Fundamental Counting Principle

STATISTICS AND
● To find the total number of ways that
PROBABILITY two or more events can occur, multiply
THIRD QUARTER REVIEWER the number of ways each event can
Team President, Academics Committee
happen.
● Number of Elements/Ways = E1 ⨉ E2
⨉ ... ⨉ En
LESSON 1: Introduction to
Probability Example 2
Sample Space You take a multiple choice test made up of 10
● Denoted by letter S questions. Each question has 4 possible answers.
● Collection of ALL possible events How many different ways are there to answer
the test (assuming you don’t leave a question
Sample Points blank)?
● Elements in the sample space

Event
● Subset of a sample space

Probability
● A numerical measure of the likelihood
that a specific event will occur

Example 1
A family has 3 children – using B to stand for Basic Probability Rules
boy and G for girl ● The probability of an event
is within the range 0 to 1. 0
≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
● The sum of the probabilities of all
simple events for an experiment is
always 1.
● If an event cannot occur, its probability
is 0 (Impossible event).
● If an event is certain, its probability is 1
(Sure event).

Classical or Theoretical Probability Example

Two dice are rolled. What is the probability of
getting a sum of 2? 8? an even sum?

LESSON 2: Random Variables and
Probability Distribution
Variable
● The characteristic or property of the
element.
Random Variable
● A variable being measured to produce
numerical observations associated with
the random outcomes of a chance
experiment.
● Discrete Random Variable: Only
whole numbers
● Continuous Random Variable: Has
decimals
Probability Mass Function
● A discrete random variable x is given by
P(X = x) for all possible values of x.
This function can be represented using a
table, graph, or formula.
Example 1
Toss a coin twice. Let x be the number of heads
that occur. Find the probability mass function of
x.
Mean
● the mean denoted by μ
● Also known as the mew
● is the sum of the products formed by
multiplying the possible values of x with
their probabilities.
● μ = Σ𝑋 · P(x)
Example 2
Roll a die. If the face that comes up is odd, you
win an amount equivalent to that odd number. If
it is even, you lose P4. Identify your expected
profit in the long run if you play the game.
Expected Value = μ = -0.5 pesos
Standard Deviation (𝜎) LESSON 3: Normal Distribution
● Is used to measure the variability of
possible outcomes. Types of Data Distribution
1. Normal/Symmetric (DESIRED)
Variance (𝜎^2)
● Is the square of the standard deviation.
2
● 𝜎^2 = Σ𝑋 · 𝑃(𝑥) − μ^2

Example 3
A laboratory supervisor in a type III hospital is
investigating a number of reported on-the-job
training accidents over a period of one month.
Based on past records, she has derived the
following probability distribution for x; where x
is the number of reported accidents per month.

2. Skewed to the Right

3. Skewed to the Left

 8. Along the horizontal line, the distance
from one integral standard score to the
next integral standard is equal to 1.

9. The probability that the standard random

variable 𝑍 will fall into an interval a to b
is equal to the area shaded region under
the standard normal curve between two
points a to b.

The Standard Normal Distribution has the

following properties
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.

2. The total area under the standard normal Areas Under Normal Distribution
curve is equal to 1.

3. The standard normal distribution is

symmetrical about the mean (μ=0).

4. The area to the right and to the left of

the mean (μ=0) is 0.5, because it's half
of the distribution.
Normal distribution
5. The three measures of central tendency,
which are the mean, the median and the
mode, are equal and are located at the
axis of symmetry.

6. The tails of a standard normal curve are

asymptotic(Never touches) relative to
the horizontal line.

7. It can be divided into at least 3 standard

scores, left, right and middle.
Example 1
The average weekly income of 1500 workers is
P1,500 with a standard deviation of P80.
Assuming that the weekly incomes are normally
distributed, find the number of workers who
earn:
Case 1: between ₱1,440 and ₱1,640

Case 3: At least how much a worker should

receive to be included in the top 10% earners?

Case 2: Not more than ₱1,350

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