TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS RELATIVE AND REDUCED CLAUSE

Nama : Melita Sirait

NIM : 2208511007

Recognize the parts that are shortened in the reduced clauses given by underlining them,
and then write down the relative clauses in the space provided!

No. Reduced Clause Relative Clause

1 Reactions occurring when the light energy Reactions that occur when the light energy is
is absorbed by a molecule are called absorbed by molecules are called photochemical
photochemical reactions. reactions.
2 Coordination number is the number of Coordination number is the number of atoms or
atoms or ions surrounding an atoms or ions ions that surround an atoms or ions in a crystal
in a crystal lattice lattice.
3 Magnesium is the eighth most abundant Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element
element in the Earth’s crust found in large in the Earth’s crust which is found in large
deposits in minerals such as magnesite and deposits in minerals such as magnesite and
dolomite. dolomite.
4 Orbital diagram is a diagram showing the Orbital diagram is a diagram that shows the
distribution of electron in the orbitals of the distribution of elecrton in the orbitals of the energy
energy levels. levels.
5 Argon was dicovered as a result of trying to Argon was discovered as a result of trying
explain why the density of nitrogen to explain why the density of nitrogen that
extracted from air differed from that was extracted from air differed from that
obtained by the decomposition of ammonia. obtained by the decomposition of
ammonia.
6 Atoms satisfying the octet rule are said to Atoms that satisfy the octet rule are said to be
be atoms must fill their valence shell with atoms must fill their valence shell with electrons.
electrons.
7 The compouds NO, CO, and CIF, The compouds NO, CO, and CIF, molecules which
molecules containing two different contain two different elements, are the examples of
elements, are the examples of heteronuclear heteronuclear diatomic molecules.
diatomic molecules.
8 Many elements occuring naturally exist as Many elements that occur naturally exist as more
more than one isotope. than one isotope.
9 Phenols are compounds having a hydroxyl Phenols are compounds that have a hydroxyl group
group bonded directly to a benzene or that is bonded directly to a benzene or benzonoid
benzonoid ring. ring.
10 Avogadro's law is an experimental gas law Avogadro’s law is an experimental gas law
connecting gas and volume with the which connects gas and volume with the
number of molecules present. number of molecules present.
11 Elements having similar outer electronic Elements that have similar outer electronic
configurations in their atoms are arranged in configurations in their atoms are arranged in
vertical colums, are referred as group or vertical colums, are referred as group or families.
families.
12 Reactions involving the replacement or Reactions that involve the replacement or
subtitution of one or more atoms or groups subtitution of one or more atoms or groups of a
of a compound by other atoms or groups are compound by other atoms or groups which are
known as substitution reactions. known as substitution reactions.
13 The species donating electrons is called the The species that donates electrons is called the
reducing agent. reducing agent.
14 A significant disadvantage of the multiple A significant disadvantage of the multiple
additions method is the extra time required additions method is the extra time that is required
for making the additions and measurements. for making the additions and measurements.
15 Evaporation Is the proses of a substrance in Evaporation is the proses of a substrance in a
a liquid state changing to a gaseous state liquid state that changes to a gaseous state due to
an increase in temprature and pressure.
 due to an increase in temprature and
pressure.
16 The various rate constants appearing in this The various rate constants that appear in this
expression for the over-all rate constant will expression for the over-all rate constant will be
be estimated in the present paper. estimated in the present paper.
17 The simple picture using orbital overlap to The simple picture that uses orbital overlap to
describe bonding in H2, HF, and F2 works describe bonding in H2, HF, and F2 works well,
well, but we run into difficulty when but we run into difficulty when molecules with
molecules with more atoms are considered. more atoms are consider.
18 Proust's law was derived from his Proust's law was derived from his experiment, that
experiment, that is an experiment is an experiment that concerns the reaction of water
concerning the reaction of water formation formation from hydrogen and oxygen.
from hydrogen and oxygen.
19 Cyclic compounds consisting only of Cyclic compounds that consist only of carbon
carbon atoms are called alicyclic or atoms are called alicyclic or carbocyclic
carbocyclic compounds. compounds.
20 Planck solved the problem with an Planck solved the problem with an assumption that
assumption departing drastically from departs drastically from accepted concepts.
accepted concepts.
21 Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain carbon-
carbon-carbon double bond carbon double bond.
22 In structural characteristic shared by In structural characteristic that was shared by
carbocationsand free radicals, organic carbocationsand free radicals, organic chemists
chemists discovered long ago increasing discovered long ago increasing stability arises
stability arises from higher substitution in from higher substitution in both of these
both of these intermediates. intermediates.
23 In practice, a small potential difference, In practice, a small potential difference which
called the asymmetry potential, is observed is called the asymmetry potential, is observed
even when the activity of the test species is when the activity of test species is the same on
the same on both sides of the membrane. both sides of the membrane.
24 Titration is an analytical technique Titration is an analytical technique that allows the
allowing the quantitative determination of a quantitative determination of a specific substance
specific substance dissolved in a sample. dissolved in a sample.
25 Light or heat disintegrates the halogen Light or heating disintegrates the halogen molecule
molecule producing the radicals. that produces radical.
26 The valence-shell electron pair repulsion The valence-shell electron pair repulsion method
method predicts molecular geometries on predicts molecular geometries on the basis of
the basis of repulsive interactions between repulsive interactions between the pairs of
the pairs of electrons surrounding a central electrons that surround a central atom.
atom.
27 A redox reaction is a type of chemical A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction that
reaction involving a transfer of electrons involves a transfer of electrons between two
between two species species.
28 Electron configurations have neutron and Electron configurations have neutron and proton
proton atoms in the atomic nucleus and atoms in the atomic nucleus and electrons that
electrons moving on the atomic skin. move on the atomic skin.
29 The two species exchanging electrons in a The two species that exchange electron in a redox
redox reaction are given special names reaction are given special name.
30 The uncertainties listed represent the The uncertainties which are listed represent the
random or indeterminate errors associated random or indeterminate errors associated with
with each number, expressed as standard each number which is expressed as standard
deviations of the numbers. deviations of the numbers.
31 The hydrogen bonding occuring between The hydrogen bonding that accur between
molecules of water in both the liquid and molecules of water in the liquid and solid states are
solid states are attracted towards the attracted towards the oxygen atom of a
oxygen atom of a neighboring water neighboring water molecule.
molecule.
32 A method based on the measurement of A method that is based on the measurement of
optical rotation at many different optical rotation at many different wavelengths,
wavelengths, called optical rotatory which is called optical rotatory dispersion, has
been used to correlate configurations of chiral
 dispersion, has been used to correlate molecules.
configurations of chiral molecules.
33 Electron affinity is the negative of the Electron affinity is the negative of the energy
energy change occuring when an electron change that occurs when an electron is accapted
is accepted by an atom in the gaseous state by an atom in gaseous state to form an anion.
to form an anion.
34 The standard deviation calculation The standard deviation calculation which is
considered so far is an estimate of the considered so far is an estimate of the probable
probable error of a single measurement. error of a single measurement.
35 A precipitate is an insoluble solid A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates
separating from the solution from the solution
36 The number of hydrogen atoms bonded to The number of hydrogen atoms that are bonded
each carbon is also inferred, by assuming to each carbon is also inferred, by assuming that
that as many hydrogen atoms are present as as many hydrogen atoms are present as needed to
needed to fill the valence shell of each fill the valence shell of each carbon, unless a
carbon, unless a charge is indicated. charge is indicated.
37 Consequently, groups joined by single Consequently, groups that are joined by single
bonds rotate relatively freely with respect to bonds which rotate relatively freely respect to one
one another. another.
38 Structures for ethyne based on calculated Structures for ethyne which are based on calculates
molecular orbitals and electron density are molecular orbitals and electron density are shown
shown in the figure. in the figure.
39 The most common type of structural The most common type of structural formula
formula used by organic chemists, and the which is used by organic chemists, and the fastest
fastest to draw, is the bond-line formula. to draw, is the bond-line formula.
40 Functional groups are defined as a groups of Functional groups are defined as a groups of
atoms in a molecule giving rise to the atoms in a molecule that give rise to the function
function (reactivity or physical properties) (reactivity or physical properties) of the molecule.
of the molecule.
41 Stereoisomers have their atoms connected Stereoisomers have their atoms that are connected
in the same sequence (the same in the same sequence (the same constitution), but
 constitution), but they differ in the they differ in the arrangement of their atoms in
arrangement of their atoms in space. space.
42 Stereo selective reactions are reactions Stereo selective reactions are reactions that lead to
leading to a preferential formation of one a preferential formation of one stereoisomer over
stereoisomer over other stereoisomers that other stereoisomers that could possibly which is
could possibly be formed. formed.
43 A map of electrostatic potential is prepared A map of electrostatic potential is prepared by
by carrying out a quantum mechanical carrying out a quantum mechanical calculation that
calculation involving moving an imaginary involves moving an imaginary positive point
positive point charge at a fixed distance charge at a fixed distance over a given electron
over a given electron density surface of a density surface of a molecule.
molecule.
44 Hydrocarbons are compounds containing Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only
only carbon and hydrogen atoms. carbon and hydrogen atoms.
45 A meso compound is an achiral molecule A meso compound is an achiral molecule
containing chirality centers. Meso
that contains chirality centers. Meso compounds
compounds are not optically active.
are not optically active.
46 Optical activity is measured by the degree Optical activity is measured by the degree of
of rotation of plane-polarized light passing rotation of plane-polarized light that passes
through a chiral medium. thought a chiral medium.
47 Reactions carried out with achiral reactants Reactions that are carried out with achiral reactants
can often lead to chiral products. can often lead to chiral products.
48 The simultaneous analysis of samples The simultaneous analysis of samples that contain
containing two analytes requires the two analytes requires the isolation of two
isolation of two precipitates. precipitates.
49 Chloramphenicol is a potent antibiotic, Chloramphenicol is a potent antibiotic, which is
isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae, that is
that is particularly effective against typhoid particularly effective against typhoid fever.
fever.
50 The best way to appreciate the importance The best way to appreciate the importance of the
of the theoretical and practical details theoretical and practical detail wich is discussed
discussed in the previous section is to in the previous section that carefully examine the
carefully examine the procedure for a procedure for a typical precipitation gravimetric.
typical precipitation gravimetric method.
51 Precipitates containing volatile ions or Precipitates which contain volatile ions or
substantial amounts of hydrated water are substantial amounts of hydrated water are usually
usually dried at a temperature that is dried at a temperature that is sufficient to
sufficient to completely remove the volatile completely remove the volatile species.
species.
52 Chemists, use formulas called Fischer Chemists, used formulas that are called Fischer
projections to show three dimensions in projections to show three dimensions in chiral
chiral molecules such as acyclic molecules such a acyclic carbohydrates.
carbohydrates.
53 Biomass is a water quality index, providing Biomass is a water quality index that provides
an indication of the total mass of organisms indication of the total mass of organisms contained
contained within a sample of water. within a sample of water.
54 Electronic balances generally feature an Electronic balances generally feature an
automatic taring control causing the display automatic taring control that causes the display
to read zero with a container (such as a boat to read zero with a container (such as a boat or
or weighing bottle) on the pan. weighing bottle) on the pan.
55 Any tetrahedral atom with four different Any tetrahedral atom with four different groups
groups attached to it is a chirality center. that are attached to it is chirality center.
56 Molecules collecting light energy are called Molecules that collect light energy are called
pigments. pigments.
57 Precipitates tend to carry down from the Precipitates tend to carry down from the solution
solution other constituents that are normally other constituents that are normally soluble, which
soluble, causing the precipitate to become cause the precipitate to become contaminated.
contaminated.
58 The Kjeldahl method was developed in The Kjeldahl method was developed in 1883 by a
1883 by a brewer called Johann Kjeldahl. brewer which is called Johann Kjeldahl.
59 An aldol reaction begins with addition of an An aldol reaction begins with addition of an enolate
enolate or enol to the carbonyl group of an or enol to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or
aldehyde or ketone, leading to a b-hydroxy ketone, that leads to a b-hydroxy aldehyde or
aldehyde or ketone as the initial product. ketone as the initial product.

60 Phenols are compounds having a hydroxyl Phenols are compounds that have a hydroxyl group
group bonded directly to a benzene or bonded directly to a benzene or benzonoid ring.
benzonoid ring.
61 In structural characteristic shared by In structural characteristic which was shared by
carbocationsand free radicals, organic carbocation sand free radicals, organic chemists
chemists discovered long ago increasing discovered long ago increasing stability arises
stability arises from higher substitution in from higher substitution that in both of these
both of these intermediates. intermediates.
62 The error introduced into the analysis from The error that is introduced into the analysis from
this source can be as low as 1 to 2 ppt, as in this source can be as low as 1to 2 ppt,as in the
the coprecipitation of silver nitrate on silver coprecipitation of silver nitrate or silver chloride.
chloride.
63 Titration is an analytical technique Titration is an analytical technique that allows the
allowing the quantitative determination of a quantitative determination of a specific substance
specific substance dissolved in a sample. which is dissolved in a sample.
64 The solution containing the redissolved The solution that contains the redissolved
precipitate has a significantly lower precipitate has a significantly lower contaminant
contaminant concentration than the concentration than the original, and even less
original, and even less adsorption occurs adsorption accours during the second precipitation.
during the second precipitation.
64 We can use statistical methods to evaluate We can use statistical methods to evaluate the
the random errors discussed in the random errors that are discussed in the preceding
preceding section. section.