FEDERALTECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

(TVTI)
School of Graduate Studies

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY)
OPTIMIZATION OF LOW-DENSITY PARITY-CHECK (LDPC) CODES IN HIGH DATA RATE
ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM) SYSTEMS

MSc Thesis Proposal for the Partial Fulfillment of

Master of Science (MSc) in Electrical communication Technology Management

BY
Zelalem Aschalew Gobie(ID No 427/2015)

Advisor
Dr. ANAND

FEBRUARY:-21/02/ 2024
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

i
OPTIMIZATION OF LOW-DENSITY PARITY-CHECK (LDPC) CODES IN
DATA RATE ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(OFDM) SYSTEMS

A Thesis proposal submitted to

FEDERAL TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (TVTI)
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY)

In partial fulfillment for the Degree

MASTER OF SCIENCE in ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY

BY
ZELALEM ASCHALEW GOBIE ID/ 427/15

Advisor
DR. ANAND ALARGN
 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis work is my original work, has not been presented
for a degree in this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the thesis
work have been fully acknowledged.

Name Zelalem Aschalew Gobie

Signature ………………………

Place: Addis Ababa

Date of Submission :- 21/02/2024

This thesis proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as a TVTI advisor.
Advisor Name Signature Date
Dr, Annand Abalagan _____________ ____________

i
APPROVED THE THESIS COMMITTEE CONFIRMED

Name of the Advisor Signature Date

Dr ,Annand Abalagan ____________ ______________

Name of the Examiner, Internal Signature Date

----------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------

Name of the Examiner, External Signature Date

----------------------------------------- -------------------- ------------------

Name of the Chairperson Signature Date

------------------------------------- -------------- -----------------

ii
 ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on the optimization of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes within
High-Speed Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. LDPC codes are
widely used in communication systems due to their superior error correction capabilities.
However, in high-speed OFDM systems, the performance of LDPC codes can be
significantly affected by the characteristics of the channel and the specific application
requirements. This paper aims to investigate and develop optimization techniques for LDPC
codes in the context of high-speed OFDM systems. The research explores various aspects
such as code design, decoding algorithms, and performance analysis to enhance the efficiency
and reliability of LDPC-coded OFDM systems. The optimization techniques consider factors
such as error rate, decoding complexity, and spectral efficiency to achieve the best trade-off
between performance and computational complexity. Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) has revolutionized high-speed data transmission, but its performance
in challenging environments calls for robust error correction. Low-Density Parity-Check
(LDPC) codes, known for near-optimal performance, offer a promising solution. This work
explores the optimization of LDPC codes in high-speed OFDM systems to enhance
reliability, efficiency, and adaptability. The results of this study provide valuable insights into
the design and simulation of LDPC codes for high-speed OFDM systems, contributing to the
advancement of communication technologies in terms of reliability and data throughput. The
optimization techniques consider trade-offs between performance measures, such as error rate
and decoding complexity, as well as spectral efficiency, to achieve an optimal balance.

Key word:-Optimization, OFDM, LDPC Code design, Error rate, Data throughput

iii
 Acronyms

LDPC Low density party check

OFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiple

LTE long term evolution
WFI wide internet fidelity
SNR signal noise ratio
PAPR peak average power ratio
BER bit error rate
SPA Sum product algorithm

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 Table of Contents

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i
APPROVED THE THESIS COMMITTEE CONFIRMED ......................................................ii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii
Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. iv
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of problem .................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 General objective ................................................................................................. 3
2.3.2 Specific objective ................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Scope of the thesis ....................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Limitation .................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Significant of thesis ..................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Related works .......................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Summary of Literature Review ................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................... 9
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH ..................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 11
WORK PLAN AND BUDGET ........................................................................................... 11
4.2 BUDGET ...................................................................................................................... 12
Reference ................................................................................................................................. 13

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 List of figure

Figure 3.1 block diagram of LDPC codes in high-speed OFDM systems................................. 9

Figure 3.2 Flow chart ............................................................................................................... 10
List of Table

Table 2. 1 Literature gap ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Table 4. 1 work plan breakdown ......................................................................................................................... 11
Table 4.2 Budget Allocations............................................................................................................................... 12

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Recently, one of the most important linear block codes is the Low-Density Parity Check
(LDPC), which proposed by the thesis of Gallager in 1962 [1]. LDPC got more attention by
many researchers because of its capability to correct great errors perfectly and leads to more
reliability. It outperforms other iterative decoders like turbo codes for modern
communications due to its success in responding to the requirements of next generations like
Fifth Generation (5G). By using LDPC, it can be simply obtained any code rate and block
length by specifying the form of the matrix of parity check[1]. The surge in wireless traffic
has heightened the need for energy-efficient and spectrally optimized channel coding
techniques for next generation wireless networks. In 1948, Shannon established an upper
limit on the bandwidth efficiency achievable for error-free transmission [2]. Since then,
researchers have concentrated on creating channel coding techniques that can meet this
Shannon capacity limit. Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes have gained significant
attention in recent years due to their remarkable error correction capabilities. These codes are
widely employed in various communication systems, including wireless, satellite, and optical
networks. LDPC codes have been particularly successful in High-Speed Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, which are extensively used in modern
wireless communication standards such as Wi-Fi, LTE, and 5G. Low-Density Parity Check
(LDPC) codes are a type of linear error-correcting block code used for error correction in
large block sizes transmitted via noisy channels. They are known for their close-to-Shannon-
Limit channel capacity performance, making them suitable for various communication
standards, including 5G, Wi-Fi, and digital video broadcasting. LDPC encoding is a form of
forward error correction (FEC) that adds redundant information at the transmitting end of a
communication link to correct errors at the receiving end. It has been used to improve the
performance of communication systems, including in range extension and synchronization.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely adopted in various
wireless communication standards due to its ability to efficiently cope with frequency-
selective channels. However, one major drawback of OFDM systems is a high peak-to-
average power ratio (PAPR). Among a variety of PAPR reduction techniques the partial
transmit sequence (PTS) scheme has attracted a lot of attention since it introduces no
1
distortion in the transmitted signal and achieves significant PAPR reduction .However, the
PTS phase factor information is required at the receiver as side information, which de-
creases the transmission efficiency or complicates the system design[3]. In an OFDM system,
data is divided into multiple subcarriers that are transmitted simultaneously, enabling high
data rates and robustness against frequency-selective fading channels. However, the
performance of LDPC codes within high-speed OFDM systems is influenced by several
factors, including the channel characteristics, modulation scheme, coding rate, and specific
application requirements. Optimizing LDPC codes for such systems becomes crucial to
ensure reliable and efficient communication. The optimization of LDPC codes in high-speed
OFDM systems involves various aspects, ranging from code design to decoding algorithms
and performance analysis. Code design encompasses selecting appropriate code parameters,
such as the code length, code rate, and the structure of the code matrix. Decoding algorithms
play a critical role in efficiently decoding LDPC-encoded signals, and different algorithms,
such as belief propagation or message passing algorithms, can be applied. Performance
analysis involves evaluating the error rate, decoding complexity, and spectral efficiency of
LDPC-coded OFDM systems. These codes have gained significant attention in recent years
due to their excellent error correction performance, which approaches the theoretical limits.
LDPC codes are characterized by a sparse parity-check matrix and can achieve near Shannon
limit performance with appropriate code design and decoding algorithms. The optimization of
LDPC codes in high-speed OFDM systems aims to address specific challenges and improve
the overall system performance. By optimizing LDPC codes, researchers and engineers strive
to achieve objectives such as improved error correction capability, increased spectral
efficiency, minimizing bit error rate, low latency and real-time processing, and
compatibility/standardization with existing communication standards. LDPC codes are
designed to provide robust error correction capabilities under these channel conditions. To
achieve these objectives, various techniques and methodologies are employed. LDPC code
design plays a crucial role, involving the creation of LDPC codes with desirable properties
such as and efficient encoding and decoding algorithms. Performance metrics such as bit
error rate (BER), throughput, and spectral efficiency are considered during optimization.
Decoding algorithms, typically based on iterative techniques like the Sum-Product Algorithm
(SPA) or message passing algorithms, are optimized to reduce complexity and improve
decoding efficiency.

2
 1.2 Statement of problem

The problem of optimizing Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes in high-speed

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the last study stated as follows. The
problem lied in optimizing LDPC codes and decoding algorithms that can efficiently correct
errors introduced in the high speed OFDM transmission while maximizing spectral efficiency
and minimizing bit error under OFDM speed focused in PAPR. This system has limitation
like cost of performance, not as strong as optimizing LDPC codes, especially at high SNR.
In this case select other method which is better is LDPC. These addressing issues such as
achieving high error correction performance have excellent error correction
capabilities, approaching the theoretical channel capacity for high SNR (Signal-to-Noise
Ratio) regimes in OFDM system. They can provide significant coding gain with low
decoding complexity. Optimizing code rates, reducing decoding complexity, and. The
ultimate goal is to optimize LDPC codes to achieve reliable and efficient communication in
high-speed OFDM systems

1.3 Objectives

1.3.2 General objective

The General objective of this thesis is to explore and develop optimization techniques for
LDPC codes in high-speed OFDM systems

2.3.2 Specific objective

 Maximize spectral efficiency by efficiently utilizing the available bandwidth to
transmit data at high rates.
 Increase data throughput by optimizing LDPC decoding processes and reducing
latency in the error correction mechanism.
 Ensure robust communication in high data rate OFDM systems.

1.4 Scope of the thesis

The scope of optimizing Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes in high-speed Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is Code Length and Rate Optimization determine
the optimal code length and rate for LDPC codes in high-speed OFDM systems. This
involves finding error correction performance and spectral efficiency. The scope covers
studying the impact of different code lengths, detrimental effects of multipath fading and

3
minimizing bit error rate (BER), enabling high-speed OFDM systems and rates on the system
performance.

1.5 Limitation

Limitation of the thesis is as the speed and complexity of the OFDM system increase, the
decoding process like decoding complexity and computationally intensive. LDPC decoding
typically requires iterative algorithms that involve multiple iterations to achieve high error
correction performance. This can result in significant computational overhead, requiring
powerful processing capabilities and increased energy consumption. Additionally, the
decoding latency may increase, which can be problematic in real-time applications or systems
with stringent delay requirements. Balancing the trade-off between decoding complexity and
error correction performance becomes challenging, and finding efficient algorithms and
hardware implementations that can cope with high-speed OFDM systems while maintaining
reasonable complexity remains an ongoing research area in LDPC optimization

1.6 Significant of thesis

The optimization of LDPC codes in high-speed OFDM systems plays a crucial role in
improving error correction performance, spectral efficiency, decoding complexity, latency,
adaptability, and future-proofing of communication systems. These optimizations directly
impact the overall system performance, reliability, and capacity, making them essential for
high-speed OFDM deployments.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Related works

Joey, Farah LateefMahdi, Jinan[1] proposed Low-Density Parity-Check Codes (LDPC)
become the most important channel codes used to address the huge Bit Error Rate (BER) stim
from highly new mobility of the next generation. An iterative decoder of LDPC which
employed many algorithms that is different according to their performance and complexity.
Log domain decoder is one the most technique involves for LDPC decoding according to its
better performance and acceptable complexity. But log domain algorism has limitation like
channel complexity, sensitive to channel variation etc. Rao, Y. V.Arora, KomalBala,
InduMijwil, Maad M.[2] invented to introduces a DWT (Discrete wavelet transforms)-
incorporated LDPC system to meet the rigorous demands of 5G deployment and use cases. A
comparative analysis of the proposed codes is conducted to assess their suitability for next-
generation communication networks, considering SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), BER (Bit
Error Rate), and spectral efficiency, however DWT system limited by lack of directionality,
Non shift invariance, boundary effect. Elkelesh, AhmedMember, StudentEbada, Moustafa[3]
They constructed short length LDPC codes (i.e., the parity-check matrix) with error-rate
performance comparable to, or even outperforming that of well-designed standardized short
length LDPC codes over both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels They used to short
LDPC to solve fading, but it has finite length effect, encoding ,error performance limitation .
Zinchenko, Maksim YGrebenko, Yuri A[4] In the work, an analysis of parameters affecting
the static and dynamic power consumption in the field programmable gate array was mad.
Chou, Hong Fu Sham, Chiu Wing [5]They proposed a recording system that has a run-
length-limited(RLL) constraint, this approach imposes the hard error by flipping bits before
recording. A high error coding rate limits the correcting capability of the RLL bit error, but
(RLL) has drawback of more complex compared to unconstrained coding schemes, and
sensitivity to channel conditions can affect the overall reliability and performance of the
system . A V, Manjula [6] proposed concept of OFDM system states that it Ratio. The
OFDM communication systems finds it ’sis a form of multi-carrier modulation. The OFDM
system applications in Digital television and audio broadcasting, suffers from the drawback
of high PAPR i.e. Peak to average DSL Internet access, wireless networks and 4G mobile
Power Ratio. Numerous Techniques such as SLM, PTS, Tone communications. Reservation,
Clipping and filtering etc. have been discussed in this review paper which are used to reduce
5
the PAPR however SLM and PTS techniques for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
reduction in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems have limitations
that include increased computational complexity, the need for side information transmission,
potential performance loss compared to the original system, sensitivity to channel variations,
and occasional high peak power values that can cause distortions or interference. Yun, In-
woo Lee, Hee-ranKim, Joon Tae [7] They proposed a new method obtaining a normalization
factor for NMSA. They first examine the relationship between the minimum value of variable
node messages’ magnitudes and the magnitudes of check node outputs of BPA using the
check node message distribution (CMD) chart. Gap One limitation of the least square method
(LSM) is that it assumes a linear relationship between the variables being optimized. In the
context of obtaining a normalization factor for the normalized min-sum algorithm (NMSA) in
LDPC decoders, this assumption may not always hold true. The relationship between the
magnitudes of check node outputs and the minimum value of variable node messages'
magnitudes may not be strictly linear, and there can be nonlinearities or complex interactions
involved. Vincentian[8] He was proposed that evaluates the BER performance of OFDM
system in AWGN channel and multipath fading channel after applying LDPC for channel
coding and compares its performance with convolutional-coded and turbo-coded OFDM
system based on code rates. Qu, DaimingLi, LiJiang, Tao[9] they introduced a new family
of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, called as invertible subset LDPC (IS-LDPC)
code, for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in OFDM systems with low
complexity. An IS-LDPC code has a number of disjoint invertible subsets, and each
invertible subset can be independently inverted to generate other valid code words of the
LDPC code .One major gap associated with invertible subset LDPC codes, also known as
Invertible LDPC codes or Quasi-cyclic LDPC codes, is the challenge of constructing codes
with desirable properties .Jun, HuangRuan, FangmingSu, MingXiaohong, YangYao,
ShunliJunhua, Zhang[10] discovered Improvement of transmission performance can be
reached with technology orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Loading
transmission in signal is realized with FFT and IFFT technology in MATLAB. Orthogonal
subcarriers ensure signal transmission without distortion.Deng, XiongMardanikorani,
ShokoufehZhou, GuofuLinnartz, Jean Paul M.G.[11] They suggested that in this scenario,
advantages attributed to ACO/PAM/Flip-OFDM vanish, as DCO-OFDM outperforms its
variants in all SNR conditions, in terms of achieved throughput over a band limited channel
as a function of extra electrical power required. For hybrid solutions, such as Asymmetrically
clipped DC biased Optical OFDM (ADO-OFDM) and Hybrid ACO-OFDM (HACO-OFDM),

6
they optimize a new adaptive power and rate splitting between odd (clipped) and even
(biased/clipped) subcarriers to balance power and bandwidth efficiency.
Sandal, ShiwaniKansal, Lavish [12]They discovered the main difference between single
carrier system and multi carrier system is that in single carrier system, single carrier occupies
entire communication bandwidth but in multicarrier available bandwidth is distributed among
many sub-carriers so that each subcarrier carries the useful amount of bandwidth according to
its need as compare to the whole bandwidth as in case of single carrier system. Ali,
InayatKim, Jong-hwanKim, Sang-hyoKwak, HeeyoulNo, Jong-seon [13]they addressed a
number of weaknesses of the windowed decoding of spatially coupled low-density parity-
check (SC LDPC) codes and propose three modifications that simultaneously improve its
performance, complexity, and latency. An effective termination method of the windowed
decoding and the reuse of edge messages of previous target symbols provide a good
performance-latency tradeoff when compared with the conventional windowed decoder.
Also, we propose a scheme that lowers the error floor, in which the amplified edge messages
of the previous window are used in the present window.Aljubouri, Mohammed
A.Iskandarani, Mahmoud Z.[14] They proposed that mainly to compare the performance and
efficiency of OFDM to that of other coding schemes, such as LDPC, Turbo, and Convolution.
In this simulation, multiple forms of modulation, such as 4 QPSK with a coding rate of 0.663
and a BER of 0.001 at 0.59 dB Eb/No and an efficiency of 1.326, were compared with LDPC,
Turbo, and Convolution codes.Liu, RuianZeng, BeibeiChen, TingtingLiu, NanYin, Ninghao
[15]discussed that error correcting coding introduced into the system can further improve its
performance. LDPC (low density parity check) code is a kind of error correcting code which
can improve system reliability and anti-interference ability, and the decoding is simple and
easy to operate.

7
 2.2 Summary of Literature Review
Table 2. 1 Literature gap
No Author year Title gap
1 F. L. Joey Janua Optimization of Low Density Parity Logdomain has
and J. ry Check Based on Logdomain Channel complexity,
Mahdi 2020 Optimization of Low Density Parity sensitive to channel
Check Based on Logdomain variation.
2 InduMijwil 2023 Energy Optimized LDPC Codes for DWT system limited by
, Maad M Next-Generation MIMO OFDM lack of directionality,
Arora, I. Systems by (DWT) technique None shift invariance,
Bala, and boundary effect.
M. M.
Mijwil
3 Elkelesh,A 2019 Decoder-in-the-Loop:Genetic Short length LDPC has
hmedMem Optimization-BasedLDPCCode limitation OF finite
ber, Design with Short length LDPC length effect, encoding
StudentEba ,error performance
da, limitation
Moustafa
4 I. Yun, H. 2018 An Alternative Approach Obtaining least squares method is
Lee, and J. a Normalization Factor in sensitive to outliers in
T. Kim Normalized Min-Sum Algorithm for the data, complex model
Low-Density Parity-Check Code
5 V. Tran 2020 evaluation of ldpc coding technique Turbo codes:-
to ofdm system,” Complexity
6 I. I. Jude 2023 Efficient Chromatic and Residual Quasi-cyclic LDPC
and B. Dispersion Post compensation for codes, is the challenge
Andrew Coherent Optical OFDM of constructing codes

In the summary of the above literature review done according to reduce the obstacle like
bit error and PAPR of speed OFDM system they used some technique which is selective
mapping ,distortion technique ,partial transmit sequence,(PTS),tone reservation and guard
interval land etc. But the above techniques have some limitation in case of solve the problem
.in order to address this challenge find other method that is optimization of LDPC coding
according to its excellency , exploit accurate channel estimation to enhance performance,
Enhanced Error Correction: LDPC codes offer excellent error correction
capability, significantly reducing bit error rates (BER) and improving communication
reliability, especially in challenging channel conditions, High Spectral Efficiency LDPC
codes can achieve near-capacity performance with relatively simple decoding
algorithms, making them well-suited for bandwidth-constrained OFDM systems.

8
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

The methodology typically consists of several steps. Firstly, an appropriate LDPC code
construction technique is selected, considering factors such as code length, code rate, and
degree distributions. Next, the code parameters are optimized through techniques like genetic
algorithms or simulated annealing. This optimization aims to achieve a balance between error
correction capability and decoding complexity. Additionally, techniques such as puncturing
and shortening may be employed to customize the LDPC code for specific applications or
channel conditions. Finally, the optimized LDPC codes are integrated into the OFDM system,
typically using LDPC encoding and decoding blocks, where the encoding block generates
LDPC code words and the decoding block performs iterative decoding using algorithms like
belief propagation. Through this methodology, the performance of LDPC codes in high-speed
OFDM systems can be enhanced, leading to improved error correction capability and overall
system reliability.

Channel OFDM
Data source Modulation
Trasmitter
encoding

AWGN
channel

Receiver

OPTIMIZATION Demodulati
Out put LDPC Decoding
LPDC on

Figure 3.1 block diagram of LDPC codes in high-speed OFDM systems

This simplified block diagram highlights the key steps involved in utilizing optimized LDPC
codes for reliable data transmission in high-speed OFDM systems. Remember, specific
details and approaches will vary depending on the desired system configuration and
performance Requirement

9
3.1 Flow chart
A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process or algorithm, using various shapes and
arrows to depict the flow of steps or actions. It provides a visual depiction of the sequence
and decision points within a process of the work flow.

Start

LPDC encoder and

decoder with code
parameter setting

Encode data

Modulate

Transmitter

Receiver

Demodulation

Decode Data

Check for
Convergence No

Yes

Output Decoded Data

End

Figure 3.2 Flow chart

10
 CHAPTER FOUR

WORK PLAN AND BUDGET

Table 4. 1 work plan breakdown

N Description of Activities Duration Time of implementation 2024

(Weeks)
O

Feb. March April Ma Jun July

y e
1 identify the problem 1 week
2 Select the title 2 week
3 Proposal Preparation 2 week
4 Present proposal and review 2 week
5 Literature Review 3 month

6 Search and collect data 2 week

7 Develop simulation code 2 week
8 Test and analysis simulation 2 week
9 Discuss the result and expected 2 week

10 Organized document and report 2 week

11 Submit the paper 2 week

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 4.2 BUDGET

The work plane and Budget Allocation for accomplishing my thesis work can be summarized
as follows:
Table 4.2 Budget Allocations
No. Item Unit of measurement Total Cost
1. Personal Expenditure ETB 3000birr
 Transportation
2. Software ETB 5000birr
3. Service Per page=10birr 800
Printing
Secretary Per page=10birr 800
Photocopy Per page=5birr 400
Lamination & Binding Per Pcs=500 500
4. Consumable material Pcs or desktop 6300

5. Internet Access GB 3000

6. Communication 1500
 Tele ETB

7. Sub Total ETB 2000

8. Allowance 10% ETB 2500
9. Total ETB 25000birr

12
 Reference

[1] F. L. Joey and J. Mahdi, “Optimization of Low Density Parity Check Based on
Logdomain Optimization of Low Density Parity Check Based on Logdomain,” no. January
2020, 2021, doi: 10.4108/eai.28-6-2020.2298222.
[2] K. Arora, I. Bala, and M. M. Mijwil, “Energy Optimized LDPC Codes for Next-
Generation MIMO OFDM Systems,” Iraqi J. Comput. Sci. Math., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1–13,
2023, doi: 10.52866/ijcsm.2023.04.04.001.
[3] L. Li, D. Qu, and T. Jiang, “Partition optimization in LDPC-coded OFDM systems
with PTS PAPR reduction,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 4108–4113, 2014,
doi: 10.1109/TVT.2014.2305153.
[4] M. Y. Zinchenko and Y. A. Grebenko, “LDPC Decoder Power Consumption
Optimization Low Density Parity Check Codes are Linear Block Codes .,” 2020 Int. Youth
Conf. Radio Electron. Electr. Power Eng., pp. 1–5, 2020, doi:
10.1109/REEPE49198.2020.9059248.
[5] H. F. Chou and C. W. Sham, “An Optimization Approach for an RLL-Constrained
LDPC Coded Recording System Using Deliberate Flipping,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 22,
no. 10, pp. 1976–1979, 2018, doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2863363.
[6] M. A V, “A survey on different PAPR reduction techniques in OFDM systems,” Int.
J. Eng. Comput. Sci., no. January, 2016, doi: 10.18535/ijecs/v5i12.23.
[7] I. Yun, H. Lee, and J. T. Kim, “An Alternative Approach Obtaining a Normalization
Factor in Normalized Min-Sum Algorithm for Low-Density Parity-Check Code,” vol. 2018,
2018.
[8] V. Tran, “EVALUATION OF LDPC CODING TECHNIQUE TO OFDM SYSTEM,”
2020.
[9] I. I. Jude and B. Andrew, “Efficient Chromatic and Residual Dispersion Post
compensation for Coherent Optical OFDM,” Int. J. Sci. Eng. Appl., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 372–
381, 2023, doi: 10.7753/ijsea0612.1004.
[10] H. Jun, F. Ruan, M. Su, Y. Xiaohong, S. Yao, and Z. Junhua, “Analysis of orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology in wireless communication process,”
Proc. 2016 10th IEEE Int. Conf. Anti-Counterfeiting, Secur. Identification, ASID 2016, no.
2014, pp. 122–125, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ICASID.2016.7873931.
[11] “DC-Bias for Optical OFDM in Visible Light Communications,” IEEE Access, vol. 7,
pp. 98319–98330, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2928944.

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[12] S. Sandal and L. Kansal, “Performance Review of PAPR Reduction Techniques in
OFDM Systems,” Indian J. Sci. Technol., vol. 9, no. 47, 2016, doi:
10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i1/106863.
[13] I. Ali, J. Kim, S. Kim, H. Kwak, and J. No, “Improving Windowed Decoding of SC
LDPC Codes by Effective Decoding Termination , Message Reuse , and Amplification,”
IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 9336–9346, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2771375.
[14] M. A. Aljubouri and M. Z. Iskandarani, “Performance Evaluation of Coded OFDM
Using 4QPSK and 16QAM,” J. Commun., vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 676–688, 2023, doi:
10.12720/jcm.18.11.676-688.
[15] R. Liu, B. Zeng, T. Chen, N. Liu, and N. Yin, “The application of LDPC code in
MIMO-OFDM system The application of LDPC code in MIMO-OFDM system,” 2018. doi:
10.1088/1757-899X/322/7/072009.

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