te r ia should ,

be dis tu rbed as li ttle as possibl e They adhe re to almos t any rough .

subs tance but upon gla s s an d simila r su r faces they do n ot seem to

,

be able to gain a hold G rea t ca re should be taken agains t break

.

ing o r dis tu rbing the scum in any w ay The refo re the inle t as it .
, ,

en t e r s the gri t chambe r should discha rge th rough a bend to a point

,

w ell b elo w the su r face o f the se w age as sho w n in Fig A , . .

Me tallic and o th er subs tances upon w hich the bac te ria are unable
 TH E SE P TI C TAN K 30 1

to act, s tt e le to the bo ttom o f the gr i t chambe r which should be ,

cleaned o u t occasionally and fo r this pu rpose each chambe r of the

,

s ep tic tank should be p rovided w i th a 2 4 in i ron cove r fi tting tigh t -

ly.
,

in to an i ron f rame secu r ely embedded in the mason ry .

F rom the gr i t chambe r the liquids collec ting in tha t compa r tmen t
o ve r flo w in t o the se ttling chambe r This Ove rflow should be so con
.

s truc ted as t o tr ansfe r the liquids w i th the sligh tes t possible dis tu rb
a nce o f t he con ten ts o f the se ttling chambe r The me thod Of ove r .

flow sho w n in Fig A is a good one to follow as it allow s the liquid

.
,

to tr ickle ove r as it collec ts The p rocess o f disin tegra tion is con

.

tin u ed in t he se ttling chambe r al though to a much less ex te nt than

,

in the g r i t chambe r fo r the r eason tha t the se w age has been so fa r

,

pu rified in the la tte r tha t the re is n ot the subs tance p resen t in the
se ttling chambe r to give life to the coun tless numbe rs o f bac te ria tha t
e xis t in t he se ttling chambe r In many plan ts a thi rd chambe r is
.
,

a dded in to w hich t
, he e ffluen t ove r flo w s befo re reaching the dis cha rg
in g chambe r the sep tic ac tion being less in each successive chambe r
, ,

o w ing t o t he inc reasing pu r i ty o f the liquids .

F rom the las t se ttling chambe r the e ffl uen t ove r flo w s in to a dis

cha rge chambe r usually al though in some cases it is discha rged
,

d i rec tly f rom the se ttling chambe r to the final place Of disposal .

A grea t fac to r in the successful Ope ra tion Of the sep tic tank is
the fo rma tion Of the scum o n the su r face of the se w age This scum .

n o t only p rovides w o rking g r ound fo r t he bac te ria b u t aids in pre ,

v en ting t he penetra tion O f ligh t and a ir w hen the cove r is removed ,

a n d holds t he hea t con tained in the se w age and p reven ts the s tri k ing
th rough of colde r a ir This scum some times reaches a thickness of
.

o ve r a foo t and a half Af te r the e ffluen t reach es the di s cha rge

.

chambe r o r in some cases the las t se ttling chambe r the me thod of

, ,

fi nal dispo sal mus t be de te rmined the decision being made w i th due
,

rega r d t o t he exis ting local condi tions I f a running s tream o r.

ra vine is convenien t the solu tion is Of t

, en easily made by dis charg
in g the se w age in to such a na tu ral disposing medium o r g round .

W hen the e ffluen t reaches the discha rge chambe r it has been ,

u r ified to a gr ea t ex ten t bu t n o t en ti rely and unless some na tu r al

p , ,

m ea n s of disposal such as a s tream is a t hand it is necessa ry to

, , ,

m a ke p rovision for the ca rrying on Of this final pu r ifying p rocess .

w hich is commonly kno w n as fil tra tion .

A method qui te commonly employed consis ts in discha rgin g the ,

30 2 M O D E R N P LU MB I N G I LLUS T R AT E D
e ffluen t in to a specially p repa red trench close to the su r face o f th
ground o r w i th its uppe r face Open
, .

F o r o rdina ry residences a trench 1 8 to 2 0 ft in length and 3 or

, .

4 ft .in dep th should be su fficien t the tr ench being

,
made of co r re

s po n din g ly la r ge r dimensions w hen g r ea t e r amoun ts of liquid mu st

be ca red for At the bottom of the trench a thick laye r of b roken
.

s tone S hould be filled in and above this a laye r of gr avel Above

, .

the g r av el a laye r o f coa r se sand is some times used In to this trench .

the liquid f rom the sep tic tank is discha rged and p rovision should be ,

made fo r dis tribu ting it as evenly ove r the fil te ring bed as po ssible .

in o rde r tha t no on e pa rt o f the trench may be called upon to per

fo rm a grea te r amoun t of w o rk than is its sha re If too la rge an .

amoun t Of liquid is delive red at on e poin t it canno t be prO perlv ,

ca red for by the fil te r ing ma te rial and is the refo re n ot p ro pe rly

,

pu r ified .

This fo rm of disposal is some times ca rried fu rthe r by collecti ng ,

the w a te r fil te red th rough the trench in to an unde r d r ain and f rom ,

this pipe discha rging it in to a second fil te r From the second fil ter

.

the w a te r may be pumped ou t on to the su r face ins tead of allo w i n g

it to l eech a w ay in to the soil \Vhen pumped f rom the second fil ter
.
,

the se w age w hich en te red the sep tic tank has been transfo rmed into
,

an absolu tely pu re fo rm Tha t this is true may be seen f rom the

.

fac t tha t such pump w a te r has in some ins tances been used for
d rinking pu rpo s es .

Some times the liquid discha rged f rom the discha rge tank is
deposi ted ove r the su r face o f the ground w he re fil tra tion and ,

the pu r ifying ac tion o f the sun s rays comple te the final p u rifyi ng
’

o pe ra tion .

This p rac tice is n ot gen erally p rac ticable how eve r fo r va ri ous , ,

obvious rea s ons among w hich a re the lack Of s ufl

,
i cien t exposed s u r

face o f li g h t s oil the pro x im it o f oth er d w elli n g s the difl

,
v icu lty of ,

secu r i n g an even di s tribu tion ove r the su r face etc , .

UNDERGR O UND DI S P O SAL O F P ARTIALLY P URIFI ED

SE W AGE
'

As a gene ral thing the mos t p rac ticable me thod of final disposal
,

o f pa rtially pu r ified s e w age is Ob tained by discha rging the con tents

,

of t he discha rge tank in to an unde rground sys tem of dis tr ibuti ng

 0
3 4 M O D ER N P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
the re is one poin t tha t should be gua rded agains t The pi tch shoul d .

be ve ry gradual as if much pi tch is given them the liquid w ill quickly

, , ,

flow to the fa rthes t ends o f the main and la te rals an d ov erbu rden ,

such a reas w hile n ot g iving othe r a reas a su fficien t sha re

, .

Common fi ttings should n ot be used in connec ting the la te ral s

w i th the main as the b ranch in such fi ttings is f rom the middle and
, ,

this w ould n ot allo w all the liquid in the main to pass in to the late ral s .

Special fi ttings are made fo r this kind of w o rk in w hich the b ranch

,

is dropped below the cen te r of the main fi tting su fficien tly to all ow .

all liquid in the main to escape th rough the b ranch .

Unless these fi ttings are used on the main the latte r s hould be
,

ru n w i th open join ts in o rde r tha t at each discha rge o f liquid the

,

en ti re volume may be able to escape in to the soil In o rde r to give .

pe r fec t resul ts the a rea cove red and the length of pipe used shoul d
, , ,

be su fficien t to thoroughly dispose o f on e discha rge of liquid before

anothe r is received .

This final pu rifying action of fil tra tion is the resul t of the action
of a class o f bac te r ia w hich are Of en ti rely di ff e ren t ch a r acte r to
those w hich do such e ff ec tive w o rk in the pu r ifying p roces s tha t goes
on in the sep tic tank W hile the la tte r ope ra te out of con tac t w i th
.

ligh t and a ir the ac tion o f the bacte ria in the fil tra tion pu rifyi ng
,

p rocess depends en ti rely on the p resence o f air and ligh t

, .

These bac te ria exis t in coun tless numbe rs in the a ir spaces

w hich sand and o the r po rous subs tances con tain thei r exis tence in ,

s uch ma t e r ials d epending on the fac t tha t a ir is easily admi tted upon ,

w hich they dep end The be tter a fil ter ing medium is for its pu rpose
.
,

the mo re po rous it w ill be found to be As a ir is admi tted more

.

easily to the soi l n ea r the su rface a t th ese poin ts bac te r ia w ill be

,

found in the g rea tes t numbe r and as grea te r dep ths a re reached the
, ,

numbe r o f these bac te r ia rapidly dec reases un til thei r numbe r is ih

su fficien t to accomplish sa tisfac to ry w o rk .

The refo re the nea re r the su rface the unde rg round dis tr ibuting
,

pip es are run the grea te r the e f ficiency of the sys tem I f possi ble
, .
,

thes e pipes s hould be laid abou t a foo t f rom the su r face O w in g to .

f ros t ho w eve r th ey mus t g en era llv be laid deepe r

, . .

I f a rea s u s ed fo r u nd erg round di s posal a re tu rfed ove r it will

be found th a t the tu r f w ill a ff o rd conside rable p ro tection against
f ros t
. the bac te r ia in the sep tic tank change the co mpl ex

fo rms o f s ew age in to simple ch emical compounds the ac tion of the ,

 A U T O M ATI C SEW AG E SI P H O NS 3 5
0

b ac te ri a of the sand again changes the chemical natu re of the

liquid the change being f rom ni tri tes in to ni tra tes and resul ting in
, ,

chemically pu r e w a te r .

W hen fi rs t passed th rough p r ima ry o r con tac t fil te r beds of

b roken s tone an d gravel the liquid is b roken up and its pa rticles
, ,

e xposed t o the oxidizing ac tion of t he bac te r ia and the ac tion in the ,

s and fil t e r is simila r al though mo re thorough

, .

The en ti re change f rom se w age in the mos t ex treme condi tion

o f con tamina tion in t o pu re w a te r is made by these simple p rocesses
, ,

the r e being no ou tlay fo r expensive appa ra tus o f any kind o r an v ,

demand fo r ou tlay in running expenses A plan t cons tructed on these.

lines may be and Of ten is used fo r the reduc tion of the en ti r e s ew

, ,

a g e o f villages and small to w ns w hich could o t he rw ise dispose of the

,

p ublic se w age only w i th g rea t di fficul ty and doub tless fa r less e fi

f ,

cien tly and w i th much grea te r expe n s e

, .

The same sys tem on a smalle r scale may be employed for a

, ,

r esidence and w i t , h safe ty even in thickly popula ted dis tr icts for all
, ,

the appa r a tu s may be loca ted unde rg round and as al ready explained , , ,

its na tu re is such tha t it is in no w ay a menace such as the cesspool ,

a l w ays is .

The w hole plan t for a small residence may usually be loca ted in
a back ya rd of o rdina ry size .

W hile in many loca tions the close p roximi ty of the sep tic tan k
to the house is n o t Objec tionable in the use of it in ci ties ce rtain ,

r es tr ic tion s a re advisable fo r it is n o t ce rtain tha t it w ill receive

,

p r ope r at ten tion tha t leakage,

f rom t h e di ff e ren t chambe rs may n o t

o ccu r etc , .

The refo re excep t in the case of houses su rrounded by a con

,

s iderable ex ten t of p r iva te grounds it should n o t be used in thickly ,

p opula ted dis tr ic ts unless unavoidable I ts use in such places how.

,

ev er is n o t of t
,
en called fo r o w ing to the p resence o f public se w e r s
, .

A UT O MATI C SE W AGE SI P H O NS
A fte r the in troduc tion of the sep tic tank it w a s seen tha t o rdi
n a ry me t hods o f discha rging the con ten ts w e re n ot desi rable .

F o r ins tance in the employmen t of unde rg round sys tems o f dis

,

p o s a l , an o rdina ry cons tan t discha rge f r om t he sep tic tank w ould

g ive poo r resul ts a s the liquid en te

,
r ing the main dis tr ibu ting pipe
306 M O D E R N P LUMB IN G I LLUS T R AT E D
w ould be of such small amoun t tha t it w ould escape th ro ugh the
nea res t join ts and neve r reach those fa rthes t a w ay Thi s w oul d
, .

resul t in giving all t he disposal w o rk to a ve ry small a rea an amoun t ,

grea te r than it could accomplish In addi tion a pe riod of res t fol

.
,

low ing a pe riod o f w o rk is necessa ry in o rde r tha t the supply o f air

to the bac te r ia may be rene w ed To solve this di fficul ty it w a s seen
.
,

tha t in te r mi tten t discha rges o f the full con ten ts O f the di s ch a rge
chambe r w e re necessa ry the in te rval be tw een successive di scha r ges
,

being a numbe r of hou r s in du ration .

The au toma tic se w age siphon is the device employed fo r this

pu rpose The re are nume rous va rie ties on the ma rket de pending
.
,

fo r thei r ac tion on mo re o r less simila r p r inciples .

In Fig A o f P la te 49 a ve ry desi rable fo rm o f sew age siphon

.
,

is sho w n a ttached to the ou tle t end of the discha rge cham b e r o f a

,

sep tic tank I ts ac tion is the follow ing depending upon the con fi n
.
,

ing of a ir be tw een the liquid s tanding in the ou tlet of the sipho n an d

the seal o f the la rge trap : As the liquid rises in the disch a rg e cha m
ber this confined a ir becomes cons tan tly mo re comp ressed un til the
, ,

p ressu re is grea t enough to blow the w a te r o ut of the blo w O ff tr ap -

,

the reby relieving the a ir w hich is immedia tely follo w ed by a he a vy

,

flow Of w a te r f rom the discha rge chambe r of su ffi cien t vol um e to

,

quickly fill the long ve rtical a rm and s ta rt the siphon in to ful l ac tion
, ,

w hich con tinue s un til a ir en te r s the siphon f rom the ou tle t p ipe
th rough the a ir pipe .

A ir en te r s the a ir pipe only w hen the siphon has d ra w n the

liquid in the tank so low tha t the siphon does n ot fill the ou tle t A .

quick passage o f the con ten ts o f the discha rge chambe r in to the
siphon is p rovided fo r by enla rg ing the ou tle t f rom the tank .
 P NEUMATI C SYSTEMS O F W ATER SU P P LY
conside ring the gene ral subjec t o f coun try plumbing unde r
IN
a p revious pla t e allusion has been made to di ff e ren t me thods of pro
,

cu r ing a supply o f w a te r fo r use in the coun try w he re the re is no ,

s ys tem o f public supply In addi tion to the attic tank sys tem w hich
.
-
,

is so gene rally used to supply coun try houses the re is ano the r sys ,

tem kno w n as the pneuma tic sys tem o f supply w hich has many
, ,

advan tages ove r the old me thod This sys tem is of compa ra tively .

r ecen t in troduc tion and depends in its ope ra tion upon comp ressed
,

a ir
. The use o f this sys tem is dependen t only on the abili ty to pro
cu re a gene rous supply of w a te r f rom a w ell cis te rn sp ring o r o the r , , ,

sou rce f rom w hich it may be pumped A ve ry impo rtan t fea tu re of .

this sys tem is the fac t tha t the tank may be loca ted any w he re ei the r ,

in the cella r s table unde rground o r at any othe r poin t whe re the re
, , ,

is no dange r of f ros t .

This allow s a p ressu re to be main tained on the w a te r piping ,

w i thou t the necessi ty Of using an a ttic tank w i th all its a ttendan t ,

evils such as the dange r Of leakage s training of timbe rs unde r its

, ,

grea t w eigh t etc The tank is o f w rough t i ron o r s teel air tigh t
,
.
-

, ,

and is gene rally filled by a pow e r pump pumping engine o r w ind , ,

m ill pump al though excep ting as a ma tte r of labo r and convenience

, , ,

it may be filled by the use of the hand pump .

Ei the r a ve rtical o r ho rizon tal tank may be used as mos t con ,

v en ien t .

The re are seve ral sys tems o f pneuma tic w ate r supply on the
ma rke t the p r incipal di ff e rence being in the me thods employed in
,

providing fo r the admission o f air in to the tank In P la te 50 .

,

Fig A rep resen ts the pneuma tic tank loca ted in the cella r and
.
,

Fig B the tank loca ted unde rground The la tte r show s the use o f
. .

a hand pump and the fo rme r show s a lift fo rce pump ope ra ted by
,
-

means of a b r ake In both sys tems w hich by the w ay are made

.
, , ,

by di ff e ren t manufactu re rs it w ill be noted tha t both the fo rce pipe

,

from the pump and the supply pipe to fixtu res etc connect in to the , .
,

botto m o f the tank A check valve be tw een the pump and the tank
.

3 9
0
3 1 0 M O D ER N P LUMB I NG I LLUS T RAT E D
is necessa ry to hold the p ressu re in the tank when the pump is n ot
,

in ope ra tion .

W hen the pump is in ope ra tion a ce rtain amoun t o f ai r is ,

pumped in to the tan k at eve ry s troke th rough a speci al fo rm of au to ,

ma tic a ir valve A s the w a ter r ises in the tan k the a ir become s mo re

.
,

and mo re comp ressed and when the tank has been filled about tw o
,

thi rds full it w ill be fo u

, nd tha t the air p ressu re is su ffici en t to fo rc e
the w a te r to any heigh t o rdina ril y desi red In connection w i th the .

ta n k in F ig A a w a te r gauge seen a t the lef t serves to S ho w the

.
, , ,

heigh t of w a te r in the tank an d a p ressu re gauge sho w s the p r es su re

,

w hich the w a te r is unde r and indica tes to the O pe ra to r a t the pum p

, ,

w hen a s u fl icien t p ressu re has been reached .

A p ressu re o f 75 lbs may be reached w i th the pneuma tic sys .

tem and the manufac tu re r s w ill gua ran tee a p ressu re o f 50 lbs
, The .

la tte r p ressu re is su fficien t to raise w a te r 1 00 ft an d as 2 0 lbs o r s o .

, .

is sufficien t to raise it to the thi rd floo r o r a ttic it w ill be cl ear tha t ,

50 lbs is ample
. fo r coun try use o f almos t any cha r ac te r Manu .

factu rers also gua ran t ee to delive r w a te r by means o f this s ys tem

th rough ho rizon tal lines o f pipe a mile in l ength .

The advan tages o f a pneuma tic sys tem are m any I t n ot on ly .

does a w ay w i th the a ttic tank but allo w s the appa ra tus to be loca ted ,

convenien tly to the pump whe re it may be wa tched while the pump ,

is runn ing ; the dange r of f reezing common to eleva ted ta nks placed ,

ou t o f doo r s is avoided also the expense o f e rec ting to w ers to hold

, ,

such a tank An advan tage to be gained in placing the tan k unde r

.

g r ound is tha,t w a te r del ive red by it is ve ry nea rl y of a un if orm ,

tem pe ra tu re du r ing all seasons o f the vea r The applica tion o f the .

pneuma tic sys tem o f w a te r supply cove rs a w ide r ange fo r it ma y ,

be used in connec tion w i th a fa rm fo r ins tance to p rovide a supply ,

of w a te r n ot only to the house but also to the s tables ca rriage w ash , ,

room milk room and may be used for l a wn and ga rden pu r poses
, ,

and in case of fi re The latte r is a p ro tection w hich coun try hous es

.

have al w ays been sadly in need o f w i thou t the oppo rtuni ty o f filling ,

the need This same sys tem has a much la rge r appl ica tion in sup
.
.

plying ins ti tu tions fac to ries and even en ti re villages

, , .

I f the demand is n ot too gr ea t o n e la rge tan k may be used , .

O the rw ise on e pump wo rking con tinuously o r du ring ce rtain pe riods , ,

ca n be used to fill as many tanks loca ted in di ff e ren t hou s es as , ,

desi red F o r o rdina ry house use tha t is w he re the supply i s to be

.
—
,
31 2 M O D E R N P LUMB I NG I LLUS T R AT E D
fo rces it th rough the only o the r ou tle t that is th rough the fo r ce p ipe
, , ,

w hich ca rr ies it to the poin t of delive ry I t is necessa ry to ma in tain

.

a supply o f a ir in the a ir chambe r o f the ram and this is a ccom ,

p lis hed by an a ir valve w hich admi

, ts a ir a t each s troke a t a p o in t ,

belo w the a ir chambe r .

The p rope r ope ra tion of the ram depends en ti rely on the w o rk

ing o f the w as te valve W hen this valve is p rope rly a rranged the
.
,

action of the ram is con tinuous so long as it is supplied w i th w a te r .

In o rde r tha t the valve shall be p rope rly a rranged to be self a cting -
,

it should be w eigh ted heavily enough to ove rbalance the p res su re

agains t its lo w e r face W hen a volum
. e o f w a te r flow s do w n the
d rive pipe f rom the sp ring its w eigh t and momen tum is su ffi ci en t to
,

suddenly close the w as te valve W hen this occu r s the w ate r in the
.

d rive pipe is fo r an ins tan t w i thou t mo tion and the fo rce a g ains t ,

the valve face is n o t g rea t enough to keep it closed .

The valve the refo re Opens the w a te r in the d rive pipe is a gain
,

s et moving and in seeking to escape t

, h rough the valve again closes ,

it This al te rna te opening and closing o f the w as te valve thus con

.

tin u es w i thou t in te rmission each descen t of the w a te r th rough the

,

d rive pipe fo rcing w a te r up in to the a ir chambe r and thence to the

poin t at w hich it is to be delive red An ove rflow should be p ro vided
.

to the sp ring o r w ha teve r sou rce o f supply is used in o rde r tha t the ,

w a te r may al w ays s tand a t the same heigh t above the w as te v alve .

I f othe rw ise the w eigh t on the w as te valve w ill n o t be p ro pe r ly

,

adjus ted and the ram the refo re n o t self ac ting

, , ,
-
.

The a ir valve is an importan t fea tu re of the ram In all s up .

ply w o rk a ir is taken up mechanically by the w a te r and all a ir

, ,

chambe r s in time lose thei r a ir by this means and become w a ter ,

logged .

This w ould be a se rious ma tte r in the use o f the hyd r aulic ra m ,

as the Ope ra tion o f the w eigh ted was te valve w i thou t an a ir cham b er ,

w ould cause a violen t S hock a t each s troke w hich w ould b e fel t ,

th roughou t the supply piping resul ting in a loud c racking and ru

, m
bling noise and possibly in the des truc tion o f the piping as w ell
, .

The air en te rs by vi rtue of the c rea tion o f a pa rtial vacuu m a t

the inne r face o f the valve w hich allo w s a tmosphe r ic p ressu re to
,

open the valve at each s troke and fo rce in a small quan ti ty of a ir ,

thus rene w ing any loss tha t the a ir chambe r m ay have sus taine d .

Rams may be ope ra ted w i th a di ffe rence in level be tw een the

 H YD RA UL I C R A MS 31 3

w aste valve and su rface o f the sou rce o f supply o f only 1 6 in .

,

a l though a g rea t e r di ff e rence is desi rable for good resul ts I t is .

b e tte r p rac tice to use a fall some w ha t g rea te r than actually requi re d
to pe r fo rm the w o rk bu t n ot much grea te r as an excessive fal l
, ,

m eans g rea te r momen tum w i th a consequen t gr ea te r w ea r and tea r ,

on t he r am and piping Five to 1 0 ft is an amoun t o f fall on the

. .

d r ive pipe tha t can gene rally be depended upon fo r good w o rk .

hf an ufa ctu rer s of t he common makes o f hyd raulic rams claim tha t
the r am w ill delive r app roxima tely on e seven th o f the w a te r en te r in g -

the r a m to a heigh t app roxima tely five times the di ff e rence of eleva
,

tion o f the w as te valve and su r face o f the sp r ing and to a heigh t ,

tw en ty times such di ffe rence in eleva tion on e fou r teen th o f the w a te r ,

-

e n te r ing t he ram The greate r the heigh t th rough w hich the w a te r

.

i s to be raised then the g rea te r w ill be the w as te o f w a te r

, , .

This w as te o f w a te r is the one grea t obs tacle in many cases to , ,

the use o f the r am as it gene rally requi res a conside rable supply
. ,

to ope ra te it . Rams o r hyd raulic engines a re n o w made fo r w hich ,

the manufac tu re r s claim a much highe r r a te o f e fficiency than can

b e ob tained in the use of the common ram W hile the ac tion of the .

common ra m depends upon the Opening and closing o f a heavily

w eigh ted valve the valve in the mode rn hyd raulic engine is made
,

v e r y much ligh t e r its opening resul ting f rom the c rea tion of a
,

v acuum belo w the valve and t he w eigh t on the w as te valve being so

,

r egu la ted tha t the la tte r almos t balances This resul ts in the rapi d .

o pening and closing of t he valve w hich in tu rn resul ts in a quicke r

,

s tr oke .These and othe r imp rovemen ts gua ran tee as claimed by ,

the manufac tu re r s 30 ft o f eleva tion of the w a te r in the delive ry

,
.

p ipe f r om th e r a m fo r each
, foo t tha t th e w a te r descends in en t e r in g
the r am f rom the sou rce o f supply This res ult it is claimed is .
,
'
,

a ccomplished w i t h much less w as te of w a te r The mode rn hyd raulic .

e ngine w ill ope ra te unde r any fall on t he d r ive pipe f rom 1 8 in to , .

5 0 ft
.
, w ill fo rce w a te r t o a heigh t o f 500 ft and is made in sizes .
,

capabl e of pumping any amoun t o f w a te r up to gallons ,

d u r ing tw en ty fou r hou r s

-
.

The w as te w a te r should be ca rried aw ay by a d rai n as fas t a s

it collec ts in the r a m pit for if n ot it w ill back up and p reven t the
, ,

O pera tion o f t he ram .

The d rive pipe o f the ram should be abou t tw ice the diame te r
o f the fo r ce pipe ; it should ru n on an incline w i t hou t o the r bend s
3 1 4 M O DERN P LUMBING I LLUSTRATED
than the o n e necessa ry to ca rry it in to the ram ; and thi s pipe s hould
be a ir tigh t The end of the d rive pipe in the sp ring should b e sub
-
.
,

me rged to keep out a ir and be p rovided w i th a s tra ine r to p r even t

,

en trance in to the ram o f fo reign subs tances as the lod gm en t of ,

s uch subs tances on t he valve may p reven t its p rope r action .

In o rde r to p rovi de an unb roken incline o f the dr ive p ipe to the

ra m w hen it is impossible to do so in t
, he o rdina ry manne r w i thou t
making a ve ry deep excava tion a tank o r s tand pipe w i th open end
,

may be placed on the pipe at some poin t be tw een the ram a n d the
place whe re it is necessa ry to bend it such tank o r s tand pipe b eing ,

of su fficien t heigh t to allow w a te r to s tand in it at the same l e vel as

in the o riginal sou rce o f supply .

A fo rm o f ram kno w n as the double acting ram is n ow b uil t -

,

and is o f much value w hen the supply o f pu re w a te r to be u s e d fo r

w a te r supply is limi ted and a poo re r quali ty of w a te r is also a t hand
, .

By means of this ram the poo re r w a te r supply is utilized to O pe rate

the ra m the la tte r delive r ing to the house supply sys tem o n ly the
,
-

pu re w a te r The ram has a great va r ie ty o f applica tions in c o un try

.

w o rk and is ve ry gene rally in use n o t only fo r p r iva te suppli e s bu

, t ,

fo r supplying ins ti tu tions facto r ies etc and even on publi c s upplies
, , .
,

of tow ns and villages .

P UM P S

The simples t fo rm o f pump is the suction pump and thi s is the ,

fo rm mos t commonly in use I ts action depends upon a tmo s p he r ic

.

p ressu re w hich a t s ea level is app roximately 1 5 lbs to the s q u a r e

,
.

inch and the refo re capable o f raising w a te r to a heigh t s om ew ha t

,

ove r 33 ft in a pe rfec t vacuum

. .

The suc tion pump is p rovided w i th an uppe r and a lo w e r bo x .

W hen the pump pis ton moves up w a rd it c rea tes a mo re o r le s s per ,

fect vacuum behind it and as a consequence the a tmosphe ri c p r e s

,

su re exe rted on the su r face o f the w a te r in the w ell fo r ces in w a ter ,

to fill this vacuum .

W hen the pis ton descends the low e r box closes an d the upp er
,

bo x opens allo w ing the w a te r in the pump to pass th rou g h the

,

uppe r box in to the ba rrel o f the pump and be emptied o ut o f the ,

spou t w hen the pis ton is next raised By means of the suction pu m p .
,

w a te r can neve r be raised th rough the en ti re theo re tica l hei g h t O f

31 6 M O D E R N P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
en ti re sys tem o f d riven w ells cove ring s uflicien t a rea to enab l e the ‘

requisi t e amoun t o f w a te r to be obtained Gene rally the d riven w ells

‘

a re sunk a t i rregula r dep t hs Such a sys tem ope ra ted by a pow e r

.
,

pump o r pumping engine w ill delive r a ve ry la rge supply o f w a te r

,
.

A few rema rks on d riven w ells may be o f value .

W hen w a te r has been s truck it is necessa ry to kno w how m uch

,

of t he s traine r is subme rged to find w hich info rma tion a s tr in g w i th

, ,

a small w eigh t a ttached may be let dow n in to the d rive pipe and ,

w hen w i thd ra w n the length tha t has been w et no ted

, I f the s tr aine r , .

is en ti rely subme rged the w a te r should be tes ted and if foun d of

, ,

undesi rable quali ty the d riving S hould con tinue un til a sa tisfa c to ry
supply is obtained An o ld pump is then sc re w ed on to the d r ive pipe
.

and Ope ra ted un til the w a te r issuing f rom it comes clea r and f ree
o f sand . The s traine r on the d rive pipe may n ot become cl o gged
fo r a pe r iod o f tw elve o r fif teen yea r s o r possibly longe r W hen , .

this happens it becomes necessa ry to d ra w o u

, t the old pipe a n d
replace the Old s traine r w i t h a n ew on e o r if unable to w i thd ra w , ,

the pipe to d r ive a n ew w ell

,
.

W ATER SU P P LY BY SI P H O NAGE
thesou rce Of a w a te r supply is at a highe r eleva tion than
the poin t a t w hich the w a te r is to be delive red and the re a r e no ,

in te rvening obs truc tions be tw een the tw o poin ts the supply m ay be ,

delive red by g ravi ty .

Wh en the re is a hill o r r ise o f land be tw een the sou rce and the
poin t o f delive ry ho w eve r the only me thod tha t may be employed
, ,

is to conv ey the w ate r by means o f siphonage .

I f the in te rvening eleva tion r ises above the sou rce to a heigh t
to w hich a tmosphe r ic p ressu re canno t fo rce the w a te r the siphon ,

canno t be made to w o rk Theo re tically the siphon w ill raise w a te r

.
,

to a heigh t some w ha t above 33 ft bu t in ac tual p rac tice o w ing to

.
, ,

f riction and the lack Of an absolu tely pe rfec t vacuum this height ,

cannot be reached by seve ral fee t The g reat obs tacle to Ob taining .

a supply o f w a te r by siphonage is the a ccumulation o f air at the high o

poin t o r poin ts on the supply line This trouble may be remedied by

.

the use o f cocks loca ted accessibly a t the high poin ts th rough w hich ,

to ven t the collec tions o f a ir They mus t be opened f requen tly in

.

o rde r tha t the S iphon may ope rate p rop erly and such cons tan t a tten ,
 W AT E R SU PP L Y BY SI P H O N AG E 3 1 7

tion is al w ays a ma tte r of inconvenience If n ot given f requen t .

a tten tion how eve r the siphon w ill soon cease entirely to delive r
, ,

w a te r .

The re is compa ra tively li ttle trouble expe rienced f rom a ir lock -

in siphons tha t lif t w a te r th rough dis tances of 1 0 ft o r unde r and .

,

emp ty it a t a poin t low enough to develop a s trong flow Unde r .

such ci rcums tances the air mixed w i th the w a te r is ca rried along

,

w i th it In the case of lif ts much g rea te r than 1 0 ft how eve r a ir

. .
, ,

begins to give trouble the trouble inc reasing rapidly as the lif t is
,

inc reased especially w hen the c ro w n of the siphon is S ha rp and un

,

able to con tain much a ir Unde r the la tte r condi tions the siphon
.
,

w ill cease w o rking in a ve ry few hou rs Anothe r method some times .

employed to relieve the siphon o f a ir is the placing of an a ir pump ,

on the c row n o f the s iphon fo r use in pumping out the a ir tha t may
,

have collected The in te rval be tw een successive ope ra tions of such

.

a pump canno t be defini tely s ta te d as the na tu re o f the w a te r some ,

times a ff ec ts this ma tte r as w ell as the heigh t th rough w hich the

,

w a te r is raised .

The re is s till anothe r method mo re e ff ective than ei the r of ,

those al ready desc r ibed w hich may be applied as follo w s

, A con .

n ectio n should be made a t t he top of the siphon in to a galvanized

shee t i ron tank o f 2 o r 3 gallons capaci ty Be tw een this tank and
-
.

the siphon a shu t O ff is loca ted and also one above it a funnel being
-
, ,

solde red in to the uppe r end of it C lose the low e r cock and open .

the uppe r o n e to allo w w a te r to be pou red in w hich should fill the ,

tank and the funnel .

If the uppe r cock is then closed and the low e r one opened the ,

w a te r w ill d r ive out the a ir in the siphon and main tain the siphon
in this condi tion un til the tank becomes emp ty W hen the tank has .

d rained out close the low e r cock open the uppe r one and refill the
, , ,

tank . Now again Open the lo w e r cock and close the uppe r on e and ,

the tank is p repa red to pe r fo rm its w o rk as a receive r for the a ir

tha t accumula tes a t the c ro w n of the siphon .

By the use Of such a device as this the siphon may be kept f ree ,

of air for a conside rable length of time The la rge r the tank used .
,

the longe r the in te rval be tw een the successive fillings Galvanized .

w r ough t i ron pipe and galvanized cas t i ron fi ttings a re be tte r sui ted
- -

fo r siphons than o the r ma te rials .

The use of cas t i ron w i th caulked lead join ts fo r la rge siphons ,

3 1 8 M O D E R N P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
is ve ry poo r policy as expe r ience show s tha t much di fficul ty is ex pe
,

r ien ced in keeping it a ir tigh t a ve ry essen tial fea tu re in the prOper

-
,

ope ra tion o f a siphon .

The siphon may be made to cove r a ve ry w ide range o f w o rk ,

as siphons o f la rge size may be used as successfully as those of

smalle r size In the use o f la rge pipe siphons how eve r it is n eces
.
-
, ,

sa ry to use special s ta rting appa ra tus and to p rovide fo r cons tant

a tten tion to the removal of a ir at all high poin ts Thes e siphons have .

been made to ca rry w a te r th rough dis tances of many miles The .

same p rinciple is successfully applied to the disposal of se w age under

simila r ci rcums tances la rge amoun ts o f se w age being thus handled
, .

P UM P I NG BY W INDMILL
The follo w ing sugges tions on w indmill pumping may be found
of value O ne o f the mos t desi rable fea tu res in this w o rk is the
.

e fficiency of the plan t in ligh t w inds A pump used in connection .

w i th a w indmill should be o f smalle r size than w hen ope ra ted by hand .

\Vhen w a te r is pumped by hand a pump mus t be used w hich ,

w ill pe r fo r m the g rea tes t amoun t of w o rk in the sho rtes t time .

The requi remen ts a re di ff e ren t in the use o f w indmills how ,

eve r fo r gene rally the w indmill need n o t run mo re than th ree or

,

four hou rs o f the day to supply the tank w i th all the w a te r tha t is
necessa ry Du ring ce rtain sea s ons o f the ye a r the re a re man y days
.

w hen the w ind is ve ry li g h t and a t s uch times the w indmill s houl d

,

w o rk unde r as ligh t a load a s po s s ible in o rd er tha t it may be ce rtai n

of pe r fo rming some w o rk con tinuously unde r such adve rse condi
tions The refo re a small pu m p ev en though unable to fu rnish mo re
.
,

than hal f the w a ter tha t co u ld be pumped by hand du ring a given

time w ill p rove mos t s a tis fa cto rv
,
.

The use o f a sm all p um p w ill allo w the w indmill to w o rk a

grea te r numb er Of h o ur s du r in g li g h t w inds and w ill be found to ,

pump mo re w a ter du r ing the en ti re tw en ty fou r hou r s of the day -

than a la rge r pump w ould .

A grea t mis take is common ly mad e in building the w indmill

to w e r to o lo w I t should be o f such heigh t tha t the w ind may reach
.

it f reely and w i thou t being in te r rup ted in any w ay Neighbo r ing .

buildings trees hills etc d ete rmine the heigh t at w hich it shoul d
. , ,
.
,
3 2 ° M O D E R N P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
The follow ing rules w ill give the capaci ty in gallons o f r ectan
gula r and cylind r ical tanks .

To find the capaci ty of a rectangula r tank : Mul tiply the i n te rnal

len g th b read th and dep th in fee t toge the r and mul tiply this r esul t
, , ,

by O r mul tiply toge the r the th ree in te rio r dimensi o n s in

inches and divide the resul t by 2 31 .

To find the capaci ty o f a cylind rical tank : Mul tiply the s q ua re

o f half t he in te r io r diame te r in fee t by mul tiply thi s r e s ul t by
the dep th in fee t and this r esul t by
, O r mul tiply the s q ua re
o f half t he in te r io r diame te r in inches by then m u l tiply this
r esul t by t he dep th in inches and divide this resul t by 2 31
, .

I f a tape ring cylind rical tank is used add the la rge a n d s mall ,

diamete r s togethe r and find half this amoun t This w il l gi v e the

, .

a ve rage diame te r and the co n t

, en ts may then be found by the r e g ula r
rule fo r cylind r ical t anks .

Thus the capaci ty of a rectangula r tank measu ring 4 X 5 X 6

,

f t w ill be found in the follo w ing manne r

.

4 x s x 6 x 74 7 6 8 97 gallons .

(48 x 60 X 72 ) —
2 3I = 89 7

The capaci ty o f a cylind rical tank 5 ft . in diame te r and 6 ft

.

deep w ill be found as follow s :

X X X 6X gallons ,

( 30 X 30 X x 72 ) 2 31 = 88 I

The capaci ty o f a cylind rical tank tape ring f rom 5 ft in diameter .

at the bo tom to 3
t ft in diame te r a t.the t o p and 5 f t deep will be , .
,

found as follo w s
( 5 3) 2 4 ft ave r age diame te r .
,

2 x 2 x x 5x 7476 = 47o gallons ,

24 x 24 x x 60 2 31 = 470
 PR O T E C TI O N OF SU PP L Y P I P ES 32 1

P R O TE C TI O N O F SU P P LY P I P ES AGAI NST FREEZ ING

Many a ttemp ts along va rious lines have been made to solve the
q ues tion of p ro tec tion of w a te r pipes agains t f r eezi n g w i th gr ea,te r

o r less sa tisfac to ry resul ts .

In some cases the cove r ing o f supply pipes w i th p repa red cov
e r ing, such as used in s team and hot w a te r hea ting is e ff ectual
-

, ,

al t hough its use is n ot so sa tisfac to ry as migh t be supposed I f the .

pipe is exposed to ex treme cold as w ould be the case if run in an

,

unp rotec ted place out of doo rs the re is possibly no mo re e ff ec tive

,

p rotec tion than that a ffo rded by the follow ing

A round the pipe and abou t on e inch f rom it build a w ooden
, ,

bo x of the length o f the exposed sec tion and ou tside this box con
,

s tr uct a second box w i th an inch a ir space be tw een t

,
he tw o Fou r .

o r five o f these boxes w ill a ffo rd ample p ro tec tion fo r a pipe al t hough ,

mo re o f them ca n be used to grea t advan ta g e if the exposu re is

ex treme .

The boxing may be of rough boa rding if it is desi red to save

e xpense . I t is n o t the boa rding tha t a ff o rds the p ro tec tion to the
pipe so much as the a ir confined be tw een the seve ral boxes .

P ipes laid a t the bo ttom of s treams a re gene rally w ell p ro tec ted ,

and also w hen laid in tu rfed g round they a re ve ry much be tte r pro
tected than w he n laid in uncove red ground Anothe r method tha t is
.

often e ff ec tive is to lay the pipe in trenches su rrounded w i th hot

ho rse manu re The hea t of the manu re w ill keep the f ros t f rom
.

a ffecting the piping The same me thod may be follo w ed above

.

g r ound by r unning th e pipe in a b o x filled w i th manu re .

The manu re mus t be renew ed usually each yea r how eve r as it , ,

loses its s trength in tha t time then a ff o rding no p rotection S aw

, .

dus t c anno t usually be depended upon as a p ro tec tion fo r piping as ,

it abso rbs mois tu re .

Hai r fel t closely packed abou t an exposed pipe acts as a s trong

p rotection The la tte r ma te rial is o f special value in pipes inside
.

the house w hen passing th rough pa rti tions o r floo r s the spaces be ,

tw ee n w hich a re cold .
 W ATER SU P P LY F O R CO UNTRY H O USE
I N the fo regoing pages refe rence has been made to seve ral of
the fea tu res sho w n in P la te 51 This illus tra tion gives a gene ral
.

s ys tem o f supply show ing seve ral de tails of value

, .

D O UBLE A C TING RAM —

The double acting ram is o f ve ry grea t value unde r ce rtain cir

-

cu m s tan ces fo r ins tance w hen a limi ted supply of pu re sp r ing w a te r

,

is obtainable but in too small quan ti ty to Ope ra te the ram con tinu
,

ou s ly. Unde r these condi tion s an y othe r w a te r supply of infe rio r

,

qual i ty f rom a pond lake o r s tream p rope rly loca ted may be em
, ,

ployed to O pe ra te the ram its a rrangemen t and connections being

,

such tha t noth ing but the pu re w ate r supply w ill be pumped This .

machine is of compa ra tively recen t o r igin and is ve ry e ff ec tive

CI STERN FILTERS
On e of the chief fea tu res of P la te 51 is the w o rk in connec tion
ih
w t cis te rn
the .

The collection and s to rage o f rain w a te r is ve ry necessa ry as a

means o f p roviding a supply of soft w a te r w hen the na tu ral w a te r
supply is ha rd Unde r such condi tions it is some times necessa ry to
.

use rain w a te r fo r d rinking pu rposes .

The s to rage o f d rinking w a te r in tanks and cis te rns is n ot adv is

able if be tte r me thods can be employed but is some times necessa ry , ,

and w hen this is the case too much a tten tion cannot be given to pro
v idin g t he bes t possible condi tions To place the w a te r coming f rom
.

the roof in p rope r condi tion fo r d rinking pu rposes it is necessa ry to

fil te r it .

I f rain w a te r could be s to red w i thou t taking up any impu ri ties ,

it w ould be the pu res t w a te r supply tha t could be ob tained bu t in ,

falling upon the roof it n ot only ca rries w i th it such things as tw igs ,

piece s o f sla te etc but also thin g s w hich are much w o rse such as
, .
, ,

deca ying vege table ma tte r bi rd manu re and dus t and di rt w hich
, ,

con tain all kinds of impu ri ties .

32 6 M O D E R N P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
Th ese things n ot only make the w a te r impu re but discolo r it ,

to some ex ten t and cause it to give ou

, t foul Odo r s .

I t w ill thus be seen tha t befo re being pumped f rom the cis te rn
in to the hous e tank the w a te r should be pu rified and fil tra tion i s the ,

easies t and mos t p racticable w ay of pe rfo rming the w o rk The re .

a re many fo rms of cis te rn fil te r s .

A simple fo rm of fil te r may be buil t in the follow ing manne r .

O nly a small pa rt o f the cis te rn is needed for the fil te r cha m be r ,

w hich should be of b r ick ex tending f rom the w all abou t tw o fee t

,

in to the cis te rn I t is p ractically a b rick box buil t up f rom the bo t

.

tom O f the cis te rn abou t tw o o r th ree fee t the top of the bo x also ,

being b ricked ove r The bo ttom of this b rick box should have a
.

thick cov ering of g ravel o r b roken s tone and cha rcoal Na rro w o pen .

ings should be p rovided a t the bo ttom of the b rick box a t di ff e ren t

p oin ts a round it in o rde r to allo w th e w a te r of the cis te r n to pass
th rough in to the fil te r and a t these openings coa r se w i re clo th should
,

be used to p reven t the g ravel and cha rcoal f rom w o rking out The .

top su r face of the fil te r ing ma te r ial should also be p ro tec ted in the
same manne r .

The b rick box should n o t be cove red w i th any coa ting to m ake
it w a te r tigh t
-
.

The suc tion pipe o f the pump should end inside the fil te r bo x ,

res ting fi rmly abov e the fil te r ing ma te r ial I t is also w ell to p ro vide
.

an a ir pipe of V o r in pipe connec ting in to the fil te r ing cha m be r

z
—
.
,

and ending above the su rface o f the w a te r in the cis te rn The cis .

te rn w a te r w ill fil te r th rough the fil te r ing ma te r ial and also th ro u g h

the b ricks o f the fil te r chambe r and w hen pumped f rom the la tte r to
,

the house tank w ill be en ti rely sui table fo r d r inking pu rposes P o r ous .

s tone and b rick by the w ay make excellen t fil te ring ma te r ial s as

, , ,

they a re filled w i th minu te a ir spaces w hich is a necessa ry fea tu r e

,
,

in any ma te ri al tha t is to be used fo r fil te r ing pu rposes Af te r ha v .

ing been in us e fo r tw o o r th ree yea rs the fil te r chambe r should be

to rn o u t the fil te r ing ma te r ial rene w ed and the b r icks tho r oughly
, ,

cleaned befo re being used again o r n ew ones used w hich w ould be, ,

be tte r as the po res o f the b ricks w ill have become mo re o r less filled
,

in this length of time I f the old b ricks a re to be used again it w ill

.
,

be a good plan to bake them thus des troying any impu ri ties tha t m ay
,

exis t in them .

W hile the fil te r ing a rrangemen t jus t desc ribed is e ffi cien t and
323 M O D E R N P LUMB I NG I LLUS T R AT E D
cis te rn F rom the cis te rn an ove rflow is run to the s u r face o f the
.

ground .

I t is necessa ry al w ays to p rovide an unfailing supply o f w a ter ,

and the use o f the double ac ting ram toge the r w i th the us e of r ain
-
,

w a te r p resen t means o f doin g this

, I f it is desi red to use ci s te rn
.

w a te r a t the pump a fauce t devised fo r this pu rpose may be a ttached

,

to the pump at the bo ttom o f the a ir chambe r .

In the use of tanks fo r rain w a te r s to rage it is bette r to us e tin

-
,

lined shee t coppe r fo r the lining than shee t lead as rain w a te r w ill ,

of ten a ttack lead I t is a fact tha t a pu re w a te r w ill mo re of ten

.

a ttack me tals than a w a t e r con taining a la rge amoun t o f impu r i ties .

H O T W ATER S U P P LY —

In connec tion w i th the supply w o rk show n in P la te 51 the r e is

also sho w n a sys tem of hot w a te r supply in which the ki tchen r ange
-
,
-

boile r is hea ted bo th by the ki tchen range and by a coil in the fur
nace This is a ve ry common p rac tice n ot only in coun try w o rk but
.
,

in the ci ty also V e ry Often a small ba th room radia to r may be

.
-

hea ted f rom the hot w a te r supply -

.

The hot w a te r supply sys tem is rep resen ted by the S ingle heavy
-

lines The re are seve ral me thods o f hea ting a range boile r f rom the
.

ki tchen range and ano the r hea ting sou rce belo w it and the me thod ,

show n is p robably the mos t sa tisfac to ry I t w ill be no ted tha t in this .

me thod the cou r se o f the ci rcula tion o f hot w a te r is con tinuous the ,

ho t w a te r f rom the fu rnace passing th rough the range w a te r f r on t -

thence to the boile r and to the fix tu res and w hen it has cool ed , , ,

re tu rning to the fu rnace coil Tw o lines o f ci rcula tion a re sh o w n

.
,

each being b rough t toge the r on the retu rn .

The use o f ci rcula ting pipes if p rope rly ins talled insu res a co n
, ,

s tan t supply o f ho t w a te r close to the fixtu res supplied and na tu r ally ,

obvia tes the necessi ty o f d ra w ing o ff a long line o f cold w a te r be fo r e

the w a te r w ill ru n ho t as mus t be done in w o rk unp rovided w i t
,
h
ci rcula tion .

This saving in the use of w a te r is a ma tte r of impo rtance w her

eve r w a te r is me te red o r limi ted in amoun t .

W heneve r the house supply is f rom an a ttic tank the hot w a te r -

supply mus t be unde r tank p ressu re in the use o f w hich sys tem an ,

expansion pipe is necessa ry .

 P late L I I

T H AWI N G UNDE RGRO U N D WA TE R PI PE S

B Y E L E C T R I C IT Y
332 M O DERN P L U MBI NG ILL U ST RA TE D
C u rren ts unde r va rious vol ta g es up to seve ral thou s a nd in ,

amoun t have been used on the p rima ry and tran s fo rmed g en eral lv
,

to abou t 50 vol ts on the seconda ry .

An electric ci rcui t is m ade up o f th ree facto r s cu r r en t in —

ampe res vol tage and resis tance A s the resis tance inc rea s es the
, , .
,

amoun t of cu rren t dec reases and vice ve rsa , .

The tha w ing appa ra tus is gene rally placed upon a w agon or
sled and consis ts p rincipally o f the transfo rme r and w ha t is kno wn
,

as a w a te r resis tance The la tte r is usually in the fo rm of a small

.

ba rrel filled w i th sal ted w a te r in which tw o coppe r plates a re im ,

mers ed each being connected to a w i re

, .

A fte r this appa ra tus has been taken to the place wh ere the
tha w ing is to be done the p rima ry leads a re connec ted to the elec tr ic
,

ligh t mains p rope r fuses and an amme te r fo r measu r ing the cu rrent
,

being p rovided .

The seconda ry leads or connec tions a re then attached a t ei the r

end o f the f ro z en sec tion and the w a te r resis tance placed a t any
,

poin t in the seconda ry ci rcui t w i th the coppe r pla tes fa r a pa rt ,

.

W hen in this posi tion the resis tance is g rea t and the amoun t of cur ,

ren t s mall W hen it is seen tha t a la rge r amoun t of cu r r ent is

.

necessa ry it may be obtained by reducing the resis tance tha t is by

, , ,

moving the pla tes close r toge the r V a rious amoun ts of cu rr en t are .

requi red depending on the condi tions of each individual piece of

,

w o rk .F o r se rvice pipes w hich a re na tu rally mo re of ten a ff ec ted

,

than the mains cu r ren ts o f an amoun t be tw een 2 00 and 300 ampe res
,

a re gene rally used .

Long leads a re used on this w o rk and w hen possible the con ,

n ection may be made mos t easily by a tt aching on e o f the seconda ry

leads to the n ea res t hyd ran t and the o the r to a fauce t or to the ,

piping inside the house the cu rren t thus being allow ed to pass
,

th rough the f ro z en sec tion Atten tion should be given to making

.

as good connections to the hyd ran t and fauce t as possible as a poor ,

con tact at ei the r place may resul t in bu rning the me tal .

W hen the re is n o hyd ran t convenien tly loca ted connec tion may ,

be made to the piping of an adj acen t house and if the la tte r is too ,

fa r dis tan t it some times becomes necessa ry to dig do w n to the pipe

to make the connec tion .

W hen the se rvice pipes of two o r mo re adj acen t houses a re to

be tha w ed the seve ral w a te r se rvices may be connected in se ries
, ,
 TH AW ING U NDERGR O UND W ATER P I P ES 333

an d a s ingle applica tion of the cu rren t ans w e r for tha w ing all of

them .

By using long seconda ry leads f rozen se rvice pipes o f seve ral

,

houses may often be tha w ed w i thou t changing the p rima ry connec

tions to the ligh ting mains
So unive rsal has the p ractice become o f thaw
.

ing f rozen mains

an d se rvice pipes by elec tr ici t y that appa ra tus design ed especially
,

fo r s uch w o rk may n ow be p rocu red of manufac tu re rs of elec tr ical

a ppa r a tus .

In some cases w he re it w as impossible to use ligh ting o r po we r

,

ci r cu i ts po rtable ou tfi ts have been used in this w o rk consis ting of

, ,

a st eam or gas engine connec ted to an elec tric gene ra to r S to rage .

ba tte ries have also been made use of The time used in tha w ing pipes
.

de pends so la rgely on condi tions size of pipe len g th o f f ro z en sec

, ,

tion amoun t o f cu r ren t available etc tha t it is di ffi cul t to make any
, , .
,

es tima te of it Unde r favo rable condi tions how eve r se rvice pipes
.
, ,

o f di ff e ren t sizes have been tha w ed o u t in f rom ten to tw en ty min

utes and long lines of w a te r mains as la rge as 1 0 in in si z e in tw o
, , .
,

or t hree hou r s .

The plumbe r being o rdina rily unacquain ted w i th elec trical w o rk

, ,

s hould al w ays see k the advice o r t he se rvices o f compe ten t elec tricians
befo re a ttemp ting this class o f w o rk as e rro rs in connec tions on his
,

part migh t resul t se riously .

The w o rkman inexpe rienced in electrical w o rk migh t easily

m a k e a mis take w hich w ould n ot only resul t in conside rable dam
ag e to a ppa r a tus bu t w hich migh t also affec t the ligh ting ci rcui t to
,

su ch a n exten t as to rende r it useless un til repai red In addi tion .

,

the re is the dange r o f se r ious o r fa tal inju ry to the w o rkman .

The ma tte r o f ca ring for f ro z en mains and se rvices has in many

citi es been ta k en ove r by the ci ty w a te r depa rtmen t the tha w ing ,

O pe ra tions being pe r fo rmed by them in combina tion w i th t ,

he electric
l igh ti n g companies This w ould appea r to be by far the bes t method
.

under the c ircums tances .

 D O UBLE B O I LERS
W H I LE thep rinciple o f the double bo ile r is simple and its con
n ectio n s s traigh tfo rw a rd the re a re compa ra tively few w ho unde r
,

s ta n d the manne r in w hich it should be ins talled The double boile r

.

is used in ci ty buildings o f such heigh t tha t the w a te r unde r citv

p ressu re w ill n ot at all times reach the uppe r floo rs .

I t consis ts of tw o boile rs one inside the o the r the ou te r bo ile r

, ,

being connec ted in the usual manne r w i th the hea te r and the inne r ,

boile r receiving its hea t f rom the hot w ate r in the boile r w hich
s u rr ounds it .

This fo rm of boile r is much used in la rge residences and of ten ,

in apa rtmen t buildings .

In mos t of the la rges t buildings ho w eve r w he re ve ry la rge

, ,

amo un ts of hot w a te r a re requi red the w a te r is pumped in to the

,

house tan k and the en ti re hot w a te r supply fo r the building deliv

,
-

e red unde r tan k p ressu re .

The oute r boile r is supplied by ci ty p ressu re w hile the inne r ,

boile r is unde r tan k p ressu re The lo we r floo rs which can be reached

.
,

by ci ty p ressu re a re supplied f rom the oute r bo ile r and the uppe r

, ,

floo r s which cannot be reached by ci ty p ressu re a re supplied f rom

, ,

the inne r boile r .The connec tions for the double boile r a re to be
s ee n in Fig A P la te 53
.
, .

The hot w a te r supply line f rom each boile r should be p rovided

-

wi th a n expansion pipe taken f rom the high po in t on the line and

emp t ying ove r the house tank .

The s upply to the la tte r is delive red by a pump o r w a te r lift .

F rom the tan k an ove rflow should be ca rr ied gene rally in to some ,

Open fi x tu re w hich has a su ffi cien tly la rge w as t e to insu re the passage
of all ove r flo w w a te r t hat may en te r it A tell tale pipe should also
-
.

be ru n f rom t he tank to a fix tu re convenien tly loca ted so tha t the ,

p ump O pe r a to r may be w a rned w hen t he t an k has been su fi

f cien tly

filled . Benea th the house tank a d rip pan S hould be p rovided to col
lect any lea kage tha t may come f rom the tank and f rom this pan a ,

drip pipe delive r s such leakage in to some open fixtu re .

337
338 M O D E R N P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
In the even t o f a b reakdow n of the pump o r f rom o the r c ause , .

the re is al w ays dange r tha t the house tank may lose its supply If .

this condi tion should con tinue fo r some time it migh t resul t in dan ,

g er to the inne r boile r to g u a rd a gains

, t w hich a connec tion is m a de
f rom the p ressu re su pply to the oute r boile r in to the tank s upply to ,

the inne r boile r a check valve C being used on this con n ec tion
, , , .

W hen the sys tem is w o rking no rmally the check valve remains closed ,

o w ing to the p ressu re o f the tank supply but w hen this is w i thd r a w n , ,

as w ould happen af te r a time if the pump w e re n ot in ope r a ti o n the ,

s tree t p ressu re w ill ope n the check valve and thus keep the inne r ,

boile r supplied w i th w a te r A check valve B p reven ts the s iphon

.
, ,

age o f the con ten ts Of the ou te r boile r in the case o f a b reak in the
se rvice pipe I t is the use o f this check valve tha t necessi ta tes the
.

use o f an expansion pipe on the hot w a te r supply f rom the ou te r -

boile r the ch eck valve cutting O ff the na tu ral means o f exp an s ion
, .

The valves A and D con trol the use o f these tw o lines I f cir .

cu latin g pipes a re used as they should be on such w o rk as this the

, ,

tank ci rcula ting pipe should co n nec t in to the r e tu rn o f the inne r

boile r an d the p ressu re ci rcula ting pipe should connect in to the
,

re t u rn to the hea te r .

Special a tten tion should be given to p rope rly d raining the double
boile r If the inne r boile r is d raw n O ff fi r s t the re may be dange r
.
,

o f collapsing it due to the c rea tio n o f a pa r tial vacuum inside it and

,

s tree t p ressu re ou tside o f it This dange r is elimina ted by a r ran g

.

ing the d ra w O ff in such a w ay tha t the ou te r boile r mus t be d r a w n

-

O ff fi r s t o r bo th boile r s d r ained a t the same time This is a ccom .

p l is h ed by the p rope r placing o f valves as sho w n in P la t e 53 Fig A, , . .

C UT O FFS
—

Unde r some condi tions s tree t p ressu re w ill n o t at all ti m es o f

the day r aise w a ter to the high es t floo r w hich is i n tended to be sup
plied by ci ty p ressu re I t then becom es necessa ry to use a device
.
.

kno w n as a cu t O ff by w hich tank p ressu re may be supplied to the

-
,

floo r Fig B sho w s the simples t fo rm

. . .

The tw o cold w a te r p ressu res a re connected togethe r al so the

-
,

tw o hot w a te r p ressu res

-
.

By opening the two uppe r valves and closing the two lo w e r one s
the floo r may be p rovided w i th tank p ressu re an d vice ve r sa The , .
 P la te LI V

H O T W A T E R S U PP L Y F O R L A R GE
B U I L D I N GS
344 M O D E R N P LUMB I NG I LLUS T R AT E D

.
Ae y comm on me thod an d one tha t is o rdina rily a s a fe one
v r ,

to follo w is to es tima te abou t 2 0 gallons of boile r cap a c ity fo r each

,

full s et of fix tu res tha t w ould commonly requi re hot w ate r in an

apa rtmen t These fix tu res w ould in clude the ki tchen s ink wash
.
,

trays ba th tu
,
b and lava to ry I f any of these fixtu res a re o mi tted
, .
,

or ot he rs a re added a due allo w ance may be made , .

Reckoni n g on this basis the follow ing table show s the boiler ,

capaci ty necessa ry fo r di ff e rent numbe rs o f apa rtmen ts and the ,

s tanda rd sizes o f boile rs having the respective capaci ties .

TA B L E OF H OT -
W A TE R B O I LE R C A PA C I T I E S

No . of Apartmen ts C a pacity o f Boiler S ize of B o iler

1 00 gals . 22 x 60
1 20

1 80 3o >< 60
I 5 3o >< 72
2 50 3o >< 84
6
3 5
430

575
72 0

Ano the r table w hich w ill be found o f value is the follo w ing ,

w hich sho w s the numbe r and size o f s team coils necessa ry fo r the
seve ral sizes o f hot w a te r bo ile rs specified in the fo regoing table
-
.

TA B L E OF S TE A M CO I L S F OR H O T VVA T E R
-
B O I LE R S
C a pa city o f B o iler S ize and Num ber of Co ils

1 00 to 1 20 gals >
4
I -
in . pipes .

\
1 80 5
2 1 O M n .

2 50 6
3 5 O 1 -
in .

430 575 A I I
2
-
ih .

72 0 G 1 -
in .

In Figs A B and C o f P la te 54 are sho wn th ree diffe r en t

.
, , , ,

me thods o f ins talling la rge hot w a te r supply sys tems -

.

O f the th ree sys tems p robably tha t show n in Fig A is le as t

,
.

sa tisfac to ry fo r the reason that the supply at di ff e ren t poin ts is les s

,

ev en lv hea ted than in t he case Of the o the r tw o sys tems F or .

 H OT -
W A TER SU PP L Y F O R L A R G E BU I L DING S 34 5

ins tance the hot w a te r b ranches taken out of the retu rn w ill n ot
,
-

delive r such hot w a te r as those on the flo w line How eve r the choice
.
,

of a hot w a te r supply sys tem mus t of ten depend upon the cha rac te r
-

a n d cons truc tion of t he building to be supplied .All things being

equ al the ove rhead sys tem show n in Fig C w ill p rob ably do as s at
, .

is facto ry w o rk as an y Of the o the r s sho w n al though the sys tem in

,

Fig B is an excellen t on e The la tte r should be p rovided at its high

. .

poin t w i th a n a ir ven t w hile the fo rme r needs none

, .
 AUT O MATI C CO NTR O L O F H O T W ATER TANKS
—

ONla rge w o rk it is essen tial to sa tisfac to ry se rvice to p rovide

au toma tic con trol fo r the hot w a te r tank O n smalle r w o rk also
-
.
, ,

au toma tic con trol may be used to advan tage W hen the supply .

sys tem is unde r the a tten tion o f a pains taking a ttendan t the n eces
s ity of au toma t ic re g ula tion is n o t s o g r ea t b u t in gene r,al cons tan t
atte n tion t o the necessa ry requi remen ts canno t be depended upon in ,

w hich case con trol o f the tempe ra tu re Of the hot w a te r supply by -

au toma tic means avoids all trouble .

The re a re seve ral e x cellen t sys tems o f reg ula tion n ow on the
m arke t tw o o f w hich a re show n in the seve ral illus tra tions o f P la te
,

55 . Fig A r ep r esen
. ts a sec tional V l eW of o n e of these r e g ula to r s
fo r use in connec tion w i th boile r s hea ted by ki tchen r ange o r speci al
tank hea te r Fig B show s this regula to r in use in connection w i th
. .

a bo ile r hea ted by tank hea te r The regula to r should al w ays be con
.

n ected to t he fl o w pipe and may be in ei the r a ho r izon tal o r ve rtical

,

posi tion In using this reg ula to r the pa rt B is filled w i th w a te r

.
,

th rough the Opening D w hich is closed by means of a plug

, Abou t .

a cupful Of w a te r should be d ra w n out th rough a smal l tube and ,

this liquid replaced by an equivalen t amoun t o f gasoline .

The ho t w a te r o f the flo w pipe which passes th rough C C hea ts , ,

the con ten ts of B to the tempe ra tu re Of the ho t w a te r i tself .

G asoline has a some w ha t low e r boiling poin t tha n w a te r and ,

w ill boil jus t befo re the w a te r in B and C C r eaches the boiling , ,

p oin t .The gasoline in boiling exe r ts a p ressu r e w hich is tran s

mitted th rough A to a diaph ragm w hich in tu rn by means Of a , ,

lev e r ope rates the chain w hich w ill close the d raugh t dampe r an d
,

open t he check dampe r the tempe r a tu re of the w a te r has

.

dropped su fficien tly the diaph ragm w ill reac t opening the d raugh t
, ,

dampe r and closing the check .

The regula to r may be s et at any convenien t poin t in the flow

p ipe ,
the only r equi r emen t being tha t it be s e t s o tha t t h e plug D
shall be a t t he to p in o rde r tha t it may be filled
,
.

F ig C sho w s the re g ula tion of live and exhaus t s team to the

.

st eam coils when the boile r is to be hea ted in this w ay .

349
350 MO D E RN P L U MB I N G I LL U ST R AT ED

The reg ul a to r
con nected into the end O f the bo iler an d about
is
‘
hree q u arters o f the di s tance up f rom the bo ttom
-
This re gula tor .

~
ho uld be s et ho r iz o n tally w i th the tube ru , nnin g in to the bo ile r A .

di a ph rag m s t am v a lve is placed on the s te a m supply pipe a t a po in t

e -
.

b tw een the b il e r an d the li v e s team connection in o r de r to con trol

a o -
,

bo th l iv e a n d e h a u s t s team
x C i ty p re s su re is connec ted to the r egu
.

iw o r an d th en ce to the s team valve

,
Befo re reach in g the regula tor
.

‘
h w a ter s u
e
pp ly is reduced t o t h e p roper p r es su r e by a fil te r As .

h t m pe ra tu re o f the tank w a te r r ises the expa nsion o f the tube

"e e
,

amide t he bo il er pe ra tes the r eg ula to r w hich allo w s the w a te r p res

o ,

m r e to reach an d cl o s e the s team valve thus shu tting o ff the s upply ,

o? rex haut s t ea m t
s o the coil .

W h en the w a ter c oo ls the regula to r acts in an oppo si te man ,

ut the ci ty pres s u re is shu t o ff and the w a te r ca rr ied a w ay f rom

, ,

‘
h s team v alv e th ro u g h the w as te
e .

m the liv e s team connec tion the regula ting valve is a dj us ted
-

to o
p n ea t a l w er t o empe ra tu r e t han tha t usually ca r r ied in the

u ham t tea m pi pe Thu s w hen the la tte r falls below its no r m al

s . ,

1 m m l i
, v e s te a m is a d mi t te d th r ough the s team valve .

l l a ta n k h e a t e r is also connec ted to a boile r thus supplied the ,

r g ua l h i may be used in conj unc ion i h

‘

e t o r s w n i
o n F g 3 . t w t the

r g eu l a t i n g a pp a r a t u s o f F ig C . .

Th e r e g u l a t r f F i
og Io) is o f ano . the r make b ut w o r king along ,

s i m i la r lin e t th reg ula to r o f Fig C By means o f this r e g ula to r

s o e . .

a n y de i re ds te m p r a tu r e o
e f th e w a te r may be ob t ained by moving
the p n te r i o t w a r d
o c l er o r oo w a rme r .

ly mea m f a d ioa p h r a g m s imila r to t ha t sho w n in Fig B this .

,

r g ua
e l t o r c n b a m a d ee t co n tro l thoe t empe ra tu re of ho t w a te r tanks -

hea ted by ta n k h ea te rs .
 THE THREE —
PIPE SYSTEM O F SU P P LY
IN many sec tions of the coun try o w ing to the na tu re of the soil ,

th rough w hich the w ater supply flo w s w a te r supplied for domes tic

.
,

pu rposes is exceedingly ha rd and the refo re na tu rally p resen ts a mos t

,

di fficul t p roblem fo r the communi ty to solve I t does n ot conce rn the .

s upply fo r d r inking pu rposes fo r the flushing of w a te r close ts and fo r

, ,

ce rtain o the r uses bu t ha rd w a te r is en ti rely unsa tisfac to ry fo r toile t

,

us e fo r w ashing clothes the w ashing of dishes etc Fu rthe rmo re

, , , .
,

w hile ho t w a te r tha t is ha rd w ould be obj ec tionable fo r many uses the ,

hea ting of ha rd w a te r is also a ttended by a ve ry grea t annoyance in

the r apid filling of the w a te r f ron t and r ange connec tions w i th a deposi t
o f lime making thei r f requen t rene w al a ma t
,
te r of much expense an d

inconvenience .

Unde r these condi tions a sys tem of hot and cold w a te r supply
,

kno w n as the th ree pipe sys tem may be used to ve ry grea t advan tage
-
, .

The gene ral fea tu res of this sys tem may be obse rved in P la te 56 .

In the ins tall ation of the th ree pipe sys tem th ree lines of supply
-

a re p rovided to such fix tu res as sinks lava to r ies and w ash trays w he re , ,

ha rd cold w a te r may be requi red fo r d rinking o r rinsing pu rposes .

F rom the th ree bibbs a t these fix tu res may be d ra w n sof t cold w a te r ,

ha rd cold w a te r and sof t hotw a te r A t ba ths hot and cold sof t w a te r

, .

m ay be d ra w n and of cou r se w a te r close ts a re p rovided w i th ha rd cold

,

w a te r only .

I t w ill be unde r s tood tha t in places w he re the na tu ral supply is

ha rd any supply o f soft w a te r tha t may be ob tained mus t be used as
.

economically as possible .

The sys tem is simple in cons truc tion and n ot expensive to ins tall , ,

al though cos ting some w ha tmo rethan the common sys tem The s tree t .

s upply is piped di rec t t o the pump and f rom the pump di rec t to the
,

fi x ture s w hich a re to be p rovided w i th ha rd w a te r W hen ha rd w a te r .

is draw n at any of these fix tu res the s tree t supply passes th rough the
,

p u m p s e
, rv ing also to ope r a te the pump the r eby causing t he la tte r to ,

draw so f tw ate r f rom the cis te rn and delive r itto the a ttic tan k .

353
354 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
From the soft w a te r tank in the a ttic a supply of sof tw a te r is piped
-
,

dow n to thos e fix tu res requi ring this kind of w a te r and a b ranch taken ,

to supply the range boile r Thus no thing butsoftw a te r passes th rough

.

the boile r w a te r f ron t and connec tions

, F rom the boile r hot w a te r
.
,

is delive red to fix tu res in the o rdina ry manne r .

I t is neces s a ry to p rovide fo r a supply of hot ha rd w a te r in the ,

even t tha t the supply of cis te rn w a te r fails This is done by means .

of the connec tions and valves a t the pump W hen the re is a supply .

o f sof t w a te r available valves A and B a re closed and valve C open

, ,
.

\Vhen the sof t w a te r supply gives ou

-
t and ha rd w a te r mus to f necessi ty
,

be used for all pu rposes all tha t is requi red is to o pen valve B w hich
, ,

w ill allo w ci ty w a te r to fill the en ti re sys tem including the boile r

, .

W hen the cis te rn is emp ty and itis requi red to use only ha r d cold
,

w a te r valve B should remain closed also valve C and valve A Opened

, , ,
.

This w ill allow ci ty wa te r to en te r the cold w a te r piping w i thou t pass

-
,

ing th rough the pump .

The a ttic tank should have an over flow pipe and if economy in ,

the use of sof t ci s te rn w a te r is to be Obse rved the pipe should lead back
,

tothe cis te rn in o rde r tha tthe ove r flo w w a te r may n otbe los t Ins tead
, .

o f running as sho w n in o u r illus tra tion the ove r flo w may discha r ge

,

on to the roof and f rom this poin t flo w back to the cis te rn

, .

I f a sup ply fo r s p rinkling o r o the r such pu rpose is to be p r ovid ed .

connec ti o n s hould be m ade on the s tree t sid e o f the connec ti o n to the

pump as a t X s o tha t sp rinkling may n ot keep the pump ope ra ting
, , .
TH E S O F TENI NG OF HARD W ATER F O R D O MESTI C
P UR P O SES

I N the conside ra tion of the th ree pipe sys tem unde r P l ate 56 a -
, ,

me thod w a s desc ribed fo r ove rcoming the inc rus ta tion of w a te r f ron ts
and range conn ec tions inciden t to the use o f ha rd w a te r by means of
, ,

a sepa ra te s to rage of softw a te r w hich w ould gene rally be rain w a te r

,

collec ted in cis te rns .

F o r va r ious reasons such as an insu fficien t supply of rain w ate r

, ,

this me thod may n o t al w ays be sa tisfac to ry and w e believe tha t the ,

follo w ing me thod w ill of ten be found p refe rable W e allude to the .

use of a w a te r sof tening device seve ral o f w hich have been in troduced
-
, ,

design ed fo r use in connec tion w i th domes tic w a te r supplies .

The cons truc tion o f a w a te r sof tening device o f this type and its
-
,

applica tion a re sho w n in P la te 57 In Fig A the device is show n con

,
. .

n ected to t he re tu rn pipe of the range connec tion w hich is the o rdina ry ,

p rac tice al though as sho w n in Fig B itmay be connec ted to the boile r
, ,
.
,

s upply . I f desi rable in any case to sof ten hot w a te r it may be con ,

n ected t o the ho t w a te r piping w i th equally good resul ts .

The sof tening is accomplished in a ve ry simple manne r by passing ,

the ha rd w a te r ove r a Kompos t b r ick a w a te r sof tening composi tion

“ ”
-
,

which conve rts the sulpha tes o r ca rbona tes in the w a te r in to phospha tes .

As show n in Fig C the cylind ri cal Kompos t b rick is con tained in

.
,
“ ”

"
a baske t and this is placed in the feed cylinde r o f the device As the
,
-
.

wa te r flo w s abou t this b r ick af te r a time it w ea r s a way; an d may be

,

easily replaced w i th a n ew b rick Follo w ing a re in s fi uction s fo r using

.
'

the w a te r sof tene r

Af te r ithas been connected and w a te r tu rned on hotw ate r fauce ts

, ,

shou l d be opened to allo w all grease to be d ra w n out o f the sys tem .

The tw o valves should then be tu rned o fl the d rain cock Opened the , ,

screw cove r removed and the bas k e t w i th its b rick d ropped in to the
, ,

chambe r The cove r is then replaced and the valves Opened n ot mo re

.
,

than one q ua rte r tu rn the w a te r sof tene r then being r eady fo r use
-
, .

A s long as any o f the sof tening composi tion remains in the cham
ber all wa te r passing th rough it w ill be tho roughly softened and tu
, r ,

357
35s M O DERN P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
bid w ate r cla rified The composi tion used is of a mine ral na tu re con
.
,

taining no thing tha t is in any w ay ha rmful to heal th o r to fab r ics .

As the w a te r is tho roughly neu tralized befo re itreaches the w a te r

f ron t it is clea r tha t inc rus ta tion of the w a te r f ron t w i th lime cannot
,

occu r in the use of this w a te r sof tening device The deposi t of lime
-
.

takes place chiefly in the hea ting of the w a te r so tha t the w a te r f r ont ,

and hot w a te r flow pipe betw een range and boile r su ff e r mos tly
- -
.

A featu re tha t dese rves special a tten tion is tha t while the deposi t
of lime fills the w a te r f ron tand connec tions the reby reducing the e ffect ,

ive si z e o f piping this coa ting also ac ts as an insula tion w hich m akes
, ,

the he ating of the w a te r much mo re difl i cult and in the use of in s tan ,

tan eo u s hea te rs and gas w a te r hea te rs especially grea tly inc reases the
-
,

amoun t of gas used and the refo re the cos t fo r gas

,
.

In Fig B the device is sho w n connec ted to the supply to the boile r
.
,

w i th a special tank in use fo r the collec tion of sedimen t w hich may be ,

removed f rom time t o time th rough the sedimen t cock The coa ting .

of the coils of ins tan taneous hea te rs w i th lime takes place in a com
p a r a tiv ely sho rt S pace of time and the employmen t,of sof t w a te r w il l
be found of special advan tage in thei r use .

The w a te r sof tening device w hich has been desc ribe d may also
-

be used to ve ry grea t advan tage in the case of hea ting boile rs A s the -
.

w a te r is sof ten ed befo re en te r ing the boile r the re is no possibili ty of ,

the fo rma tion o f scale and if such a d evice be applied to a boile r al r eady
,

a ff ec ted by scal e this w ill g radually disappea r as the sof t w a ter dis
, ,

in tegra tes the lime .

The w a ter sof tene r ha s a va l uable applica tion also for auto mo
bile ga rages Con s id erable di fficul ty is occasioned in using ha rd w a te r
.

in au tomobiles w hich s of t w a ter w ould en ti rely ove rcome An excel

, .

len tplan fo r ga rage s w h ere only cold w a te r is requi red consis ts in the
, ,

use o f a r an g e boil er w i tho ut boil er tube the boile r b eing supplied ,

th rou g h a to p o p eni n g w i th s of t w a ter The supply of sof t w a ter

.

may be piped f rom one of the to p openings to poin ts of delive ry .

I t m ay be s ta ted th a t g en era lly the a ttemp t to cl ea r w a te r f ron ts

o f lime d eposi t by t he use of a cids is n o t ve ry successful A plan w hich .

seems to w o rk succes s fully ho w ev er is to make use of tw o w a te r f ronts

, , .

W hen on e becomes useless o w in g to lime deposi t it may be r emoved

, ,

and replaced w i th the o the r w a ter f ron t By the time the second w a ter.

f ron t is in bad condi ti on the lime in the fi rs t on e w ill have become

,

disin teg ra ted by the ac tion o f the a ir .

 S P E C IAL P R O BLEM S AND DEV I CES IN H O T W ATER —

SU P P LY
P ROB A B L Y the re is no b ranch of the plumbing indus try which con
s ta n tly p resen ts mo re di fficul t si t ua tions than hot w a te r supply and -

ci rcula tion and the conside ra tion o f some of these p roblems w i th the
, ,

me thods applied in thei r solu tion should p rove of in te res tand value
, .

The ma tte r of expansion fo r range boile rs in troduces p roblems

w hich a re some times difl i cult to solve Unde r some condi tions for
.
,

ins tance hot w a te r f rom the boile r w ill back in to the cold w ate r pipe
,
-

supplying the boile r in w hich even t the re is grea t dange r of damage

,

to the me te r In ove rcoming this trouble recou rse has of ten been made
.
,

to the use of a check valve on the supply pipe the ac tion o f w hich ,

w ould be to p reven t expansion of the boile r in this di rec tion E x pan .

sion back in to the w a te r mains is the na tu ral and necessa ry ou tle t fo r

excessive p ressu re in di rec t p r essu r e boile r s and if such a pa t h is n ot ,

p rovided a w a te r,
f r on t explosion is the common resul t The use of .

check valves in this w ay is by no me ans uncommon among ca reless

or ign o ran t w o rkmen and t he resul ts a re of ten disas trous bo th to life
,

an d to p rope r t y .

I f such a cou rse is to be follow ed it becomes necessa ry to use a ,

sa fe t y valve in connection w i th the check valve al though this does n ot ,

absolu tely insu re agains t ba d resul ts as the safe ty valve may be de ,

fectiv e o r may s tick and refuse to ope ra te

, Unde r these condi tions .
,

the me thod p resen ted in F ig A P la te 58 w ill be found ve ry useful

.
, , .

I t consis ts in the us e of a by pass a round the me te r w i th tw o check

-

valves closing in opposi te di rec tions one on the by pass and the othe r
,
-

on t he house supply The la tte r se rves to p reven t expansion in to the

.

me te r and the check valve o n the by pass p reven ts any fl

, ow t-
o t he
ho use th rough it bu t allo w s expansion to take place back in to the w a te r
,

ma in .

I t w ill be seen th a t this a rrangemen t allow s all w a te r to pass

-

th rou g h the me te r w hile removing the dange r to it o f damage f rom

,

a back flow f rom the boile r .

362 M O DERN P LUMB ING I LLUS T R AT E D
In the case of boile r s supplied f rom an a ttic tank the re is no ,

chance of this damage to me te rs because of the di ff e ren t na tu re of the ,

supply connec tions .

In Fig B P la te 58 is show n a me thod tha t w ill be found very

.
, ,

e ffec tive in tha w ing f ro z en se rvice pipes and also in p reven ting freez ,

ing As sho w n the plan is to encase the se rvice pipe in a second pipe
.
, ,

closing the opening of each end of the casing by a lock n ut working -

on a running th read and closing agains t a packing

, .

A t ei the r end of the casing a tee is used In to the ou te r tee a pipe .

of small si z e is connected one b ranch rising th rough the s treet box

, ,

and anothe r passing in to the cella r th rough the founda tion By means .

of s team or hot w a te r en te ring th rough ei the r b ranch the pipe may be

, ,

tha w ed w heneve r it f ree z es o r it may be kep t f rom f ree z ing

, The cas .

ing is d rained th rough the inne r tee jus t inside the founda tion and , ,

should poin t do w n w a rd .

Ano the r p roblem conce rns the trouble expe r ienced in the by pass -

ing unde r ce rtain condi tions of gas w a te r hea te r connec tions m ade ,
- -

in to the top of the boile r In this by passing w hich is n o t due to the

.
-
,

hea te r i tself cold w a te r d ra w s in and mixes w i th the hot w a te r at the

,

poin tw he re the o rdina ry tee connec tion is made This trouble is over .

come by the use of a fi tting kno w n as a non by pass tee w hich is ill us - -
,

tra ted in c ross sec tion by Fig C P la te 58 F ig D sho w s the fi tti ng

.
, . .

connected to a rising line o f ho tw a te r and Fig E to a ho ri z on tal line ,

. .

Mixing of cold w a te r w i th hot w a te r may also occu r f r om o ther

causes F o r ins tance itsome times happens tha tthe boile r tube is ca re
.
,

lessly omi tted o r has become so co rroded tha t it b reaks o ff Ei th er

, .

of these things w ill allow cold w a te r to en te r the top o f the boile r an d ,

cause ei the r cold o r luke w a rm w a te r to be d ra w n at the fix tu res .

Ano the r subjec t n o t gene rally w ell unde rs tood is the ma tte r of
a ir lock o n ho t w a t
-
e r pipi n g
-
.

A ir lock of ten p reven ts fl

-
o w of ho t w a te r to fix tu res and it w ill ,

g ene r ally be found tha t w hen such a s ta te exis ts it is in connec tion ,

w i th a sys tem w hich has a ve ry lo w p ressu re .

I f the a ir p ressu re is grea te r than the w a te r p ressu re a ir lock ,

-

resul ts bu, t if the w a te r p ressu re is the g rea te r the a ir lock w ill be ,

-

ove rcome The trouble seldom occu rs in the case of di rec t p ressu re
.

supplies ow ing to the fac t tha t thev gene rally a re unde r su fficien t
,

p ressu re to ove rcome the a ir The p ressu re requi red to do this am o un ts

.

to abou t one pound fo r each tw o fee t of ve rtical a ir lock and if the re -

,
S U GGES TI O N S F OR E S TI MA TI N G P L U MB IN G
C O N S T R U C TI O N
368 M O DERN P LUMB I NG ILLUSTR A TE D
the p e rcen tage tha t mus t be allow ed for this i tem of e x pen s e is
This is a ma tte r w hich va ries grea tly w i th di ff e ren t fi rm s s o m e being ,

able to conduc t business at much less expense than o the r s .

I t is claimed by many fi rms doin g a mode ra te amo u n t of busi

n ess tha t 1 57 is n ot t
0 oo la rge an allo w ance fo r business ex pen ses .

Ins tead of giving this as the p rope r pe rcen tage to be added how ,

eve r it is the opinion of the autho r tha t each fi rm should app roxi mate
,

the amoun t in the manne r above men tioned .

Anothe r impo rtan t ma tte r is the amoun t of p rofi t w hich mav

fai rly be cha rged on con tract w o rk I t is a w ell kno w n fac t to manv
.
-

of the reade rs of this w o rk tha t at the p resen t time many con tracts
a re ta k e n a t as lo w a pe rcen tage of p rofi t as 57 0 .

W hen it is conside red tha t in its anxie ty to obtain a contract

, ,

a fi rm is w illing to take it at this low fi g u re gene rally w i thout add,

ing any pe rcen tage fo r the expense of conducting business or for

ex tras tha t may be ove rlook ed in es tima ting it is clea r that the ,

gr eate r the numbe r of such con trac ts tak en by the fi rm the sooner ,

they mus t go in to ban k rup tcy The re a re many plumbing concerns

. ,

it may safely be said w ho w ould be be tte r o ff if they neve r took

,

con tract w o rk fo r the losses tha t mus t be sus tained in this branch
,

of thei r business mus t be o ff se t by the p rofi ts de rived f rom their

jobbing o r repai r w o rk o r bank rup tcy is thei r only end A profit
, .

of 2 5% on con trac t w ork according to the au tho r s opinion is by

,
’

n o means too g rea t . I t may be said ho w eve r tha t on la rge work a

, ,

safe p rofi t of a less amoun t may be sa tisfac to ry .

I t is w ell unde rs tood by the au tho r tha t these m a tte r s mus t be

regu la ted by each individual conce rn and it is equally w ell under
,

s tood tha t if a fi rm is to ca rry on a successful and hones t business ,

living p rofi ts mus t be secu red and tha t to secu re them no legi timate
.

business expense can be S hi rked in making es tima tes of cos t .

The fi rs t essen tial in es tima te w o rk is a comple te and reliable

fo rm of es tima te the use o f w hich is ve ry necessa ry a s it is n ot
, ,

w i thin the po w e r o f any man to remembe r a t all times the sco res of
i tems tha t should en te r a plumbing es tima te The low bidde r on .

con trac t w o rk is often low because he has fo rgo tten to fi g ure on

some impo rtan t i tem The w ri te r recalls a fi rm which secu red a cer
.

tain con trac t and found w hen the w o rk w a s unde r w ay tha t all the
, ,

w a te r close ts
—
six in numbe r had been omi tted w hich mean t the
—

comple tion o f the w o rk at a loss The us e of a co rrect e s ti m ate

.
 SUGGESTI O NS FOR ESTIM ATING 6
3 9

s hee t avoids these troubles In connec tion w i th this s ubject the re is

.

s ho w n an es tima te shee t w hich is ve ry sa tisfac t o ry In this connec

.

tion ho w eve r it mus t be s ta ted tha t it is a di fficul t ma tte r to con

, ,

s truc t an es tima te shee t t hat w ill please eve ryone and tha t an es ti
,

ma te shee t en ti rely sa tisfac to ry fo r one pa rt of the cou n try may n ot

a ns w e r the pu r pose o f some o t he r sec tion ow ing to the grea t di ffe r
,

en ces tha t may exis t in the me t hods and ma te rials employed I f .

unable to secu re a sa tisfacto ry published fo rm of es tima te one ,

a r ranged t o sui t individual tas t es may be p rin ted at small cos t .

PLU MB I NG

M ade by

S oil Pipe

C l n o uts I B Br
’

, . . or .

Misc Fi ttings
.

H oo ks Hange rs C la mps
C aulking Lead
O ak um
Ro of F l anges
37o M O D ERN P L U M BI NG ILL U STRATE D
Galvan ized Pipe

Ga lv an iz ed F ittin gs
G al v Fi ttings
.
,
W ate r
G alv Fi ttings
.
,
V en t

B r Fe rrules
.

S St W C ocks
V al v es
Sill C ocks
Sold er N ipples
Solde r N i pples
Sol de r Union s
B ra ss Pipe

B rass Tubin g

Fi ttings
Lea d Pipe

lbs. l
lbs I
. lbs .

To tal Le ad P i pe S hee t Le ad
Solde r p rs Le ad Tack s
.

Ga s P ipin g , Outets l
Meter Conn ection s
W ate r

S in k s , I ron

So apston e o r Sl ate E n amel or P o rcelai n

B rac k e ts B ibbs
T raps FerruleS G ask ets

W ash Trays

C ove rs
C h ain
372 M O DERN P LUMB I NG ILLUSTRATED
Mis cellan eous
Pu p
m s Air C hambe rs V alves
Sc e s
r w P u tty P l aste r P ari s
Ti e i e
l P p F tgs C arpen te r E x c avating
C arfare B o ard Fr t
’
C artag e
L abo r D ays P lumbe r
,
H el pe r
To tal
Add fo r E x pense
P rofi t

To tal Es tim ate

The re a re seve ral fea tu res connec ted w i th es tima te sheets that
a re w o rth men tioning .

In the es tima te shee t sho wn fo r ins tance such i tems as traps , , ,

ferrules bibbs etc are to be found unde r each fixtu re Some may
, , .
, .

p refe r to have such i tems lumped ra the r than sc atte red but in pre , ,

sen ting in connec tion w i th each fix tu re the i tems tha t a re needed

in the ins talla tion of tha t fixtu re the re is possibly less danger of
omissions .

U nde r b rass w o rk how eve r such i tems as b rass fe rrul es and

, ,

valves a re given al though appea r ing unde r the di ff e ren t fixtures

,
.

This is necessa ry as such ma te rial as fe rrules and valves may be

,

used for pu rposes n o t iden tified w i th any pa rticula r fix tu re Su h

c .

an i tem as lead pipe is mo re convenien tly and accu ra tely fi gured and ,

w i th less labo r in the lump than unde r respec tive fi x tu res

, .

Befo re being able to figure ma te rial accu ra tely and in telligently

it is necessa ry to have a sligh t unde r s tanding at leas t of a r chi tects
plans .

The te rm plan is used in gene ral to de s i gn a te all a rchi tects ’

d ra w ings Technically ho w eve r a plan is a vie w looking down

.
, ,

on to an obj ec t and an eleva tion is a vie w looking a t the object

,

f rom the f ron t o r the S ide .

In the case o f the fl oo r pla n s they S how locations of fixtu res an d

,

pipes and cella r plans S how ho r i z on tal measu remen ts of soil piping
, ,

w a te r piping etc ,
.

The f ron t o r side eleva tion of the building on the o the r hand , ,

show s the dis tances be tw een floo r s f ro m which can be es tima ted the ,

heigh ts o f the ve rtical lines o f pipe .

A rchi tec ts plans a re neve r d ra w n full S i z e but al w ays a t some

’
,
 SUGGESTI O NS F O R ESTIMATI NG 373

st anda rd scale usually in to the foot fo r small buildings and

, .

in to the foo t fo r la rge buildings

. .

In o rde r to measu re piping f rom such a d raw ing it is n eces ,

s a ry to unde rs tand how to use a scale In the w o rk of an a rchi tect .

-

o r enginee r w he re the objec t of w hich d r a w ings a re made

, is ve ry ,

l a rge it is necessa ry to sho w the objec t on a smalle r scale

, If the .

s cale is y , in to the foo t.a qua r te r inch measu red o n any, of

the d r a w ings r ep r esen ts one foo t in the ac tual w o rk i tself and if ,

the scale is in to the foot any measu remen t of

. in rep resen ts , .

one foo t in the actual w o rk .

The gen eral cus tom in es tima ting mate rial is to es tima te the
soil piping fi r s t and by this is mean t the house d rain and all its con
,

n ectio n s t he s tacks and thei r main ven t lines

, .

The cella r plan ( see P la te 31 ) is fi rs t refe rred to and the ,

‘

len gths o f the seve ral si z es of ho ri z on tal piping measu red at the
p rope r scale .

I f P la te 31 is d ra w n at a scale of in to the foo t the s traight .

,

ru n f rom ou tside the cella r w all t o t he cleanou t at the end w ill be

found to be 55A; in rep resen ting 4 5 ft o f 4 in pipe
.
, .
-
. .

In the same w ay the b ranches f resh a ir inlet etc a re es ti ,

-
, .
,

ma ted the measu remen ts in o rdina ry w o rk being made w i thou t ref

,

erence to the space taken up by fi ttings ; tha t is measu remen ts for ,

straigh t pipe a re taken w i thout deduc ting anything for fi ttings .

The excess measu remen t thus obtained w ill make a due allow
ance fo r loss in cu tting lengths of pipe If how eve r fi ttings are .
, ,

ve ry close toge the r as in the use of a numbe r of b ranch fi ttings for

,

a line o f w a t e r closets this me thod o f measu r ing may be modified

, .

Atten tion is nex t di rec ted to the eleva tion o f the building being fig
ured in o rde r to es tima te the lengths of s traigh t pipe in the ve rtical
,

main lines The poin ts to be conside red may be obse rved f rom
.

P la te 33 w hich sho w s an eleva tion of a plumbing sys tem

,
.

The ve rtical lengths may be found by measu ring on the eleva

tion the dis tance f ro m the cella r bo ttom to a poin t usually 2 ft above .

the roo f .

I f the roof is flat these lengths w ill be the same but in the case
, ,

of pi tched roofs refe rence to ei the r the f ron t or side eleva tion w ill
,

sho w at w ha t poin t the s tack passes th rough thus enabling the es ti ,

ma to r to find its length .

The main ve rtical ven t lines ve rtical rain leade r connec tions ,
-
,
374 M O DERN P L U MBI NG ILLUSTRATED
the ve rtical pa rt o f the f resh a ir inle t and othe r ve rtical lines s hould
-
,

nex t be measu red and the total len g ths of each size of pipe inserted
,

in the es tima te .

I t is a ve ry good plan to divide each amoun t of soil pipe if of ,

cas t i ron be tw een single and double hub pipe as the la tte r w ill be
,
-
,

found ve ry convenien t in many places .

The nex t thing in o rde r is the es tima ting o f soil pipe fi ttin gs
.

-
,

including main ven t fi ttings -

.

The fi ttings needed in the cella r o n ho r i z on tal lines w ill be evi

den t f rom refe rence to the cella r plan w hich should al w ays show a ,

plan of the ho rizon tal cella r w o rk A rough ske tch o f the ve rtical .

lines bo th soil w as te and ven t w i th thei r fi ttings and connec tion s

, , , ,

in to the ho r i z on tal lines w ill be found ve ry helpful in es tima ting the

,

fi ttings to be used The pipes sho w n in such a ske tch may be r epre
.

sen ted by single lines ins tead o f double lines as in P la te 33 , .

Unless design a ted in such a ske tch the es tima ting of fi ttings ,

mus t gene rally depend upon the pic tu re of the w o rk at di ffe ren t ,

poin ts w hich the es tima to r holds in his mind W hile this me thod
,
.

of ten resul ts in the omission o f fi ttings the p ractical es ti m a to r can ,

gene rally if ca reful figu re ve ry close to the fi ttings needed At the

, ,
.

same time ve ry few plumbi n g sys tems a re es tima ted w hich do n ot

,

call for a conside rably grea te r numbe r o f fi tti n gs w hen the w ork is
ac tually cons truc ted than w a s es tima ted These ex tra fi ttings are .

la rgely bends and o ff se ts used in ge tting a round obs truc tions w hich
did n ot appea r f rom the plans o r we re unno ticed by the es timator .

Allo w ance should be made fo r ex tra fi ttings and extra m a te r ial of

othe r kinds Many p ractical men clai m tha t the ex tra s tock de
.

ma n ded ove r and above tha t figured in the es tima te w ill ave rage
, ,

abou t 59 6 .

The fi ttings should be a rranged acco rding to si z e and cha racte r ,

as seen in the es tima te fo rm sho w n Befo re leaving this pa rt of .

the w o rk o the r ma te r i a ls such as clean o u

, ts hange r s clamps r oof
, , , ,

flanges oakum caulking l ead and gasoline should be es tima ted

, , , .

The es tima ting o f caulking lead is an app roxima tion but ex pe ,

r i cuce w ill enable the es tima to r to com e ve ry close to the true amoun t .

This i tem is ve ry gene rally es tima ted o ff hand w hich of ten comes ,

w ide o f the ma rk .

O n la rge w o rk especially a defini te es tima te should be made

, , ,

the follo w ing being a reliable me tho d I t is clea rly seen tha t n o .
376 M O DERN P LUM BI NG ILLUSTRATE D
t aken in to accoun t in es tima ting caulking lead and oakum for the ,

hubs in to w hich these fi ttings are caulked have al ready been coun ted .

In the es tima ting of lead w as te and ven t pipe it is s imply a

ma tte r of figu ring men tally the amoun t of each size needed ; and
know ing the numbe r o f pounds per foo t o f the va rious sizes the total ,

w eigh t may be found I t is necessa ry to kno w the to tal w eigh t of

.

bo th w as te ven t and supply pipe if of lead as this ma te rial is sold

, , ,

by the pound and n o t by the foo t In filling out the es tima te sheet .
,

how eve r the es tima to r should be ca reful to fill out agains t each si ze
,

the amoun t of tha t size necessa ry as w hen it comes to o rde r ing s tock ,

the numbe r o f fee t o f each size w ill need to be kno w n .

A table o f w eigh ts of lead pipe is necessa ry to figu re this i tem

f rom The follow ing is a table o f safe w eigh ts for o rdina ry work :
.

D ia meter o f Lea d S upply P ipe W eig h t per foo t

%3 I V»
.lbs
V2 2

X;
3

D ia meter of Lead W as te P ipe

I in

In connec tion w i th lead pipe w iping solde r should also be fig ,

ured The numbe r o f join ts o f each si z e may be quickly es tima ted

. ,

and kno w ing the amoun t o f solde r necessa ry for a join t of each si ze ,

the to tal w eigh t o f solde r may easily be found I t is ve ry cus toma ry .

fo r plumbe r s to es tima te solde r acco rding to fi x tu res s o much fo r —

a sink so much fo r a w a te r close t etc In figuring many plumbing

, , .

sys tems this w ould be safe if the es tima to r has a co rrec t idea o f the
amoun t necessa ry for each fix tu re In w ork w hich is o ut of the .

o rdina ry run ho w eve r it migh t n ot be safe to es tima te in this w ay

, ,
.

In ge tting at the full amoun t o f solde r lead supply pipe joints ,

-

and connec tions flush and supply pipe join ts for w a te r close ts for
,
-
,

u rinals slop sin k s etc mus t be taken in to accoun t

, ,
.
,
.
 SUGGESTI O N S FOR ESTI MATING 377

The amoun t of s olde r u sed per join t of the di ffe ren t s izes is a
va r iable quan ti ty a s some w o rk men make much heavie r j oin ts than
,

o the rs I t is cus toma ry among some es timato r s to allow one pound

.

of solde r per join t rega rdless of size including the small supply
, ,

pipe join ts as w ell as the l a rge si z e w as te and ven t pipe join ts Thi s
,
- -
.

migh t possibly have ave raged safely in the days of lead supp l y w ork ,

bu t as w o rk is n o w gene rally cons tructed a be tte r w ay would s eem

,

to be to find by p r ac tice the w eigh ts of join ts o f the seve ra l sizes and ,

thus make the es tima te a close and accu ra te o n e The follow in g .

table may be used as a gu ide though undoubtedly va rying w idely

,

f ro m the cus tom o f many w o rk men :

In the matte r of galvanized piping the numbe r of fee t of each

,

si z e should be es timated .

To find the amoun t of galvaniz ed supply pipe b rass o r lead , ,

as the case may be refe rence mus t be made to the cella r and floo r
,

plans mos tly in figu ring out ho r izon tal runs and the eleva tion re ,

fe rred to to give ve rtica l measu remen ts The ma tte r o f fi ttings on

,
.

supply w o rk is a di ffi cul t ma tte r to es tima te in de tail as they a re ,

nume rous and it is ha rdl y possible to figu re on jus t wha t fi ttings

,

and the respec tive amoun ts of each tha t are going to be requi red .

O n such i tems as these the es tima to r of expe r ience w ill of ten cas t
up the amoun t in his own mind af te r a li ttle s tudy o f the p l ans and ,

he may usually come ve ry close to the amoun t o f cos t rep resen ted in
the i tem .

The p rese rva tion of old es tima tes and complete lis ts of s tock
used w ill of ten allow the es timato r to refe r to them and g et a lin e
on w o rk of simila r na tu re w hich he may be figu r ing Galvanized .

ven t fi ttings should be es tima ted in de tail as fa r as possible j us t as ,

soil pipe fi ttings a re es tima ted

- .

S top cocks valves sill cocks solde r nipples and unions should
, , , ,

also be es timated as nea rly in detail as possible as an o ffhand esti

-
,

m ate o f mate rial that rep resen ts so much cos as hese i ems
t t t is n ot

a s afe thing .

Ga s piping of ten en te r s in to the plumbing con tr ac t I t is some .

time s safe on n ew w o r k to app roxima te the cos t of t h e g a s piping

378 M O DERN P L U MBI NG I LLUSTRATE D
at so much per ou tle t I f this can be done it saves conside rable labor
.

in fi g u ring o ut the cos t of di ff e ren t si z es to be used fi ttings a n d labor , ,

.

Refe rence to p revious w o rk o f simila r na tu re is o f much help

in this connec tion Es tima ting at so much per ou tlet is n ot a safe
.

me thod o n o ld w o rk tha t is w he re gas piping is to be ins talled in

, ,

an o ld house Many plumbe rs a re inclined to es tima te old w ork in

.

this w ay ho w eve r and of ten su ff e r loss the reby

, , .

W a te r gas and range connec tion s a re n ot gene rally considered

, ,

a pa rt o f the gene r al plumbing con trac t in many sec tions bu t in ,

o the r sec tions mus t be included .

The re is li ttle to be said on the matte r o f es tima ting fixtures

and thei r trimmings Si z es and lis t p rices may be found in the cata
.

lo g u es o f jobbe rs and manufac tu re r s and know ing the p revailing ,

discoun t the n et cos t may be easily a r rived a t Many fix tu res water

, .
,

close ts fo r ins tance a re of ten figu

, r ed comple t
, e tha t is ins tead of , ,

having to figure the c rocke ry tank bracke ts chain and pull etc in , , , ,
.
,

detail a cos t p rice of the en ti re ou tfi t may be obtained This is tru

,
e .

of othe r fix tu res als o lava to ries u rinals etc —

, , .

W hen so figu red how eve r the es tima to r mus t be c a reful to note
, ,

a yn i tems r equi r ed in the specifica tions w hich a r e n o t included in h

t e

combina tion p rice .

The es tima ting o f ma rble and slate may of ten be made very
easy by the use of the table of con ten ts o f ma rble slabs shown under
P la te 2 The a r ea
. found f r om this t able mul tiplied by the cos t per
,

squa re foo t w ill give the cos t o f the ma rble requi red
, .

Much loss may be sus tained i f miscellaneous i te m s are not

given due conside ra tion i tems such as ca rfa re boa rd ca rtage etc , , , ,
.

In some sec tio n s o f the coun try the excava ting for pipe trenches ,

c and the layi n g o f tile pipe is included in the mason s con tract
’
et .
, ,

ra the r than in the plumbe r s

’
.

O f much impo rtance to the pe rson who is jus t en te r ing u pon

the w o rk o f es tima ti n g and desi rous o f gene ral info r ma tion is the
, ,

me thod o f ca r ryi n g o ut cos ts agains t the di ff e ren t i te m s in the esti

ma te Nea rly all plumbing goods a re sold and billed at a di s count
.

f rom a lis t p rice and in ca rrying cos ts in an es tima te on pl umbing

,

w o rk it is necessa ry to have n ot only these lis t p rice s bu t also the ,

p revailing discoun ts on the di ff e ren t lines o f mate rial I t w ould sys .

tem a tiz e the w o rk o f es tima ting and make it fa r easie r if the es ti

m a to r w ould b ring all these lis ts toge the r in a book of p r op er size ,
380 M O D ERN P L U MBI NG ILL U STR A TE D
As seen f rom the above the discoun t on pipe is taken on the ,

to tal pipe foo ting and the discoun t on fi ttings is taken on the tot
,
al

fi ttings foo ting This is a much less labo rious unde rtak ing th an the
.

ta k ing o f the discoun t on each pipe o r fi tting and the r e is less opper ,

tu n it
y o f e r ro r .

The discoun ts tha t a re given on ce rtain lines of plumbing mate

r ial are of t en ve ry complex such a discoun t as 2 5 1 0 5% being ,
— —

ve ry common I t w ill be of in te res t to beginne r s in the w ork of

-
.

es tima ting to unde rs tand the manne r in w hich such discoun ts are
figured out In the fi rs t place if the above men tioned discount can
.
,
-

be es tima ted on $1 the n et amoun t remaining af te r taking the dis,

coun t may be used as a mul tiplie r fo r tha t pa rticula r di scoun t .

Thus w hen the discoun t men tioned is deducted f rom $

,
1 it

leaves 64 1 3 N ow if a discoun t of 2 5 1 0 5% is to be appli ed

. .
,
— —

to any amoun t fo r ins tance the n et amoun t de r ived can be

, ,

found by mul tiplying by the mul tiplie r 64 1 3 Thus X . .

,

n et L et us see ho w the n et mul tiplie r 64 1 3 was

. .

obtained I t is n ot mean t tha t the th ree sepa ra te discoun ts 2 5 1 0

.
, , ,

and 57 are to be added toge the r I f this w e re so the full amount

0 .
, ,

4 9
0 6 could
, be given .

The meaning o f the discoun t 2 5 1 0 5% is tha t 2 59 is to be — —

6

deduc ted f rom the lis t p rice and f rom the remainde r 1 0 9 deducted , 6 ,

and f rom this second remainde r 57 deduc ted 0 .

This w ould be a tedious me thod to apply and ins tead of foll ow ,

ing this p ractice the use o f a table o f n et mul tiplie rs w ill be o f very
,

g rea t value in the saving o f time and labo r : X 75 75 75 X . .

, .

.
9 0 6 75 . 675 X 9 5 6 4 3
,
1 This
. se r ies o f ope r a tions gives
. the . .

mul tiplie r desi red the n et amoun t each time being mul tiplied by
,

minus the nex t discoun t the mul tiplie rs thus being 25 75

,
. .
,

. 1 0 .
9 ,
0 . 05 .
95 .

I f a published table o f discoun ts cannot be p rocu red the es ti ,

ma to r may make on e to include w ha teve r range o f disco un ts may

be desi red The re a re ve ry ha n dy tables published w hich sho w dis
.
,

coun ts f rom 1 0 96 up to 8 59 These tables a re a rranged in the fol 6 .

low ing manne r which may be followed o r modified by the es timator

,

in w o rking out his ow n table of discoun ts

 S U GGESTI O NS FO R ESTI M ATI NG 38 1

D is co unt
—
P er C en t D ecima l Eq uiv a len t N et Amoun tor Multiplier

25 7% 2
%
— —

zs 7% —

s
—

25 7% 7%
— —

25 7% 1 0
— —

25 —
1 0

25 —
1 0 —
2
%
25 —
1 0 —

5
25 1 0 7%
— —

25 —
1 0 —
1 0

25 —
1 0 —
1 0 —

27
% —
2
%
27
% —
2% —
2
%

The amoun ts in the column o f decimal equivalen ts simply show

the value of the di ffe ren t discoun ts w hen reduced to decima l s A .

compa rison of decima l equivalen ts w ill show that in some cases dif
feren t discoun ts really mean the same thing .

Thus the discoun t 2 5 2 V 7V is of jus t the same va l ue as

—
2
—
2

the discoun t 2 5 7V —
2V 2
—
2 .

In connection w i th the subject o f es tima ting no a tte mp t will be ,

m ade to give ins tr uc tions conce r ning the es tima ting o f labo r The .

autho r app recia tes the fac t tha t this info rma tion w ill be s ough t fully
as much as any t hat has been given bu t an a emp
tt t a t advising
,
th e

figu r ing of ce rtain amoun ts o f time o ce ain amoun s of o k

f r r t t w r

w ill be misleading and no doub t,

if follo w ed migh t lead t
,
o trouble , ,

especially amon g n ew es tima to rs of insu cien t expe ience

f
f i r to allo w
38 2 M O DERN P LUMBING ILLUSTRATED
fo r va rious di ff e ren t condi tions F o r ins tance the me thods of con
.
,

s truc tion and the choice o f ma te rial va ries conside rably in di fferent
pa rts o f the coun try and fu rthe rmo re much depends upon the work
, , ,

men themselves some doing a fa r grea te r amoun t o f w o rk per day

,

than o the r s Labo r is ce rtainly the mos t di fficul t i te m to esti mate

.
,

so many condi tions en te r ing in to the ma tte r In many to wns and .

ci ties ce rtain classes of building cons truc tion a re ve ry gene ral For .

ins tance in ce rtain ci ties th ree flat houses may be unive rsally used
,
-
,

w hile in ano the r tw o fl a t and six fl -

a t house s may be t he r ule
-
The .

plumbe r w ho has much o f such w o rk to do soon lea rns f rom ex peri

ence the amoun t o f labo r necessa ry to figu re almos t to an hour and , , ,

in fac t is often able to give a ve ry close o ff hand es tima te of the

,

en ti re wo rk on such a house afte r a glance a t the plans and specifi

ca tions has assu red him of the na tu re and numbe r of fix tu res The .

es tima to r tha t is w ise how eve r is n ot usually ready to make a bona

, ,

fide es tima te on any sys tem of plumbing w i thou t fi r s t goin g over

the w o rk ve ry ca refully fo r it needs only a small di ff e rence here
,

and the re to make a conside rable total di ff e rence The p racti ce of .

giving o ffhand final es tima tes is al w ays to be condemned as they ,

may often lead to trouble la te r Mo reove r such es tima tes are u .

n ,

likely to take in to accoun t any change in p rices o f ma te rial .

As al ready in tima ted ho w eve r much benefi t may be derived

, ,

f rom refe rence to lis ts o f s tock a n d labo r used on p revious w or k 0 f

simila r s tyle and cha rac te r to tha t w hich is to be es tima ted Thi s is .

especially true o f s uch w o rk as is to be found in the regula tion li n e

o f d w ellings fla ts and like buildi n gs The compa risons shoul d n o‘

.
, ,

be made by the w ay w i thou t making due allow ance for any char!
, ,

in p rices tha t m ay have come abou t in the mean time .

Oi
Many plumbi n g sys tems ho w eve r c an no t be expec ted to be
, ,

a simila r na tu re to o th er w o rk p reviously cons truc ted by the fiK m '

’

in w hich case th ere is li ttl e b en efi t to be d er ived f rom a gene ral CO '

pa rison H ere exp erience and good j udgm en t mus t be called ir

.
J “ t /

se rvice.

The employe r o r es tima to r w ho is p rop erly pos ted in his buf 15 ‘

ness w ill kn ow ho w many fee t o f soil pipe o f di ff e ren t si z es his wot f ‘

t ]
men w ill be able to run in a day how long he mus t allow for f ,

r oughing in o f each fix t u re und er the me thods follo w ed by his 1 1

-
re ”

and unde r the o rdinances o f his ci ty and how long it w ill take to ] ‘
, f
the fini s hing w o rk o n each fix tu re By thus figu ring the work 1 1 1
.
 8
3 4 M O DERN P L U MBI NG I LL U ST R A TED

WI . GREENE C0 .

NO .
73

WE . GREENE C0 .

No .
73

S tree t an d

W O RK CO H E NC ED .

O O O O O O O O O O O H our

H o ur w o rk

H ou s con tract
r

H ark o ut by

F ron t S ide .

TI ME AN D STO C K CA RD .
 S U GGESTI O NS FOR ESTIM ATI NG 8
3 5

As p revious l y s ta ted if the e s tima to r is to pe rfo rm his w o rk ,

easily and in telligen tly he mus t keep tho roughly pos ted on the cur
,

ren t p r ices o f ma te r ial In o rder tha t this may be done sys tema t
.

ica lly many fi rms n o w keep ru n o f quota tions by means of a ca r d

sys tem such a ca rd being seen below and being placed in the S sec
, ,

tion of the file All soil pipe da ta should appea r on this ca rd f rom
.
-
,

w hich w ill be kno w n the la tes t and mos t favo rable discoun t o n tha t
ma te r ial In ca rrying out such quota tions it is w ell to use a p r ivate
.

s ys tem of cha r ac t e rs to rep resen t figu res A simila r ca rd should be .

used for each class o f ma te r ial as lead pipe traps etc , , , .

S OIL P IP E .

T he J . B S C0 . . . N Y City
—
. .
—

J an . 1 25 —
1 0

M . B C0. .
—
B o s to n F eb 2 —
.

T he J . B S C0 . . .
—
N Y City
. .
—
Mar .
3 25 -
1 0 —
5
R . M 81. C Co. .
—
P hila M ar .
—
. 1 5

Anothe r much mo re valuable and comp rehensive cos t ca rd is

s ho w n on page 38 6 This ca rd can be made to tell the comple te s to ry
.

o f each i tem o f ma t e rial used I t is equally valuable in keeping cos ts .

,

fo r use in o rde r ing in checking invoices in reco rding f reigh t allo w

, ,

a n ecs and fo r billing pu rposes

, .

In conclusion it may be said tha t fo r many reasons and because ,

o f many va rying condi tions the subjec t of es tima ting is one o f the ,

m o s t di fficul t subjec ts connec ted w i th the plumbing trade upon w hich

to g ive ins truc tion .

To a ce rtain ex ten t defini te info rma tion da ta and advice may , , ,

s afely be given bu t beyond tha t succe s s in accu ra te and in telligen t

, ,

es ti m a ting mus t resul t chiefly f rom a know ledge gained by ex peri

ence f rom the applica tion of good judgmen t and f rom sys tema tic
, ,

me thods the la tte r being o f as much impo rtance as any o the r fac to r
, .
 I ND EX

A
Autom atc i s ew age e ector, 2 77 7
, 2 8 j .

action o f, 2 78 .

Ad u j
s tab e s o s n l , 49 l p i k -
tra p adv an tag es o f, 2 80 .

l k
.

i
Air adm tted to tra s ea , 75 p l fo r arge wo r , 2 80 .

i k
.

Air c ambers uh s e o f, 2 1 2 fo r mar n e wo r , 2 82 .

j p l
.

Automatic s ew age e ecto r, fo r u

,

l
Air, circuation o f, in s ewers , 1 02 .
b ic
h ugh
t t y tem 90
ro v en s s s ew ag e 2 8 1 , .

p p z
.
,

Air, li f l i bath
e es s , m s 1 44 n roo ro er s i e o f 2 8 1 , .

i li f
.
,

Air -
l ock c u d by doubl e t appi g 78
a se r n A utomat c s ewag e t, 2 77, 2 78 .

i
.
,

o ni ph upply y tem 31 7
s on s s s s, .
act on o f 2 7 8 , .

hot w t
on upply y t m 362
-
a er s s s e s, adv an t ag es o f, 2 80 .

l k
.

p e ted by f s h a i l t 1 04
rev n re -
ir n e fo r arg e wo r , 2 80 .

i k
.
,

Air res s p u fo m ke t t 71 re r s o es 1 for mar n e w o r , 2 82 .

for u p li
.
,

Air p ump to l i e w t i ph n 31 7 re ev a er s o b c s ew ag e, 2 8 1 .

p p z
.
,

Air s uppl y fo pl umbi g y t m 84 r n s s e

ro er s i e o f, 2 8 1 .

i
.
,
v en t n g o f, 2 9
Air tes t 67 1 70 1 7 .

i
A utom at c s ewag e s i ph
.
,

ob ection s t j
o, 1 7 0 .
on s , 305 .

res s u p
re fo r, 1 70
action o f, 306 .

us e o f, 305
.

l
Air v a v e o n ydrauic ram , 31 2 h l .

Au iph
.

Aulm for san d tratio n 2 2 0 fil tomatic s on fo r ran ge water

cl o t 44
.
,

i l h
An m a c a rcoa fo r ters 2 1 9 l fil se s , .

Aut m ti c u mp t k 2 80
.
,

p
A a rtmen t bu din g s , hot w ater s u y il -
ppl o a s an , .

fo r, 2 1 1 cti f 2 80
a on o , .

Aut m ti c t k u l
.

pl
umb n g for 2 1 1 , 2 1 7 i o a g t 2 1 1 an re a o rs , .

Aut m ti c ll y fl uh d ui al a
.
,

Arc itectsh ’
an s readin g an d u pl
s e o f,
o a a s e r n s n d 51 01 )

3S
i k 2 46
s n s, .

hi
Arc tects sca e, use o f , 373
’
l .

B
Areas drain age o f , 1 09
, .

fi l f
Arti cia dra t fo r oca v en ts 1 2 5 l l , . B ackp res s u re o n t ra s ea s , 74 p l .

ph l
As a tu m pp i es coated w t , 8 7
,
ih . B ackp res s u re, re ie o f, 84 l f .

ph i p
Atm o s er c res s u re am o un t o f, 3 1 4 . . k
B ac s for u r na s 50 i l , .

Attic s to rag e tan , 2 8 7 k . k

B ac w ater v a v e us e o f, 1 1 1
-
l , .

su y fo r ,
ppl
2 8 7 .
, i
B acteria act on o f in fi tration , 2 1 9 , l .

Attic tan 2 38 k , . i
act on o f, in s e t c tan , 299 pi k .

Au i ll
to m at c ce a r dra n er 1 1 2 i , . i
act on o f on s ew ag e, 304 , .

Au i
to mat c con tro o f hot w ater tan s l -
k , in s o i 2 94 l , .

349 . ll
B a coc -
kfl
oa ts , 40 .

Automati c u s in g , 2 45 fl h . ll
B a coc s 39
-
k , .

o f ran ge w ater c o s ets 44 l , . re u q

iremen ts o f, 40 .

of u r na s 2 57 i l , . k
B ar s in s con n ect on o f 66
, i , .

Auto matic u s tan fl h

action o f, 2 45 k ,
. i l
B as n s fo r av ato ries , s i es o f 24 z , .

con s truction , ocat on o f, etc, l i . k

B as ets w ire for roo
,
i es 9 1
, f pp . .

2 46 . h l h
B at es tab is men ts , con s tru ction o f
Automat c u s t i fl h
an k s fo r ub ic to et p l il fl
oo rs an d wa s o f 2 37 ll , .

roo ms ,
2 34 . pl i
umb n g for, 2 37 .
39° I NDE X
B at h -
roo m co n n ecton s , i 1 3 1 ,
1 37 , 1 38 , il
B o er tu be b rea n g o ff o f, 362 , ki -
.

I 4S , 1 49
-
l k
B on e b a c fo r terin g ur o s es , 2 1 9 fil p p .

B at h -
ro om 39 fi x t res , u 1 . 1 50 . l l
B o w s fo r a v ato ries , s es o f, 2 4 iz .

B at h ro o m s
1 31 1 37 1 43 1 49 , , , , . p
aten t o v er o w , 2 4 fl .

l
c ean in es s o f 1 3 1 l , . h
B ran c v en ts , 84 .

h
B at ro o m s ig tin g o f 1 44 , l h , . run n ng of 1 84 i , .

ti in g o f 1 39l , . B ra s s an d cas t ron e con n ect ions -

i pi p ,

v en ti ation o f 1 44 l , .

h
B at tra s 77 p , . B ras s an d w roug t h i -
ron pi pe connec
clea n o u ts fo r, 31 , 1 38 . i
ton s , 88 .

B at tu hb 31 , . B ra s s clean ou ts , 1 62 .

co n n ection s fo r 3 1 , . B ras s dra in ag e fi ttn g s 202 i , .

con s tru ctio n o f 3 1 , . B ras s errues uf se of 88 l , , .

dru m tra fo r 31 8 1 , 1 49 p , ,
. us e o f, on D ur am s ys tem 272 h ,
.

s iz
es o f 3 1 , . i h
w e g ts an d s i es o f 2 72 z ,
.

l
to en am e 31 , . B ras s fl ap v a v e u l s e o f, 62 , .

i
tr mmin g s fo r, 32 . fl
B ra s s oo r an ge u fl se o f 1 19 , , .

f h i l
B ed o rds ire lip ur n a 50 , . i
B ras s fo r dra n ag e ur o s es 274 p p ,
.

i pp
B en d n g bra s s i e 2 02 , . B ra s s e pip j
o in ts on , 2 02 , .

f h i l
Ben ds in res a ir n et 1 04 -
, . to ben d 2 02 , .

B en ds q , i
uarter fo r c rcuit v en ts 1 88 , ,
. us e o f 9 2 1 92 , , .

p l p
fo r dee s ea tra s , 1 09 -
. us e o f, on w as te an d v entwork,
us e o f 89 , . 20 1 .

i
B det, 51 . i h
w e g ts o f , 2 02 .

co n n ection s fo r, 51 . B ras s pi p i
e v s es u s e o f 2 02 , , .

m x er fo r 51 i , . B ra s s e p ip w
ren c es use o f 202 h , ,
.

su ies fo r 51 ppl , . B ras s s o er n g nld i es , w eights and i ppl

B i tran s it w a s te 32
-
, . z
s i es o f 2 72 , .

l
B in d v en t 1 57 ,
. k
B ras s wo r es tmatn g o f 377 , i i , .

l
B o w o ff ro m bo i ers , 66
-
f l . of o or p
ua ty 1 58 q li , .

il
B o ers do u b e 337
, l , . B rew ery dra in age 62 , .

con n ect o n s fo r 338 i , . B ric kpiers to s u o rt n g 95 pp p i pi ,

.

con s tru ct o n o f 337 i ,

.
-
p
B y as s 77 1 57 . .

cu t o ff s fo r 338 -
,
. fo r w ater meter 36 1 , .

dra in ag e o f 338 , .
—
p i
B y a s s n g in g as w ater eaters 362 h ,
.

p pp
ex an s io n i es on 337 , .

p pur o s e o f 337 , .

C
uppl y f 337
s o r, .

wh u d 337 ere se , . p ll
Ca i a ry action on tra s ea s 74 p l ,
.

Bo il l g h iz t l
ers , ar e or on a , s uppo rtin g o f, p
Ca s fo r roo i es 9 1 fpp , .

343 Ca s t iro n a ctio n o f e ectro ys s on 267

, l l i .

il l
B o ers arge o ri o n ta us e o f 343
,
h z l ,
. fo r drain ag e u r o s es 2 74 p p ,
.

il
B o ers ,
h
eatin g s o t w ater fo r 358 , f , . Ca s t r
-
o ni a n d b ra ss e co n n ections
pi p
l
B o i ers ho t w ater au to m a tic co n tro
-
, l of ,

C a s t iro n an d
-
ea d i
i e con n ecto n s 83 l pp .

ca p aci ti es o f
344 . . Cas t i o n a n d w ro u
r-

g t ron ppi e 60 0 h i -
‘

h
eatin g o f by s t eam , 343 , . n ectio n s 88 , .

p p
ro er s i e o f 2 1 3 343 z , , . Ca s t ro n
-
i e 87 pi p . .

s tea m co s fo r 344 il , . co atin g o f 8 7 1 62 , , .

Bo il ers ran g e
, fo r res den ces , 2 1 , i 1 . co n n ecto n s o f w ro ug t iro n pl
i l ei h -

h
eatin g o f, 32 8 . in to 2 62 . .

m ateria s fo r 1 9 2 l , ,
21 1 . fo r ous e s ew er 1 97 h . .

z
si e o f 21 1 , . fo r w a s tes 1 37 . .

to redu ce eff ect v e i s iz e o f, 6

3 3 . j i
o n ts o n , 8 7 .
392 I NDEX
i
Co atn g o f cas t ron e, 8 7 -
i pi p . fl
De ecto r for g reas e tra 56 p , .

il
Co s , s team fo r hot water bo ers 344 ,
-
il ,
. D irect res s u re ba -
p
co c s , 40 ll -
k .

l
Co d air bo x , d s tan ce o f res air n et
-
i f h -
i l h
Dis c a rg e c amber o f the septic tank, h
f
rom 1 04 , .
30 1 .

i
Comb n at on coc s , 33 i k . i
D s cou n ts o n umb n g g oods 378 pl i ,
.

i
Comb n ato n s in i
an d w as tray, 1 9 k h . tab e o f, 38 1 l .

f
Co m o rt s tatio n s v en ti ation o f, 1 2 7 ,
l . Domest c fi ter co n s tru i cton of 2 1 8l , i ,
.

p
Com res s ed a ir fo r s ewage e ecto rs , j D ou l
b e actin g o rce u -
m 351 f p p , .

27 8 . D ou l
b e actin g ydra uic ram 31 4 25
-

3 h l , ,
.

p
Com res s io n s ys tem 2 2 0 , . D ou l
b e a artmen t bu p
i d n g s, p umbing l i l
p
Com res s ion wo r 33 k , . fo r 2 1 7 , .

adv an tag es o f, 2 1 2 . con tn u ous v en t i

in g for 1 79 ,
.

l
Con cea ed i n g tes tn g o f 1 67 p pi , i , . Do u l
b e bo i ers 337 l , .

Con den sato n in v en t i es , 84 1 84 pi p , . con n ectio n s fo r , 338 .

care o f 89 , . con s tru cto n o f 337 i , .

dra n age o f, 90i . cu t o ff s fo r 338 -

, .

Con den s n g tan i us e o f 66 k , , . drain a ge o f, 338 .

fil
Co n tact ter beds 302 , 305 , ex p i p ip an s o n
337 es o n , .

i
Con tag o n carr ed by oca v en ts , 1 2 5 i l l . p up o f 337r ose , .

i
Co n t n u ou s v en tn g 7 6 1 75 i , , . suppl y fo 337 r, .

Con tn u i ou s v en tn g , a dv an tag es o f, 1 75, i wh u d 337

ere se , .

1 80 . Dou b l e fi tti g s ti g f m 223

n , v en n ro ,
.

eco n o m y o f 1 80 1 8 3 , , . D oub l e h ub u f 89 s, se o , .

fo r a a rtmen t o u s es p 1 79 h , . Do ub l e -
hu b p ip e u se f 89 , o , .

for g ro u s o f fi x tures 1 76 p , . Do ub l e t ti g pl u
es g 1 69
n , .

li
fo r n es o f av ato r es 2 33 l i , . D oub l e t pp i g 78 1 1 1
ra 1 56n , , , .

fo r tw o fl oo r wo r 1 79
-
k , . Dou b l e T Y,-
us e o f, 89
fo r tw o in es o f fi x tures 1 8 3 l , . D ra f t fo l c l e t 1 2 5 r o a v n s, .

f
rom s ecia ttn g s 2 0 1 p lfi i , . D ra ni ti l e i i de c ll 1 56 ns e a r, .

o f av ato r es l 23 1 7 6 i . , . f ub oi l d ai
or s 1 1 1 s r ns, .

o f in e s o f lx tu res 2 71 fi , . D ra n ai g y t m sepa at e s s e , r e, for each

o f in e s o f u l
rin a s 2 56 l , . h ou s e, 1 03 .

o f S tra 8 1 83 p , , . D ra in er ce ll ar , 1 1 2 .

o f w ater c o s ets 1 8 7 l ,
. D ra w o ffs ,-
dra i n ag e f ro m 66 .

pp
,

Corro s io n o f drain ag e i es 2 64 , . D i ki g f u t i
r n n28 o n a ns, 2 .

v en t i es 2 64 pp , . i t il t m 2 8 n o e ro o s, 2 .

Co s t o f es t m at n g o f 378 i i , . D ip p
r f tti c t an
g t or a s o ra e ank, 238

Co s t card 386 . . f f ig t 6 o r re r era o r, 1 .

Cottag e o us e hum b in g fo r 1 9 1 ,
pl , . D ip i k f
r s nf ig t 6 or re r era o r, 1 .

Cou n try o u h
s e w a te r s u y fo r
3 5
2 ,
ppl , . D ip f m b il
r s 66 ro o ers , .

hot w ater s u y fo r 32 8 ppl , . D i w ll

r v en m k 3 6 e s , re ar s on , 1 .

Co u n try pl
um b in g 2 8 5 ,
.
y t m f 3 51 s s e o , .

Co urts etc o f ten em en t o us es , drain

,
h D u m t p 8
r ra , 1 .

ag e o f 2 08 . clean o uts o n , 1 64 .

Co urtyards dra in ag e o f 1 09 , , . con n ection s fo r 8 1 , .

l
C o w s fo r ro o i es 9 1 fpp ,
. fo r bat tu h
b 3 1 8 1 1 49 , , , .

z
Cra in g o f w ater c o s ets 1 1 9 l , . fo r co u n tr
y um b n g 2 8 5 pl i , .

Cu p ojin ts 8 8 , . fo r au l
n dry t ub s , 1 9 , 82 .

Cu t o ff s fo r do u
-
b e bo ers 338 l il ,
. for re r gerato r 6 1 fi , .

ob s tru i
cton s in , 8 2 8 3 , .

s erv in g tw o o r mo re fi x tu res , 82 .

Dead en d, 1 55 . si ph
o n ag e o f 8 1 , .

Dee p -
s ea l trap , us e o f, 1 09 . s to pp
ag e o f 8 2 . .

fo r ra in l eader s , 2 07 . un v en ted 8 1 , .
 I NDEX 393

D ru m tra pv en t o f, t rou
, g c ea n o ut h h l i i
E s t matn g o f abo r, 38 1 l .

co v er, 82 . ea d l e 37 6 pi p , .

h
D ur am s ys tem , 2 61 . m a rb e an d s ate 378l l , .

adv an tag e o f 9 7 2 62 , , . ll
mis ce an eo us tem s , 378 i .

p
com a red w it commo n s ys tem , h pp
i e an d fi tt n g s , 373 i .

2 61 . pl i
umb n g con s tructon , 367 i .

f
de ects o f 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 , , , , . s q p ly i e 37
p 7 pp .

fi ttin g s fo r, 2 61 , 2 62 . w rpmg s o der 376 l , .

fl
oo r fl
an g e fo r 1 2 0 ,
. p i
E va o raton decrea s ed by con tn u ou s i
fo r g reen o us es 2 63 h , . v en tin g 1 76 , .

j i
o n ts on 2 61 , 2 62 ,
. o f ra in eader tra l
s ea s , 2 07 p l .

ui l r na s on , 2 57 . o f tra s ea s 7 4 77 p
, 1 1 0 l , , .

us e of so ld erin g n i ppl es an d E x cav atio n s dra in age o f 1 1 2

, , .

bras s f ul err es on , 2 72 . h
E x aus t s team fo r eat n g ho t w at er h i -

us ed in h i g h b ui l di ngs, 2 63 k
tan s , 343 .

w ater -
cl o t fl se oo r co n n ecti on s h
Ex aus ts , dra in age con n ect o n s i o f, 66 .

fo r ,
2 71 , 2 72 . p pp
E x an s ion i es on dou b e bo ers , 337 l il .

wo r k o f, 2 71 . Ex po s ed s u f
r aces o f w ater c o s ets , 1 1 5 l .

i li h i i
E x ter o r g tn g des rab e, 1 44 l .

E h
E x tra eav y s oi l pip
e, 8 7 .

E a rth en w a re pip e fo r drain s , 1 1 0 .

F
h
fo r o us e s ew er 1 97 , .

in s ide ce ar, 1 56 ll . F acto r i uto mati c fl us h i n g fo r

es , a , 2 45 .

j i t
o n s on , 1 97 . regul ati on o f pl umbin g in , 2 08 .

p h ibitio
ro 9 6 n o f, 1 . was te an d s o il li n es fo r, 2 42 .

j
E ecto r au , tomatic s ewag e, 2 77, 2 78 . F acto ry la v ato r es , 2 4 i 7 .

actio n o f 2 78 , . pl umbi g 2 4 1 n , .

adv an tag es o f 2 80 , . t il t
o ms 2 4 1
e roo , .

fo r a rge w or l 2 80 k , . t il t
o m fl e s f 2 42
roo s, oo r o r, .

i
for ma r n e w o r k 2 82 , . t il t
o m l i g h ti g f 2 42
e ro o s, n o , .

fo r u p l t il t oo m til tio
'

b ic s ewag e 2 8 1 , . o e r f 24 s , v en a n o ,
1 ,

p p z
ro er s i e o f 2 8 1 , 2 42 .

i
v en tn g o f 2 7 9 , . was h ik s n s , 2 42 , 2 47 .

l ii h
E ectr c ty t aw in g o f
,
pi p es by, 331 . F an s v en a o n by u
, ti l tise o f 1 28 22 7 , . .

l l i i
E ectro ys s , a cto n o f 2 66 ,
. F erru le co n n ectio n s n c u ded in rou g i l h
cau s e o f 2 66 , . in g , 1 61 .

des tru i
cto n o f pp i es by 2 65 , . F erru les , b ra s s , us e o f 88 , .

g en e ral re m a k
r s on , 2 68 . h
w eig ts an d s es o f 2 72 iz , .

i
o f cas t ron , 2 67 . il
F ter beds , con tact, 302 , 305 .

rem edy fo r 2 67 , .
p r im a r
y 3 0 2 3 5
0 , . .

l h li
E ev ato rs ydrau c, d rain age ro m , 66
,
f . l
F i tered water s u y 2 1 7 ppl , .

ll l
E n am e ed a v ato r es 2 3i , . fo r s w imm in g oo 2 38 p l , .

lli
E n ame n g for bat tu h b 31 , . p
o en g ra v it y ta n k fo r 2 2 0 , .

En d clean ou ts 1 62 1 63 , , . o v er ead t an hfo r, 2 2 0 k .

h
E n gin e o us e pl umbin g fo r 2 4 1
, , . p
res s u re t an fo r, 2 2 0 k .

fl i
o o r dra n s fo r 2 4 1 , . sto rag e o f 2 2 0 , .

h f
E s tim ate s eet, o rm o f, 369 . il
F terin g m ater a s 2 1 9 il , .

k
rema r s o n 37 2 ,
. l
F i ters , an im a c arco a fo r, 2 1 9 l h l .

i k
E s timat n g o f b ra s s w o r , 377 . ca re o f 2 1 8 . .

l ki l
cau n g ea d, 374 . l
c ean s in g o f 2 1 9 , .

co s t 378 , . h
fo r ote s res ta uran ts , o s ital s , l . h p
fi x tu res an d trimm in g s 364 , . etc 21 8 .

g a s i in pp
g . 377 . fo r ram w ater 2 89 , .
$M INDE X
il
F ters , g rav ity, use o f, 2 1 8 . F l oo r drain s , tra in g s o f, 1 1 0 pp .

p res s ure con s tructi on ,

o f, 2 1 9 . tra s fo r, 1 09 p .

p res s ure us e o f 2 1 8 , ,
. F l oo r fl
an g e, b ra s s , us e o f, 1 1 9 .

l
F i ters , cis tern , 3 5
2 . fo r D ur a m s ys tem 1 2 0 h , .

action o f, 3 ,
2 6 3 7
2 . F l l
oo r s ab s fo r u rin a s , 2 56 l .

co n s tructio n o f, 2
3 ,6 3 7
2 . s ett n g o f, 33 i .

il
F tration o f w a ter 2 1 7 , . F l i
o o r t mbers , cu ttin g o f, 1 33 .

fo r co mm erc a ur o s es 2 1 7 i lp p ,
. F l o o rs fo r act o ry to et f il ro o m s ,

o f s ew ag e 304 , . 2 42 .

t ro u g hth e s o i , 2 94 h l . p ubl i c t il o etro o m s , 2 2 7 .

tw o o rm s o f, 2 1 7 f . F lu es , l clo a v en t co n n ectio n s in to,

l
F in a tes t the 1 67 , , . 1 27 .

i
F rs t tes t the, 1 67 , . F l uh p ip f w t cl t 37
s e or a er os e , .

F ittin gs b ras s dra n ag e 2 02

,
i , . F l uh t k ut m tic acti
s an f , a o a on o , 2 45 .

es tim atin g o f, 373 . iz c tuctis l c ti e on s r on , o a on , etc , .

ex tra a o w a n ce o f, 37 4, ll . 2 46 .

for D ur am s ys tem 2 6 1 h , . F l uh s tan k s, con cea in g o f, 2 34 l .

s ecia p
fo r uln derg ro u n d s ew age
,
fo r s lop s in 50 k , .

p fi
uri cation s ys tem s 304 , . fo r wa ter c o s et 37 l , .

F ittin g s , s pecia was te an d v en t, 38 , 1 43 l , fo r w ater c o s ets o f u b ic toi et l p l l

201 . roo m s 2 34 , .

v en tin g f ro m , 22 3 . F l uh s in g au to m atic, 2 45
, .

F ix ture v en ts , re uremen ts o f, 84 q i , F l uh s in g o f o o r drain s 1 09 fl , .

1 84 . o f ra n g e w ater c o s ets 44 l , .

F ix ture wa s tes o n g 1 62 ,
l ,
. o f w ater c o s ets 1 1 5 l , .

i
F x tu res , es t matn g o f 378 i i , . F l uh i
s n g rim fl—
oo r drain s , 1 09 2 7
3 , .

fo r bat roo m s 1 39 , 1 50 h , . l p si ks
s o n , 49 .

g r o u s o f, c o n tin uo us pv en ts fo r, typ e o f fi x t res u fo r p ubl ic t il o et

1 76 . ro o m s , 2 34 .

in ce ar 2 0 1 ll , . urin a l s 50 , , 2 56 .

F ix tures , o rce a in , upse o f 1 39 l ,

. w ater c o s ets , l etc, 1 1 .
9 .

l
F an g es ro o , 9 1 ,
f . F l uh i
s n g v a v es , l 37 .

l p l
F a v a v e us e o f 62 65 , , , . co n cea l ed 2 34 , .

l il i
F at bu d n g s , re rige rato r dra n age f i fo r s o l p2 51 s in s 43 k , , .

for 2 05 ,
. fo r u rin a s , 43 2 51 , 2 52 2 57 l , , .

l i l
F ex b e w oo den s in m at 1 8 k ,
. fo r w ater c o s ets , 43 2 51 l , .

l
F oats fo r ba co c s 40 ll -
k , . n eces s a ry res s u re fo r 2 51 p , .

l
F oo r co n n ect o n s fo r D u r am s ys tem , i h p
o eratio n o f, 2 51 .

s iz
es o f co n n ect io n s fo r 2 51 , .

fo r w ater l
c os ets , 37 ,
1 1 9 . sto rag e t an s fo r, 2 51 2 52 k , .

putty , 1 1 9 . un der direct res s ure, 2 51 p .

F l oo r drain s fo r bat h es tab li hm s en ts , un der tan res s u

5
re, 2 1 kp .

2 37 . us e o f, 2 51 .

fo r en g i n e h ous e , 241 . F oo t bat h , 32 .

fo r ice h ous es , re rig era tf

or con n ection s o f, 32 .

roo m s , etc, . 62 . F o rce pump , us e of the, 2 87 .

for l ud i tc
a n r es e .
, 62 . d ublo e actin g ,
-
53 1 .

fo r publ ic t l t m or e ro o s, 227 . l
F o u a ir ducts fo r
-
p l ub ic to i et roo m s l
t bl
,

fo r 2 41
s a es , . 227 .

fl uh i g f 1 09
s n o , . F ree in g z main trap
of s eal , 1 04 .

fl uh i g im 2 37
s n r , . p rotection o f p ipe s a g a in s t,
i t h u e d i 1 96
n o o s ra n , . 21 .

i to u f c w 1 1 0
n s r a e se er, . F res h -
a ir ducts fo r p ubl ic t il o et roo m s ,
s iz e o f 1 09 , . 227 .
396 I NDE X
H ouse s ew er, ex ten t o f, 1 97 .
J oin ts , ca ul ked cup 88 , , .

mater i lf a o r, 1 97 . o n ca s t ro n -
i pipe 87 , .

i z o f pip
s e e fo r 2 0 1 , . on l oca l v en t p ipe 1 26 s, .

H o us e t k u
an , se o f, 2 1 3 . o v erca s t, 88 .

H o us e t p ra 0 , 1 1 . r us t 88 , .

adv an tag es o f, 1 03, 1 1 0 .

clean o uts o n , 1 04 , 1 05, 1 62 , 1 63 .

K
con n ect o n at, 1 i 9 6 .

K eybo a rd use o f, 2 1 4
fo r ten emen t o us es h , 1 03 .

i h
K tc en s n s
,

i k 1 7
.

free n
g o f zi
1 04 , .

fo r 1 7
con n ect on s
,

i
.

l i
in arge c ties 1 03 , .

con s tru ct on o f , 1 7, 1 8 i
, .

j
o b ect o f 1 0 1 , .

fo r ote s etc h l
.

j i
ob ect on s to 1 02 , .

ho t water s u y fo r, 1 7
-
,

ppl
.

co u em s , 2 8 6
.

on
uts i de
n try s ys t

of f un dati on 1 06
.

s ettn g o f, 1 7, 1 8 i .

o
i
s ett n g o f, 1 05
o , .

s i es o f, 1
7z .

was te for, 1 61
.

topp g e f
.

Hu bs
s
dou bl u
a
e,
o
s e o f,
, 1 04
89
.

.
h
K itc en was te, catc ba s in for, h
,

H ydra ul i c l t e ev a o rs , dra i n ag e f ro m 66 , .

L
H ydra ul i c g i en n es , a cto n o f, i 31 3 .

was te o f water by 3 1 3 , . L abo r es timatin g o f 38 1

, , .

wo r don e by, 3 1 3 k . L aun dry dra n ag e, 62 i .

li
H ydrau c ram , do u b e actin g , 31 4, 32 5 l -
. L aun dry tu bs 1 8 , .

li
H ydrau c ram s , 31 1 . con n ection s fo r 1 9 , .

a ir v a v e on , 31 2 l . con s tru cton o f, 1 8 i .

con n ection s fo r, 3 1 1 . dru m tra for, 1 9 , 82 p .

driv e e o f, 31 3 pi p . in ce ars 2 05 ll , .

orce f i e rom , 31 3 pp f L avato r es 2 3 i

: ,

h
ea d o f s u y to , 3 1 2 , ppl
3 31 . con n ecti o n s fo r, 2 3 .

p
o eraton o f, 31 1 i . con n ection s fo r grou o f, 2 7 1 p .

sou rce o f s u y fo r , 3 1 ppl

1 . con s tru ct on o f 2 3 i , .

use o f, 2 8 7 con t n u ou i
s v en tin o f 23 1 7 6
f
. .
, ,

was te o f water by 31 3 , . do u l
b e batter es o 2 2 9 2 33 i , ,
.

was te v a v e o f, 31 2 l . fo r acto r es , 2 47 f i .

k
wor don e by, 3 1 3 . l
in es o f con tn u ou in g for,
s v en t , i
2 33 .

m arb l l e s ab s fo r, 24 .

s hfo r 32
o w er , .

I ce bo x es , co n n ection s fo r 62 , . S tra fo r 1 33 p , .

h
I ce ous es dra n age o f 62
, i , . trimm n g s fo r 32 i , .

I n creas e o f es t ro u pip
g r oo 90 , 1 55 h h f , L av ato ry bo w s s ettn g o f, 24 l , i .

I n creas ers o rm s o f 90
, f , . z
s i es o f 2 4 , .

us e o f 9 , . L ead an d ca s t ron e co n n ection s 88

-
i pi p ,
.

I n direct res s u
-
p re ba co c s 40 ll -
k . . L ead ben d con n ecton s in to 1 31 , 1 56
, i ,
.

f i
I n ecto n t rou g uh n tra e d um b n g h pp pl i co n n ect on o f 37 i , .

s ys tem 1 03 , . L ead, con n ection s wit ou tu s e o f 1 49 h ,

.

p i pl
I n s ecton o f the u m b n g s v s tem , 1 72 i . lk
ca u in g es tmat n g o f 374 , i i , .

lp ii
I n tern a a rt ton s in tra s , 74 p . pl
umbin g wit out us e o f, 2 71 h .

I o bo dy clean ou
r n -
ts , 1 62 . h
s eet, w eig t s o f, 1 9 2 h .

h
w en n ot to be u s ed a s wast e,

J I 37 ~

L ead j oi nts, 87 cau ed, lk .

J k
ac et, water for g rease tra ,
56 p . . ex tra a o wa n ce fo r, 88
, ll .

Jo in ts , lk
cau ed w eig ts o f 88 , h . . weig ts o f 375 h , .
 I NDEX 39 7

L ead p ip
decreas e in us e o f, 1 84
e, . L oca l v en ts , po o r wo r k on , 1 56 , 1 57 .

i i
es t mat n g o f, 37 6 . p up o r s e o f, 1 2 3 .

g t w li h
e g t i h
s o f us ed 1 5 8 , . req ui
in u n g t ed an d u
red n li h
o b ect on s tj i o , 1 37 . v en t a t il
ed to i et roo ms , 1 2 4 l .

s ag s in 1 62 , . ru n n ng o f 1 2 6 i , .

pp
s u o rtin g o f, 1 62 . s iz
es o f, 1 2 5 .

us e o f 9 2 , . p i l
s ec a , o n w ater c o set, 2 34 l .

us e o f o n s ma w o r 1 9 1 , ll k , . two s ys tems o f, 1 2 5 .

i h
w e g ts o f 1 9 2 376 , , . us e o f, in ub ic to et rooms p l il .

ppl p p h
L ea d s u y i e w eig ts o f 1 9 2 , , . 2 46 .

pi p
L ea d w a s te es a dv an t ag es o f 2 73 , , . l
L oca v en ts ma n a rea o f , 1 2 7 , i .

j
o b ectio n s t o 2 73 , . s i es o f, 1 2 6 z .

h
w eig ts o f 1 92 , . L odg n g i ou h
s es , reg uation o f umb l pl
k pl
L ea d w o r s dis acin g o f 1 37 , . in g in 2 07 , .

l h l
ig t materia u s ed o n 1 92 , . L on g o ers u h pp s e o f, 70 , .

pp
L ea der i es clea n o u ts o n 1 63 , , . p
L o o v en ts 1 88 , .

con n ectio n s o f 1 96 , . li
fo r n es o f w ater c o s ets , 2 42 l .

ou h
ts ide o f ou se 1 06 , . s iz
es o f 1 88 ,
.

z
s i e o f 1 98 , . L o w do wn tan , 43
-
k .

if f
L t o rce u
-
p p m actio n an d co n s tru e , L o w do wn w ater c o s et 43
-
l , .

tio n o f 3 1 5 , . s on i ph
o rm fo r, 1 1 8 f .

if p p
L t u m a ction a n d co n s tru
, ctio n o f , p
L o w res s ure s team eat n g s ys tems ,
- -
h i
3 5 1 . drain age rom 66 f , .

L if t ut m tic w g
s, a o a se a e, 2 77, 2 78 .

a ctio n o f, 2 78 .

adv an tag es o f , 2 8 0 .

fo r a rg e w o r 2 80 l k , . Main l oc l e t a a o f 1 2 7
a v n s, re , .

fo r m ar n e w o r 2 82 i k , . Ma i n so il p i p tc cti i
e, v en on n e on nto, 90 .

fo r u p l
b ic s ew ag e 2 8 1 , . Ma in t ck t
s a d o f h o ue d ai
a en s r n, 1 9 1 .

p p z
ro er s i e o f 2 8 1 , . Ma i n t ps
ra 01 , 1 .

i
v en tn g o f 2 7 9 , . adv an tag es o f, 1 03, 1 1 0 .

if
L ts w a ter dra n ag e ro m , 66
, , i f . clean o uts o n , 1 04 , 1 05, 1 62 , 1 63 .

i hi
L g tn g ex ter o r des irab e 1 44
. i ,
l , . con n ecto n at, 1 i 96 .

o f bat ro o m 1 44 h , . fo r ten em en t o u s es , h 1 03 .

o f act f
o ry to et ro o m s 2 42 il , . free n g o f 1 04zi , .

of t o i et ro o m s 228 l , . l
in a rg e cites , 1 03 i .

Lip urin a 50 2 56 l , , . j
o b ect o f, 1 0 1 .

fl h
us in g rim fo r , 1 1 9 . j
o b ectio n s to 1 02 , .

i
L v e s team fo r eatin g ho t w ater tan h -
ks , o n co un try s ys tem s 2 86 , .

343 outs i de o f f o un dat ion 1 06 ,

.

Lo ca l v en ts ,83 1 2 3 , . s et i
tn g o f, 1 05 .

i
act o n o f 1 23 1 24 , , . s o t pp ag e o f, 1 04 .

hi
c m n ey con n ectio n s o f 1 2 7 , . us e o f tw o , 1 97 .

co n n ect on s o f w it fl i
ues 1 2 7 h , . Ma in v en ts, 84 .

con tagion ea rn ed by 1 2 5 , . co n n ect on s o f, i 9 ,

0 1 84 .

f
d ra t fo r 1 2 5 ,
. in h igh b u din g s il ,
2 23 .

fo r b at ro om s 1 44 h . . i nto s ta c 55 k ,
1 .

fo r ran g e w ater c o s ets , 45 l . q i n o t re ured 1 38 ,

.

fo r s lop s in s 49 k , . u d i bl e c n es ra on n ect on o f, i 9 1 .

fo r u rin a s 2 55 l , . Mai w a te p ip
n e s e, v n t co n n ecto n i i nto,

g ra d n g o f 1 i
55 , .
90 .

jo in ts on 1 26 , . Man h ol es purpo s e o f 1 02 , , .

mater a fo r 1 2 6 il , . Man ure to p rotect p i p es f rom f ree zi ng,

p h
itc o f 1 26 , .
32 1 .
398 I N D EX
Marbl e cemen ts 24 , . ii
P artton s fo r s ta s in to etrooms 228 ll il ,

Marbl e cl ean i n g o f 1 4 5
, , . il
fo r to et roo ms , con s truction of ,

decrea s e in us e o f 1 39 ,
.

i
es tim at n g o f, 378 . f ui l 50 or r na s, .

f l t i
or a v a o r es , 2 4 . fl w b wl 2 4
P a en o v er o
t t o , .

Ma r bl fle l boo r s a s , s ettin g o f, 33 . P av e d c ut d i g
o r s f ,
ra n a e o , 1 09 .

Mar bl l b f l
e s a s or a v ato rie s , 2 4 . d t l ui l
P e es a r na 57 , 2 .

t bl a f c t e o o n en ts o f, 2 5 . pp mi t mi tu f
P e er n ,
x re o ,
for testing .

Me ch ic l d ic
an a ev es in w ater c o s ets , l 1 71 .

1 1 5 . tes t, 1 67 .

fo r v en ts , 175 . i t j
o b ect on s
1 71 o, .

Mech an i cal s eal s p s 74 in tra ,

. P ip c e cti on n e i u 88 o n s , v ar o s, .

Mech an ica l v en ti l atio n 1 2 7 , . Pip upp ti g fi tti g 9 5

e s -
or n n s, .

Mix er fo r bidet 51 , . P ip p itch f d i g d t 88

es , o ra n a e an v en ,
.

Momen tum a ff ects tra p s eal 74 , . upp t d by p i

s or e95 ers , .

th w i g f by l ct icity 33
a n o , e e r ,
1 .

N t p t ct g i t f
o ro e t 3 a a ns ro s ,
21 .

i
N ck e l pl
ated s u ies 33 ppl Pi t p ump f
s on i i g w g 78 s o r ra s n se a e, 2 .

P itch f p ip
-

88
.
,

-
p
N o n by a s s tees us e o f 362
-
, , .

Pl
o
ch i t ct di g
es ,
d u f
’
.

N on s iphon able tra s 73

-
p , .
a n s, ar e s , rea n an se o .

use o f, 1 49 37 2
Plu u l
.

g d b
s, t ti
o g 1 69 e -
es n , .

O t ti g 68es n , 1 .

P lu m bi g i p cti n f 1 72
ns e on o
O ak um, am o un t o f fo r ,
cau ed lk j o in ts ,
t ti g f es 67
,

n o , 1 .
, .

37s P l u g b th ch g
n e a f w t i 237 an e o a er n, .

es trma tm g
.

o f,
,

375 .

fo r 2 37
con n ection s
O bs tructio n s in dru m tra s 8 2 p , ,
83 .

con s tructio n o f 2 37
, .

O do rs in to i et ro o m s 2 4 l , .

fil
tered w ater fo r 2 38
, .

il
O ffice b u din g s ho t w a ter s u , ppl y f or .
l
P un g er w at e r c o s ets ions
o b ect l ,
,

j
.

t
o .

21 I
5
.

1 1
pl um bi ng fo r , 223 .

P n eu
.

ma tic water s upply 3 9

0
O ff s et w ater c o s ets us e o f 1 1 8 l , ,
.

a dv an ta g es o f, 3 1 0
,
.

O ff s ets in s tac s 89 k , .

ppl i c ti
a f 309 31 0 a ons o
.

p pp
O il o f e erm in t fo r tes tin g 1 71 , .

Op ti f 309
e ra on
, ,
.

p
O en g ra v ity tan 220 k , .

p u f om 3 1 0res s re
o , .

p pl
O en um bin g adv a n tages o f 1 1 9 , , , 1 3 1 .

t k f an3 9 3
0 1 0
s o r,
r , .

j
O v ercas t o in ts 88 . .

P oo r p ctic i pl umbi g 1 55
,
.

O v erfl l ra es n n .

o w s c ea n in g o f 1 4 5
,

Por e c l i cl i g o f 1 45
.
, ,
a n, ean n
co n n ectio n o f 77
, .

fo r s w imm in g oo s 2 38
,

p l
.

fi tu u f 1 39 1 50
x res , se o , ,
.

f
ro m a t tic ta n s 2 8 7 k
, .

f fi lt i g pu p
or 2 9 er n r o s es , 1 .

f
ro m t a n s 62 k
, .

l t i 23 a v a o r es , .

. .

u i l 2 56 r na s ,
h
O v er ea d ous e drain 1 1 2h , .

P ra ctic p es , i pl umb i g 1 55
oo r, n
.

pip
in g s u o rt o f 9 5 pp n .
,
, , .

P res s u fil t c tucti f 21
e rs , 9 on s r on o
tan k , us e o f, 2 2 0 .
re

1 1 s e o f, 2 1 8 .
,

P res s ure fo r air tes t 1 70

P
, .

fo r s m o e tes t 1 71 k , .

i
P a n tin g o f s o i i e 1 4 5 lpp , . fo r w ater tes t 1 69 , .

l
P an water c o s et o b ectio n s to , , j 1 1 5 . P res s ure s u y s ys tem , 2 1 3ppl .

P an try s in 25 k , . P res s ures wate r tab e o f 1 69

, l ,
.

co n n ectio n s fo r 2 5 , . P rices o f plu mbmg m ater a , 385 il

co n s truction o f, 2 5 . P rim a ry ter beds 302 305 fil , , .

s ettin g o f, 2 5 . fi
P ro t o n pl
umb n g co n s truction 368 i .
400 I NDE X

Re f rig erato rs , for 61 dr i p pa n , . Se pti c ta k i

n f 2 99
, acto n o , .

erro rs in con n ect o n s o f 1 57 i ,

. cti o
a f b ct i i 299
n o a er a n, .

l i
Reguatn g cy in der fo r w n dm i 3 1 l i ll , 1 . c tu
on s rcti o f 2 99 n o , .

l
R eguato rs fo r tan s 2 1 1 k , . di ch g ch mb
s f 30
ar e a er o ,
1 .

Res den ces i umb n g fo r 2 0 1 , pl i , . di pl c s c p l 299

a es es s oo s , .

ran ge bo ers fo r 2 1 1 il , . di p sl f c t t f 30
os a o on en s o ,
1 .

Res tauran t s in 55 k , . fi l di p l f m 30
na s os a ro , 2 .

f
Roo con n ectio n s 9 1 , . l ig h t i d w mth f 299
, a r, an ar o ,

Roo ffl
an g es 9 1 , . s i z f 2 99
e o ,
.

R oo res f f
a ir n et t ro u
, h
g , 1 0 5-
i l h h . us e o f, 2 99 .

o v er o w o n to 62 fl , . v en tin g o f, 2 8 5 .

iz s ug h
e o f pi p th es ro , 1 55 . S erv ice pi p es sis,
des tro yed by e ectro y l l
R f pip
oo th
es , es a c p fg e o a s es ro ugh , 1 01 . 2 65 .

f ti 9 ro s n, 1 . f z e th w d by
ro n, a e electricit
y, 33r .

q ui m t f 9
re re en s o ,
1 . th w i g o f by t
a n , s eam o r hotwa
upp t f 96 s or o ,
. ter, 362 .

u f c p d c wl
se o a s an o s on , 9 1 . l
S ettin g o f av ato ry bo w s , 2 4 l .

Ro f o t 84 v en s , . ma rb e oo r s ab s 33 l fl l , .

R ugoh i g i 6 n -
n, 1 1 . l h
S ett in g c amber o f s e tic tan p k , 299 .

R ugoh i g t t 6 n7 es , 1 . S ewag e be l o w s ew er l ev e l , disposa l of .

p p ti f 68
re a ra on s o r, 1 . 2 77 .

R ugoh i g w k in cl ud d
, i or n e n, 1 61 . fi l t ti o o f th oug h oil 302
ra n , r s ,
.

Ru i g fnn n il p ip 95
o so e, . l i f ti g o f 2 77 n , .

R ut i s t y t m 90 9 1
n v en s s e , ,
. p ue n ce a y to i 279
res s r e ss r ra se .
.

Rut j i t 88
s o n s, . un d g o un d di p er l f 302 r , s o sa o ,
.

S ewag e ej ect au 8
tom atic 2 77 27 o r, , ,
.

acti o n o f 2 78 , .

S tra s , p
73 75 , . a dv an tag es o f , 2 80 .

clean o u ts fo r bat 1 38 h , . l
fo r a rg e w o r 2 80 k . .

co n tin u ou s v en ts fo r 8 1 , . fo r m a r n e w o r 2 8 2 i k , .

fo r co u n try um bin g 2 8 5 pl , . p l
fo r ub ic s ew ag e 2 8 1 , .

fo r av ato ries 1 33 l , . p p z
ro er s i e o f 2 8 1 , .

f
o rm s o f 76 , . v en tin g o f 2 7 9 . .

us e o f 1 75 ,
. lf
S ewag e i ts auto m atic, 2 77, 2 78
,
.

f
S a e fo r attic, s to rag e tan 2 88 k , . action o f, 2 78 .

f
S a e was tes co n n ectio n o f 62 , , . adv an t a g es o f 2 80 , .

S an d fo r terin g fil
ur o ses 2 1 9 p p , . l
fo r a rg e w o r 2 80 k , .

S a w du s t to ro t ect i es p ro m ree in
g pp f f z ,
fo r m a rin e w o r 2 8 2 k , .

3 2 1 . p li
fo r u b c s ew ag e 2 8 1 , .

l , h
S ca e a rc itects us e o f 373
’
, , . p p z
ro er s i e o f 2 8 1 , .

l
S ca e in v en t s ys tem 90 9 1 , ,
. v en t in g o f 2 79 , .

h l
S c oo s auto ma tic us in g fo r 2 4 5
, fl h , . p
S ew ag e um s us e o f 2 77 p , , .

S co urin g actio n o f S tra s 76 p , . S ew ag e s i o n s a uph to m atic, 305 , .

l
S ea o f tra s 73 74 p , , . actio n o f 306 , .

cau s es a ff ectin g 7 4 , . us e o f 305 , .

ev a o ratio n o f 1 1 0p 1 76 , , . S ew ag e s ys tem s ur ace ra in eaders I

,
t“ f , l
S eat v en t 1 2 3 ,
. to 2 06
, .

lf l
S e c ean s n g acto ry s in
-
i 2 47 f k , . S ew e g
r a s in u m bi n g y
s s tem 1 0! pl ,

p
S e a rate dra in ag e s ys tem fo r eac h l l
S ew er ev e , dis o s a o f s ew age b elo wp l ,

hou se 1 03 , . 2 77
p
S e a rate w a s te en tra n ces fo r x tu res , fi S ew ers ,
c1 rculat1 on o f a 1 r m , 1 02 .

1 31 1 32 , 1 37 1 38 , . . p l
ces s o o s con n ected to
p
S e a ra to rs ra in w ater 2 89 .
-
, . h o us e s ew er con n ect1 on s ml“
S eptic tan 2 99 k . . 1 9 8 .
 INDEX 40 1

S ew ers , l i v en ti ato n o f, 1 02 . S i ph on -
j et w ater c o s et, l 1 1 5 .

S h t l d w ig h t
ee ea f 1 92 , e s o ,
. S i ph w ater c o s et 43 1 1
on l , , 5
S h ll ac fo p i ti g p ip
.

e 1 45
r a n n es , . fo r lo w do w n s ty e, 1 1 8 -
l .

S h ow b th 32
er a , . S ipho n s au to mat c s ew ag e, 305
, i .

co ectio f 32 nn ns o r, . acto n o f, 306 i .

con s tructio n o f, 32 . us e o f, 305 .

w as te f ro m , 2 37 . z
S it bat , 32 h .

h
S o w er fo r av ato ry 32 l , . fo r 32
co n n ect on s i , .

k
S in ba r co n n ect o n o f 66
, ,
i , . S l a bs , fl
o o r s et tin g o f 33 , , .

i k
S n cas t ro n s i es o f 1 7
,
-
i , z , . S l a b s m a rb e, fo r av at
, o ries 2 4 l l , .

i k
S n dr , ip
fo r re rig erato r 6 1
, f , . l
tab e o f co n ten ts o f 2 5 , .

i k
S n fo r dis c a rg e o f ce a r dra in er h ll , S l at e, cemen t fo r m en din g , 1 9 .

1 1 2 . es t mat n g o f 37i 8 i , .

k h ot l o
S in , e r res ta uran t 55 , . fo r urin a s 50 l , .

i k k itch en
S n , ,
1 7 . S l at e actf o ry s in 2 47 k , .

co n n ectio n s
fo r 1 7 , . S l at l
e u rin a s 2 56 , .

co n s truction o f 1 7 1 8 , . fl hi us n g o f 2 56 , .

h
fo r o te s , etc 1 7 l . S l p h pp
o o er wa s t e rev en tiv e, 50
,
-
p .

hot water s u y for, 1 7

-
ppl . S l o p i k 49s n , .

s et i
t n g o f, 1 7 1 8 , . a utom ati c fl us h i n g o f, 2 47 .

w as te fo r, 1 61 . con n ection s fo r 49 , .

S in k fl i l
m at, ex b e w oo den 1 8 , . fl uh t k f 50 s an o r, .

i
S nk , p an try, 2 5 . fluh i g im fo 1 1 9 s n r r, .

con n ection s fo r, 2 5 . fl uh ing al e fo 2 51 s v v s r, .

con s truction o f, 2 5 . loc l ti g o f 1 2 3 1 2 4 a v en n , , .

s et i
t n g o f, 2 5 . o pe ted by fl u h al e 43 ra s v v s, .

S in k s l op
, , 49 . S m k e m ate i al to p odu
o ,
ce 1 71 r s r , .

a utom ati c fl us h in g o f, 2 47 . S m k m ch i e 1 71
o e a n , .

con n ecton s i fo r 49 , . S mok t s t 1 67

e e , .

flus h tan k fo r, 50 . S m k t s t a d an tag

o e o f 1 72
e , v es , .

i k
S n , s o da f o un tai n , con n ection o f, 66 . ai p s s u f 1 71 r re re o r, .

i k
S n , st
a , ll
69 2 4 1 , . conn ecti o s f 1 71 n o r, .

S ink , v eg et ab e w as l h , 1 8 . S p s ton c me t fo m en di g 1 9
oa e, e n r n , .

con s truct on o f , 1 i 8 . S d f u tai

o a i k co
o cti n of n s n s, nn e on , 66 .

Si k n s, w as h ,
fo r f a cto r es , 2 42 , 2 47 i . S fte i g o f h a d w ate 357
o n n r r, .

S iph on , a cti o n o f, 75 . S ft w t
o supply o f 353
a er, , .

a uto matic , fo r ra n g e w ater c os l fo r ga rag es , 358 .

ets, 44 . h
fo r eatin g bo i ers 358 l , .

fo r a uto mati c uri n al , 2 47 . S oi l pi p e 87 , .

w ater i ra s ed by 3 1 6 , . h
c an ges in directio n o f , 89 .

Si ph o n ag e a ppl i ed to the w ater l

c o s et, co n n ectio n s fo r 8 7 , .

1 1 7 . fi i
de n tio n o f 8 7 , .

in un v en ted pl umbi ng s ys tem s , ex t ra ea v y 87 h , .

2 29 . fo r acto r es 2 42 f i , .

of drum tra
8 1 83 p s, , . m ea s ur n g o f, 373 i .

o f tra s 7 4 1 38 p , , . p ain tin g o f 1 4 5 , .

o f tra s p p
rev en tio n o f 1 7 6 , , . ru n n in g o f 9
5 , .

of u n v en ted tra s 1 49 p , . z
s i e o f 90 , .

o f wat er c os et tra s 38 -
l p , . s tan dard 8 7 , .

p
rev en ted by v en tn g 75 i ,
. s u o rt pp
ed o n t ed oo rs , 2 34 il fl .

water s u y by 3 1 6 ppl , . pp
s u o rtin g o f 9 5 , .

S iph o n ic in fl uen ces on tra s 39 p S oi l pip e s tac s in bu d i k hi h il i ze

, .
g n g s , s
S ph
i o n ic wat er s u y 2 86 3 1 6 ppl , , . o f, 2 2 3 .

S ph on
i -
j et uri n al , 2 57 . So i l p i pe sto pp ers , 1 68 .
402 I NDE X
So il v en ts , 84 . Su ctio n p
um action o f 31 4 p , , .

fi i o f 1 38
de n it on , . Su p
m tan k au to m atic 2 80 , , .

S o ld eri p i g mou t fo di ffe e t

w , n , a n r r n ppl
S u ies n c e at
,ed 33 i k l pl -
, .

j i t 377 o n s, . ppl
S u y fo r do u b e bo i er 337 l l , .

ti m ti g f 362
es a n o , . ho t water fo r arg e bui d n gs , , l l i
S ol de i g ippl
r n w ig h t a d iz e
n f es , e s n s s o ,
3 43
2 72 . Su ppl ypp ,
1 e es t1 mat1 ng o f, 377 .

us e o f, o n D urh am s ys tem , 2 72 . fo r ce a r ll
dra n er 1 1 2 i , .

p l
S ecia w a s te ttin g s 38 fi , . l
a rg e ho t w ater 344 , .

l
S tab e drain s 1 1 0 , . m ateria fo r 1 9 2 l , .

l
S tab e w a s te in to catc b as in 2 4 1 h , . Su ppl y y
s s tem s eader s fo r , , h 21 4 .

S tab es l , fl
oo r dra in s fo r 2 4 1 , . s treet p ure 2 1 3
res s , .

pl
umb in g fo r 69 70 2 4 1 , , , . tan k p res s ure 2 1 3 , .

S tack s a gn men t o f 89
, li , . t h ree- p ip e, 353 .

in g b ui d n ghi h
s s e o f 2 2 3 l i , iz , . Su pply t k 2 38 an s, .

m a in at en d o f ous e drain 1 9 1
,
h , . Su pp ti g o f o f p ip
or n ro es , 9 1 , 96 .

o ff sets in 89 , . i l pi p 9 5
so e, .

ru n n in g o f 1 33 , . S uf c
r a e se w g y t m a e s s e , ra n i l eaders in
s i es o f 90 z , . to , 2 06 .

tes tin g o f 1 69 , . f
S ur ace sew ers , 1 1 0 .

t ro u g rh
oo 89 h f ,
. f
S ur a ce v en tin g 1 2 3 , .

ll k
S ta s in fo r s ta b es 69 2 4 1 l , , . p l h
S w im m in g o o c an g e o f w ater in , 2 37 ,
.

S tan da rd s o i i e 87 l pp , . i
co n n ect on s fo r , 2 37 .

S tan da rds fo r s o i i e 2 34 l pp , . co n s truction o f, 2 37 .

S tan din g ov er o w fo r o rs e t ro u g fl h h ,
fil
tered w ater fo r, 2 38 .

70 .

S team co i s l fo r hot w ater bo -

il ers , 2 1 1 ,
T
343, 344
S team fo r autom ati c s ew ag e l1 fts 2 80 , . Tan k fl ow
o v er , 62 .

h
eatin g o f bo i ers b y 343 l , . Tan kp u-
res s re s ys te m of s uppl y , 21 3 .

—
h
S tea m ea tin g s ys tem s d rain a ge fro m , ,
Ta n k g ul tre a o rs , 2 1 1 .

Ta n k ttic t
s, a s o rag e , 2 8 7 .

l
S tee a n d iro n diff eren ces betw een 2 64 , , . auto m a tic fl us h actio n o f 2 45 , ,
.

l p l
S tee p i e ife o f 2 63 2 64 2 65
, , . , . au to m a tic s um p 2 80 , .

fil
S to n e fo r p
te rin g urp o s es 2 1 9 , . con den s in g u s e o f 66 , ,
.

pp
S to ers s o il pp i e 1 68
, , . fl us h con ceal in g o f 2 34
, , .

k
S to rage ta n s 2 38 . . ho t w ater a u to ma tic co n trol o f , ,

a ttic 2 8 7 , .

co n s tr uctio n o f 2 38 , . lo w do w n 43
-
, .

co v ered 2 38 . . p
o en g ra v it y u s e o f 2 2 0 , , .

fl h
fo r us in g v a v es 2 51 2 52 l , . o v e rhea d u se o f 2 2 0 , , .

fo r ra in w a ter 32 8 . . p
s e tic 2 99 , .

su y fo r ppl
2 38 , . s ize o f 2 1 3 , .

pp
s u o rtin g o f 2 38 , . s to ra e fo r
g us n g v,a v es , fl hi l 2 51 ,

Su bm erg ed clean o u ts 8 2 8 3 1 64 , , , . 2 52 .

Su l
b s o i dra in a g e 1 1 1 , . v en tin g o f, 2 85 .

h
catc b a s in fo r 1 1 1 , . Tan k s , ca p a city o f . to fi n d ,
3 1 9 .

dis o sa o f 1 1 2 p l , . fo r do ub e bo i e r 337 l l . .

Su l
b s o i drain s con s tructon o f 1 1 1 . i , . fo r n eu p
matic w ater s u pply 309 , .

drain ti e fo r 1 1 1 l , .
3 1 0 .

g ra din g o f , 1 1 1 . fo r s to rag e an d s u y 2 38 ppl ,

.

in to s ur face sew er, 1 1 0 . fo r s to r n g rain w ater 32 8 i ,

.

Su ctio n o f s ew a g e p um p , 2 78 . Tapp ed fi i
ttn g s u s e o f 90 , , .

i
S uct o n i pp es , l ead us ed fo r , 2 73 . Ta r , pi p
es coated w it 87 h , .
4 4
0 I NDE X
Tra p s i t al p titi i 74
, n ern ar on s n, . Tw o fl oo r wor
-
k , co n tin uous ing
v en t

l oc ti f cl a ut 1 64 on o ean o s on , . fo r 1 79 , .

m i 1 01 a n, . T Ys , us e o f, 89
-
, 1 55 .

m i d tg o f 1 03 1 0
a n, a v an a es , , 1 .

m i c cti
a n, t 1 96 o n ne on a , . U
m i f t m th u
a n, 1 03 or en e en o s es ,
un d i p ip
.

U n derg ro 62
m i i l g citi cas t ro n 1
-
e,
1 03
.

a n, n ar e es ,
m i bj ct o f 1 0 1
a n, o e
.

dis p os a l of co n ten ts of se ptic

m i obj ct i t 1 02
a n, e on s
,

o,
.

tan k 302 , .

ma in o n co u nt ry s ys tem s 2 86
.

dra i n pi p how un e, r , 1 98 .

a e t p
.
, ,

ma n o u i
ts ide o f o u n da t o n 1 06 f i g re s 56 ra s, .

i
ma n s ettin g o f 1 05
,

, , .
,
pipi ng des troyed by e ectro l ly is s,

26
pp
main s to ag e o f 1 04 , , .

pl umbi em s , s ub s o i l
h i l
mec an ca s ea s in 74 l .
n g s ys t drain
,
a g e 0 f , 2 77, 2 80
n on s ipho n able , 73
.
-

n o n s iphon able ,
-
us e
.

o f, 1 49
p uifi c ti r f w g a
30 on o se a e, 2 .

t il t di po l
.

j i o m e f w
roo s, s sa o ast
e
o b ecto n s to v en tin g o f. 1
75
p
rev en tion o f s o n ag e o f 1 7 6 i ph
.

f m 2 77 ro , .

t p ut
,
cl 1 63
ra n i l
eader clean o u ts o n 1 63 , , .

w u
ra

h i p i p
s, ean o s on , .

re u q
irem en ts o f 73 g t
ro 1 6 2 -
ro n e, .

t d pl um bi g y t m i ph
.
,
U n v en e n s s e s s on age
S 73 ,
.
,

in 2 2 9
S c ean ou , l
t fo r 1 38 , .
,

U rin a s 50 l
.

S , fo r cou ntry um bin g 2 8 5 pl , .

au to matic u fl hi
.
,
n g o f 2 57
S fo r av ato r es 1 33
,
l i , .

au to m atica y u
s
s ed 2 46 2 56 ll fl h
, .

S s i o n ag e o f 1 38
, ph , .

con n ect on s fo r 50 i
, ,
.

S s o n ic n u
, iph
en ces o n 39 i fl ,
.

con n ecto n s fo r g ro u o f 2 71 i
, .

p
, pp
S s to age o f v en ts o f 1 75 , .

con tin u ou in g o f 2 56
, .

S u n der , o o rs 77 fl , .
s v en t
fl l
o o r s ab s fo r 2 6
, .

un derg ro un d clean o uts on 1 63 5 , .

un v en ted s i on age o f 1 49 ph
, ,
.

fl h
us in g rim 2 56 , .

us e o f o n ra n eaders 2 05 ,
,

i l
,

,
.

.
fl h
us in g v a v es fo r 2 51 2 52 l , , ,

2 57
us e o f S 1 75
fo r pu bhc t01 let roo m s , 2 55
.
,

the w a ter c o s et 1 1 5 -
l , .

u f 6
.

Tra pp i
ng of xt ures erro rs in 1 56 fi , , .
g tte
lip 2 56
r s o r 2 5 , .

fl
oo r an d ya rd dra n s 1 1 0 i , .

lip
,

fl h
us in g rim fo r 1 1 9
.

ra in ea de rs 1 06 l , .

l
,

l
o ca v en tin g o f, 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 55
, .

p
Tra clean o uts s ubm erg ed 8 2 8 3 , , .

l
m ateria s fo r co n n ectio n s o f
, ,
.

p
Tra s ea s ca u l
s es a ff ectin g 7
.
4 , .
,

fi
de n itio n o f 73 , .
2 73
urh am s ys tem 2 57
D
.

p
ev a o ra tio n o f 74 7 7 1 1 0 , , , .
on

O p e rated by fl u s h v al v es
, .

ev a o ra tio n p of decrea s ed by ,
p a rtitio n s a n d k
.
43 .

ou
b ac fo r 50
con tin u
s
s v en tin g 1 76 , .

o f ra in ea der tra s ev a o rat ion l p

.

p
.

p edes ta l , 2 57 .

o f 2 07 .
,
p o rce a in , 2 56l .

s ettin g o f ,
,

o f w ater c o s et 1 1 5 l ,
.

si ph
50 .

p
Tra v en ts req uirem en ts o f 8 4 1 84
on —

j et, 2 57 .

Tren c w o r h 1 98
,

k
, , .

l
s ate , 2 56 .

Trimm in g s fo r b at s 32
, .

h s atl
e fo r, 50 .

fo r av ato ries 32 l
, .

tro ug 2 57 h , .

p
.

w as te rev en tiv e 50
xt fi i
ure es tm atin g o f 378 , , .
-
, .

T roug h h
o rs e 7
, 0 ,
.

V
Tro u g u r h
in a l 2 57 , .

Tu b s au . l
n dry 1 8 , . V acu f
um o rm ed in ce ar dra in er ll ,
1 12 .

Tw o fl-
at ou hse pl um b in g fo r 2 05 , , . l
V a v e w as te co n n ection s fo r 2 1 4 , , .
 I NDEX
Va l ve water l
c osets , ob ecton s j i to , i
V en tn g , con tn uous, i adv an tag es o f,
1 1 5 .

V eg etab l e wa h i k 1 8 s s n , . con tin uo us , econ o my o f, 1 80 ,

co tu cti
ns r f 18 on o , 83 1 .

V en t ,
m i li
a n f i h gh b uil di n es o ,
n 1 n gs , con tin uous , fo r a p a r tm e n t
223 . h
us es 1 79
o ,
.

V en t n ot re q ui red fo r w ater c o set, l con ti n uou s fo r g rou ps o f fi x ,

1 38 . tu res 1 7 6 , .

V en t t ro u g h h cl ean o ut co v er 82 , . con tin u ou s fo r l av at o ri es 1 76 , , .

V en t s ys tem , co r ro s on i of p ipi ng o f, con ti n uou s fo r l i n e o f fi x tu res , ,

2 64 . 2 71 .

r us t , s ca e, an d l co n den s aton in , i co n tin uous, fo r li n es of l av a

9 »
0 9 1 to r i es , 2 33 .

V en ts b n d , li , 1 57 . con tin uous, fo r li n es o f uri n al s ,

b ran c h , 84 . 2 56 .

b ran ch , r un n i n g o f , 1 84 . con tn uous, i fo r S tra 8 1 8 3 p , , .

ci cu it d l p f
r li an fw t oo or n es o a er con ti n uo us ,
fo r two fl oo r w or -
k ,

cl t 2 42 os e s , . I 79 ,

ci cu i t c t ucti
r ,
f 87 on s r on o , 1 . con tin uous, fo r two li n es o f fix
ci cu it f r p ubl ic t i l t m
,
or o e ro o s, tures , 1 83 .

1 87 . con tin uous, fo r w ater l

c os ets ,
ci cu it q u t b d
r ,
1 88 a r er en s on , . 1 87 .

cl ut ean o 76 6 4 s on , , 1 . i con tn uouf m d ubl fi tti g

s, ro o e n s,
f D uh m y t m
or 61 r a s s e , 2 . 2 3 2 .

l p oo88 , 1 . c ti u u on bj ctin t 1 75
o s, o e on s o, .

iz s f es o88 , 1 . f c p l 2 8 5 294
o es s oo s , , .

m i 84 a n, . of c d i g t k 66
on en s n an , .

m i c a n, cti f 90 84
on n e on o , , 1 .
f fi tu o t di t c f
x mm i
res a s an e ro a n
m i t
a n , noq ui d 38 re re ,
1 . t 84v en , 1 .

m i m t i l f
a n, 9 2 8 4 a er a s o r, , 1 . fi tu t di t c f m t ck
x res a s an e ro s a ,

m ch i c l d ic
e an f 75 a ev es o r, 1 .
37 1 .

p itch f 1 84 o , . f h lf S t p
o a 75 ra , 1 .

ilso d w t an d fi iti f as e, e n on s o , f li o f w t n escl o et 1 87 o a er s s, ,

3 8 1 . 1 88 4 , 2 2 .

t pp g
s o f 75 a e o , 1 . f S t p 70
o ra s, .

t p ra q ui m t f 84
, re re en s o , . f p tic t k 2 8 5
o se an s, .

i u f m f 83
v ar o s or s o , . f w g
o j ct 2 79
se a e e e o rs , .

V en til ti a by u on f f 8 se o an s , 1 2 . f l p i k 49
o s o s n , .

m ch i c l e 27
an a , 1 . f w t cl
o t 38 2 2 3
a er ose s , , .

of b t h am 44 roo ,
1 . f w t o cl t fa erm c ck y o se ro ro er ,

f c m f t t ti
o o 7 or s a on s , 1 2 .
55 1 .

o f f ct y t il t a m or 4 o e roo s, 2 2 . f w t cl
o t t p 1 43
a er -
o se ra , .

f pu
o bl i c t il t m 27 o e ro o s, 1 , p p ctic i 56oo r ra es n, 1 .

22 7 . p ctic l q ui m t f 83
ra a re re en s , o , ,

o f s ew er s , 1 02 . 84 1 .

of ten em en t -
h o us e to i l et roo m s , p t iph
rev en s
g 75 s on a e, .

2 08 . V ti c l p ip
er a u i g f 33 es , r nn n o , 1 .

of to i l et ro o m s , 1 23 . upp t f 96
s or o , .

re q ui remen ts fo r, 1 24 . V ti c l t ck
er a u i g f 89
s a s, r nn n o , .

i
V en t n g 73 , . Vi s esf b or pip u f 2 2
ras s e, se o , 0 .

c rcuit 1 87 i , . V i t u ch i w
reo s f w t
na cl t a re or a er ose s ,
circut in ub ic to i et i , p l l room s , 8
1 1 .

V it ifi d e th p ip e f
ear d i en
2
34 . r or ra n s ,

con t1 n uous, 1 75 . 1 1 0 .
406 I N D EX

W W ater c o s ets, l lo w dow n 43 -

, .

i l
m ater a fo r 1 1 8 ,

W as h do w n w ater cl o s et 1 1 5 1 1 6
.

-
, , . m odern adv an tag es o f, 1 1 5 ,

W'as h do w n s iph on w ater cl o s et 1 1 7

.

-
, . h i l i
n o m ec an ca dev ces in 1 1 5
W as h out w ater cl o s et 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 7
, .

, , , . o ffs et, u se o f 1 1 8 .

W as h s in k s fo r f acto ri es 2 42
,

, .
plan v a v e , pl
a n d un g er 1 1 5 ,

W as h trays 1 8
.
,

, . pi plf r n ci a o rm s o f, 1 1 5 .

co n n ect on s i fo r , 1 9 .
g 44
ra n e, .

co n s truct on i o f, 1 8 . q ui m t f 1 1 5
re re en s o , .

dru m tra fo r, 1 9 , 8 2 p . iph s 5 1 1 8

on , 1 1 , .

in ce ars 2 05 ll , . iph s
g ppl i d
on a t 1 7 e a e o, 1
fi p l
.

W as te an d v en t ttin g s s ecia 2 0 1 , , . i ph g f 38
s on a e o , .

W as te con n ectio n s c ean n g o f 1 45 ,

l i , . s iph j t 5 on -
e , 1 1 .

p
s e arate en tra n ce o f in to s tac , k , t p l f 15
ra s ea o , 1 .

1 31 1 32 , 1 37 1 38 , , . td f v en e m c ck y 38 55 ro ro er 1
fi p l
.
, ,

W as te ttin g s s ecia 1 43 , , . td f v en e m l d b d 38 ro ea en
pi p fi ii
, .

W as te e, de n to n s o f 87 , . td f v en e m T Y fi tti g 38 ro -
n
i
, .

ma n m eas urin g o f 373, , . til tiv en f 9 a on o , 1 1 .

s iz
e o f, 90 . ti g v en f 38 1 43 n
3 o , , 22
p i l p h pp
, .

W as te -
rev en t v e s o o er, 50 . ti g v en f li f 8 7 88 4
n o n es o 1 ,
1 . 2 2 .

urin al 50
,

,
. ti g v en f u c n
y 3 8o , n n e es s a r , 1
l hyd ul i c p
.

W as te va ve of ra ra m , o era w h d w as 1 5 -
o n, 1 .

i
ton o f, 3 1 2 . w h d w as iph -
1 7 o n s on , 1 .

W a s te v en ts , 84 , 1 38 . w h u t as 5 6o , 1 1 , 1 1 .

W ater ,
l p ui fi c ti
n at ra u f 2 90 r a on o , . w t f m 37 as e ro , .

pl umbi g y t m fi ll d w ith 1 69
n s s e e ,
. w t j t ppl i d t 1 7
a er e a e o, 1
hyd ul ic m
.

w t d by th
as e e ra ra , wh u c en y t t 05
n n e es s a r o v en , 2 .

3 1 3 . j ck t f g a e t p 56 or rea s e ra , .

W ater l
c o s ets , 1 1 5 . Wa t erj t ppl i d
e t w a t cl t e o a er os e ,

auto m a tic fl us h fo r 2 45 ,
. 1 17 .

circuit an d lo o p v en ts fo r , 2 42 .
l ift d i g f m 66 s . ra n a e ro , .

co n n ectio n s fo r 37 , . m i d t y d by l ct ly i
a ns, e s ro e e e ro s s .

co n tin uou s v en tin g o f 1 8 7 ,

. 65 2 .

p
e x o s ed s u r a ce in 1 1 5 f . . f th w d by
ro z en , l ct cit a e e e r1 v.

fl o o r co n n ectio n s fo r 37 1 1 9 , , .

fl oo r co n n ectio n s fo r D ur a m h ater backmg o f ho t w ater

m eters ,

s ys tem , 2 71 , 2 72 . in to 36 1 , .

cra zin g o f, 1 1 9 . by pa s s fo r 36 1 -
, .

fl h pp
us i e to 37 ,
.
p pi e e s tim a tin g o,f 377 , .

fl h k
us ta n fo r 37 , . \Va ter pres s ures tab e o f 1 69 , l , .

fl l
us h v a v e fo r 37 43 , , .
-
f
W a ter s o ten in g dev ice 357 , .

fl h
us in g o f 1 1 5 ,
. p
W a ter s up ly by s i o n ag e 2 8 6 3 1 6 ph , , .

fl us hin g rim fo r 1 1 9 ,
. fo r a ttic s to rag e tan s 2 87 k . .

fl l
us hin g v a v es fo r 2 51 , . fo r co u n try s ys t em s 2 8 6 32 5 , ,
.

l
fo r p u l
b ic to i et ro o m s 2 34 . . fo r do u b le b o i ers 337 l , .

f
f ro s t p ro o -

7 0 , .
g r a v ity 2 8 6 , .

f
in a cto rie s n u m be r o f 2 07 , . . p
ipes m a teria fo r 1 9 2 . l , .

p l
in u l
b ic to i et ro o m s us h tan s , fl k '
n eu p
m atic 309 , .

fo r 2 34 , . Vl ater tes t 1 67 . .

in ten em en t o us es etc n um h ,
.
,
by w o m m a de 1 68 h , .

b er o f 2 07 , . res s u p
re o f 1 69 , .

lo ca l
v en t a a rt o f 2 34 p , . w en a h
lied 1 6 1 pp . .

lo ca v en t lin g o f 1 2 3 , . of i in g o f pp
umb in g s ys tem pl ,

lo ca tio n o f 1 1 9 ,
.
9 6 .
 J U S T PU B LIS H E D

S TAND ARD
PRACTICAL PLUMBING
By R . M S TA RB UC K
.

A uthor of
“
Mo dern Plumbing Ill us trated , E tc, E tc .

430 P A GE S 3 4 7 S P ECI A L L Y M A D E I LL US TR ATIO NS

P RI C E
"
66 TAN D ARD P RACT IC AL P L U MB I NG ls In d is pen s a ble to the
Mas ter Pl um be r . the J o urn eym a n Pl um be r, a n d the A ppren
tice P l um be r As the boo k ls S pecla l ly S tron g In Its E x ha us ti v e
.

Trea tme n t of the S KI L L E D W O RK O F TH E P LUM B E R. It

co m me n d s Its el f a t o n ce to E v e ry O n e W o rk i n g In A n y B ra n ch
of the P l u m bl n g Tra de .

O f the three h un d red a n d o rty se ven i u

- stra t f
i on s co n tain ed in the boo k, ll
On e H u n dred of t hem are fu ll age il u ra tion s
st The il u st p
ratio n s a ll be in g l . l
l
drawn express y fo r this wo rk S how the Most Modern a n d Best P ractice in
l
P umbin g C on s tructio n .

P l umb iin al l its b ran ches is treated within the a ges of t is boo k, a n d
ng p h
l
a arge a mo u n t o f s pace is devo t ed t o a ve r
y co m p et
e a nd ra cti ca t
re atm en t l p l
of the s u ppl
bject o f H ot W ater S u y a n d C ircua tio n a n d R an ge Bo i er W o rk l l .

An other va l ubl f tu a e ea re i th p cl l ch pt
s e s e aD wi g f r th P l u
a er o nmber ra n o e .

rr costu me TH E F O L LO W I NG l uu s m a riao C H A PTE R S

The Plum ber s '

Too ls . I m p ro v e d Pl umbing C on nec
W in g S o lder, C o mpos i tio n an d

ip se . R es iden ce Pl umbin g .

Join t W ipi n g . Pl umbin fo r H otels .

Lead W ork . F ae es , S ta bl es , E tc .

Modern C o un try Plumfi n g

h
.

S ip on ! ” o f Tun Filtratio n of S ewage a nd W a tc

V en tin g .
Su pp ly .

Con tin u ou in g
s V en t H o t a n d C ol d S upply
R
.
.

H ou s e S ewer an d S ewer C o n n ec an g e Bo ilers ; C ircu la tio n .

C ircula ti n g Pipes .

H ouee D ra in R an ge Bo iler Pro bl ems

L
. .

S oil Pipi n g , W hi g H o t W a ter for arg e Buildin gs

h
. .

Main T ra p and Fres A ir I nlet . W ater Lift a n d I ts U se .

F loor , Yard, Cellar Multipl e C o n n ectio ns fo r H ot

Lead ers , Et c W ater Bo il ers ; H ea tin g 0!
R
.

Fixture W as tes adiat io n by S upply S ys tem .

h
.

W a ter C los ets . T eo ry fo r the Pl umber .

V en tilation . Dra win g for the Pl umber .

TH E NO RMA N W . H EN L EY P U B L IS H ING C O
1 32 NA S S A U s n ee r, NEW YO R K .
 M E AL S TARB UCK
M d

“ M O-see m
Pu lly flh s tn ted b y m r
Ilv e tull peg ee o t deta lh d eu zrav in p . w b k h
M e b een mede s ped eny k r fi le bo ok

P R IC E,

E E

m a n n a -m m m m a m m m as as s ented h
th b m u h . n th m h .
” —
M M
“
A m an e“ m m m t w m w d m om a m

TH E NO RMA N W . H ENLEY P U B L IS H ING CO .

1 32 n as s a us n ee r, New val e u.
 MECHANICAL D RAWING
F O R P LU M B ERS
By R . M
S TA R B U C K
.

" “
Au P ractical P l u Plu
“
thor oi andard
St mbing l antern . mbin g
Innatta le a.
" 1 :t Etc.

I32 Pages Illu

strat h ISO S pecially m de Engraving!
ed wit o

P RIC E

A Co n cis e. Co m p rehe n s i v e a nd P ra ctica l Treatis e on the S ubj ect “

Mechan ica l D ra w in g . in Its Va rio us Modern A pp l ica ti o n s
to the W o rk oi A ll w ho a re in A n y W a y Con
nected w ith the P l um b in g Tra de

O TH I NG wi s o e p the p u ll hl l
N
mber in es tima tin g an d in ex pla in in g wo rk to
custo mers a n d wo r men a s a kn ow edg e of dra win g , a n d to t k he wo rkman l
it is o f in es tima b e va u e if he is t l
o ris e a bov e his pos ition t l o
po s itions oi

g rea
'
t
e r res o n s ibi ityp l .

k
This boo g ives ample in s tructio n . pres en tin g s com ete co u rse in drafting pl
p lum b in g in sta at i on an d fix tu ll
res , i n c ud in
g m an yg oo d ide as in n ea t and l
AI IO NO TH E CHA P TE R S CO NTA I NE D ARE :
'

1 V alu e to P l um be r o f K no w le d g e o f D ra w i n g— T oo ls e
q u ire d an d Th e ir U s e — C o m m on R
h h h
.

V iews N eeded in Mec an ica l Dra wing a Pers pe ctiv e vers u s Mec a n ical D ra win g in S o w in
. .
g
Pl umbi n g C o ns tru ctio n 3 C orrect an d I nco rrect Metho ds in Pl u
. . mbin Drawin g— Pl an and
E lev ation E xpl ain ed 4 Flo or an d C ell ar P lans and fi le e Drawing s U se oi —

D
. .

Tri g
a n les 5 U se o i T r ia n g les D ra w in g oi F i ttin gaf r E tc 6 ra w in g P l um b i g
?
—
. . n . .

Eleva tio ns a n d Fi 7 1 t uc ti s i D w i m El e ti
'
8 1 be
g
n s r on n ra n . ri v a o ns . .

W tlu mhin g S cale 'i

’
9 n
to I n f D a w i s I I S a di
g of is h
S ha ding o f Dra win gs
g
i
a o r n
t
D
. . . . .

1 S e cti o n al rawin gs — Da v i n o f hreads I 4 la mbin g Elev a tio ns fro m A r . . .

tect s P Ia n Elev ation s oi Pa rta oi the Pl u mhing S ys tem I 6 E leva

‘
I . . . .

tio ns fro m A tect s Pl ans 1 7 D rawi ng od D eta il P lu mb in g C o n n ection s

’ ’

h R
. . .

1 8 A rc itect s Plan s an d Pl u mbin g El evation s of es idence tn Pl um

’

R
. .

co n ti n ue d ) Plan s { or C o tta' ge
g
El eva tio ns of es id en ce Pl —
.

20 Pl u. m Elev atio ns zoof C on n ections at an d Pl u mln ng . .

Elev atio ns o r S ix fl a t Bu ildin g 2 2 Drawin g of V ariou

o
s P art s of t he
h
. .

Plum bin g S ys tem U s e o i S cales 23—

U se of A rc ite cts S ca l es .
‘
. .

24 S p e ci a l F e a tur e s in the Illus tratio ns of C ou nt ry Plu mb

h
fl R
.

ing D r a wi n g o f W ro u t I ro n Pi n g . V alves . di o rs . C oils ,

2
5 . .
g a a t
Etc 26 .D ra wi n g 0! Pipin g to
. lu s tra te H ea t in g S ys tems .

m w ork h con cis e . co mpn hen s iv e a n d pn ctlcal . daaiin g s im ply a n d cl — rly

v Ith the s ub iect oi draw in g s uch a s the p lu mher needs In his work .

W H A T IS S AID O P THIS BOO K

M fl m ue i w m m m dm w w w m mm
‘
hm k h fm d d h fim afi

su
“ "
Ih ia book p p l ies a wa n t l ong f el tby the p ractical p l u
. mb er .
—
S ¢i cn t( fio A meri ca n .

TH E NO RMA N W . H E NL E Y P U B L IS H ING CO .
,

1 32 NAS S A U s m e ar n ew YO R K . .
 AN I ND E PENS AB L E W ORK I

STEAM, HOTWATER, VAPOR AND -

By AL FRE D 6 KI NG
.

P R IC E t um
ll “
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Why i hould uchimney b o bnfl t m nd or
W hat m the eoo ling m h cu of a hn ildin g ? w
m
th m
°

t hy e t s t ha 1 F“
a nn eq u fluin g pipo m ployed ? Whn t ia acce len wd hot wam ting ?
p rin ci p le o f vacuu m hea ti n g ? W ha t i s the thermo s ta tic pr in cipie ? W ha t in
s now “ ! cys te i n e! vacu um heatin g ? t t type of n diabon is employed for
n
W
m
m
por heati t

d a mbu
b o cfi b o t
a n k dotem in od ?
tmoo

h r bofi efl l ac
m bc .
w
H ow il the ca
y od w
ity of a m nd or
the ufe workin g
m m m “
8 0W ”
m In “ W . M M MM W M M M

A m M C O NTENTS ARE
l na-
u z . anc e -ma

The Norman W Henley Pu

blis hing Company
.
,
 The floatValu
able Tech no- Chemical M M M
H en leys Tw en tieth Cen tury B ook
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of

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Price moth mum M 070 M i croco ur.

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H ous ehold ?“

Math :

m u m -
M y w h m m m w

1 3 2 NAS S AU ST REET. NEW YORK, U 8 A . . .

 S U BJ ECT IND EX
P AG E
Acciden ts 20 M achin is ts ’
B oo ks

Arithm etics 1 0, 2 1
Au to mo iles b l , 2, 3 M echanical M ov emen ts
Au t b
o mo ile C harts M o to r-C ycles
B ev el G ears Oil E n in esg
P a ttern M akin g
P erfu m er y
b
.

P lu m in g
P rodu cer G as

Ra ilroad Acciden ts
p B
Recei t oo k
Ro e p Wor k
bb
Ru er S ta m s p .

D ies

S hoet- M e tal orkin g W

p
S ho C o n s tru ction

y p
S ho M an ag emen t
E lectricit S ho p
F actory M an ag emen t S ketchin g P a er p
F ord Auto m o ile b S o lderin g
p
.

Fu el .
S lices
S tea m E n g in eerin g
G as E n g in es
S tea m H ea tin g
S teel
b
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
O O O O O

H o rs e-P o wer C hart S witch o ards

W
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

H o t- a ter H ea tin g
y
H dra u lics 16
p
Ta ers
p
Tele ho n e
I R u er
n dia bb 27 Thr ead s
Int ercha n g ea le M an u b
fa cturin g 21 Too ls
I
.

n v en tio n s . 16
K n o ts 17 V a lv eS e ttin g

L a the W o rk
V en tila tio n .

V
.

Lin k M o tio n W als chaert a lv e G ea r

Liq u id Air 18 W ireles s Telepho n es an d Teleg
Lo co mo tiv e B o ilers ra p hy .

Lo co mo tiv e E n g in ee rin g . . 1 8 , 1 9 20, 21

, W irin g .

' '
a ANY OF P RO M P I L Y S E NT P REP AID ANY AD D B E S IN
’
TH ES E B O O KS TO
TH E W O R D L
O N R EC EIPT 0 ? PRI C E .

l?
"
H o w to R em it —
B y P o s ta l M o n e rder E x yO , p ress M o n ey O rder Ban k ,

D raft or Reg is tered Le tter .

 CATALO GUE OF GOO D , PRACTI CAL BOOKS

AUTO MOBILES AND MOTORCYCLES

WHAT T HI S BO O" K
Au tomobile Trade J ou
b
l t is the b es t ook on the Au
m al
to mo bile seen u p to da te .
- J . H Pile An not
. . ate M tor

E very Au o mo hlle O wn er hu u The Trades men

“ ”
t ec for a hook ot t his cha n ct er .
—
.

This b ook is m w rlor to any tm tlee hcrctotore p u blls hed on thc eu b iect - The
’
.

I n centive A c e .

“
W e lrnow of no other v olu me thn t in eo ln all l te d m
an d in whlch

han d led
w b fi
the i d e fi eld
o th
.
au to m o blle con s tructio n wt
the tex t en d in the ma tt
i ts
e r of ill us tn t i o ns
.
"
in tricacie s is 9 0
—
The M otoris t .
, m
in

I ron A ge
C
.

Mr hu d o n e a g rea t wo rk d hen efl t m the Au wmo bile P leli W

“

a
g
—

B uford B oeto m M ue
.

n Y M C A Au
. . tom o b
. . S ct .

l t is j u h e ld n d ot a b ook a motoris t necda lf hc wan te to u

“
st t nders tan d his ca r .

A mertw n Thm herman .

T m M O E 1 F ORD cur, rts

D L C ONS TRU CTION O PERATION AND REP A R I
yV
, .

B i e ron W P a ce, M E . .
 CATALOGUE OF G OO D , PRACTICAL BO OK S

QUES TI O N S AND AN S WERS L TIN G T MODERN AUTOM OBILE CON

RE A O
STRU CTION, D RIVING P I By m W P ct ME
AND RE A R . a . a , .

WHA T I
I S SA D OF T HI S BO O K
 Co m iled p by c ro a W . P a n t, ME .

CH AR T M OTORCYCLE TRO UBLES MADE EAS Y p

Co m iled by Vw ros
W P t ME
. .

. an ,

B RAZING AND S OLD ERI NG

BRAZI N G AND S OLDERIN G By . J a mes F . H onm .

ho k tha t s ho ws
o o uu
j s t ho w to ha n dle an y ioh ot
comes on g it te ils yo uw z a t mix tn rc to um ho w to make a
Ru ll ot v al u
a hle kin k s
it m u
.

ch n ew ma tt e r an d
ha ve heen add cd . ce n ts

C HARTS
GAS O LINE ENG INE TRO UBLE S MAD E EAS Y A C HAR T S H O W IN G SEC —

TI O NAL VIE W O F G AS O LINE EN G INE C mpil d by V c W P fi . o e t ro a . sn .

ubl m l d il h d
I h w l ly ll t ” typi i f m yli d w il “ ca i h i u cy i cr t e
yp ” ll p
ts o c ear a rt
e o a o o a o o r- c c
dg
s a n
i ul li bl i
t e t o t in es
w a arts e to g ve tro e a so eta s t e

m m
. a o
m i f i h m h gi i
V l ubl
rang e
a a
en ts a t t
p
ud
e to s t
m
o n ter e re
m
b
en ts
ot
i
”m
.

o r- oa t (
t
o tor s ts
m uk d
ror-tr c a n
n ot
.
s
m
d i
tract
u m bil
oo t

i
en
g arag e en a to o
m
ne o
l
.

o r r vers . a v a t
on .
t on
e s a es
ot or
.
.

d il h wh h d wi h li p w pl
c o et
g implifi l i f ll i ubl d w hil i 'i l u bl
c an a o t ers o a v e to o t g as o nne an ts .

n i h

i m l
s es o ca t on o a en g ne tro es an e t n va
. a e to t e
i i b u d w d by h m m i h h w ll
c on t e i

h
y
nov ce
ev er p ubli
i d i
.

c an
h
d p i
t ca n e s e
r va t
u m
e
a va n t

k
age
u m bil
a to
wi h
or po c et
o p
t e o ex
e re a r
d wm i u
t ca s c an
c
t

l l i dm
a s o .

ubl m if
e carr c n t e a to o ns re ag a n s t o s s o e
h i i lf
l i w t i w f
en en g n e tro e an es t s ts e .

T hi i r i i m l t
N
s secto na en g n e s a co p e e rev e O

w
v e e
o
hy a p rac lcal ot
t
o ris t t
m
o r all who motor .

LUBRIC ATI O N O F TH E M OTO R CAR CHAS S IS

p
.

Thi h res en ts the la n v iew of a typ ica l s ix ii n d er cha-is o f s ta n d ard

mu
dan p lub
s c a rt
a ll
st be
arts are clea r l y
n d ica te d tha t d e ma n d ot
e d an d the ki nd o f o i l t
rica t o u se
l a the freq uent:
A ractical chart for .
.

p
S le e 2 4x 38 in ches P rice . 8 6 cen ts

LO CATION OF C ARBURETION TR OUBLES MADE EAS Y

m
.

Thls cha rt s ho ws all pa rts of a t pica l p m u re feed hwl s u s ys te m an d g ivcs

ca us es oi tro uhle how to ioca te ei ects a n d m eans o f re med g wam m
gb
. . s ze
cen g

L O CATION OF IG NITION S YS TEM TROUBLES MADE EAS Y

ll p yp ubl y
.

I n this cha rt a f l i i
ica d o m u d m
e ig n t o n s s t s in g b a tter
h w fi ub
a rts o a t y e an ag n eto
cu u i i i
n an d s g g es tio ns are g i v e n or rcad ll
f di l es and
h m wh
g n t on
n t9 g
rre n t are s o n ro
ting t e f u
en o n d i h P i
S ize 2 4x 38 n c es
. r ce . 5

4
 CATALO GUE OF G OOD , PRACTI CAL B OOK S

LO CATIO N OF C O OLIN G AND LUBRICATIO N SYSTEM F AU LTS.

MO TO RCY C LE TR OUBLES MAD E

Y A CHART S HOWIN G S E CTIONAL EAS —

VIEW OF S IN G LE CYLIND GAS OLINE ENGINE C mpil d by - ER o e

V c W P ce
.

an e . ri .

Thi h m plifi l
c art s ii i ll w l ubl d will p i l ubl e t
l wh
al
s
d
o w h h
W
hn v e to o
es
m" m u m l d m y
o ca t on o
it t el N d
86 m “
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a po ess
.
p an t tro
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es . an
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ro ve n va
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ot o
a o
eta s
mi d
o i tte i b
. S ne 25 x38 n c es . . . c

LO CATION O F F ORD EN G INE TROUBLES MADE EAS Y C mpil d by . o e

Vi cTO R W . P AG E, ME . .

NAM ED
sho win g clea rly a n d dls tincti ali the in of a S b marin e ot u
the la t
p es t t
u
a S b ma rlne . tha n in an
u
Y o g et mo re in fo rmn tion cha rt a o t
eta lls omi
cons tr ctio n and fi
d
b u u

m m
o era t i on other way o
u
in acc ra te and t o s ca le i t is n b s oi w ect ev ud e fi ha bm u m m u
by Na A ll the machinery d ev ices (it ern s e m
B oa t are s ho wn and to ma k e the more rea d ily n d ers to o d J ll the tea tnres u
are s ho wn t i ve form . wi th an d M en in th e
-
n op a a t
- w CH R
g
n ed t tions
BM INE
a o Th is A T 18
P E iA O F A S U AR 8 5 ce n ts

8 0! CAR C HART .

A h w
c art aho m in g the ana to y o f a b ox ca r ha vin g every p art oi the car n umb ered and
p p m
it
s ro er na e g i ven l n a referen ce iis t .
.

26 ce n ts

GO ND OLA CAR C HART .

u
w my
A chart s ho ing the ana to
m
a d its p ro per referen ce na
o f a g on d ola car ha v i ng .

e g l v en in a reiere n ce l is t 8 6 ce n ts

P ASSEN G ER CAR C HART - .

A cha rt s ho wi n g the ana to my o f

m um '
ba ed
ha v ing pa rt of the a r
e 86
. e very n
an d h s prop er n a me g i v en in ce n ts

STEEL H OPPER BO TTO M C OAL CAR .

A cha rt sho wi ng the aoa to m y oi a s teei flo p per B o tto m O oa I C ar. ha ving ev ery p art
ei the car n u ' s p rop er n a me g l v en l n a m
m b es ed and l m ee lis t Sh ee n “
5
 CATALO GUE OF G OOD PRACTI CAL BOOKS ,

A cha rt whereb y youcan fi nd the tractl ve wer dra wbar p ull oi locomo tiv e
w i tho ut maitin g s a a
wp w
S ho ws wha t cy
or
m eq ho w d rl
a
wheel -and
wb
m
.

s tm m p res s ure a ll o er W ha t s is ed n ? dra ar

ll or anything youdesire ln this line
.

pu . 6 0 ce n ts

HORS E P O WER C HART

-

S ho ws the hon e power of nn y station ary eng ine wl tho u

-
t ca lcu la tion N o ma tter what
iin d er dla meter of s troite the - team p ees s ure oI cu
.

the td t the .

Es s y to u
.

« co n d en s ing or non -oon d en s ing it s a ll theee se nceum te and

u
E s p ecialiy usd u
. .
. .

sa m ti me an d ca lc lations . i to en g i neeu an d ded g n ers 6 0 ee n ts .

B OILER ROO M C HART By G . eo . L . F o wum .

200 p arts bi
e ng gi ven .

C OMPRES S ED AIR
C O MP RESSED AIR IN ALL ITS APP LICATIONS By . G ARD NE R D . H mcox .

ho u
nd . H a ii hi oeooco . pi r ce

CO NC RETE
JU S T P UB LI SHED C O N CRET E W O—
RKER S REFER EN CE BOO KS A ’

S ER IES O F T W ELVE P O P ULAR HANDBOO K S F O R C O N CRETE

.

U SERS P p d by A A H
. re are E ch fiOc
. . o o o n ro x
‘
. . a .

0 ce n ts
C ONCRETE FL OORS AN D S IDEWALKS By A . . A H o o cm
. x .

PRACTICAL C ONCRETE S IL O C ONS TRUCTION By A A H o no flro n '

m
. . . .

C o m p lete wo rki dra wi ng s a n d s pecifi ca tions are ven fo r s ev erai s y o t oon ceete
or mon o ii thie am b ln d a m and a
u
s il os wi th iil on s o i mo id s t nd s ilos The
ma tio n p res en ted in thls b ook are oi the u
.

in for
.

tmo s t v al e in p lnn n ing nnd con s tructi ng

ali t o rms oi con cret e siios ( N o 3 0t8 erles )
. .
6 0 ce n ts
6
 CATALOG UE OF GOO D , PRACTI CAL BO OK S

PO PULAR HAND BO O K FO R CEME NT AND C ONCRETE US ERS . By m

H LE a is

This is a eon cis r tr tis e of the p rind p ies a n d m

s thods a n pioyed in the m n fact re m u u
u
s r ot es men t ln ail cias s ss ot mod em wo rk a T he a th cr has b ro ht u u
mu u u
.

tn thh work afi the en t ma tta of ln tem s t to the s er ot con c te a n d its ma n y

li ow to l
‘
ae the m . Ths A n is tic -
tma i t otO t sa e te s m C on cre te-B i rth i n g

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WH AT I S S A DI OF T HI S N OE

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 CATALO GUE OF GO O D , PRACTI CAL BOOKS

DIES —
METAL W O RK
DIES :71 mm C O NS TRU CTIO N AND U S E F O R TH E M ODERN W ORKIN G OF
S EEH T METALS By J V Wooowo m . . . .

C E H S DIE S AND TOOLS FOR MANUF ACTURIN G IN PRE SSES By

V W w m
.
,
J . . oon on
‘
.

DRO P F ORGIN G , D IE M - G AND MACHINE-F O RMIN G OF STEEL By

.

J . . Woon wo a m
'
.

DRAW ING —
S KETCHl NG PAPER
PRACTICAL PER SPE CTIVE By R c i n s nns and Co ne
S h w-i
. .

h w m k
ns t o ll ld d tm echanl cal d ra wing s in t he on ly practical pm
Mk
to
i
o
i m c
s p ecty e s o etri
a ak etch or d ra wi
y hi
m
.
a e a n s o
a es ev er t ng
in thls wa y S a v es
s o tha t a n y mechan ic can
i n the d ra wi n g m
roo m . an d mis t
nd u
a k es in th e
m
.

s hops . C on tain s practical es a m p les otvarlo s clas s es oi u ad Edl tl on 6 0 ce n ts

.
 CATALOGUE OF GO O D , PRACTICAL BOOKS
s o

L INEAR P P CTIVE S L T HT By H M T C K
ERS E E F - AU G . ER AN . . na n s .

T hi w k i h h y d p f li
ractice op p u di
ers ective as
hi tu l
l d wi
t e t eor a n
ud y f h ubj
s or g v es n ear se n arc t ec ra .
u h
.

l d m ki
m w w ill b
cng i n ccr

ubj
b y the
d by
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bb l
l p
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by
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b
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the s e o t e ins tr o on g v en . to
e ract ce eco d lm d f m
p h
o t e s
. ec
g ras t e
t

b p f fi d w hil p
s ect a n . rea s ona e g oo ra ts en e arrange .

m f k
the d l
is g oo : the at h
e is on t e a t h d e t e es cri ti v e t

u i
w en t o

y h pp
fo llo s on t e o
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w h w k
a rg e s ca le to
b d ily
so as to f
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s
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In cl d e a s el f-ex a n ato r c a rt
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ll f m
an
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n or a tion n ece a ry fo r the t o ro g h
w h m y im
c g v es a
h p
h
.

u n d ers ta n i
d
the book 2d .
o
ev
l T hi
p cct v e
mls chart a on e is
an d en larged E dl tlo n
ort an t es o v er t e rice of
.

LT G HT MECHANICAL D RAW ING AND ELEME NTAR Y MAC HINE

S E F AU
-

D IG N By F L S
ES M E D ft m with dditi
r tv n s rr:
'
b E ra s an , a on s y a rs
y
. . . . .
,

O aa ao , ci t dit
asso f M c i a e e or o
“
a n er .

Thi i p i l i M h d m l D iwi ec a n ica d M hi D i mp i i

ac n e
p p h ff m m l d w w h p m h m
s s a trea ts e o n
ract ca ra ng an es g n . co r s ng
h t e fi rs t ri n ci les o h
g eo e tric an ec an ca ra in g ork s o at e a tics
l u
. .

m h i d a terials a n l i the ca c a t on s an
d d i f m hi ac n e d e tails
ec a n cs
uh m h
T he a t o r s a i
'

u d f m
b
s treng t o
.

as d p
d
hi i h
een to a a t t s trea t s e t
p h m
u m
i
f h p
o t e req ire
es g n o
en ts o t e ractical
.

m h i t res en t t e l atter n as c ear a n d co n cise a

d
p y
'
ec a n c an o ng ra t s a n an o
m bl T m h d m d f hi l f u d
e an s o t s c ass o s t i ll ract ca ll
l w h
the
mp b l b
a n n er as e o eet t e
. en ts a .

l m f m hi d h a v e ee n d ea t i t
d i d di i t o n a g e raic
i
mu
o rt
h b
a n t e e en t
l
b ui d h m f i hl pm hi l ml d wTh
for l as a v e ee n e x
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aine l m an f
t 9 e e en t
ra ct ca
.
s o t
y
di id d i
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h m
r
n a
trea te
h p nt
t e
o 20 c a ters
anner
.

p d im pl
es t s te to t e n o t e an e v e
u
.
.

i h ci ic hre an s k e b een ta en
t
j
d i ra n
ip b
an n arra g n n g t e a er a e an a . g a s . .

u u ud i f r nc l es o
g phi f li hi byh h m h m
hd i t h i c f t t aci lita t
ud y f m h
fi h t e n g o e
l ug
p rs t a s a t o ro g n er s a n n s es
uh
.

ec an ica s b s is o o t e at e a tics n eces

y
the f rt er s t

p i i du
f
sa r u f h p b m i m hi
o
or the so l tio n o t e
h i l m h i
ro le
ctio n to t eo retca
s n
s

h
w
ac ne
ec an cs h f m
d l
c are pres en te
i l
t e s tren g t o Th
d
a ter a s
a ter . an
a ract ca l n tro
u l m en t s e
o t
int m hi
e rin g
s cre s
d i
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ng
uh
pull y b l w w m upli hll u hh u h ff i h w d kily wh l bh k fb
v ario s e e t ne
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.

a ve
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.

co n e e s s . . . . een .

u
.

k d t t t t
dy il y
e e r - oo
d i
tr ea te n s ch a a as to a e p os e e s o o a s a e x or a
uu u u i mm h d d
i t s eas co d mil d as si
32 8
en e an a te
f m d p
n ti n o s co rs e 0 st ev en
m m 5
err
i u
.

udst en ts o li i te i i g 330 c s
re v o s tra n n P i
a es . 2 1 5 . r ce .

A m S KE TC HI N G PAP ER .

u bl u m k k t h tc
A n ew
p er s p c
e w u
t v e
l d
i
y
th o ut
e
a n
p
y
a r
r
t
i
o
ng
e na
Ior
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m u
o
t
wuk f hm
a
B
e
b
s
r i
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s
es
ed
a s for a ss em biy d ra l
w i nl a 8 t u don e o th e d '
ow m t an no o rk
m m
.

M w
.

ca n b ei ‘ ’ sect i s t w h a t iu
s w an te d of s he P ad s
g
.

of 4 0 s hvee ts l tz
.in c h es . 6 0 c e n ts ; 40 s heet s . P ri ce

aarrm rrc O F ELE C TRICITY By P . rof . T . O Co xoa Sun

'
x x.

tre a tis e on electfi ca l ca l r uiation s ol ali kin d s rs d m d to a s sri u nf m lm . a u

co n tr a ton co s sra crros

-
u . By Wu e m . u . Ia .
ELECTRI CIT Y m m By P rof . T . O Co rtoa S w a rm
’
.

HO US E W RI NG I By Th o ma s W . Po m .

m t w‘
br n
“ . ho gco l um n am t I t 3 in ten ded ( a n! R m
!
!
'
t .

m
“4 t fi all tai ns n othi ng tha t co n n
with : hum iln “s
ol th u
-mi B oard zz l t g i ves u h e in fo rma
st t
m tss u t
uth i w ths eta
‘

“ m tre a ted are :

wi
t

u - - n“ C
W “
tr
b a tman
t hs Meter a m
The “ea r C om
.
i n o n
m
il S . . rl l .

St e
e i lin g
Ar mo re d C a bie S

6 0 ce n ts

‘ B AI
''
IS S AI D 0? T HI S BOO K
I n forma tio nd tren is eaart and m 'ithon t hd m
O m el n o w
’

with de ta ils .
—

H O W TO D ECO “ A SUCCES S F U L ELECTRI I A C N . By Pro f T . .

’
O Co s o rt
SH A NE
b
.

Nt ti wu n g ma n who wis hes to hre om s a sn cee-fni eiectrich n s hou id re s d thi s oo k

‘
‘
t
l t te iis iusitu the m and eas ies t way to hecnme a rmcce-f u
' .

p ie le
diectricia n
“k “M n ro !” u wed methods ol wo rk fi eid d op era tion and the req u
.

ire m en ts
u p yy ii
.

w es s fu i electrieh n are poin ted ou E v er o un g en

. .

of t he s u t and f l ly ex l ain ed
gt ur
t
r a an excellen t s t
iil ha d this
u
e p pin g s ton e to
wid h he m s t mas ter before s tances ca n he a tta ined
ore a van ced
an
m
M yy
dw .

orks on el ec tr c ty
men eco e is bh mm df
u u
.

u td a t the t e ry o ts ta rt b a tt n p ting to r u
d an d s t u
to r t at a
b I wi h
hu
ru
om their N ‘
i il tutn t
a ta g
uw w r
u htM b ook s erv as the
the p ublic s cho oh an d the re a l s t dy of
m
u
ju
-
lin k
cla n lei
et een t e
t s in te r
s
.

E
es ti ng frw to co ver . Ek hteen th Revis ed dition . st 205 es .

i ll u
s tra te d . Price

Ni AND ARD
‘

ELECTRICAL D ICTIO NARY By T O CONO R .

’
S w arm
b
. .

w uih p mua bie wor k to

in tere s ted in electrical s cien ce
all Su ita le alik e for th e
n
tr
utie ut M
W a pract ca i han d ook of re fere nce con ta in ing d efi n i t
. b
i on s
.

-rm d is tin ct word a terms an d phras es

'
0 ..t i The defi n ition s are ters e an d .

d in clu de every te rm u is u
.

rsu ulu e au sed in d ect ricai Recen a i

tt uiy ut w t ition S ho u u
tin mm m m of this branch of s cien ce
p
ld be in the os es s io n o f aii who des ire to eep ab re as t i th
.

i n its arrang emen t an d

5
w
tu i n tti i lettt T he o rd or m w
d a l ned ls p d n ta l In lack
w b y
.

b
"
in t en
‘

m it t a uhes the eye hile the o d olt the m e is in s ma ller b u

.

t dis ti n cttyp e Th e
z
‘
i uli li -
t m a re well w ord ed an d s o as to
.

he u n
.
d ers t
o od the n o n -technical re a d er by .

p y .

l iw aw a rd pl a n see ms to he to gi ve an exact concis e d efi n ition an d then a m l if

‘

a n ti “ p la i n in a more o u lar way pp y y

S n o n ms are als o gi ven and referen ces to o ther
A v ery co mp le te and accu
.
.

.
.

s u n l a n d ph ra s es are mad e . ra te in dex of fi f t y p ag es is

a t tiu w ru i ef the s oiu me : an d as this in des con tains aii syn on yms and as aii p hrs s es
ru e in d exed in ev erv rea sona le com ina t
ook is m an
b b
ion of words
- s I t h di cuit to decide ho w far a b ook o f m
.
.

in tire tu ti) of the h

t-
p na33 ww
.

this i li a r ter is to k ee the d ict form a nd to ha t exten t it ma y arsmme the

M n uits;u its for m
. n
s-
F or s o me p u p
r os es con ch e exacti
re more er ten d ed d es crip tio ns are re q ue d
. .
.

ord ed d efi n itio ns are n eed ed : .

z T b
fo r o ther w his oo k s eeks to sa tis f y
l at- t r rlun a ri g
an d d oes it
.

39 3 ill u st r at ion s
w
ith co ns id era le s u
el fth
b
cera
Tw d ition
C o mp lete concis e an d con
Pri ce E
.
.

7 .
 CATALOGUE OF G OO D , P RAC TI AL C BOO KS r

SWITC HBOARD S . By t ur Bu m r a, Ja .

TELEP H ONE C ONS TRUCTIO N INS TALLATION WIRIN G OPERATION

AND M AINTENAN CE By W H R cu d H O C m
,

h i i
'
. . . an r rs an . os o .

Thi b k l i d d f h m u h wi m m
t e a ate wh d i t e or t e es re s to
b h fimd l i l i whi hi uhmmmmhiuni i m w f uh mh m f hih h h mm
es ta
s
lis
or s ho p
oo s nt
ea n s o t
en e
e ep o n c co
t s c t
or

wi h
r. re a

a y be o se to
g neer
ca ton bet een t e roo s o
i
s
o
orne
ra t s r t a n
ce .
t
. t ea s on y n gs as

Arm i e s P . Mo rro w .

Thls ls u n d oub tedl y one of t h e mos t com piete an d co m prehens i b le t rea tis es o n
m b iect e v er p ubiis hed a nd a cio s e s tu
d y ol wil l ena bie on e to ma s ter mw
m u
.

d eta ils of the wireies s tra ns miss ion M

m
The a thor ha fi ii d fei t
w s s -
. e
a n t an d ha s s u cceed ed in f m prehens i bie ti n in m p ie
o
a
lang u ag e of the theory and wirelem hy an d

W H AT i s S AI D O F T HI S BO O K
“
Thi b k h uld b i b h th h m d h l lib y
s oo s o e n Th Y uotth I ut
e o e an sc oo rar .
—
s o s
'
ns tr c or .

W IRIN G A H O US E By H P
. a ns en ns r r .

h u l d y buil ll j u h w b u wi i i wh b i
wih ywui du Dhi w i u pp
at
o s e a rea
re to
ton o n ee
a
se : o i
t te s

ly
re cton s a
.
st o

u l ly
eq a
i u
h p
t
o s ta rt a o t
t
R ul
to r n t acco r lng to ns ra nce
d
F u h di i
o a s o .
f
r ng
iu h i f m
es ; in act.
o rt e 20to n
t;

t
ere t
o
s tt e n or
eg n

ce n s
a

M OD ERN MACHINE S HO P C O N S TRU C TI O N EQUI PME NT AND MANAG E

MENT B y 0 E P s n moo M E
,
. . .
, . .

The
pl
y w
on l
f m h
an t rD
k pu
im
b li h d h
or
h
d
t e t e t e g ras s ls
ib
w
h m d
s
i ng
h
e t at es cr es t e ern
on t e s i t
e in t
achi“ s ho
o m n fact ri
e n d ed for t n d i r pu
m
m mfi
u u
hip s ud y f i hi
ro n
produ l
ct s s By a ca re f t s t ts t rty- two cha p ters t ‘h
b y up
o ’

w ui d fi i
l ef c en tl d u
eq i . u
s cces s f iiy man a g e the mod ern machin e
p
o an
m u ui
.

h
s o p or anf li hm
act r ng es ta b s Ju h b
en t st t e o o k n eeded b y t hos e con te m la tin g
1 3
 CATALO GUE OF G OOD PRACTI CAL B OO K S
,

the ore cti on of mo d ern

or the in trod u ctio n o l
wri tte n a n d lll u
m
ed b y a
s tra t
m
ll ding s the reb u
ern s ho etho d s
s ho
m
l ldin g a n d reorg a n is a tion ol oid ones .
tl me a rn d cos t
p .

man ter practlca i me

I t is a hoo k
n who a re too
b
id
to
bheories and wan t faa r
t
e v er p u lis hed It
l t ls the mos t co mp l e te a li-aro u
. n d b oolt o f i t
m m
t
um
a e oran d
the en t in the o fll ee I t rn i n u
. tel y d es crlb es an d lliu s trates t he mos t
s imple a nd yet mos t t cos t s ys te m yet dev is ed .

C OMBUSTIO N O F C OAL AND TH E P RE E V NTION O F SM OKE .

This b ook has b een

co m b u
s d on ol the c fi
o
p are d wl th s p ecia i reference t
mo n mels rou
o the g en era t
n d m the v mwd s m m m
lon ol hen t by
with the co n d ition s n eces s ary to the eoono mic a n d s mok ele-com u
coals in S ta tlon a ry and 8 Boilers .
stion b

GAS ENG INES AND GAS

TH E GAS O LINE EN GI NE ON TH E F ARM : ITS O P ER ATI O N, REP A R AND I

U S ES By a . W P mu o . t n .

This ls a p ractica i trea tis e on the G s s oline and K eros en e E ng ine in ten ded tor the man
who wan ts to kn o w i u s t ho w to man ag e his eng in e an d ho w w ap p ly it to a ii k in d s of
M work to the bmt ad van tag e .

WH AT IS SA DI OF TH I S BO O K
I w ill

I feel tha t M r P utn a m

'
eo v m the ma ln p ol n t
b ook a tarm u 's
uld kn ow
ho
.

-
s s
neto t in Ag ron o rn y. U n iv ers it y er mon t. Bu
riin g ton . V t
.

.
THE M OD ERN GAS TRACTO R By . Vtcro a W . Pact .

G EABI NG AND CAMS

N
CH A GE G EAR D E VIC ES By O . ecs n E P E ERl OO
. .

I t s ho n u
s t wha t has been dom how it has b een when it wa s
d id It . t s a ves ti me in hun tin g up p en t re cord s
at re -i nv en ting

DRAFTIN G OF CAM S By L
. o rne Ro m uo x .

Tb e la yl n g o ut o l ea m s h a s ed o u
s pro bie m n nl es s u
yo k now ho w t
o go at it rlg h7
‘

T hls p uuyouon the rlrtht road to r prs c an y kind ol ca m yo uare u

to r n
up ag n im t M Edl tlo n
. . 8 ce n ts

HYD RAULICS
HYD RAULI C ENGINEERING By . (3m m D . H I S OO X .

all I ncl ud ing

INVENTO RS ’
MANUAL, HO W T O MAKE A PA E T NT P AY .

Thls is a b ook des ig n ed as a g u id e to ln ven tors in p erfecting their in ven tion s ta k in'g
o u
t their p a t
en ts a n d d is p os l ng o l them I t ls.no t ln a ny sen s e a P a t
e n t s oil cl tor s

1 6
 l 0.000 1 20 p
ag es . P rice

KN O I S , SPLICES AND RO E P WORK By A H ur t Vnanrtt

‘ ‘
. . .

1 50
re m

LATHE W O RK

T
LA H E D E SI G N PRACTICAL
;

WH AT IS I
SA D OF T HI S BOO K
Thls is a lathe b ook tmrn o en d an d is u
t s t the kln d ol a b ool r whlch on e
delig hts to cm s u
.

trea tmen tor the E n oi nm i no

“
lt a
—
in ha nd .
—
s.
“
This wo rlr wil l b e of es cep tio n a i ln teres t t
o anyon e who ls in tere s te d in la the p rs ctlce .

as on e ver s eid o m ees m ch a com p lete trea tise on a s u

"
hj ect as thls is on the la the
y
u z
.
 CATALOGUE OF G OO D , PRAC TI CAL B OOKS

TURNIN G AND B OR IN G TAPERS By . Fm H . Co rn s .

are two wa : the rb ht way an d oo c o thrr This trea t c has

to d o wi th the
la the wha t to nls to
.
‘
to tn rn ta
y ; l t te yo ho w to s ta r t th e work
s e an d ho w to se them . and forty se u
u
u u
.

. ho w zt to the

LIQUI D AIR

LI QUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTIO N O F GAS ES . By T O Co x o n S w

.
'
ar m .

This b ook g i v es th e his to ry o f

and con tai m an mtutn ted d es a i p on o f a n the exp a i mm ts t h a t ha v e es d te d th u e

won d er of a u d len ces all o v er the cou n tr y l t sho ws ho w liq n id lik e wa ter is
w ried hu bu l t td h wha t may b e ex
. .

n d re ds o f miies an d is han died in ow ck ets

tu
.

p ected fro m l t in the near fu re .

A b o ok tha t ren d ers s i m p le one of the n ms t p a p l rzs ing cha nicai o bl ems of t he u
cen tu r y
S ta rtl ing de v elo men ts ill u
. s tra ted actua l exp eri me nts p by .

I t is n ot on l y a work of s cien tl nc in teres t and an thorit b u t is

read er eing ri tt
. b
en in a o u w
lar s t le ea s ily b y ever on epp y —
.

y .

LO C O M OTI VE ENGINEERING

AIR-BRA E CATE K CHI SM By R . O B E RT H . Buc s an a

This b ook h a s ta nd ard te xt b o ok I tcov er- s the W a t mus e n i p men t

incl u ul p men tz the g F
.

Quick
.

di ng the N o
p pV F a
. c o .

S er vice ) T ri le al v e for reig ht S erv ice C

p
o era tion o f all
fin d in g thei r ecu
a rts of t he a
lia ri ties an d ef
tu
p w s is
i th a
n ed in d etail
ro er re m ed m
is g i v en w p
The
wa y o f
I t co n ta in s
m
pb y
.

ques tio n s
bj i th their ans ers
exa min a tio n o n the s u ect o f Air B ra k es
hich
by
n do rs ed an d u sed
w w wE
i ll en a le an y ra ilro ad man to p as an y .

a ir- b rak e ins tr uc .

. .

o rs an d e xa min ers o n n early cv ery ra ilro ad in the U n ited S ta t 26th Edition

p t
y
ag es fu ll ill u. w
s tra ted p
i th colo red la te s and d iag ra ms
o r
:
41 1
8 8 00 .
.

AMERI CAN C O MP O U ND LO C O M O TI VE S By F m H C . ar . o nvrrr .

J w h
b k mp u d f
u u
h m
mp ud l
oo
m
p m
on co
i u
h h w i
h w h w
p
o n s lo r t e en g in e a n or s ho
y a n t at s o s n a
o ti v es n S o s o
a in
p racti t e v a rio s fea t res o f co the
m m d w d wh h y b d w b C w
e o n o co se .

lk i f a ins s ect o ns as o llo

C mp u B ld wi T w C y li d
are a e. tt
o o en t e rea k o n or a ont s :
f H
.

A
B lt o h is t m d T eo rv o f o d i S li
C m ud C mp u d h d I l d C mp u
o o n ng t
ea n ers a n o - n er
R
.

t b u Tw C d Un nd ich
m d C mp u d C mp u d S h d y Tw C y li d
o po n ts rg o- er o o n o e s an o o

?
. .

u
.

R C m nd
Vm u dC mm p uhd
on
e r ia l o
Ta n
d m C mp ud
y d m
o

B l
o
o

d
w
B ld w To
n

m i
d m o Th C l
.

Tan
B ld wi B l
n o n
S c en ectad
T an e
.

d
e
o o n .

s .
c en ecta
a in
Loco
an e
o-
.
n
e
er
o vi n
a a n ce
o ro
ig h t

C m u d Pl f B l i B kd w
an e a a n ce o t v es a n
B w R d ui
. . .

I l lo c n g i a v es
V M i D w f C m p ud
o po n .a ns or a anc ng iocat . s . rea o ns . e
D if tin g
l m i P i
N
r . a ve ot on is con n ecting . . o er o o o n Loco o t ves ract .

ot
es

Full y ill u d d y P p
.

i i i l
s tra t D u i h Pl
w d
s ho ing yp C mp u d e
p
ifferen t t P
an co n ta
es o f
1
n ng
o
te n
o
s p ec a
n s . 1 42
ot
ag es
o ne
.
ns ert
rice
s on ea v a te
8
a er .

C O
CO M II S I I O N O F AL AND TH E P REVENTI O N O F S M O KE B y Wu
B ;
’
. .

l \I I ARR .

T b his
m bu
p p w
oo k
ha s b een
mm u
s tio n o f the co
p
u
re are d h
p by
ith s ecia l refere n ce to the g enera tio n of ea t
u y
o n f els fo n d in the U ni t e d s to tes an d d ea ls
the
a rtic l a rl
wco

y y
coal in S ta ti o na r m
m
m B
an d Lo co
m i m bu
o ti v e S tea
b um u
i th the co n d itio n s n ecess a r to the eco n o ic an d s o k el s s co
o il ers
s tio n o f it in o s

ubj p
.

m m
P re s en ta tio n o f this i po rta n t s ect is sv s te a tic a n d rog res s i v e T he s e
m
ra n g e
u w b
en t o f the
w b p u w
o o k is in a series o f
u m
ppractica l q es tio n s to
hich d es cri e in la n g ag e fle e fro
hich a re a en d ed
techn ica lities the se v era l
.

pacc ra te an s

u p u
ers

m bu
es se n tial re q is ites fo r
m bu
p m
roces s es in v o l v ed in the f rn ace co
e rfect co u
u
b m
y u
s tio n an d
.

s tion o f A erica n f els : i t clea rl

o in ts o t the
s ta tes the
ethod s o f f rn ace
u
coa lN y p
bearl fu y u
u y
co n s tr ctio n fo r o ta in in g the g re a t m u y
e s t q a n tit
ll ill s tra ted P rice
o f hea t fro
es t
an y g i v en q a l it o f
.

. 3 50 ag es 8 . . .

1 8
 CATALO GUE OF G OO D PRACTI CAL BOOK S
,

y
ha s had ea m o f ractical e erlcncc in locomotive s ho s and on the road fi ring a nd
y b p
ru n ni ng
trea tise
T he in o rma tio n
ig ht hu
.

E
v en in this
n dre d an d ar -o n e q u
ook ca n n o t b e fo u
es tions
g
n d in an y o ther s i mila r
i th their an s ers are in cl u d ed w w
which ill w p
.

ro v e s ecia ll
in fo rma tio n o n : T he
hel p r
o ns tru
to thos e p re
ction an d O era tion of
pC y for exa min a tio n P ractical
mo ti ves ; B re a k do n s and
y
a
p .

w
.

their
tho ro u
R
emed ies : Air B ra k es a n d al v e ea rs ules and 8
b are ha n d led in a V G . R
b p
g h ma nn er As a oo k o f reference it can n o t be excel! The oo k is di v ided
F G
.

as fo ll o ws : 1 The ireman s D u ties en eral D es cri tion of the

’
in to s ix 2
L oco mot v e
fro m S ta n d a rd
3 B rea kd o ns a nd their
ules
.

6 Qu R
.

es tio ns for
emed ies
xa mina tion
w 1 A ir B rak es
The 8 5 1 q u
5
.

es tions ha v e
x tracts
E
R
.

.
.

. . . E
b
ca ref u ll
differen t railroad s
y
s elected a n d arra n g ed
368 ag es
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88 ill u s tra tions
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.

P rice
.

ired
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.
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.
.

by
V NTIO N O F RAI LROAD ACCID ENTS O R SAFETY IN RAI LROADING
P RE E ,
.

By G B w w
s o ao s s ss a .

Thi lk w R il d E mpl y
b oo k is a hea rtf -to -hea rt ta dith
i w i h f eal ng t acts n ot
h
u
s

w
occ r a n d ho
w y wm m
t eo ries an d s ho in g the
the
.

h b
m
u mw
a y b e a v o id ed
m
a roa
en in the ra n k s fro cv
T e oo k is
o ees
-d a
y od e . ho w acc id en t
ith s even t o rig in al
s .
. .

p ho u
ra p hs a n d d ra in g s s he
l p
m d w g
the sa fe a n d ns afe
s tra
etho s o f ork 0 vis io n
.

u u
W
.

m
a ry se e es no id ea ict res P s t lain facts an d ractical es tio ns are g i v en
E y
v er
l d
ra i roa
l d m
ra i roa
l
serv icei ju
e
m
b .

b
h w m
m
p lo se who rea s t e oo k is a etter a n d
d
ws t the in fo r a tio n p hic ill b e the
er a n to ha v e in
eans of rev en ting
. .

m y ju mp y u p u
t g ves .

in ries a n d d ea ths A ll ra il road e lo ees s ho ld roc re a cop rea d it

2?
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.

TRAIN RU E EXAM L INATION S Y By G E C m w MAD E EAS . . . o ato oo p .

Thi i h ract ca ly p
i i l w k
ul i p i E y d il i
r nt et d d
s co v ere
mp h p
s t e on
s or o n tra n r es n ver a an
u
. .

u li i
zz ng io n t l i i m ln si d
e. co i l m i
re en s ve a ng a e i a k ng t a ractica l
g ll h wh h
s are ex p a n e
p i f h T i D i wh T i m
.

i m a ve t
d w h h m li bl i f m i
rea t s e o r t e
C i
ra n s er . ng n e an . ra n an . an a o t ers o o
m i m l d f h
h w
it t e o n ta ns co ete an a t on o t e
l i C l
o ov e s 0 tra n s
en t re a e n or
d d C d f T i Ru u d
.

S l f i l k
o r s ng e trac i o s S g na s n
h p i l ppli
tan ar o e o ra n es o o rs . as se on
E l i fu
.

h di ff d ll i f i d i
ca t o n o tra n or ers vi ng a
yll d whi h m y b u d Th
t e eren t roa s t e ra ct ca a
g
x p a ns
ud
. .

l d d fi i di d
i y f p
c ea r a n e n te n ers t an ng 0 a or ers c a e se e n an
uh m ud
.

i ul l i d i h h m
an n er t a t t e s t w
en t
b yui dd b d ub i h uli h A f lyd u
n eces s t
e on a
o r certa n r
o
es are ex
t t e r g ts co n erre
ll
a ne
d
d
n s c a
y
n er an
ui
d h m y
o r ers
i m
e
p i a
ul
h
m
i
ay
rece ve or t e act o n
o

i
req re y
n a tio ns a co
T w mp
certa n r es
.

ud
f m
p
s n ea r a
u i
u d
w
roa s req
le te se t o exa i n a tio n q es t o ns
i h h
m
re tra n

ill en a b le the s t e n t to ass the req ire exa ina ti o ns w wh

en to

di
. as s reg
ud d
t t eir a n s ers are in cl
hi m lf
i t cre t t
a r exa
e . . .

Full y llu d wi h T i
hese
h w p o se
d the road whi
fo r ch o rk s 256 ag es i s tra te t ra n S i n a ls
g2 5
an e
I C
. .

n o lo rsP rice . 8 .

THE W AL S CH AERT AND O THER M O DERN RAD A I L VAL VE GEARS FOR

L C
O O MO ES TIV
By Wu W W . . . OO D .

I y uw u
f ld u y ud
tho ro g hl W l h
a n d the V l y u h u ld p
a ve G ear
o
u
o n ers t
p
co n o f this ho o k a s the a tho r ta k es the
uh h w
l i . m
a s c a ert
a n es t fo rm of a s t
ea
o
y s o
e ng in e — a s t
b
os s es s a
a tio n ar
n e in the ro g h u
t a t ill o n '
d m
t rn its cra n k in o n e di rectio n u fro i
e
w p d w h
an t ild s —
.

u i th the rea d er s
h
'
elm d m
o ern loco u o ti v e eq i p oW it the
h als c aert
p p a
— —

m
a l v e G ea r co p le te u u
T he o in ts d is c ss ed a re clea rly w e d t o la rg e o l ing
f d
pwl w hp
a tes tha t s ho
.

ell as the lin k s a n d o ther p a rt w

s o f the
b
h
d u dm
.

y
s tra t
t e o s itio ns o f the v al v es of o th ins i e o r o ts id e a
p
en the cra n k is a t ni n e
di
is s io n t p e as
ffere n t o in ts
.

m pl y
ea r
u u g m
i n Its re v o l tio n a re es pecla ilv v a l a b le n m m
a k in g the en t clear Thes e e
d
s li ing cardb d m d
oa r whi h
o els
.

i d p i
ove
c are co n ta n e in a ock et n the co v er
o .

w
.

T he b oo is d iv i e in to fi v e g en era l d iv is io ns as fo llo s : i
k d d A h f na s is o the g ea r . .
'
.

2 D es ig n in s a n d erre tt the g ea r u
3 Ad v a n ta g es o f the g ea r es tio ns a n d
.

ans w V m
ers r ela ti t to the
s e hn ert p m
a l v e G ear : t e three
h
V
V a ls cha ert
ypri
a l ve G ea r
mes o f loco m m
W
5 S ettin g v a l v es
o tiv e va l v e
4
i h the
o tio n :
al
o d ern
. .

.
. .

( team w u
h
w h W l
ra d ia l v a l v e g ea rs o t er tha n t e
b
a ry t

w h H
a s chaert: t e
B
ith q es tio n s a n d a ns ers o n rea k d o n s : the
V
o ba rt A il- fre e
d Va k er-P illio
G
a lv e a n d V a l v e
a lve ea r : th e
Im p rod B
v e
.

auk er-P w h u
lled V al v e G ea r w b kd w
i t q es tio ns an d an s ers o n re a o ns
w u w p ub
. .

Th u es tio ns wil b
ith f ll fi m d i l ecia ll v al le to
e
n e ers
‘
Ed i it on
q

i sp
in -
p t a ring for p m
y
p a ns
Thi d R i d
an e
ers
na tio n
v en
fo r
e es
ro o tio n . 2 45
a
ages .
re en an
r
eng
ev s e
.
8 1 50
20
 CATALOGUE OF G OO D , PRACTI CAL B OOKS

Wu . W . W000 , Air Brake I ns tructo r .

m is a b ook for th e rafims d man s a d tb s man wb o ai ms to be I t is witho o t

m
on e.
w
.

b t the oni plete work blis b ed on th e hou 5 moti ve

Eq up
i men t . ri tten by an ra ke
E verything a bo ut the
se

N d
e
Tande ms ite Eq ui men t
w
-
nd h the b and No 6
u
.

of b n lta is trea te d in E ng lis h and p rof s s ly

ritten ln
th O o iomd P la ta which ena b le ons to ace the fi o w of
'
u
rm m s thr u mu t the
en tire eq i p u m
en t T
he b es t b ook ever p blis hed on tb e Air ra keu
W q all g E u y for

m
.

u
.

the b eg in ner a nd the ad vancs d ill an y on e thro g h an y exa

l t info rms a nd en lig hten s yo on every p oin t. u is p em a b ie to ev ery en g in e ma n a nd

MACH INE-S H O P PRACTICE

AMERI CAN TOOL MAKIN G AND INTERCHAN GEABLE MANUFACTURIN G
By J V W
.

.w . oo n o s rs .

MACHINE- SH O P ARITHMETI C . By Co m m-C m .

MEE T . By O s os n E . P an a ma .
 C ATALO GUE OF G OO D , PR ACTI CAL BO OK S

THE WH O LE FIELD O F MEC HANICAL MO VEIHENTS

CO VERED BY MR HI S CO X S
.
’
TW O BOO KS

MECH ANI CAL M O EMENTS , P O WERS , AND

V D EVICES By . C an o n s D
fi is co x
.

LI NCES ME C HANICAL M OVEMENTS AND N OVELTIE S

H ANI CAL APP A
OF C N T C TION By G u m D H c
O S RU .
,
n an . ts ox .

MACH I NE6 H O P T OO LS AND S HO P P RACTICE By W H Vm s n vo o a r .

‘

A w k p ibi
. . .

u il b c fl u

m
of 555d d i d
6 73 ill s tra tion s . es cr
cl
or
d m
o p era tio n . a np u b
ani b
a g e : an
d d m h y
la tio n o f l o th i dfl
an an
ng n every e ta
ac in e t
oo s
t e on
l nc d t
tr t on .

m
uf um d il
.

m
d l zwé
i
z
on il tg i t ng
d i p in g s r d dl ri s . r
p hz '
n
s
s crz
mau
ces on
d u
sa es

m
an ‘ ‘ w on ll a ne . an
l he ir to o s : g an c g ea r
u d ui m hi mm
g ea r c tt n g : d riUl n g md
m
c tters an d ac n es a n an

M "
a fi a
”
hi
m
“.
“3
.
“ ’
f W.

THE M O DERN MA CHINIS T By J o an: T U s a aa

m p y
. . .

This is a b oo k s ho win g hy p laln d es cri p tio n and eng ra ' ex re s s l

f
.

for tb e work a il tha t is b es t mos t ad an c o f tb s hig hes t m cy mo de rn

machin e-s ho
which as M a
p
.

ractice t o o ls s n d im pl emen t
.

s xl m s a ys
.

s s ho wi ng the way b y which

A ma lm n ma chl n
‘
. thro u
is ts hs ve b eco me a nd are the fi n es t me
gh

o f thc au
. .

i nd ica ting as itd oes in e very lln e the fa mil ia ri

“
cha n ics in the worid . . tthor .

w l tb e very d etail of d a lly exp ed ence in the s b t ca n n o t fa il t

o be s ervice m an y
ma n practics il y conn ected with the s ha ping o r fi n is hing of meta ls n .

T hore ls
rm u l ts it .
 PEREUDI ERY

By G . W . As s ume s , Peri u
mer .

W HAT I S S AI D OF T HI S BO O K

PLUMBING
MECH ANICAL D RAW ING FOR PL UMBERS By R . . M . Su
ns et s .
 C ATALOGUE OF GO OD , P RACTI CAL B OOK S

wp i ing co m
s o ld er :
tra s : v en ting : con t no u
tion an d u se:
s v en ti ng : ho u
o in t i ing : lead work : tra s : s ip
s e s e wer an d s e er con n ectio ns : ho u
j ofwp w p
Pp p p se
i in g ro u g hing : mai n tra an d fres h air in let: fi oor yard cella r d ra in s rain
so l
lead ers etc : x tu
.

as t fi p wb w
a ter clos ets : v en tila tio n : im ro v ed lum
.

p . .

tio ns
mod ern co u
.
.

res id en ce
re
lu
lu
.

m ing :
mbing :
es :
um bing fo r ho tels s chools fac
tra tio n o f se ag e an d er s u l :
sta
co n n ec
es
w pp w
et
ho t a n d co ld
c : . .

pp y a b .

pp
su l y n
circu la tio n : circu
at
ro b l em s : ho t b p
m
la ting i es : ra ng e o iler
w : ra ng e
a te r for la rg e b
u
ers :

su
u
ter lift and its u s e : mu
s ys tem : theor
l ti le co n n ecti ons for ho t wa
b by
fo r the lu m er : d ra i n for y p p b w
bo
p b%
il n 1

g
ers :
the l u m er ill u ed
s tra t
. 7 en g ra ving s P rice 8 00 . .

RECIP E B OO K
HENLEY S TW ENTIE TH CENTURY BOOK O F RE CIPES F ORM ULAS AND
’

P R O CE S S E S Edit d by G u m
,
D H e n an I S CO L
lu bl T h h m i l F mu B p ubli h d i l udi
. .

Th m ec n o -c e ca la ook nc ng o ver 1 01 1 10
d p p d
e os t v a a e or s e .

s el ecte
d i ifi h m l
s c en t c. c e ica . te c n o log ica
h l an ractica l reci es an p rocea es
mp B k f F mu p ubli h d
. .

Thi h m
is t e os t co lete i
la s ev er h um d f gi v n g t o

P
p s
reci es fo r the
l Id
ra ctica
m u u
d m P
f ub
an fact re o
oo o or
y y u H
s e
v a l a le articles for ever da
l d w hi
S er et roceo es are rev ea e p I
it n its
H p
y
.

se . in ts .
n s
el
o
s.

bb f
eas
u u
ra n ch o the
y h uld h
oo k ever o n e s o
an
s ef l artlls h u d
h
s an d t
mm d
e w y .

m ki
t o s a n s of
av e at is co an
m y
a s of a d ngj u h
.
ag es
on e
.

.
t co vers ev er
an is stt e

A min e
v alu
in fo rma tion
e to E \
of
YO N ER E
. and up -

as it cov ers e v er
to -d a t
ev er e in
res ect y
yy b y p
A oo k b u
ra n ch o f the U sef l A rts
w
hich ill ro v e o f
ho m e
. wE py
n eeds this
te rp ris e
o o k : ev er
E V E R YW
—
b fi
fiERE
.

o f ce . e v er
—
y
facto r . ever s to re . ev er
u
s ho l d ha v e a co py
800 ag es p y p ub
v er
lic an d ri va te en
P rice . .
.

p
W HA T I S S AI D O F TH I S BO O K
Y u Tw h C uy B k f R i
en tiet F mul d P roces s s d l u receiv ed
I m
a
b
o
h
r
g la d to py en t r
a v e a co
f h I
d
w
oo
o f it. an
d
is the es t thi ng o t e s o rt ev er sa
o ec
if I co
l m
M E Tw p
"
y ul
or
n o t re
S ig n
as
ace
.

it
an
. on e co d n t
'

r x . S arta . W is
uy it . It
.

(
f w p wh w u b b
. . . .

T here ld b fi d k m not l e to in the e si le fo rm u

uld p y f h b
a re e ers o ns o o e a n oo so la
tlr l t l m R
se v era ti es the cos t o t oo k ec a n d S ho w
g
re a
‘
g
’‘n dg
v e . or

I purchas ed y ur by
oo k H en ley T wen tieth C
'
y
u Boo k of Reci F mulas
w M
o en t r and
pVM
s es . or
"
P ro ces s e ab ag o an d it is o rth its we ig ht in aold ‘
H
;
ta
a g
ea r U R RA Y .
o
B 0n mng
. . .
.

n. ‘

‘
TH E B O O K WO RT H TH REE H U N D RE D D O A R S LL
O n clos e ex a m in a tio n o
y
va lua le a n d u b
s ef l
o r T
oo k
en tiet
ith the v er
en t r
ub
f y u w
R ecei t oo k
w h C
y b I uy
f p
n
‘
p B
i t to e a
ra ctica l in fo r a tio n o ta i n am
fi d
b b
b l
.
’

bI es t o
fi
v er e .

T he rice o f the oo k m
3 00 is v ery s a ll in co p a ris o n to the b e n e ts
8 m hic o n e ca n w h
—
b
o ta n fro m i t
D a A 0 S p am .
.
co ns i e r the
. e . o rk
oo k
.
ort f
.

d
t ree
N w Y
b
n re
.

w h u ll y h hu d d d ll
o ars to an on e
.
y .
 CATALO GUE OF G OOD , P RACTI CAL B OOK S

uares an d sq are root

i k B k
u
s : c
l i
u b u
es an d c b e root: areas an d circ m feren ces o f circl es
w p p
u
e rs . eco n o m is e rs
v a l v es : hea t pump u .

y ;
o tes o n : r c o r : ex os ons rn a ;
v a l v es : l a p . l ead . a n d cl ea ra n ce a s a co a is te ex a m ina tio n fo r a l icen s e
s a fet
etc , et
. c S econ d edi tion . 285 ag es .
.
ll s tra ted . '
‘os p I u
.

g
EMINE NT E N G INEE R S By D w '
ron r G O D D ARD
p
. .

E
ef
d is co
wh
‘ er

v
L Sm i
er ies
d
S t a r i b oa t.
on e

.
d i
is
oc
in
h
S w
t
e w
r
re a tes t e eff ect of s ch g rea t in v en tions as the S t
M
o t v e.
es te
o a

n
e in g
k n o in g a li
e el
achin e . S t
ea m
orkin g . an d o ther f n d a
l in e .

ttle a o t the men who mad e them an d th eir

n ta l
u
bu W u m
E
g
achiev em en ts
y w b y
.

Mr G
od d ard has selected thi t -two o f t he orld s en g in eers who ha v e con tri u
'
.

y r
m os t larg el to the ad van ce men t o f o ur civi liza tio n mecha n ica l m eans i vi
te d
onl by w pp fi e
such facts as are o f e res t an d in a way
n eral in t hich a eals h v ether g
m echan ics o r n ot ag es 35 lll u
. st p
ra tions P rice . .

EN GINE RU NNER S CATECHIS M By RO B E RT G mus ruw

’
.

ju
.

u
?
ractica l trea tise for t he s ta tic eng i n eer t ellin g how to erect a d s t. an d r n
A
thi p rin ci stea m eng in es in
u pse ) th e U n t
m
ed S ta tes
m
u
D es cri ng the
wE K
wrin ci a l i
u
.

T
b i
p uC g r
u i l d ll-kn k f C
Fu
fea t res 0 v ario s s ec a an e o n a es o s e : e er t-o
il . hip n g
o n d a tio ns . rectin g an d S tarting . aiv e S ett ing . are an d
a n d R ecei
E u
merg en cies . rectlng an d Adj s tin g S ecial ng ines E p se .

p y p
.

The q u estio ns as k ed throu g ho u t the ca t e chis m are lain an d to the oin t an d the
w
ans ers are g iv en in s u ch s im le la ng u a g e as to b e read il
u
p
un d ers tood an o n e A ll
y ww by y pp
.

p o d ate an d the are ri tten in a o u

.

u
the ins t ct o ns gi
i m l d -t lar
°

yz w c t
e e an -
r v en are o
s t le i tho ut an y techn ica li s o o r ma thema tical formu l ae T he o rk is o f a han d
si e for the
.

ock et clearl p an d ell rin ted n icel you n d an d w p

rofu s el ill u ed
s tra t t yb p y .

y w m p y
. . .

T o ou ng en g in eers t his ca techis m ill b e of g reat valu e es ecia ll to thos e w ho ma y

be rep a ri n g to 0 w
fo r ard to b e ex a in ed for cert ca tes
y wu ifi f
.

h y wi l fi d i
m d o co ten cy : a n to

fi py p it i ll b e o f n o littl e s ervice as t e l lum m

-
n es ts g en e
ractica l a n d u sef l in forma tion than is to
p e o n an
.

b f ud ywh l wi h li n n
ere e s e
vo
t in a
e o re
ke
co m a s s 38 7 ag es. S ev en th edi tio n. P rice .

HORS EP OW ER C HART
wy d h y p w w w
.

S ho s the o rse o er of an y s ta tiona r en g ine i thou t calcu la tion N o ma tt

the c li n er ia eter o
i
f d m
s trp
o k e
- on de
c
th e
E y
n s ing
s tea m res s u
re
it 8 all there
o f cu t- fi
o .

o u
the re v o l u
se accu
er
tio ns
ha t
or .
.

w hether co d t and
E p y u
n e n s n g o r n o n as ra te
us ef l to eng in eers an d des ig n ers 6 0 ce n ts
. .
.

sa v es time an d ca lcu
.

la tions s ecia ll . .

M O D EIRN S TEAM EN GINEERING IN THE ORY AND P RAC TICE By G . an n x s a

I) H c is ox
w y d Fi m
.

Thi i m l d i k i ud f
ract cal S i E i ta t on ar
d li w
ea n g
s
h
m hi
s a co

y pm
dy
m
it t e ca re a n (
m m
f b l
ete an
a nag e
l
or
i
en t o
i
p
ss e
ump up
mp
or
d
o to rs . e ev a t
m
o i ers . eng n es .
ng n eers an
s. s erhea te
re
s tea
en .
.

bh ww h whi h m m dd i l mi u ib likmilil y Nb lky d by uh E mw h

refr g era tin g
i
ra n ches it
ac ner .

t eir a ns ers o n s tea

c the
an
na os .
o er n en g i n eer
el ectr ca eng n eer ng .
d ll
s t e fa
o rs . a r co
h

e
ar
t
o
ress o rs . an
ear
e as e
a
200 q es tio n s
t e xa
o t er
it
in
.

in g B
oa rd . are in cl d ed u
p p p pp
.

A mo ng the cha t o rical : s tea m an d its

is t H ro erties : a l ian ces fo r the

g w
en era tio n o f s t
s od p yp
u p
ea m
ers are :
ea m : t b es o f
w o ilers ; chi mn e an d its
m s an d their o rk in cr s ta tio n an d its
o rk : hea t eco n o m o f th e
ork : s tea m a o v e
yu w w y b
pp u fl
at er: st
a tm os p heric ress re ; o w of s t e a m fro m n o
ad ia ba tic ex a ns ion o f s tea m ; in dica to r an d i ts
les : s erhea ted s t e a m an d i ts
o rk : s tea m eng i n e
.

o rk ;
ro ortio ns ; s lid e
zz w up p pp u w
C
v a l v e eng in es an d v al v e m o tion ; o rliss en g in e an d its v al v e g ear co m o n d e

elev a t
p
o rs a n d their
u p p
a n d its theo ry : tri le an d m l ti le ex a n s ion en g in e : s tea m tu r in e : refrig era o n :
manag em en t; cos t of o er ; s team s ine trou les ; electric
e

pw b
pw p
o er a n d el ectric la n ts p 48 7 ag es 405 en g raving s
. 3d ltion . a . .

STEAM ENGINE CATECHIS M By R G m uw O B E RT s sr

ly w
. .

Thi u i u l um f i hi m h u i d
on t e q es t on an
phi ip p u i h i p f mi ul md w k md u f hw S f m Ell hi S Imll up bl m
s n q e vo

a in t
e o 4 1 3 p a g es s n o t o n
r n c le . b t t co n ta ns o r
o t e o era t on an d
as an
a ca tec s
o r e -o t an s ers or a t e t ea
ans
ro e
er
s
s tra tio n s

f u
t at a
u l
b
o r Ta
l h
ert
o f v a o s v a v es an
d l
i di p bw i h h i p i i ‘i
v a v e g ear
l y
anag e
f
t t e r r nc
in
en t o t e

fi m
i
g
ce o 0
h
tea

w h
n

b
y
ne
t on are g iv en
re a n t a t
T hi rt
is es to
.

pm d i
es t a t are n
mbi i
rog res s i v e a n
l u bl i s u
s a
i
e n tr ct
b s en sa
m m
t ons to eco e
h
e to ev er

f S
fhi lli
o r n t e s ervice o
en
as ter 0
m E i i
w eer a n
i hi
s ca p
ng are
di i
I
t n its ag es
Lea n g en g neers
e
t is .

h
a os t v a
mm d d i
a v e reco
a
en e l u bl du
t as a va a e e f h b gi
ca t w ll
tea ng neer ng
o r or t e e n ner as f b k
e as a re eren ce oo
.

28
 tho usan d an d on e
b t u

S TEAM H EATING AND VENTILATI ON

pn cucu s m ut, . n or - w us s HEATING . AND VE TILA N TIO N . By

This book is the s tan da rd an d ia tes t work p u blis hed on the s u bj ect an d ha s b w n p re
h u f ll d i h b u i f m h wa ter hea ting and ven tila
p ared f t a
g g e n t e s n e s s o s tea t
w
-
or e s e o a en o
I t is an or in al an d ex ha u w T
.

m
.

s ti ve ork ells ho w to g e t hea ti ng con t racts ho w

to ins ta l
w “
l h
T
ri c
e a ti n g
k s of the
an d v en
rad e
t il
"
a ti ng
T
for s ho
a a ra
us e
tu s th e b e s t b us i npp
pem m e th o d
ules an d da ta for es tima ting rad ia tion
s t
o
.

b e
u
R
. s ed
.

ith
a nd cos t an d s u b
ch ta les an d in fo rma tion as ma k e it a n
w m h a ter hea ting a n d v e n tila t
.

us a le ork for every

i o n I t es cri es all the prlnci
bb w
on e in ta e s ted i
w t a o t
p
-
n s e .

u u u u
. .

s ys tems m h c m d c m
w y t t
w b w
- va v
t a o a e r a p o r a n v a - va or e tog e t er
i
s e .

e r circu
. .

la tio n in cl u
. .

i th the n ew accelera ted m f h

i
s s te s o o t-
at d ar ters on

s
.

to methods o f v en til a ti o n an d the fa n or lo er s ys tem o f h

m
ven tila
pt on cha ers : H
g ln
h
uw on II
ace a n d s ettin s
ea t ll ol u ti o n of . .

artifi cia l hea ting a pa ra u fl

.

B iler s v '
l u u ‘

VI p P i e a nd fi t V s
VI I
E
al ves
o f rad ia tin g s u
. va rio u s
X li
k in ds
I
.
g 0 c r
\ I I I F orms o f ret a ting
n e o
.
.

.
.

su
.

I X Lo ca rfaces X s tima t ing rad ia tio n

ppyp
rfaces
heating a I E
ara tu
.

w s
w
s s tems of ho t- a t
.

XV x.h
wa uXs
ork
II I
t-s t

pp .w
ea m hea ting
X V I G
H o t- a ter a
X V I H o t- a ter hea ting
lian ces
a
8
.

reen ho
.

. .
. .

. .

hea ting X V II XV I X R p acu

p p .
er

XX V XV
um va or an d vacuum ex ha us t hea ting III
. .

M is cella .
.

n eou
. .

s hea t in g adia t o r and i e co nn ectio ns en tila tion XX l

b .

M echan ical v en tila tio n an d ho t- las t hea ting

XX I V b and
.

pp
o iler co v e
XX II I
X X I L S tea m a
XX V
lia n ces
tu re re u
.
. .

.
.
.

D is trict hea ting la tion

R
a nd hea t con tro l
b
ules ta les an d u s efu
.

p .

l in forma tio n
XV I
us in es s m ethod s
.

g
367 ag es
XXV I I M ls cel n eo u
300 d eta iled eng ra v i ng s
s
g
ii . . . .

6388
. . . 8 0 . .

5 00 P LAI N AN S W ERS TO DIRE C T Q UE S TIO NS O N S TEAM HO T WATER -

VAPOR AND VACUUM HEATIN G P R ACTICE By AL G K

,
F RE D I NG
,

Th w k j u w
. . .

is s t o i! the u m
res s . is arra ng ed in q es ti on a n d an s er for d : it is in ten ed as
a d
e
or .
an bb P u u
t e
This
x t- oo k

oo kw
ng r the p o fi
er. in ex erien ced
w
a n d a ls o t
N w
e lls
“
hy
b
tter an d as a. referen ce oo k fo r
o rk o f i t s k in d ha s
ever
that o
fi tters
bw u een
by
.

b iis hed
b e as k ed
w m fi
s
u
the s tea
o
.

tt
m
I t an s ers a ll the q es tio ns reg arding each
m y b u
y
e r o r b ea tin g co n tracto r. an d
o
m ethod or s s t e
s ed as a
.

Fi
f
text or re eren ce
m
’
b Ru
A ocia tio ns
d m
oo k . a n
b u by
fo r exa in a tio n
les . d a ta . ta les a n
T
m
es tion s
d es crip ti v e
m
a e
rad e S choo ls o r S tea
ethods are g iv en to
w dmu
tters
g ether ith
or in t u m
in the v ario s
m
.

m
g u
ethod s o f hea ti
u
ch o ther d eta iled in fo r a tio n o f d ail y tica l s e t o thos e eng ag ed in
al a b ie to thos e p re for

VH m
exa
eres te
in a tio ns
V
ap or an d uum H
w y u
m
.

ea ting
m
A n s ers ev er q es tio n as k ed re a tin g to
T
A on g the co n ten ts are ym
g
od ern S tea
w
T he
.

heo r an d La s of
n
o t- Vi a ter.

M C m y
ac
B H B
.

ea t ethods o f H ea tl F u
hi n e s an d l es o ilers fo r ea ting o iler
T mm
C
ri
.

in g s an
d
on nections for S tea m H
S ettin g s
W m H
ad ia tio n
ea ting H g H ot
St B
ea R
. ea tin
p G
p
oi ler.
y a dia t
.

T he T wo -P i e
o r an d P i e
ra v it
.

.
.

O
S m
ys te H
y of
m
verhea d S s t
W ot H
W a ter
H
of H ot
C u y m
ea ting
B
The
ea tin g
W
a te r
irc i t S s te
p C
H
tn

o il er . Rad ia t
0 H ot
.
.

a ter
o r an d P i e
ea ti ng T he
o n n ectio ns for
.

G y T y k mC
ra vit
e
W mH
S s te s o f H o t
on n ec tio n s
a ter

W
a te r
H
ea tin g
D o es tic H o t
H W H
Accelera ted
g
ot at er
.

ea tin
'
. Ex

M
ea tin g V al v es a n d A ir al v es
uum V p V u V V
an a te r
H uum H
. .

ac a or a n d ea tin g m echa n ical S ys te

M M u
s of
N
8
on-
H
V uum y m
echa nica l ac
u
V p
ac o - a p o r
S s te s
m
ea tin g G ree n ho s es
y m
Ru
m p
a o r S s te
b
I n fo r a tio n .
s
p A t os heric a n d
les an d T a les
.
ac

200 a g es
. ea tin g
od l a ti ng
1 2
.

C
.

tions
O cta vo
. lo th P rice . .

29
 CATALOGUE OF G OO D PRACTI CAL B OOK S
,

S TEE L ITS S ELECTION ANNEALING HARD ENI NG AND TEM P ERIN G

: , ,
By E R M m
, .

a as
Th w f m ly k l W k
. . .

w w Th Am i S bu
er canh ub
tee t on t e p
h pu li h d i b
is ork er no n as as e or or er .
w i d di i d m d i
lica tio n o f t e ne . rev s e e t on t e
h b s ers h ee e t a v s a le to c a n g e i ts
title t ul bi
o a mo re s I i h
ta e one. d d w k H
t s t e st d l
a n ar m or on a r en ng . T a p erin g .
an d An n eal l S teal a all kin ds m
p
.

This b ook tel ls ho w to select an d h ow t o work t em er hard en an d an n eal s t e el fo r

y
e v er thing on earth I t d on
'
'
t tell ho w t
ou
.

tio n an d u
.

o temp er o ne cla s s o f too ls a n d the n lea v e

dg m en t b u yy
. .

j
.

th e trea tmen t of anotha kin d of t o ol t t it g i v es

carefu l in s tru
w ction s for ever d eta il o f ever t
e lls a o u
o r
o ol
t the tem mrlng o f s ma ll b y
hether it be a ta p a rea m er o r u
ch it rin g s the b a rd e n i n
st . w w .
.

j
a s cre -d riv er It t . at of .

cu
'
tle y and the of d ies I n fact there is n t a t ng tha t a s te e l wo r e r
g
. .

“ m
.

m “ ha d e
ii 5 te m mo ng m g t . me n t o n Si s r st
:
i . an

the fol lo win g ects :

es
n tro d u
o o l s teel : ors l ns : an n ealin
ction : the
s e
ork man : s t I
e el : method s
hard en ing a ths : a ths for hard en i
of hea tin g ;
hard e n
w b b
hea ting t
w
ing s teel ; dra ing the te m p er after i
ing ; cas e hard en ing ; s ring tem ering ma k in
en ing : exa m les o f hard en in : p ac
p
o o ls of machin e s t
t ee
ha rd e n
p
s eci al s tee ls ;
fim p g pp
eel for v a rio u s tools z ca u s es of tro u e z hig s p eed s teels c
et 400 ag es V er g
uy
st
E
.

F ou
. .

f ll ill u s tra ted rth di tio n P rice

. .

H ARD E NING TEMP ERING ANNEALING AND F ORGING OF STEEL By

V
, , .

J w oo n
'
o a rs
w w k p
. . .

A i i m
n a clea r. co n cis e ll m d m f or the hea tin g
ne
li
a n nea ng . f
u
w or
ld e
mh
trea t ng

w g l
d
in g . a rd en in
h mp
m h i i
an
ann er a
te f
o ern
l m
l w p
ro
ering o s tee .
ec a n c n g en era . l
b
a kin g i t a
f oo k o
ith s eci a d irectio n s
mp i
t p racti v a s to t e e ta -
or ng
u fu l h d d
ar en ing an t f ll l l u d
s tee t u
in th e a rts . i n cl d in g
ml
h
o r t e s cces s
i li u c tters . ta
ll
es . a n d a d
h
f h
d
m
k a s o s eet eta
m
l w ki
b
e

l
er ng o a
lid
t rea d ies . rea ers . o th so
h
d h ll h
b l d
too s . s ear
oo s
an
w wse
m
s e .
u y
p u h
o ll o ill s .
a es . sa s . fi n e c tler
d
n c es

ll imp l m b
and d or an .

l u w
k h fi
m f ll d
too ls o a es cr as fo r a e en ts o f s tee l
h l a rg e
an
eta c tt
d m ll
p s a w
n th is . or t e d m
o n . as
p les t a n
e
i f y h d i
os t sa t s actor d m
a r en ng a n
ot
te per
i
ng roces s es are g iv en
w b d p d i ly p
.

Th u hi h h l d i d
c t e ea n g ran s o s t f l m yb e a a t e are conc s e d
e to s es
m
an d t eir trea t en t fo r
m h d
h
h h d
et o s fo r t e
w i
o rk n g
ar en ing an d t e
u
mp i
ee a

f p i l b
er ng o s ec a
di
n d er d iiferen t co n p l i d
tion s ex a n e
d
ran s
pres en te
l
a ls o the s ecia .

p C h d i
.

A h d td to t h d iff t c f i lu
g is a s o n c
l d ed
d
p y
- ar en n
c a ter ev o e e eren ro es s es o r a s e an .

referen ce m d
a e to t e ad a ta tio n o
h fm h ac in er s t ee fo r t
l u
o ols o f v a rio s k i n d s
ea
yu h Ed
o rt itio n p
28 8 ag es u
201 ill s tra tions
. P i r ce . .
.

TRACT ORS

THE M O ER D N By c GAS W P é TRACTOR ro a AG

ibi ll yp d z
. . .

A m d
le te trea tis e es cr li k
t es an s i es o f g as o n e eros en e a n d o il tracto rs
C u
co
d
o s l e rs d es ig n an u
p i w uli f ml p
ng a
u y i
cons tr ctio n exha s tivel
tio n an d re a r o t n es al i
mp g ves co lete ins tru ctio n s fo r ca re
ractica l a p lica t o ns o n the roa d an d i n the eld
.
. .

fi
.

by m e b es t an d la tes t
ud b l k m
ork o n ar
m h ii ths l m
p
tracto rs an w p
tract
im l m
.

or o er la n ts A o rk n eed ed
a en t d ea lers d es ig n ers
. w .

N ly illu
far ers s t en t ac s
d
an eng in eersp s
500 ag es
.

ea r
.
ec a n cs s a es
300 d f pl
.en
s tra tions an at
.es P rice
. . .

.
. .

THE HO ME MADE TRACTOR By s - W Pc u o

'
rx a
A p d p i l pup
. . .

i
ractica l h ui f m ll
trea t se on t e cons tr ct on o s a s ec a r os e tra ct o rs i n the
h m w
y m
o
ev er
e
far
m h
ork s ho d
fro d f
t e o ds a n
w p k hblw byh m mi h w lf m mi ll
his or s o s t e far
il m hien d s o
er
y o
an
ca s t-o
at s a
ac n er
ex
a v ai la le o n n earl
to ma k e his as o iin e
b y
uid
. .

en g ine con i l k i t g es hi m i n t e co n
f p p b
t t a a t s e o v ng
h g
v en en or e n -

fh u
.

lf m l li h in g io win a n d
f m w w arv es t
d i
u
ll
o ng a
ire d T
y
o a
the o rd inar
en t -
ca ar
arh
w y u h p w m y dm anbly bkuil d d
tractor t a t s ca a e o

fo r c a ters a re co n t
ul i
o rk in f
a in e
h
hic the p ro
in t
a

oo
ng
s o n o o t er
an it is ill u
ery s re
s tra ted i th
. .

w
q .

o v er 1 53 e ng ra v i ng s s h o i n a n t a n te s te d h o m e- m ad e

tract ors Bo h . m
in clo t . 1 2 o ce .

30