Dear Students,

We are elated to present you the third edition of Kalam Mains Marks Maximizer 2023. It
contains quotes, anecdotes, references from the movies & books, poems, case studies
among others to enrich your mains answer writing.

Moreover, given the elaborate coverage of data/facts/ committee recommendations etc. in

each other GS Marks Maximizers, we have not included them everywhere to prevent the
repetition. We recommend you to go through Separate Marks Maximizers for the
comprehensive coverage.

Further, knowing the content is one thing & application of the same to write a coherent,
analytical & multidimensional answer is another. Thus, we strongly recommend you to watch
the RLP videos (https://bit.ly/3rn934z) to know

 An alternative methodology to PESTEL approach to avoid writing mechanical essays

 How to go beyond merely one side of the case study (Ethics) in multiple dimensions &
not make it boringly DESCRIPTIVE
 How not to miss out on the meaning & Hidden Dimensions of the mains answer writing
 How to leave your ‘own signature’

We hope you are able to write better answer using this content & the strategy discussed in
the videos.

Best Wishes!
List of Marks Improvement Booklets
 Ethics Marks Improvement Booklet
(Team KALAM)  Essay Marks Improvement Booklet
 Society Marks Improvement Booklet
 Polity Marks Improvement Booklet
 Economy Marks Improvement Booklet
 Environment Marks Improvement Booklet
 Disaster Management Marks Improvement Booklet
 Geography Marks Improvement Booklet
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 KEYWORDS – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
2 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
1. UNITED NATIONS
2. G20
3. BRICS
4. ASEAN
5. SCO
6. World Trade Organisation (WTO)
7. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)
8. International Solar Alliance (ISA)

3 INDIA & NEIGHBORHOOD

1. INDIA – PAKISTAN
2. INDIA – NEPAL
3. INDIA-BHUTAN
4. INDIA – AFGHANISTAN
5. INDIA – BANGLADESH
6. INDIA – SRI LANKA
7. INDIA – MYANMAR
8. INDIA – EU
9. INDIA – WEST ASIA
10. INDIA – AFRICA
11. INDIA – CENTRAL ASIA
12. INDIA – CHINA
13. INDIA – USA
14. INDIA – RUSSIA

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KEYWORDS – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Keywords Definition Recent examples

Realpolitik Realpolitik refers to politics or US – Saudi Arabia relations despite Saudi
diplomacy based primarily on Arabia's poor human rights record and
considerations of power and support for extremist ideologies.
practicality, rather than moral or China's relations with African autocrats
ideological notions.
Moralpolitik Moralpolitik refers to politics or The Paris Climate Agreement
diplomacy based primarily on moral Sanctions on Russia post invasion in
principles and ideals, rather than Ukraine.
considerations of power and
practicality.
Pacifism Pacifism is the belief that violence The Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibet,
and war are unjustifiable and that has advocated a nonviolent and pacifist
conflicts should be resolved through approach to resolving the Tibetan conflict
nonviolent means. with China.
Policy of The policy of balancing refers to the India pursues a balancing act in its foreign
balancing geopolitical strategy of aligning with policy by maintaining good relations with
different powers to maintain a both the U.S. and Russia.
balance of power and avoid
dominance by any one power.
Middle The Middle Kingdom complex refers to the belief among some Chinese political
Kingdom and strategic elites that China is destined to be the dominant power in Asia and the
complex world due to its superior culture and civilization.
(China)
Swing state Geopolitical swing states refer to India’s Non-alignment policy
countries that do not have firmly Turkey has traditionally been a NATO ally
aligned foreign policies or strategic and partner of the West. However, under
alliances, and instead have the Erdogan, Turkey has shifted towards a
potential to shift their allegiances and more independent and assertive foreign
influence geopolitical situations. policy, distancing itself from the EU
accession process and seeking closer ties
with Russia and other Middle Eastern
countries.
Doval doctrine Doval Doctrine advocates a more assertive and proactive Indian foreign policy that
is willing to use a wide range of tools, including limited military actions, to counter
threats and promote India's strategic goals. But it emphasises using non-military
means wherever possible.
Gujral doctrine Key principles
1) India would refrain from raising bilateral issues with its neighbors that they
consider internal matters. This was meant to build trust and goodwill with
India's smaller neighbors.
2) India would adopt a "big brother" approach and act magnanimously towards its
neighbors by offering them help and assistance without demanding anything
in return.

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 India would adopt an asymmetric approach in its dealings with
smaller countries, giving them more than what they give to India in
order to build cooperative and friendly relations.
3) India would emphasize dialogue, confidence building measures and conflict
resolution rather than taking adversarial positions with its neighbors.
4) India would try to resolve all bilateral issues through peaceful negotiations and
would avoid using aggressive or threatening language.
Manmohan Manmohan Doctrine represented a gradual shift in Indian foreign policy towards
doctrine being more economically driven, pragmatic, multilateral and focused on its
immediate neighborhood. While continuing to maintain strategic autonomy, India
sought to develop multiple strategic partners and play a bigger role on the global
stage.
Panchsheel 1) Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty - Countries
principles should respect each other's freedom and independence.
2) Mutual non-aggression - Countries should refrain from using threats or force
against each other.
3) Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs - Countries should not
interfere or meddle in each other's domestic politics and governance.
4) Equality and mutual benefit - Relations between countries should be based on
equal footing and aimed at mutually beneficial outcomes.
5) Peaceful co-existence - Countries should strive to resolve disputes peacefully
through dialogue and negotiations.
New 1) Mutual respect for core interests - Countries should respect each other's core
Panchsheel interests and major concerns, not just territorial integrity. This goes beyond
principles mere non-interference.
2) Mutual sensitivity - Countries should show sensitivity to each other's
perspectives and strategic culture, based on a deeper understanding of each
other.
3) Mutual trust - Relationships require a baseline level of mutual trust to prosper.
This involves transparency and predictable behavior.
4) Cooperative deterrence - Given the rise of both powers, they need to develop
deterrent capabilities that reassure each other but also cooperate where
interests converge.
5) Mutually beneficial cooperation - Countries should pursue win-win cooperation
based on comparative advantage, not just rhetoric about equality and mutual
benefit.
Policy of India's policy of strategic autonomy aims to preserve its foreign policy freedom and
strategic flexibility by avoiding heavy dependence on any country or power bloc. While
autonomy engaging with others constructively, India insists on the right to make decisions
independently based on its own interests and requirements.
High octane High octane diplomacy refers to an India under Prime Minister Modi has
diplomacy intensely active and aggressive pursued what has been termed a policy of
approach to foreign relations and "high octane diplomacy". Modi has
diplomacy. It involves a flurry of undertaken numerous foreign visits,
diplomatic activities, high-level visits hosted world leaders in India and

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 and engagements with other conducted numerous outreach activities to
countries. strengthen partnerships.
Nehruvianism Nehruvianism refers to the idealistic yet pragmatic vision that Nehru and the Indian
National Congress had for independent India. It combined socialist economic
policies with secular and inclusive political principles, along with a pragmatic yet
autonomous foreign policy.
Net security The concept of India as a "net security provider" in the Indian Ocean refers to
provider in India's growing role in providing security and stability in the region through both soft
Indian ocean and hard power.
Reformed Reformed multilateralism refers to United Nations - There are calls for UN
multilateralism the idea that the current system of Security Council reform to make the
global multilateral institutions and council more representative of the current
organizations needs reform and geopolitical landscape. India, Brazil and
modernization to be more effective others are pushing for permanent member
and representative. status.
Global order The current global order refers to the post-World War 2 liberal international order
dominated by Western countries like the US, Europe and Japan.
New The New Regionalism approach ASEAN - The Association of Southeast
Regionalism refers to the trend of countries Asian Nations has expanded to 10
approach forming new regional organizations, members and deepened economic
alliances and trade blocs in the integration through trade agreements like
current era of globalization. the ASEAN Economic Community.
Multi-alignment Multialignment refers to a foreign India - India has pursued a policy of
policy approach of developing multialignment whereby it has developed
partnerships and strategic strategic partnerships with both the US and
alignments with multiple major Russia, while also seeking to improve ties
powers instead of just one. with China.
Strategic Strategic alignment refers to India-Australia: India and Australia have
alignment countries developing close strategic formed a strategic partnership based on
partnerships, cooperation and converging strategic interests in the Indo-
coordination based on converging Pacific region and concerns about China's
strategic interests. growing influence.
New Cold War A new cold war refers to the growing geopolitical tensions, strategic rivalry and
competition between the United States and China that some analysts warn mirrors
the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union.
Hard power Hard power refers to the use of The US and EU have imposed strict
military and economic means to economic sanctions on countries like Iran,
influence the behavior or interests of North Korea, Russia and Venezuela to
other countries. pressure their governments and coerce
policy changes.
Soft power Soft power refers to a country's ability Cultural exports: The global popularity of
to influence and persuade others American movies, music, TV shows and
through the power of its culture, brands gives the US significant soft power
political values and foreign policies. and cultural influence around the world.
Smart power Smart power refers to the approach India in Indian Ocean - India combines
of using both hard power (military hard power of its naval deployments and
and economic means) and soft maritime security assistance with soft
power (attraction and persuasion) in power of disaster relief, development aid
a coordinated and synergistic way to and infrastructure investment in

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 maximize influence and achieve neighboring countries to expand its sphere
foreign policy goals. of influence.
Neighbourhood Neighbourhood First policy refers to India's foreign policy approach that prioritizes
First developing close relations with its immediate neighbouring countries. It envisions
India's neighbours as partners in its development and economic growth.
Debt-trap Debt trap diplomacy refers to the Sri Lanka took large loans from Chinese
diplomacy suspicions that China uses large banks and firms to build ports and
loans, debt and aid to gain political or highways. Unable to repay the debt, Sri
strategic influence over debtor Lanka had to lease a Chinese-built port to
countries. China for 99 years. This was criticized as a
debt trap.
Salami Slicing Salami slicing refers to a gradual, China's takeover of Hong Kong: China has
policy incremental strategy of achieving slowly eroded Hong Kong's autonomy and
large strategic objectives through a freedoms guaranteed after the handover
series of small but persistent actions through incremental measures, restrictions
that accumulate over time. and encroachments that chip away at
Hong Kong's political system and civil
society over time.
Hydro A hydro hegemon refers to a country China controls the headwaters of many
hegemon that has a dominant position over a major transboundary rivers in Asia like the
transboundary water basin and uses Mekong, Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy that
this position to exert power, influence flow through downstream countries. This
and control over other riparian states gives it significant hydrological power over
that share the water resources. nations like Vietnam, India and Myanmar.
India’s delivery India's delivery deficit in geopolitics Act East Policy: Despite initiatives to
deficit refers to the gap between India's deepen ties with Southeast Asia, India has
ambitious foreign policy goals and not been able to match China's economic
grand strategic visions and the actual and strategic influence in the region due to
progress made on the global stage. lack of infrastructure, slow progress on
trade deals and bureaucratic hurdles.
Insecurity The security dilemma or insecurity dilemma in India-Pakistan relations refers to the
dilemma in situation where the defensive actions and security measures taken by one country
India-Pakistan are seen as threatening by the other, triggering an endless cycle of action-reaction
relations that exacerbates mutual distrust and tensions.
Deep state A deep state refers to a hidden or Turkey - President Erdogan has accused a
underlying network of power clandestine network within Turkey's
composed of high-ranking officials military and bureaucracy of attempting to
within government or the military that undermine and even overthrow his
secretly manipulates or controls the government. This "deep state" is perceived
country's politics and policies. to be secular and Kemalist in orientation.
Cooperation- The cooperation-defection cycle India and Pakistan have had periods of
defection cycle refers to the pattern of alternating tentative peace talks and cooperation, but
cooperation and defection (non- these have often broken down due to
cooperation) between countries that attacks and hostilities, entering a cycle of
undermines trust and makes cooperation-defection. This has prevented
sustained cooperation difficult. lasting improvement in relations.
Thousand cuts, The "thousand cuts" or "death of a China vs India: Some analysts argue that
zero-option war thousand cuts" strategy refers to an China employs a thousand cuts strategy
approach of achieving victory against India by extending its influence in

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 through a series of small but India's neighbourhood through small but
persistent actions that accumulate sustained initiatives like aid, investment
over time and exhaust the opponent. and infrastructure projects. This gradually
encircles India.
Buffer state A buffer state refers to a country Nepal has historically served as a buffer
located between two rival or state between India and China. Its policy of
potentially hostile powers that acts as neutrality and reliance on both countries for
a buffer or barrier between them and aid and investments helps reduce friction
reduces the chance of direct conflict. between New Delhi and Beijing.
‘India first’ 'India First' approach refers to India's While India remains strategically aligned
approach recent shift towards a more self- with the US, it has adopted a more
interested and pragmatic foreign independent stance. India has continued
policy that prioritizes Indian national economic engagement with Iran and
interests over ideological Russia despite US sanctions, pursued its
considerations. own interests in Afghanistan and during
Russia-Ukraine crisis.
Sagar doctrine Sagar doctrine refers to India's efforts to deepen its cooperative engagement with
countries in the Indian Ocean region through the principles of security, growth,
cooperation, connectivity and respect for sovereignty. The aim is to increase India's
strategic footprint and influence, while promoting an open and inclusive regional
architecture.
Principles of The principle of non-refoulement India currently does not have a national
non-refoulment refers to the practice of not forcing refugee law and instances of forcible return
refugees or asylum seekers to return of Rohingya asylum seekers to Myanmar
to a country where they are liable to have been reported.
face persecution. It is considered a
cornerstone of international refugee
law.
Paradiplomacy Paradiplomacy refers to the practice Indian states like Punjab, Gujarat and
of subnational actors like states, Tamil Nadu have signed bilateral
provinces and cities conducting agreements and conducted trade missions
diplomatic relations and pursuing independently to promote their economic
foreign policies independently from interests. Punjab even has offices in
their central governments. countries like Canada and Italy.
Neo Neocolonialism refers to the practice China is accused of pursuing a neocolonial
colonialism of using economic, political, cultural policy in Africa through its huge
or other nonmilitary practices to infrastructure investments and projects.
control or exploit weaker countries, Critics say China gains control of key
akin to the relationship under assets while trapping African countries in
historical colonialism. debt. However, China rejects this and sees
its investments as mutually beneficial.
String of Pearls The String of Pearls strategy refers to China's alleged efforts to create a network
strategy of military and commercial facilities around the Indian Ocean region that will expand
its strategic influence and contain India's regional role.
These "pearls" allegedly include China's access to ports in:
1) Gwadar in Pakistan
2) Hambantota in Sri Lanka
3) Kyaukpyu in Myanmar
4) Chittagong in Bangladesh

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 5) Seychelles
Necklace of
The "necklace of diamonds" strategy refers to India's efforts to build a network of
diamonds security partnerships and bilateral relationships with Indian Ocean island nations
strategy to counter China's expanding presence in the region.
Wolf warrior
Wolf warrior diplomacy refers to an assertive and aggressive style of diplomacy
diplomacy practiced by China where Chinese diplomats and officials adopt combative and
nationalistic rhetoric against perceived criticism or threats.
Psychological Psychological warfare or operation Russia has spread disinformation about
warfare refers to the use of propaganda, Ukraine's government and nationalism,
disinformation, threats and other attempted to demoralize Ukrainian troops
methods of influencing the morale, and citizens, and made nuclear threats to
emotions and behavior of enemies undermine Western support for Ukraine -
during times of conflict. all as part of a psychological warfare
campaign.
Antagonistic Antagonistic cooperation refers to a The US and China maintain economic
cooperation relationship between countries that is interdependence, engage in high-level
simultaneously competitive and dialogues and cooperate on issues like
cooperative - they cooperate when climate change. But they also compete
interests converge but remain strategically in areas like technology and
strategic rivals and compete when 5G, engage in a trade war and see each
divergent interests arise. other as systemic rivals. It is antagonistic
cooperation.
Pivot to Asia Pivot to Asia strategy referred to the Obama administration's efforts to strengthen
strategy US engagement and presence in the Asia-Pacific region by diplomatic, economic
and security measures as a response to China's growing influence and
assertiveness. While initially successful, doubts remain about the durability of the
US pivot to the Indo-Pacific.
Think West Think West policy refers to India's efforts to strengthen economic and strategic ties
policy with Europe and other transatlantic partners like the US and Canada.
De- De-hyphenation refers to a foreign India maintains good relations with
hyphenation policy approach of engaging with Palestine and supports the Palestinian
countries independently of their cause for statehood, independent of its
relationships with other nations. growing ties with Israel. This represents a
de-hyphenated approach.
Golden The Golden Crescent refers to a region in Southwest Asia comprising Afghanistan,
Crescent Iran and Pakistan that is a major source of illicit drug production and trafficking.
Golden The Golden Triangle refers to a region in Southeast Asia comprising parts of
Triangle Myanmar, Laos and Thailand that has historically been a major source of opium
and heroin production.
Track 2 Track 2 diplomacy refers to unofficial, A number of Track 2 initiatives bring
diplomacy informal contacts and dialogue together former officials, scholars and
between non-governmental businesspeople from India and China to
individuals and entities from two discuss bilateral issues openly. The aim is
countries - as opposed to official to develop recommendations that can feed
diplomacy conducted by into official policymaking and ease
governments. tensions between the two countries.
Public Public diplomacy refers to a country's India promotes cultural relations and
diplomacy efforts to communicate directly with exchanges through organizations like the
foreign audiences to promote Indian Council for Cultural Relations

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 understanding and build favorable (ICCR), which sponsors cultural festivals,
relations. art exhibitions, film screenings, yoga
lessons and more around the world. This
aims to promote India's soft power.
Proxy wars Proxy wars refer to conflicts where Pakistan has supported militant groups like
the major parties compete through the Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-
indirect means and proxy military Mohammed which wage a proxy war
forces rather than directly. against India. They conduct attacks in
Kashmir and elsewhere. India accuses
Pakistan of sponsoring a "proxy terrorism".
Malacca The Malacca Dilemma refers to China's strategic vulnerability due to its high
dilemma dependence on seaborne energy imports transported through the Strait of Malacca
- a chokepoint controlled by the US and its allies.
Around 80% of China's oil imports and over 50% of its natural gas imports pass
through the Strait of Malacca between Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.
Web of A web of alliances refers to a QUAD: The Quadrilateral Security
alliances complex network of international Dialogue comprising the US, Japan,
partnerships or military alliances that Australia and India aims to maintain a "free
countries form to promote their and open Indo-Pacific" by balancing
interests, balance against rivals and China's growing influence in the region. It
maintain stability. is an emerging web of alliances.
Strategic Strategic encirclement refers to a The US has alliances and strategic
encirclement country being surrounded by hostile partnerships with countries surrounding
nations or adversaries on multiple China, including Japan, South Korea,
sides, constraining its strategic Australia, India, and others. China accuses
options. the US of attempting to strategically
encircle it to contain its rise.
Balkanisation Balkanisation refers to the division of South Sudan gained independence from
a region or state into smaller states Sudan in 2011 after decades of civil war
along ethnic or religious lines. and ethnic tensions. This represented the
balkanisation of Sudan into two separate
states.
Global South "Global South" refers collectively to developing countries that share common
socioeconomic challenges and often work together to promote their collective
interests in global governance, trade, development financing and climate issues.
South-South South-South cooperation refers to collaborative efforts and partnerships between
Cooperation developing countries to boost economic growth, poverty reduction and sustainable
development through trade, investment, technology transfers, knowledge sharing
and addressing common global challenges. Such collaboration helps balance the
Global North's dominant role in global affairs.
Rule based A rules-based global order refers to The WTO aims to liberalize and regulate
global order an international system governed by international trade based on principles of
agreed-upon rules, laws, and non-discrimination, openness, reciprocity
institutions rather than by power and transparency. Its dispute resolution
politics and unilateral actions by mechanisms help enforce the rules.
powerful countries.
Arc of An "arc of democracies" refers to The Quad: The emerging quadrilateral
democracies global network of democratic nations security dialogue between the US, Japan,
that cooperate to promote India and Australia aims to uphold a "free

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 democracy, security andother and open Indo-Pacific" governed by
shared objectives. democratic principles and respect for
sovereignty.
Band wagoning Bandwagoning refers to the Many countries have increasingly aligned
alignment of weaker states with a their trade, investment and diplomatic
stronger state, often due to the threat policies with China due to its growing
or demonstration of power by the economic and political power. They see
stronger state. Weaker states bandwagoning with China as beneficial.
bandwagon to avoid the costs of
opposing the more powerful state
and often to access the benefits its
power provides. However,
bandwagoning can reduce the
independence of smaller states and
make them overly dependent on the
stronger power.
De facto ally De facto allies refer to states that India and US: Though India and the US do
coordinate closely on military, not have a formal defense alliance, they
political or economic issues in have become de facto allies due to their
practice though they lack formal growing strategic partnership and
alliances. cooperation on major geopolitical issues
like balancing China's rise and combating
terrorism.
Friendshoring Friendshoring refers to the strategy The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework
of businesses shifting their supply launched by the US includes provisions to
chains, production and investment strengthen supply chain resiliency and
toward "friendly" nations that share diversification among member countries
common political and strategic which include major US allies like
interests. Australia, Japan, South Korea and India.
This will help "friendshore" supply chains
within a group of like-minded partners.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

UNITED NATIONS
Issues India is facing
1) Kashmir issue: Pakistan raised the issue of India's
repeal of Article 370 in Kashmir multiple times at the
UN, calling it illegal. This was an attempt to
internationalize a bilateral issue.
2) Terrorism: India has pushed for the Comprehensive
Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) to be
adopted by the UN, but has faced obstacles due to
lack of consensus on the definition of terrorism.
3) NSG membership: Despite US support, India's bid
for Nuclear Suppliers Group membership was
obstructed by China.
Way forward
1) Kashmir: India must continue bilateral
talks with Pakistan and leverage its
rising geopolitical importance.
2) Terrorism: India could use its
influence in forums like FATF to build
consensus on CCIT.
3) NSG: India must strategically engage
China and emphasize its non-
proliferation record.
4) UNSC: India should intensify
diplomatic efforts with African and

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 4) UNSC reform: India continues to face opposition
from Uniting for Consensus group on its bid for
permanent membership in an expanded UNSC. 5) Climate change: India can highlight
5) Climate change: India pushed for more climate
financing from developed countries but faced
resistance as developed nations have not met
targets.
G20
Issues India is facing
1) Protectionism: India faced increased
protectionism from the US and other developed
nations, impacting trade and movement of skilled
professionals. India's exports declined by 4.78%
in 2019-20.
2) Taxation: India pushed for a global minimum
corporate tax rate to stop tax avoidance by
MNCs. However, consensus was difficult as
countries like Ireland opposed it.
3) Terrorism: India sought global cooperation
against cross-border terrorism, but Pakistan's
support to such groups continued despite FATF
grey list.
4) Data localization: India advocated data
localization to protect privacy but faced
opposition from the US citing trade barriers.
5) Climate finance: Developed nations failed to
deliver on their 2009 pledge to mobilize $100
billion annually in climate finance by 2020.
BRICS
Issues India is facing
1) BRI divergence: India has not joined China's
Belt and Road Initiative due to sovereignty
concerns, creating divergence within BRICS.
2) Trade deficit: India's trade deficit with China was
$48.6 billion in 2019-20, hurting Indian industry.
This has prevented consensus on trade issues.
3) Terrorism: China blocked UN designation of
Masood Azhar as global terrorist despite
evidence given by India.
4) Vaccine cooperation: India pushed for
mechanism for vaccine research but BRICS joint
statement did not mention it due to China's
reluctance.
Latin American states to garner
support.
its leadership through the International
Solar Alliance and net-zero emission
goals to strengthen its position.
Way forward
1) Trade: Leverage trade agreements with
EU, Australia to diversify exports and use
multilateral platforms to voice against
protectionism.
2) Taxation: Frame inclusive OECD tax deal
implementation terms and enhance
collaboration on black money flows.
3) Terrorism: Use intelligence sharing and
NIA-like mechanisms for cross-border
evidence gathering and action.
4) Data: Develop partnerships based on
progressive and secure cross-border data
flows. Showcase India's tech leadership.
5) Climate: Highlight India's ambitious
renewable energy goals and leadership in
the International Solar Alliance to build
climate partnerships.
Way forward
1) BRI: Leverage India's Act East policy to
provide alternative connectivity initiatives
and build consensus.
2) Trade: Pursue deals like RCEP among
BRICS nations to balance trade
asymmetry with China.
3) Terrorism: Utilize BRICS counter-
terrorism group for intelligence sharing
and evidence-based listing of terrorists.
4) Health: Showcase India's pharmaceutical
capacity and digital health missions to
build cooperation.
5) Reforms: Find common ground on
governance reforms and provide
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 5) Reform of institutions: Lack of consensus
among members on reforms of institutions like
IMF, UN Security Council.
ASEAN
Issues India is facing
1) Trade deficit: India's trade deficit with
ASEAN was $24.28 billion in 2019-20. Need
to diversify trade and investments.
2) Connectivity: Slow progress on India-
Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway and
Kaladan project. Impedes India's Act East
policy.
3) South China Sea: No consensus between
India and ASEAN on formulation about South
China Sea in joint statements due to Chinese
pressure.
4) Terrorism: Lack of joint strategy to tackle
terror groups like ISIS and growing Islamic
radicalization in the region.
5) Cooperation: Sub-regional groups like
BIMSTEC gaining more attention, resulting in
limited India-ASEAN cooperation.
SCO
Issues India is facing
1) Connectivity: India has opposed BRI as
CPEC impinges on sovereignty, leading to
divergence with China-led SCO.
2) Terrorism: China continues to block UN ban
on JeM chief Masood Azhar, despite
evidence provided by India.
3) Trade: India's trade deficit with China was
$48.6 billion in 2019-20. Slow progress on
proposed FTA.
4) Geostrategy: Expansion of SCO dilutes its
core aim of counter-terrorism as new
members do not see terrorism as major
threat.
5) Energy security: Lack of consensus
between India and China on joint exploration
projects and trade via LOC impedes
cooperation.
developing country perspective through
BRICS.
Way forward
1) Trade: Sign FTA in services and investments,
boost physical and digital connectivity via
initiatives like BIMSTEC.
2) Connectivity: Address bottlenecks, engage
bilaterally with countries like Myanmar to fast-
track ongoing projects.
3) Maritime security: Leverage forums like
EAS to build maritime cooperation and norms
for Indo-Pacific.
4) Terrorism: Set up maritime security joint task
force for intelligence sharing and capacity
building.
5) Cooperation: Align Act East policy with
Thailand's Look West and Indonesia's Global
Maritime Fulcrum for broader cooperation.
Way forward
1) Connectivity: Advocate India's north-south
corridor to add alternate connectivity vision to
match BRI.
2) Terrorism: Leverage RATS mechanism for
intelligence sharing and evidence-based
listing of terrorist groups and leaders.
3) Trade: Seek trade concessions from China;
diversify trade ties with Russia and Central
Asia.
4) Geostrategy: Focus SCO's agenda on
practical cooperation in economic
development, de-escalating tensions.
5) Energy: Develop bilateral energy deals with
Central Asia and exempt projects like TAPI
pipeline from BRI ambit.
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World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Issues India is facing
1) Agricultural subsidies: India demanded
action against developed countries'
agricultural subsidies but no progress due to
lack of consensus.
2) Food security: India advocated for a
permanent solution on public stockholding for
food security but faced resistance from US
and others.
3) E-commerce: Lack of comprehensive e-
commerce rules disadvantaged India as
major exporter of services.
4) Fisheries subsidies: India sought longer
transition period for developing countries to
phase out fisheries subsidies.
5) Appellate Body: The dispute resolution
mechanism is crippled due to non-
appointment of members to the WTO's
Appellate Body.
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)
Issues faced by India
1) Lack of market access - IPEF does not
provide greater market access to India in the
US and other markets. India was hoping for
restoration of GSP benefits from the US.
2) No binding commitments - IPEF does not
have binding commitments or treaty
obligations. It relies on voluntary cooperation
which limits the effectiveness.
3) Exclusion of key issues - Issues like digital
trade, agriculture, and intellectual property
rights are excluded which are key interests for
India.
4) Concerns on labour and environment
standards - Binding commitments on labour
and environmental standards could adversely
affect India's competitiveness.
5) Overlap with other frameworks - IPEF
overlaps with Indo-Pacific strategies like the
Quad and AUKUS leading to redundancy.
Way forward
1) Agricultural subsidies: Coordinate with
G33, build issue-based alliances with
competitive exporters to pressure developed
countries.
2) Food security: Seek counter-balancing
concessions in areas like services to break
the deadlock.
3) E-commerce: Partner with developing
country groups to draft rules balancing growth
and public interest.
4) Fisheries subsidies: Emphasize
disproportionate impact on low-income
fisherfolk in developing countries.
5) Dispute settlement: Undertake reforms
addressing US concerns while preserving
independence and efficacy.
Way forward
1) Pursue early harvest deals - India can
pursue early harvest trade agreements within
IPEF on easier issues to build momentum.
2) Leverage IPEF for supply chain resilience
- Use IPEF to reduce dependency on China
and build supply chain resilience in the Indo-
Pacific.
3) Push for digital trade standards - Use IPEF
to collaborate on digital standards and rules
to enhance India's capabilities and
competitiveness.
4) Cooperate on transparent and stable
regulations - IPEF can promote transparent,
predictable and stable regulations in the Indo-
Pacific.
5) Balance IPEF with other strategies - India
must balance IPEF goals with its interests in
Quad, IORA, BIMSTEC, BRICS etc. to
maximize benefits.
Page | 11
International Solar Alliance (ISA)
Issues India is facing
1) Funding: India faced challenges in securing
$1 billion funds for initial projects from
member countries like Australia and France.
2) Membership: ISA has only 81 member
countries so far. India needs to drive more
memberships to boost its scope and
effectiveness.
3) Technology transfer: Transfer of affordable
solar technologies to less developed member
countries has been slow.
4) Storage infrastructure: Lack of storage
infrastructure and grid connectivity hampers
solar adoption in many member countries.
5) Coordination: Complex coordination
between ISA members with different priorities
has impacted project implementation.
Way forward
1) Funding: Leverage Green Climate Fund and
NDB to secure initial financing for solar
projects in member countries.
2) Membership: Strategically target countries
with high solar potential and link ISA
membership to India's development
assistance.
3) Technology transfer: Set up dedicated ISA
innovation centres and drive collaborations
between Indian and foreign companies.
4) Storage: Provide Lines of Credit for member
countries to develop solar-compatible grids
and storage infrastructure.
5) Coordination: Cluster member countries by
geographic proximity/solar potential and
appoint regional coordinators.

INDIA & NEIGHBORHOOD

INDIA - PAKISTAN
Value perspective
Historical – Pre-Independence
1) Two-Nation Theory (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan)
2) Formation of Muslim League (1906)
3) Indian Council Act (Morley-Minto Act) 1909 (communal representation for Muslims)
4) Failure of Muslim League in 1937 elections
5) Muslim League won majority of Muslim seats (87%) in 1946 Indian provincial elections
6) Direct Action Day (1946) for separate Muslim homeland after British exit from India
7) Indian Independence Act 1947 (Partition of British India into India and Pakistan)
Post-Independence
1) First India-Pakistan war (1947/48) over Kashmir; Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India
2) Second war (1965) over Kashmir; Indian troops cross international border at Lahore; Tashkent
Declaration (1966)
3) Third India-Pakistan war (1971); East Pakistan became independent country of Bangladesh
4) Simla Agreement (1972) designated new “Line-of-Control (LoC)” between the two countries
5) Joint declaration (1992) in Delhi: Prohibiting use of chemical weapons
6) Lahore Declaration (1999) signed between Vajpayee & Nawaz Sharif; followed by Kargil Conflict
7) 12th SAARC summit (2004): Vajpayee and Musharraf direct talks; Beginning of Composite
Dialogue Process
8) Mumbai terror Attack (2008): India breaks off talks with Pakistan.
PANCHSHEEL PRINCIPLES: 1) Respect for territorial integrity 2) Non-aggression 3) Non-interference
in internal affairs 4) Equality and cooperation 5) Peaceful co-existence

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National Interest perspective
Economic relations
1) Bilateral trade: USD 514 million in 2021-22, with India having a trade surplus.
2) Trade relations: India accounts for 3% of Pakistan's total trade.
3) After the Pulwama attack, India withdrew Pakistan's MFN status.
4) Pakistan suspended bilateral trade after India withdrew Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir.
5) Pakistan denied India trade access to Afghanistan and Central Asia via Pakistan.
Importance of economic relations
1) Easy access to Afghanistan and connect the region to Central Asia.
2) Huge potential for development and cross-border trade along established routes.
3) Tap the USD 40 billion trade potential that exists between the two countries.
4) Reduction in trading costs: Pakistan imports Indian products via Dubai/Hong Kong, which adds
10-15% more import costs.
5) Decreased military spending.
Strategic perspective
1) Indus Water Treaty Updates: Negotiations began in March 2021 to update this treaty that
governs water sharing between India and Pakistan.
2) China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Controversy: CPEC, passing through Gilgit
Baltistan (disputed area), infringes upon India's territorial integrity.
3) Issue of Gilgit Baltistan: (a) Illegally occupied by Pakistan, originally a part of J&K. (b) Potential
for greater linkages with Central Asia, if integrated with India.
4) Pakistan's Influence on Non-State Actors: Pakistan's support for groups like the Haqqani
network disrupts peace resolution in Afghanistan and hinders India's diplomatic efforts. Pakistan's
support to the Taliban also limits India’s engagement for the development of Afghanistan.
5) Diplomatic Downgrade: In recent times, both countries have seen a 50% reduction in diplomatic
staff, further straining relations.
6) Cross-Border Terrorism/Proxy War: India continues to suffer from Pakistan-backed cross-
border terrorism, as evidenced in Pulwama, Uri, and Mumbai terror attacks. There's support to
Kashmiri Separatists and promotion of secessionist agendas like Khalistan in Punjab
7) Security and Humanitarian Concerns: Pakistan's harbouring of Anti-India elements like Dawood
Ibrahim and Hafiz Saeed and the persecution of minorities like Hindus, Ahmadiyyas, etc., highlight
the humanitarian crisis.
8) Kashmir Issue: The issue of Jammu & Kashmir remains a central point of dispute, with both
countries claiming it in entirety. The territorial disputes extend to Siachen glacier, Gilgit-Baltistan,
and Sir Creek.
9) China - Pakistan Nexus: Their nexus poses external and internal security challenges to India,
creating a potential 2.5 front war scenario.
10) Economic and Monetary Disruptions: Pakistan's alleged involvement in money
laundering/Hawala Network & production of counterfeit currency impacts the Indian economy.
11) Nuclear Capabilities: Both India and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons, increasing the stakes
of their rivalry.
Recent developments
1) 2014: Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi invited then-Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to
his swearing-in ceremony. Sharif accepted the invitation and traveled to India, where he met with
Modi and other Indian leaders. The two sides discussed the possibility of normalizing relations
between India and Pakistan.

Page | 13
 2) 2015: India and Pakistan participated in the Ufa Summit, a meeting of the leaders of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO). At the summit, the two sides agreed to resume the Composite
Dialogue, a process of engagement that had been suspended in 2008.
3) 2015: Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj proposed a Comprehensive Bilateral
Dialogue (CBD) with Pakistan. The CBD would have covered all aspects of the India-Pakistan
relationship, including Kashmir, terrorism, and trade.
4) 2016: A series of terrorist attacks in India, including the Pathankot Airbase attack and the Uri
attack, led to a sharp deterioration in relations between India and Pakistan. The two sides
suspended all official engagement.
5) 2021: India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire along the Line of Control (LoC). The ceasefire has
been largely successful in reducing violence along the LoC.
6) 2022: The two countries held a meeting of their water commissioners to discuss the Indus Water
Treaty. The meeting was the first between the two sides since 2018.
7) 2022: The two countries held a meeting of their foreign secretaries to discuss ways to improve
relations. The meeting was the first between the two sides since 2019.
Way forward

INDIA - NEPAL
Values perspective
Pre-Independence era
1) Ancient cultural ties seen through Kirati King Yalambar of Nepal as Barbarik in Mahabharata.
2) Buddha's birth in Nepal and enlightenment in India shows religious linkage.
3) Licchavi rule in Nepal ended feudalism and saw Hindu influence.
4) Malla period - Golden age for arts, architecture and culture.
5) Educated Nepalis participated in Indian freedom struggle.
6) Nepal democracy with Indian support after Rana rule.
Post-Independence era
1) 1950 India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship forms bedrock of special relations. Benefits
to Nepalis in India.
2) Open border enabled free movement and cultural ties.
3) Border Dialogue Group highlighted issues like flooding.
4) Army cooperation through joint exercises and Gurkha regiments.

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Socio-cultural relations
1) Sister city agreements between Kathmandu, Varanasi, Ayodhya, Janakpur .
2) Diaspora: Approximately 6,00,000 Indians are living/domiciled in Nepal; Nepal’s share of foreign
students in India (26.8%)
3) Cultural Ally: Common religious shrines such as Pashupati, Lumbini, Bodhgaya due to majority
Hindu population (80%) in both nations; Birthplace of Gautam Buddha in Nepal; Influence of
Goraknath math in Nepal, Ramayana Corridor.
4) Close bonds through marriages and familial ties (Roti-Beti ka Rishta)
National interest perspective
India-Nepal bilateral ties
1) Bilateral trade: India is Nepal's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching USD 7.3 billion
in 2021-22. India's exports to Nepal were USD 5.4 billion, while Nepal's exports to India were USD
1.9 billion.
2) Foreign direct investment: India is the largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nepal,
with cumulative FDI inflows reaching USD 2.6 billion as of March 2022.
3) Tourism: India is the largest source of tourists to Nepal, with over 1 million Indian tourists visiting
Nepal in 2021.
4) Energy: India is the largest supplier of electricity to Nepal, with an annual electricity trade of over
1 billion kWh.
5) Border management: India and Nepal share an open border, with over 300 border crossing
points. The two countries have a number of agreements in place to manage the border, including
the 1950 India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship.
6) Security cooperation: India and Nepal have a long history of security cooperation, dating back
to the British Raj. The two countries have a number of agreements in place to cooperate on
security matters, including the 1950 India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship.
Strategic perspective
1) Buffer state: Nepal acts as a buffer state between India and China. This is important for India's
security, as it helps to prevent China from gaining direct access to the Indian plains.
2) Water resources: Nepal is a mountainous country, and it has a number of rivers that flow into
India. These rivers are important for India's water supply, and they also have the potential to
generate hydroelectric power.
3) Trade and transit: Nepal is a landlocked country, and it depends on India for trade and transit.
This gives India a degree of leverage over Nepal, and it also makes Nepal an important market for
Indian goods and services.
4) Security cooperation: India and Nepal have a long history of security cooperation. This
cooperation is important for both countries, as it helps to address common security challenges,
such as terrorism and cross-border crime.
5) Cultural ties: India and Nepal share a long history and culture. This gives the two countries a
strong foundation for cooperation, and it also makes Nepal an important destination for Indian
tourists.
Concerns
1) Border disputes: The Kalapani issue is a disputed territory that is claimed by both India and
Nepal. In 2020, India published a new map that included Kalapani as part of its territory. This was
seen as a provocation by Nepal, and it led to a diplomatic row between the two countries.

Page | 15
 2) Conflict over water resources: India has built a number of dams on the Mahakali River, which
has reduced the amount of water available to Nepal.
3) Terrorism: Using open borders for proliferation of terrorist activities.
4) Economic issues: India has been reluctant to provide Nepal with duty-free access to its markets.
5) Political instability: Nepal has experienced a number of political instabilities in recent years. India
needs to be careful not to be seen as interfering in Nepal's internal affairs, but it also needs to be
able to engage with the Nepali government to address the concerns of both countries.
Way forward
1) Dialogues for Territorial Disputes: India should prioritize its "Neighbourhood First Policy" to
resolve any existing territorial disputes, and negotiations should be under the purview of
international law on trans-boundary water disputes.
2) Sensitization Towards Nepal: India must ensure it respects Nepal's sovereignty and refrains
from interference in their internal affairs, thus fostering a respectful and balanced relationship.
3) Cricket Diplomacy: Cricket could serve as a potent tool for diplomacy. The BCCI can promote
cricket in Nepal, similar to their efforts in Afghanistan. Encouraging participation of Nepali players
in IPL can further strengthen cultural and social ties.
4) Economic and Infrastructure Development: India could further invest in Nepal's infrastructure,
thereby promoting bilateral trade and economic growth.
5) Disaster Management Cooperation: Given the geographical proximity and shared risk of natural
disasters, both nations can cooperate more in the areas of disaster management and relief efforts.
6) People-to-People Contact: Promoting tourism, cultural exchanges, and educational scholarships
can further improve the relationship at the grassroots level.

INDIA-BHUTAN
Value perspective
Historical – Pre-independence
1) In 747 AD, Padmasambhava traveled from India to Bhutan and established Nyingmapa
Buddhism there. This shows the spread of religious influence from India to Bhutan.
2) Bhutan became part of British India after the Anglo-Bhutan wars in the 19th century. This led to
strong political ties between India and Bhutan.
3) The 1910 Treaty of Punakha between Tibet-China and Bhutan left Bhutan's legal status
undefined. Bhutan looked to India for security against Chinese ambitions.
Post-Independence Relations
1) Nehru visited Bhutan on horseback in 1958 to build friendly relations. This laid the foundation
for close ties.
2) China's annexation of Tibet in 1959 reinforced Bhutan's security dependence on India.
3) The 1949 India-Bhutan Treaty accepted Bhutan's sovereignty but required it to be guided by
India on foreign policy.
4) India sponsored Bhutan's UN membership in 1971. This was a reflection of close political
relations.
5) The 1949 treaty was revised in 2007 to reflect India-Bhutan partnership on national security
issues.
Socio-cultural ties
1) 4000 Bhutanese students in India through Scholarship

Page | 16
2) Visa exemption for Indians
3) Pilgrimage Tourism: Buddhist sites in Bodhgaya,Kushinagar, and Nalanda
4) Nehru-Wangchuck Cultural Centres in Thimpu.
High-Level Exchanges
1) PM Modi's 2019 visit saw launch of 4 bilateral projects in hydro, space, digital payments, telecom
showing multi-faceted cooperation.There are regular high-level visits between the two countries
including the King of Bhutan's visits to India.
2) Bhutan has a unique practice of Gross National Happiness indicating the shared cultural ethos
between the two countries.
3) India continues to be the largest development aid partner for Bhutan's Five Year Plans.
4) India and Bhutan cooperate closely on border management issues. The two armies have very
cordial relations.
National Interest perspective
Economic ties
1) India is Bhutan's largest trading partner. In 2021-22, bilateral trade between India and Bhutan
was valued at $1.9 billion. India exported $1.7 billion worth of goods to Bhutan, while Bhutan
exported $200 million worth of goods to India.
2) India is Bhutan's largest source of foreign investment. In 2021, India invested $200 million in
Bhutan. This investment was mainly in the areas of hydropower, infrastructure, and tourism.
3) India provides Bhutan with financial assistance. India provides Bhutan with annual financial
assistance of $100 million. This assistance is used to support Bhutan's development goals.
4) India and Bhutan have a free trade agreement. The India-Bhutan Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
was signed in 2009.
Technology ties
1) BHIM app: Bhutan became the second country to launch the BHIM app, after India.
2) India-Bhutan SAT: India and Bhutan collaborated on the joint development of a small satellite for
Bhutan. The satellite, called the India-Bhutan SAT, was launched into space on 17 January 2023
by ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).
3) Digital connectivity: India is helping Bhutan to improve its digital connectivity. In 2022, India
gifted Bhutan a 4G LTE network, which has helped to improve internet access in the country.
4) Cybersecurity cooperation: India and Bhutan are cooperating on cybersecurity. In 2022, the two
countries signed an agreement on cybersecurity cooperation.
Strategic perspective
Strategic significance to India
1) Buffer state: Buffer state: Bhutan acts as a buffer state between India and China. This is important
for India's security, as it helps to prevent China from gaining direct access to the Indian plains.
2) Water resources: Bhutan is a mountainous country, and it has a number of rivers that flow into
India. These rivers are important for India's water supply, and they also have the potential to
generate hydroelectric power.
3) Trade and transit: Bhutan is a landlocked country, and it depends on India for trade and transit.
This gives India a degree of leverage over Bhutan, and it also makes Bhutan an important market
for Indian goods and services.

Page | 17
4) Security cooperation: India and Bhutan have a long history of security cooperation. This
cooperation is important for both countries, as it helps to address common security challenges,
such as terrorism and cross-border crime.
5) Cultural ties: India and Bhutan share a long history and culture. This gives the two countries a
strong foundation for cooperation, and it also makes Bhutan an important destination for Indian
tourists.
Concerns
1) Border security: India and Bhutan share a long and porous border, which makes it vulnerable to
infiltration by terrorists and other criminals.
2) China: China is Bhutan's neighbour to the north, and it has been increasing its influence in the
region in recent years. This has raised concerns in India that China could try to exert pressure on
Bhutan, or even try to annex the country.
3) Water resources concerns: Bhutan is a landlocked country, and it depends on India for access
to the sea. This gives India a degree of leverage over Bhutan, and it also makes Bhutan a potential
source of water for India.
4) Economic development concerns: Bhutan is a developing country, and it needs India's help to
achieve its development goals. However, there is a risk that India may not be able to provide the
necessary help, which could lead to resentment in Bhutan.
5) Political instability: Bhutan has experienced a number of political instability in recent years. This
has also affected relations with India. India needs to be careful not to be seen as interfering in
Bhutan's internal affairs, but it also needs to be able to engage with the Bhutanese government to
address the concerns of both countries.
Way forward
1) Set up sustainable, eco-friendly development projects that benefit both countries like
hydropower plants.
2) Respect Bhutan's sovereignty and support its policy of neutrality and non-alignment. Avoid
interference in internal affairs.
3) Continue high-level political exchanges to strengthen strategic partnership, as seen during PM
Modi's 2019 visit.
4) Promote cultural exchanges through tourism, media, education to bring people closer.
5) Expand trade and investment flows by diversifying the trade basket beyond hydropower.
Improve connectivity.
6) Cooperate on issues like climate change, disaster management, conservation of environment
and biodiversity.
7) Work together to counter common security threats like terrorism, insurgency and cross-border
crimes. Continue defense partnerships.
8) Leverage multilateral platforms like BIMSTEC, SAARC for regional cooperation.
9) Address border disputes through peaceful dialogue in a spirit of friendship and understanding.

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Page | 18
INDIA - AFGHANISTAN
Value perspective
Historical – Pre-independence
1) Ancient ties seen through Gandhara region and Indus Valley Civilization spanning both
countries.
2) Buddhism spread from India to Afghanistan during Mauryan rule. Buddhist sites like Aynak
and Bamyan flourished.
3) Strategic location of Afghanistan led to invasions by external powers like Alexander and British.
4) India and Afghanistan jointly fought against British colonial rule. Frontier Gandhi key figure
in freedom struggle.
5) First Indian government-in-exile formed in Kabul in 1915 against British.
Post independence ties
1) 1949 Treaty of Friendship formally established diplomatic ties.
2) Close India-Afghanistan relations during Cold War due to shared concerns about communism.
3) India first non-communist state to recognize Soviet-backed government in Afghanistan in
1979.
4) India emerged as biggest regional donor after Taliban ouster in 2001, pledging $3 billion.
5) Education, infrastructure, capacity building by India won tremendous goodwill among Afghans.
6) India aims to see sovereign, stable, peaceful Afghanistan despite ongoing turmoil.
Socio-cultural ties
1) Health Tourism: Afghans medical tourists in India get the best services and it in turn contributed
to Indian GDP.
2) Training Afghan cricket team: India is a home ground for training the Afghan cricket team.
3) Scholarships to Afghan students for higher studies to enhance their human capital
National interest perspective
Economic ties
1) Trade: In 2021, the total trade between India and Afghanistan was valued at $1.5 billion. India
exported goods worth $662 million to Afghanistan, while importing goods worth $543 million. The
main commodities traded between the two countries include:
a) Exports from India: pharmaceuticals, sugar, cement, tea, and engineering goods.
b) Imports from Afghanistan: dry fruits, carpets, gemstones, and nuts.
2) Investment: India has invested over $3 billion in Afghanistan in a variety of sectors, including:
a) Agriculture: India has helped to develop irrigation systems, improve crop yields, and provide
training to Afghan farmers.
b) Energy: India has helped to build power plants and transmission lines, and is also exploring
the possibility of developing the Hajigak iron ore mine.
c) Infrastructure: India has helped to build roads, bridges, and schools in Afghanistan.
d) Telecommunications: India has helped to develop the Afghan telecom sector, and is also
providing training to Afghan telecom professionals.
Indian aid and projects
1) Salma Dam & subsequent creation of irrigation facilities
2) Zaranj-Delaram road
3) Export of Wheat to Afghanistan
4) Training for Afghan public servants

Page | 19
5) Construction of new Parliament
6) Military support in form of vehicles and training
7) Children’s Hospital
8) Electricity substations and transmission lines.
Strategic perspective
Significance of India-Afghanistan relations
1) Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA), 2011: This agreement enhanced cooperation between
India and Afghanistan in a number of areas, including security, trade, and culture.
2) Kautilya’s theory: This theory states that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend." In the context of
India-Afghanistan relations, this means that India and Afghanistan can cooperate to counter the
threat posed by Pakistan.
3) Afghanistan’s key role in India’s entry to Central Asia: Afghanistan is located at the crossroads
of South Asia and Central Asia. This gives it a strategic importance for India, which is seeking to
expand its economic and political influence in Central Asia.
Indian role in stabilizing Afghanistan:
1) Delivered Mi-25 attack helicopters to Afghanistan: These helicopters have been used by the
Afghan Air Force to fight the Taliban and other insurgent groups.
2) Training & Capacity building of Afghan forces: India has provided training to Afghan security
forces in a number of areas, including counter-insurgency, counterterrorism, and military
engineering.
3) Multilateral Relations/Engagements: India has been a key participant in the Heart of Asia
conference, which is a forum for regional cooperation on Afghanistan. India is also a member
of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which includes Afghanistan as
a member.
Benefits of peace in Afghanistan:
1) Afghanistan is an important aspect for India’s Neighborhood First Policy: This policy
prioritizes India's relations with its neighbors. A peaceful Afghanistan would be a valuable partner
for India in this regard.
2) Ensures India’s credibility as a regional partner: India has been a strong supporter of the
Afghan government and people. A peaceful Afghanistan would be a testament to India's
commitment to regional stability.
3) Counter Pakistan based narrative on India in the region: Pakistan has long tried to portray
India as a destabilizing force in Afghanistan. A peaceful Afghanistan would undermine this
narrative and strengthen India's position in the region.
4) Better access for India into central Asia through the TAPI project, INSTC and Ashgabat
Agreement: These projects would provide India with a land route to Central Asia, which is a region
with significant economic potential.
5) Smooth operation of Chabahar Port as it ensures India’s presence in the gulf as well as in
providing aid to Afghanistan through Iran: Chabahar Port is a strategically important port in
Iran. India has invested in the port and is using it to provide aid to Afghanistan. A peaceful
Afghanistan would ensure the smooth operation of the port and allow India to continue its
engagement with Afghanistan.

Page | 20
Concerns
1) Terrorism: India has long been concerned about the threat of terrorism emanating from
Afghanistan. The Taliban has been linked to a number of terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda. A
Taliban-controlled Afghanistan could become a safe haven for terrorists, which would pose a threat
to India and the rest of the world.
2) Border security: India shares a long and porous border with Afghanistan. This makes it difficult
for India to control the movement of people and goods across the border. A Taliban-controlled
Afghanistan could make it even more difficult for India to secure its border, which could lead to an
increase in smuggling and other illegal activities.
3) Kashmir: The Taliban has expressed support for the Kashmiri independence movement. A
Taliban-controlled Afghanistan could provide a safe haven for Kashmiri militants, which would
pose a threat to India's security in Kashmir.
4) Drug trafficking: Afghanistan is a major producer of opium and heroin. A Taliban-controlled
Afghanistan could become a major center for drug trafficking, which would have negative
consequences for India and the rest of the region.
5) Regional stability: India is concerned about the potential for instability in Afghanistan to spill over
into neighboring countries. A Taliban-controlled Afghanistan could become a source of instability
in the region, which could have negative consequences for India's security and economic interests.
6) Other concerns post-Taliban takeover
a) Vague & Undefined role of India in Afghan Peace process.
b) Lack of formal channels to engage and negotiate with Taliban led to Narrow Engagement with
the other factions and the Taliban.
c) Strong influence of China-Russia Nexus in the region.
d) Increase in Pakistan’s influence in the region due to legitimacy of Taliban.
e) Chinese interests: Already largest business investor in Afghanistan and also planning its own
peacekeepers.
Way forward
1) Development Partnership
a) Continue infrastructure projects, capacity building and humanitarian assistance to build
goodwill.
b) Ensure proper monitoring mechanisms for aid utilization.
c) Prioritize projects in education, health, agriculture that directly impact Afghans.
2) Political and Diplomatic Engagement
a) Pursue flexible diplomacy balancing relations with Kabul, Taliban and Islamabad.
b) Encourage Afghan-led and owned peace process through regional forums.
c) Coordinate with other regional stakeholders like Iran, Saudi, Central Asia.
d) Support inclusive and representative governance in Afghanistan.
3) Security Cooperation
a) Continue training Afghan military and police to strengthen counterterror capabilities.
b) Cooperate to counter threats like terrorism, drug trafficking across borders.
c) Be mindful of local sensitivities around issues like women's rights.
4) Soft Power and People-to-People Connect
a) Provide more scholarships and seats in Indian universities for Afghan students.
b) Promote cultural exchanges, tourism, sports and media links.
c) Leverage soft power assets to build long-term goodwill.

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INDIA – BANGLADESH
Value perspective
Historical – Pre-independence
1) 1905: Division of Bengal presidency on Hindu-Muslim lines.
2) 1911: Reunification of Bengal due to the "Banga bhanga Andolan" on 12th Dec 1911.
3) 1906: Formation of Muslim League in Dhaka.
4) Demand of Muslim League to make the area as East Pakistan during the partition of India.
5) Syama Prasad Mookerjee opposed the United Bengal plan (Bengal would be a separate
nation, independent from both India and Pakistan) of prime minister of Bengal Huseyn Shaheed
Suhrawardy.
6) Formation of East Pakistan: riots in Calcutta & Noakhali.
Post independence relations
1) 1971: East Pakistan became Bangladesh due to inadequate representation, access to fewer
resources, and the imposition of Urdu.
2) 1971-75: Era of Sheikh Mujbir Rahman (Bangbandhu)
3) Foundation of modern India-Bangladesh relation: Treaty of Friendship & Cooperation signed
in 1972
4) Secular Awami League headed by Sheikh Hasina favourable towards India, while Bangladesh
Nationalist Party(BNP) favours Bengali nationalism & not inclined towards India.
5) 2015: India and Bangladesh signed 22 agreements in various fields, including civil nuclear energy,
cybersecurity, and defense.
6) 2017: India-Bangladesh Bilateral Trade Agreement signed, aiming to boost trade and investment
between the two countries.
7) 2019: India and Bangladesh celebrated 50 years of diplomatic relations, with a focus on
strengthening ties in areas such as trade, investment, and regional security.
8) 2022: India and Bangladesh signed an agreement on the transfer of sentenced prisoners, enabling
the return of prisoners who have completed their sentences.
Socio-cultural ties
1) Shared History: Bangladesh was a part of undivided India till Partition. Joint declaration on 150th
Birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.
2) Inauguration of New Rail Links (“Mitali Express”) connecting Dhaka and New Jalpaiguri.
3) ‘Swarna Jayanti Scholarships’ for the youth of Bangladesh.
4) People to People Linkages: High-level family and public relations between the two nations.
Positive Public approval rate between the people of both nations for each other.
5) Influx of Bangladeshi tourists in India due to flight connectivity and proximity, aiding in India’s
forex.
6) Student Exchanges: India is emerging as an education hub for Bangladeshi students.
7) Vaccine Diplomacy: Bangladesh was the first and largest beneficiary of India’s Vaccine Maitri
initiative.
8) Mango Diplomacy of Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina indicates that Dhaka is trying to strengthen
ties with Indian leaders.
9) Cultural Exchange Programmes: Regular cultural exchange programs are organized between
the two countries, showcasing their rich cultural heritage and promoting mutual understanding.
10) Language Ties: Bengali, the national language of Bangladesh, is also widely spoken in the Indian
states of West Bengal and Tripura, strengthening linguistic ties between the two nations.

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11) Religious Ties: India and Bangladesh share common religious heritage, with Hinduism, Islam,
and Buddhism being major religions in both countries.
12) Joint Celebrations: India and Bangladesh jointly celebrate various festivals and events, such as
Durga Puja, Eid-al-Fitr, and Independence Day.
National interest perspective
Economic ties
1) Trade: India is the largest trading partner of Bangladesh, with bilateral trade valued at $18.2 billion
in 2021-22. India exported goods worth $16 billion to Bangladesh, while importing goods worth
$2.2 billion. The main commodities traded between the two countries include:
a) Exports from India: pharmaceuticals, sugar, cement, tea, and engineering goods.
b) Imports from Bangladesh: dry fruits, carpets, gemstones, and nuts.
2) Investment: India is the largest investor in Bangladesh, with cumulative investment of over $3
billion. Indian companies have invested in a number of sectors in Bangladesh, including:
a) Telecommunications: Bharti Airtel is the largest telecom operator in Bangladesh.
b) Power: India is building a number of power plants in Bangladesh.
c) Infrastructure: India is building a number of roads, bridges, and ports in Bangladesh.
3) Infrastructure and connectivity: Connectivity: India and Bangladesh have agreed to cooperate
on a number of connectivity projects, including the operationalization of the Haldibari (India) –
Chilahati (Bangladesh) rail link and the Rupsha Railway Bridge in Khulna.
4) Tourism: India is a popular tourist destination for Bangladeshis. In 2021, there were over 1 million
Bangladeshi tourists visiting India.
5) Border Haats aid in people-to-people product exchange and also boost border town economies.
Energy ties
1) Cooperation in the power sector: The Maitree Super Thermal Power Plant in Bangladesh is a
joint project between the two countries, and the Rampal Power Plant is currently under
construction.
2) Rooppur nuclear plant: India and Russia are collaborating to build the Rooppur nuclear power
plant in Bangladesh. The plant is expected to be operational by 2025 and will generate 2,400 MW
of electricity.
3) The India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline: This pipeline will transport natural gas from India to
Bangladesh. The pipeline is expected to be operational by 2024.
4) The India-Bangladesh solar energy project: This project will develop solar power plants in both
countries. The project is expected to be operational by 2026.
Concerns
1) Terrorism: India and Bangladesh have both been targets of terrorist attacks, and there is a
concern that terrorists may try to use the porous border between the two countries to transit
between them.
2) Border security: This has led to concerns that terrorists and militants may be able to cross the
border undetected.
3) Legal and illegal migration: In 2021, there were an estimated 3 million Bangladeshis living in
India.
4) Water resources sharing: No water treaty, Teesta river dispute etc.

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 5) Kashmir: Bangladesh has been supportive of India's position on Kashmir, and this has led to
tensions between Bangladesh and Pakistan. In 2019, India revoked the special status of Kashmir,
which led to protests in Bangladesh.
Way forward
1) India should learn from Bangladesh's economic success:
a) Bangladesh's economy has grown at an average rate of 7% per year over the past decade.
This is one of the fastest growth rates in the world.
b) Bangladesh has made significant progress in reducing poverty. The poverty rate in
Bangladesh has fallen from 40% in 1990 to 20% in 2018.
2) India should play a pioneering role in water sharing: India can also share its expertise in water
management with Bangladesh, which can help to improve the management of water resources in
the region.
3) India should work to balance trade with Bangladesh: India should work to reduce this trade
surplus by removing non-tariff barriers and by promoting trade in services.
4) Increase cooperation on security issues: Such as border security and intelligence sharing.
5) Work together on regional issues: India and Bangladesh are both members of the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). India and Bangladesh should work together on
regional issues, such as climate change, poverty reduction, and economic development.

INDIA – SRI LANKA

Value perspective
Historic – Pre-independence
1) Ramayana: Mother Sita was held captive in Sri Lanka; Ram installed Vibhishna as ruler after
defeating Ravana.
2) Buddhism as a movement spread over Sri Lanka some 2000 years ago.
3) Native people of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) were colonially under the British, but were not a part
of British India Empire, being administered separately.
4) From the 1830s onwards, British acquired indentured labour from Tamil Nadu, to Ceylon.
Tamils (transported by the British) settled in the northern part of Ceylon.
Post-independence relations
1) Sinhalese government of Independent Ceylon (1948) discriminated against Tamils.
2) Shastri–Sirimavo pact (1964): Ceylon agreed to give three lakh Indian Tamils in Ceylon
citizenship and India also agreed to repatriate a sizeable number to India.
3) After 1971 Indo–Pak war: Indian allegiance shifted towards the USSR as Sri Lanka gradually
drifted towards the US.
4) Formation of Liberation of Tamil Tigers Eelam (LTTE) in 1976.
5) India–Sri Lanka Accord (ISLA) of 1987 assigned a certain amount of autonomy to Tamil areas.
6) End of IPKF mission (1990) and assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by LTTE, and then was
subsequently designated as a terrorist organisation.
7) India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (1998) was signed.
8) From 2000 till 2003, India encouraged dialogue and ceasefire between Sri Lanka and the LTTE,
without being formally involved in the process.

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9) Post-LTTE period: Rising concern on the part of India as Pakistani pilots supplied training and
ornament to Sri Lanka.
10) India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy and Sri Lanka's 'India First' policy aim to strengthen
bilateral ties and regional cooperation.
11) India has provided aid and assistance to Sri Lanka in various fields such as education, health,
and infrastructure development.
12) Sri Lanka has also sought India's help in dealing with the aftermath of the civil war, including
rehabilitation and resettlement of internally displaced persons.
13) Both countries have a shared interest in maintaining stability and security in the Indian Ocean
region and have cooperated on maritime security and counter-terrorism efforts.
14) India and Sri Lanka have also signed several agreements on defense cooperation, including
a defense cooperation agreement in 2017.
15) Sri Lanka has also participated in India's initiative to develop the 'Colombo Port City' as a
major economic hub in the region.
16) India and Sri Lanka have a strong cultural relationship, with Buddhism being a major
connecting factor between the two nations.
17) India has been a major tourist destination for Sri Lankans, with over 100,000 Sri Lankans
visiting India every year.
a) Sri Lanka has also been a popular tourist destination for Indians, with over 200,000
Indians visiting Sri Lanka every year.
18) Both countries have a strong tradition of people-to-people contacts, with many Sri Lankans
studying, living, and working in India, and vice versa.
19) India and Sri Lanka have a shared vision for regional cooperation and have worked together
in various regional forums such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
(BIMSTEC).
National interest perspectives
Economic ties
1) Trade: India is the largest trading partner of Sri Lanka, with bilateral trade valued at $18.2 billion
in 2021-22. India exported goods worth $16 billion to Sri Lanka, while importing goods worth $2.2
billion. The main commodities traded between the two countries include:
a) Exports from India: pharmaceuticals, sugar, cement, tea, and engineering goods.
b) Imports from Sri Lanka: dry fruits, carpets, gemstones, and nuts.
2) Investment: India is the largest investor in Sri Lanka, with cumulative investment of over $3 billion.
Indian companies have invested in a number of sectors in Sri Lanka, including
telecommunications, power, and infrastructure.
3) Tourism: India is a popular tourist destination for Sri Lankans. In 2021, there were over 1 million
Sri Lankan tourists visiting India.
India has been providing assistance to Sri Lanka during its financial crisis
1) A $1 billion credit line: In February 2022, India extended a $1 billion credit line to Sri Lanka to
help the country import essential commodities, such as food and fuel.
2) A $500 million currency swap: In March 2022, India provided Sri Lanka with a $500 million
currency swap to help the country stabilize its currency, the Sri Lankan rupee.
3) Export of essential commodities: India has also exported essential commodities, such as rice,
wheat, and sugar, to Sri Lanka to help the country meet its food needs.

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4) Debt restructuring: India has also agreed to restructure Sri Lanka's debt, which will help the
country to reduce its debt burden and free up resources for other essential spending.
Strategic perspective
Strategic significance
1) Geostrategic location: Sri Lanka is located in a strategic location in the Indian Ocean, making it
an important maritime chokepoint. India has a long coastline and a large merchant marine, and
Sri Lanka's location gives India access to the Indian Ocean and the wider world.
a) Sri Lanka is located at the crossroads of the Indian Ocean, and it is a major shipping route for
oil and other goods.
b) India has a long coastline, and it is important for India to have access to the Indian Ocean.
2) Economic ties: India is Sri Lanka's largest trading partner, and the two countries have a long
history of economic cooperation. India has invested heavily in Sri Lanka's infrastructure, and the
two countries are working together to develop new trade and investment opportunities.
3) Security concerns: India and Sri Lanka share a long border, and both countries face the threat
of terrorism. India has been providing assistance to Sri Lanka in its fight against terrorism, and the
two countries are working together to improve security cooperation.
a) India and Sri Lanka have a long history of cooperation in the fight against terrorism.
b) India has provided Sri Lanka with training and equipment to help it combat terrorism.
Strategic concerns
1) China's growing influence in Sri Lanka. China has been increasing its economic and military
ties with Sri Lanka in recent years, which has raised concerns in India. India is worried that China
could use its influence in Sri Lanka to establish a military base in the Indian Ocean, which would
pose a threat to India's security.
a) In 2017, China leased the Hambantota Port for 99 years.
b) Colombo handed over a $12 million energy project to a Chinese firm for the joint development
of three renewable power plants
2) The security of the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is a critical maritime chokepoint for global
trade, and India has a vital interest in ensuring its security. Sri Lanka's strategic location in the
Indian Ocean means that it plays an important role in the security of the region. India is concerned
that China's growing influence in Sri Lanka could undermine India's ability to secure the Indian
Ocean.
a) About 70% of the world's trade by volume and about 50% of the world's oil trade by value
transits through the Indian Ocean.
3) The ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. The ethnic conflict between the Sinhalese majority and the
Tamil minority in Sri Lanka has been a long-standing source of instability in the region. India has
been involved in the peace process in Sri Lanka, and it is concerned that the conflict could reignite
if the peace process fails.
4) Fishery disputes. India and Sri Lanka have a long history of fishing disputes in the Palk Strait
and the Gulf of Mannar. These disputes have led to tensions between the two countries, and they
have the potential to escalate in the future.
5) Other issues: Reasons why Sri Lanka moving away from India
a) Delay in finishing projects by India forcing Sri Lanka to prefer Chinese investments
b) Big brotherly attitude seen during Indo-Peace Keeping Force(IPKF) operation.

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 c) Alleged political interference by India : A media report said that an Indian Intelligence
official was instrumental in uniting rival political parties against Rajapaksa during the
polls(2015)
d) Katchatheevu Island issue due to fissure between Tamil Nadu & Sri Lanka.
e) Unresolved rehabilitation of Tamils displaced by Sri Lankan civil war.
f) Trade Balance in favour of India: Sri Lanka wants to reduce this imbalance and wants
greater access to Indian markets
Way forward
1) Increase cooperation on security issues: In 2022, India and Sri Lanka signed a new agreement
on maritime security cooperation. India and Sri Lanka can also cooperate on cyber security.
2) Deepen economic ties: India and Sri Lanka can also cooperate on joint projects. For example,
the two countries are working together on the development of the Colombo Port City.
3) Strengthen people-to-people ties: India and Sri Lanka can jointly promote tourism. This will help
to bring people from the two countries together and to build understanding and goodwill.
4) Manage competition with China: India and China can cooperate on maritime security issues.
This cooperation can help to deter piracy and other maritime threats.
5) Resolution of outstanding issues: India and Sri Lanka can work together to develop a mutually
agreeable solution to the fishermen's issue.

INDIA - MYANMAR
Value perspective
Historical – Pre-independence
1) India and Myanmar have a long history of cultural exchange, dating back to the introduction
of Buddhism to Myanmar by Indian missionaries in the 1st century CE.
2) Myanmar was a province of British India from 1885 to 1937.
3) During World War II, Subhas Chandra Bose, a leader of the Indian independence movement,
delivered his famous "Give me blood and I will give you freedom!" speech in Japanese-occupied
Burma.
Post-independence
1) India established diplomatic relations with Myanmar after its independence from Britain in 1948.
2) India provided considerable support to Myanmar when it struggled with regional insurgencies
in the 1950s and 1960s.
3) The overthrow of the democratic government by the military in 1988 led to strains in relations
between India and Myanmar.
4) However, relations have improved in recent years, and the two countries have cooperated on
a number of issues, including counter-insurgency, trade, and energy.
Socio-cultural relations
1) Buddhism: Buddhist monks from Myanmar travel to India to study at Buddhist universities and
monasteries.
2) Tourism: Many Indians visit Myanmar to see its rich cultural heritage, and many Burmese visit
India to see its holy sites.
3) People-to-people exchanges: This is being facilitated by a number of initiatives, such as the Free
Movement Regime, which allows people to cross the border without a visa.

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 a) There are over 1 million people of Indian origin living in Myanmar, and there is a significant
amount of travel between the two countries.
b) In 2022, over 1 million Indians visited Myanmar, and over 1 million Myanmarese visited India.
4) Other cultural connections: There are many similarities between Indian and Burmese music,
and there is a great deal of cross-border collaboration between musicians from the two countries.
a) The two countries have a shared culinary tradition.
National interest perspective
Economic relations
1) Bilateral trade: India is Myanmar's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade valued at over $2
billion in 2021.
a) India's exports to Myanmar include machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and transport
equipment.
b) Myanmar's exports to India include beans and pulses, timber, and minerals.
2) Investment: India is also a major investor in Myanmar, with cumulative investment of over $1
billion. Indian investments in Myanmar are concentrated in the energy, infrastructure, and
manufacturing sectors.
3) Energy: India is building a gas pipeline from Myanmar to India, and it is also investing in
hydropower projects in Myanmar. E.g. Shwe Gas Project and the Yetagun Gas Project.
4) Connectivity: India is building a road linking India to Myanmar, and it is also investing in the
development of Myanmar's ports. E.g. Kyaukphyu Port and the Thilawa Port projects.
a) Kaladan Project: In 2022, India and Myanmar signed a Memorandum of Understanding on
the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, which will link India's Northeast with
Southeast Asia.
Strategic perspective
1) Security cooperation: The two countries have conducted joint military exercises, and they have
also shared intelligence on cross-border terrorism.\
a) In recent years, India has also provided Myanmar with military assistance to help it fight the
Arakan Army insurgency.
b) In 2022, India and Myanmar conducted a joint military exercise called "Monsoon-22."
2) Border management: India and Myanmar share a long 1,600-kilometer border. In 2021, the two
countries signed a Land Border Crossing Agreement, which will facilitate travel between the two
countries.
Strategic Significance of Myanmar to India
1) Geostrategic location: Borders with China, Laos, Thailand, and Bangladesh. This gives
Myanmar a key role in linking India with Southeast Asia.
2) Energy security: Myanmar has significant energy resources, including oil, gas, and hydropower.
India is looking to Myanmar to help meet its growing energy needs.
3) Counter-terrorism: Myanmar shares a long border with China, which is a major source of
terrorism in the region. India is working with Myanmar to counter terrorism in the region.
4) Naval security: Myanmar has a coastline on the Bay of Bengal, which is a major maritime trade
route. India is working with Myanmar to secure the Bay of Bengal from piracy and other threats.

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 Strategic concerns between India and Myanmar
1) China: China is a major strategic rival of India, and it has been increasing its influence in Myanmar
in recent years. India is concerned that China could use Myanmar to encircle India and threaten
its security.
2) Insurgencies: Myanmar has a number of long-running insurgencies, which pose a threat to the
stability of the country.
3) Terrorism: India is concerned that terrorist groups could use Myanmar as a base to launch attacks
on India.
4) Energy security: Concerned that China could use its influence in Myanmar to control the flow of
energy to India.
5) Rohingya refugee crisis: Upset social balance and is a threat to internal security.
6) Recent coup: And installation of military has affected ties with India.
Way forward
1) Continue to strengthen security cooperation: This could include joint military exercises,
intelligence sharing, and border management.
2) Increase economic cooperation: This could include infrastructure projects, energy cooperation,
and tourism.
3) Promote people-to-people ties: This could include cultural exchanges, educational exchanges,
and visa facilitation.
4) Address the Rohingya crisis: This could include providing humanitarian assistance to the
Rohingya, promoting their safe and voluntary return to Myanmar, and addressing the root causes
of the crisis.
5) Coordinate on regional issues: Such as the South China Sea, climate change, and non-
traditional security threats. This would help to maintain peace and stability in the region.

INDIA - EU
Value perspective
1) Shared values: Both India and the EU are secular countries that guarantee freedom of religion.
They also have strong democratic traditions, with elected governments and independent
judiciaries.
2) Shared history: The ancient Silk Road was a major trade route that connected India and Europe
for centuries. This trade route helped to spread ideas and culture between the two regions.
3) Cultural connections: Both India and the EU have a rich tradition of music, dance, and art. There
are also many similarities between Indian and European languages, such as the use of the Latin
alphabet.
National interest perspective
Economic relations
1) Trade: EU is India's third largest trading partner, accounting for $110 billion worth of trade in goods
in 2021.
a) In 2021, trade in services between the EU and India reached $31.8 billion.
b) EU is also India's second-largest destination for exports (15.4% of the total) after the USA
(18.5%).
2) Investment: EU is a leading foreign investor in India, with a stock of $89.5 billion in 2020.

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 a) This is significant, but way below EU foreign investment stocks in China ($206.8 billion) or
Brazil ($270.1 billion).
3) Technology: In 2020, the EU and India launched a joint initiative called the EU-India Digital
Partnership, which aims to boost cooperation in areas such as artificial intelligence, cloud
computing, and cybersecurity.
4) Sustainability: In 2021, the EU and India launched a joint initiative called the EU-India Clean
Energy Partnership, which aims to promote the development and deployment of clean energy
technologies in both countries.
Key concerns between India and EU on FTA (BTIA)
1) Agriculture: EU's agricultural sector is heavily subsidized, which gives EU farmers a significant
advantage over their Indian counterparts.
a) For example, in 2021, the EU spent €60 billion on agricultural subsidies. This is more than the
entire agricultural budget of India, which was €56 billion in the same year.
b) This means that if India were to open its market to EU agricultural products, Indian farmers
would likely face stiff competition and could see their profits decline.
2) Services: EU is pushing for India to open up its services market to more EU companies. This
would allow EU companies to compete in a wider range of sectors in India, such as
telecommunications, finance, and IT. However, India is concerned about the impact this would
have on its domestic services sector.
a) If India were to open its market to more EU IT companies, these companies could compete
with Indian IT companies and could potentially lead to job losses in India.
3) Data protection: India is concerned about the impact of the EU's General Data Protection
Regulation (GDPR) on its domestic data protection laws.
a) For example, the GDPR requires companies to obtain consent from individuals before they
can collect their personal data. This could make it difficult for the Indian government to collect
data on its citizens for national security purposes.
4) Intellectual property (IP): EU has a strong IP regime, and it is concerned that India's IP laws are
not as strong. This means that EU businesses could be more vulnerable to IP theft in India.
5) Investment: EU is pushing for India to make it easier for EU investors to invest in India.
a) Indian government has imposed a number of restrictions on foreign investment in certain
sectors, such as the defense sector. The EU is concerned that these restrictions could make
it difficult for EU businesses to invest in India.
Way forward to India-EU FTA BTIA to work out:
1) Address the concerns of both sides: Both sides need to be willing to compromise in order to
reach an agreement.
a) For example, India could agree to open its market to some EU agricultural products, while the
EU could agree to reduce its agricultural subsidies.
b) EU could also agree to give India more time to implement the GDPR, while India could agree
to strengthen its IP laws.
2) Build trust and confidence: For example, the two sides could set up a joint working group to
discuss the key issues in the FTA talks.
3) Consider the broader economic and political context: This includes factors such as the rise of
protectionism, the ongoing war in Ukraine, and the changing global economic landscape.
a) For example, the two sides could agree to phase in the FTA over a period of time, in order to
give businesses time to adjust to the changes.

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 b) They could also agree to include provisions in the FTA that address the concerns of other
countries, such as the United States.
4) Be patient and persistent: For example, the two sides could set a target date for reaching an
agreement, and they could agree to hold regular meetings to review progress.
5) Take advantage of the opportunities: FTA could lower tariffs on goods and services, which
would make it cheaper for businesses to trade between India and the EU.
a) It could also open up new markets for businesses in both countries, and it could help to attract
foreign investment.
Strategic perspective
1) Multipolar world vision: EU-India Cooperation aims to fill the gaps in changing Geopolitical
development after retreat of U.S. from global leadership.
2) Convergence of Interest in Indian Ocean Region especially in Trade & Energy.
3) Agreement on “Civil nuclear cooperation”
4) India-EU Strategic Partnership: A Roadmap to 2025’ adopted: EU-India Virtual summit.
Security cooperation
1) The two sides have held joint military exercise, and have shared intelligence on terrorism and other
threats.
2) In 2018, the EU and India signed an agreement on security and defense cooperation.
Climate change
1) The two sides have worked together on a number of initiatives, such as the Paris Agreement.
2) In 2021, the EU and India launched the EU-India Clean Energy Partnership, which aims to promote
the development and deployment of clean energy technologies in both countries.
Technology cooperation
1) India and the EU are cooperating on a number of technology initiatives, such as artificial
intelligence, quantum computing, and cybersecurity.
2) In 2020, the EU and India launched the EU-India Digital Partnership, which aims to boost
cooperation in these areas.
People-to-people ties
1) There are over 2 million Indians living in the EU, and there are over 1 million Europeans living in
India.
2) These ties are reflected in the large number of Indian students who study in the EU, and the large
number of European tourists who visit India each year.
Way forward
1) Deepen trade and investment ties: The two sides could work to reduce tariffs and other barriers
to trade, which would make it easier for businesses to trade between India and the EU.
2) Strengthen security cooperation: By sharing intelligence, conducting joint exercises, and
developing joint policies.
a) EU and India could work together to provide humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan, or to
promote peace and stability in the region.
3) Promote people-to-people ties: The two sides could work to increase educational and cultural
exchanges, which would help to build understanding and trust between the two peoples.
a) They could also facilitate travel between the two regions, which would make it easier for people
to visit each other and to build personal relationships.

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 4) Address global challenges: The two sides could work together to develop new solutions to these
challenges, such as by investing in renewable energy, or by providing aid to developing countries.
a) They could also use their influence to promote global cooperation, such as by working together
to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
5) Other areas of convergence:
a) Space: They could work together on a number of projects, such as developing new satellites
and launching new space missions.
b) Healthcare: They could work together to develop new medicines and treatments, and to
improve healthcare delivery in both regions.
c) Education: They could work together to develop new educational programs and to promote
student exchanges.

INDIA – WEST ASIA

Value perspective
India and West Asia have a long and rich history of cultural exchange, dating back to the ancient
civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.
Shared values
1) Importance of family and community: In both cultures, family and community are seen as the
foundation of society, and they provide a sense of belonging and security for individuals.
a) This is reflected in the strong emphasis on kinship ties, the importance of hospitality, and the
many festivals and celebrations that are centered around family and community.
2) Reverence for religious traditions: Both regions are home to a wide variety of religious
traditions, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
a) For example, the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca is one of the most important religious events in
the world, and it is also a major tourist destination for people from India.
Historical and cultural connections
1) Trade routes that connected India and West Asia in ancient times helped to spread ideas, goods,
and people between the two regions.
2) This led to a great deal of cultural exchange, which can still be seen today in the similarities
between Indian and West Asian art, architecture, and literature.
3) Sanskrit language: Sanskrit is the basis of many modern Indian languages, and it was also the
language of learning and culture in West Asia for centuries.
4) Yoga: Yoga has become increasingly popular in the West in recent years, but it is still an important
part of Indian culture.
5) Mughal empire from 16th to 18th century AD: This led to a fusion of Indian and West Asian
cultures, which can still be seen today in many aspects of Indian culture, such as architecture, art,
and music.
National interest perspective
Economic ties
1) Trade: India is the largest trading partner of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with a
trade volume of over $180 billion in 2021.
a) The main commodities traded between India and West Asia include oil and gas, gems and
jewelry, pharmaceuticals, and textiles.

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2) Investment: India is also a major investor in West Asia, with cumulative investments of over $100
billion.
3) Remittances: West Asia is the largest source of remittances for India, with over $80 billion sent
home by Indian workers in 2021.
a) In 2021, the average Indian worker in West Asia sent home $2,500 per month.
4) Tourism: In 2021, over 2 million tourists from West Asia visited India.
Recent agreements
1) In 2022, India and the UAE signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
a) The CEPA includes provisions for tariff reductions, easier visa regimes, and investment
protection.
2) In 2021, India and Saudi Arabia signed a $10 billion investment agreement. This agreement will
see Saudi Arabia invest in a number of sectors in India, including infrastructure, energy, and
manufacturing.
3) In 2020, India and Qatar signed a $7 billion investment agreement. This agreement will see Qatar
invest in a number of sectors in India, including infrastructure, energy, and tourism.
Strategic perspective
Strategic significance of West Asia to India
1) Energy: West Asia is a major source of oil and gas for India. In 2022, India imported 80% of its
crude oil and 50% of its natural gas from West Asia.
2) Security: West Asia is a volatile region, and India has a number of security interests in the region.
a) India is concerned about the spread of terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, and the stability of the Gulf region.
b) Maritime security: India and West Asia are working together to improve maritime security in
the region. This includes cooperating on anti-piracy operations, sharing information, and
promoting regional cooperation.
3) Geopolitics: Despite turbulent geopolitics of West Asia, India is interested in maintaining good
relations with the Gulf countries, as they are important partners for India in trade, investment, and
security.
4) Diaspora: West Asia is home to a large Indian diaspora, with over 8 million Indians living in the
region.
Strategic concerns between West Asia and India
1) Energy: Region is also facing increasing energy insecurity due to the depletion of its oil and gas
reserves. This could lead to increased competition for resources, which could in turn lead to
conflict.
a) The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the region's oil production will peak in
2027, and its gas production will peak in 2035.
b) For example, the ongoing conflict in Yemen has had a significant impact on India's energy
security.
2) Security: India is concerned about the spread of terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, and the stability of the Gulf region.
a) For example, the rise of ISIS in West Asia has also been a major concern for India.
3) Geopolitics: Region is also home to a number of rival powers, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, and
Turkey.

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 a) For example, the recent tensions between India and Pakistan have also had a spillover effect
in West Asia.
b) Gulf countries have been divided in their response to the tensions, and this has strained
relations between India and some of the Gulf countries.
4) Diaspora: Indian diaspora is vulnerable to discrimination and violence. For example, in 2022,
there were a number of attacks on Indian-owned businesses in the Gulf countries.
Way forward
1) Strengthening economic ties: India can work to increase its trade and investment in the region
by signing more free trade agreements (FTAs) with the Gulf countries.
a) India can also promote tourism from West Asia to India by making it easier for tourists to obtain
visas and by developing more tourist destinations in India.
2) Deepen security cooperation: India can deepen its security cooperation with the Gulf countries
by sharing intelligence, conducting joint exercises, and training personnel.
a) India can also play a role in promoting regional security by participating in the Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC) security forum.
3) Engage with the region's political and religious leaders: India can do this through high-level
visits, cultural exchanges, and educational programs.
4) Protect the Indian diaspora: India needs to work to protect the Indian diaspora from
discrimination and violence.
5) Promote cultural ties: India can promote cultural ties with the region by supporting cultural
exchanges, educational programs, and tourism.
6) Address the region's challenges: India needs to work with the region's countries to address the
region's challenges, such as the Syrian civil war, the Yemeni civil war, and the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict.

INDIA - AFRICA
Value perspective
Shared history
1) There is evidence of trade and cultural exchange between the two regions as early as the 3rd
century BC.
2) In the 7th century AD, Arab traders brought Islam to East Africa, and this religion has had a
significant impact on the cultures of many African countries.
3) In the 16th century, the Portuguese began to colonize parts of Africa, and this led to further contact
between the two regions.
4) Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi’s experiences in South Africa and responses crystallised his ideas on
Satyagraha and non-violence struggle.
a) Gandhi's nonviolent methods of protest inspired many African leaders, such as Nelson
Mandela and Kwame Nkrumah.
5) Post-independence: Indian government provided significant support to African liberation
movements. This support helped to accelerate the decolonization process in Africa, and it led to
the independence of many African countries in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Shared values
1) India and Africa share many common values, such as a respect for elders, a strong sense of
community, and a belief in the importance of family.
2) Both cultures also place a high value on education and hard work.
3) For example, in India, the word "guru" is used to refer to a teacher or mentor. This word is also
used in many African languages, and it reflects the importance that both cultures place on
education.
Socio-cultural relations
1) There are large Indian communities in many African countries, such as Kenya, Tanzania, and
South Africa.
2) Indian films and music are also very popular in Africa, and this has helped to spread Indian culture
to a wider audience.
3) For example, the Bollywood film "Sholay" was a huge hit in Africa in the 1970s.
4) People-to-people ties: There are over 25 million people of Indian origin living in Africa, and there
are also many African students studying in India.
National interest perspective
Economic relations
1) Trade: India is 4th largest trading partner of Africa, with bilateral trade reaching $89.54 billion in
2021-22.
a) India's exports to Africa include machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles.
b) Africa's exports to India include oil and gas, minerals, and agricultural products.
2) Investment: India is the 8th largest investor in Africa, with cumulative FDI flows reaching $54
billion in 2020. Indian companies have invested in a wide range of sectors in Africa, including
infrastructure, manufacturing, and telecommunications.
3) Development cooperation: India has provided significant development cooperation to Africa,
including grants, loans, and technical assistance.
a) India's development cooperation program in Africa is focused on improving education, health,
and infrastructure.
Strategic perspective
Strategic importance of Africa to India
1) Geopolitical importance: Africa is a strategically important region for India, as it is located at the
crossroads of the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
a) This gives India access to key shipping lanes and markets, and it also helps to protect India's
security interests.
b) In 2010, India established the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS), which is a forum for
maritime cooperation among Indian Ocean countries.
c) India has also been working with African countries to develop infrastructure in the Indian
Ocean region, such as ports and shipping lanes. In 2015, India and Mozambique signed an
agreement to develop the port of Maputo.
2) Economic importance: Africa is a growing economic power, with a young and rapidly growing
population. This makes Africa an attractive market for Indian goods and services, and it also
provides opportunities for Indian investments.

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 a) In 2016, India launched the Africa-India Growth Corridor (AIGC), which is a framework for
economic cooperation between India and Africa. The AIGC is focused on developing
infrastructure, trade, and investment in Africa.
3) Resource importance: Africa is rich in natural resources, such as oil, gas, minerals, and
agricultural products.
a) For example, India is the 5th largest importer of oil from Africa, and Indian companies have
invested in oil and gas projects in several African countries.
b) India is also a major importer of iron ore from Africa, and Indian companies have invested in
iron ore mining projects in Africa.
c) In 2018, India and South Africa signed a memorandum of understanding to cooperate in the
development of Africa's mineral resources.
4) People-to-people ties: India has established the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) in
Africa, which promotes cultural exchanges between India and Africa.
Strategic issues between India and Africa
1) Security
a) Terrorism: Both regions have been affected by terrorist attacks, including the 2008 Mumbai
attacks and the 2015 Garissa University attack.
i) In 2018, India and Kenya signed an agreement to cooperate in combating terrorism.
b) Piracy: Piracy in the Indian Ocean has been a major concern for both India and Africa, as it
has disrupted trade and investment.
i) In 2009, India and the Seychelles signed an agreement to cooperate in combating piracy.
c) Conflicts: E.g. Ongoing conflict in Ethiopia has led to concerns about the safety of Indian
citizens and businesses in the country.
2) Economic
a) Trade imbalance: India's exports to Africa being more than twice its imports. This has led to
concerns in some African countries about the sustainability of the trade relationship.
i) In 2021, India's exports to Africa were $68 billion, while its imports from Africa were only
$30 billion.
b) Debt sustainability: COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated these concerns, as many
African countries have seen their economies contract.
i) E,g, Kenya's debt to India is estimated to be $1.3 billion, and the country is struggling to
repay this debt.
3) Competition with China: China has continued to increase its presence in Africa, both in terms of
investment and political influence. This has led to a strategic competition between India and China
for influence in the continent.
a) This has led to concerns that China is trying to "lock in" African countries to its sphere of
influence.
4) Healthcare and Pharma: Issue of intellectual property rights and access to Indian-made vaccines,
particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, has been a point of contention.
a) Some African countries have argued that India should waive intellectual property rights for
COVID-19 vaccines, so that they can be produced more cheaply and made more widely
available.
5) Climate Change and Environmental Issues: Differing perspectives in international climate
negotiations, particularly around issues like the responsibility of developed countries and the
provision of climate finance.

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 a) India has argued that developed countries should do more to reduce their emissions, while
African countries have argued that developed countries should provide more financial
assistance to help them adapt to the impacts of climate change.
6) Digital divide: India's tech industry has made some inroads in the continent, but there is a need
for more investment in digital infrastructure and skills development. For example, only about 30%
of Africans have access to the internet, and the digital skills gap is significant.
7) Migration and Diaspora: While this often serves as a bridge between India and Africa, it also
leads to issues related to migrant rights and integration.
a) Some African countries have passed laws that make it more difficult for Indians to obtain work
permits.
8) Capacity building and education: Concerns about the quality of education and the ability of
these initiatives to meet Africa's capacity building needs.
a) Some African countries have argued that India's ITEC programme is not meeting their needs,
and that they need more support from India in areas like technical education and skills
development.
9) Energy and Resource Extraction: There have been concerns about the environmental impact
of oil drilling in Nigeria, and about the rights of local communities affected by mining in Zambia.
Way forward
1) Addressing Trade Imbalance: India can encourage African exports by giving preferential access
to African goods under a Free Trade Agreement or by investing in capacity building to help African
countries produce goods that are in demand in India.
2) Sustainable Investment and Debt Relief: India could consider offering more grants and interest-
free loans.
a) It might also be beneficial for India to invest in projects that have a clear developmental impact
and are economically sustainable, focusing on sectors like health, education, and agri-
business.
3) Collaborating Instead of Competing with China: Instead of viewing China's presence in Africa
as purely competitive, India could look for areas of collaboration.
a) Indian and Chinese companies could jointly invest in infrastructure projects, or both countries
could work together on peacekeeping and anti-piracy operations.
4) Security Cooperation: This could include joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and
capacity building for African security forces.
a) In 2022, India conducted joint military exercises with several African countries, and it has also
provided training to African security forces.
5) Promoting Access to Healthcare: Indian pharma companies can work more closely with African
governments and NGOs to ensure access to affordable medicines and vaccines.
6) Climate Change and Environmental Cooperation: India and Africa could jointly advocate for
more climate finance and technology transfer from developed countries.
7) Bridging the Digital Divide: This could include initiatives for rural internet connectivity and digital
literacy training.
8) Engaging the Diaspora: India could facilitate more cultural exchanges and business networks,
and also work towards addressing issues related to migrant rights and integration.
9) Improving Education and Training: This could involve partnerships between Indian and African
universities, and more focus on areas like entrepreneurship, digital skills, and climate change.

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 10) Sustainable Resource Extraction: This could involve more transparency and consultation with
local communities, and investing in corporate social responsibility initiatives.

INDIA – CENTRAL ASIA

Value perspective
Historical/Socio-cultural ties
1) Silk route: A network of trade routes that connected China with Europe and the Middle East. It
was active for over 1,500 years, and it was a major conduit for the exchange of goods, ideas, and
cultures.
2) Buddhism: Buddhism was introduced to Central Asia from India in the 1st century CE. It quickly
became a major religion in the region, and many Buddhist monasteries and stupas were built.
a) For example, the famous Buddhist monastery of Kara-Khoja in Kyrgyzstan was founded by
Indian monks in the 7th century.
3) Sanskrit language: Sanskrit was the lingua franca of the Silk Route, and it was used for trade,
diplomacy, and religious communication. Many Central Asian languages borrowed words from
Sanskrit, and some even adopted the Sanskrit script.
a) For example, the Tajik language of Tajikistan has over 10,000 words that are derived from
Sanskrit.
4) Mughal empire: The Mughals were of Central Asian origin, and they brought their culture and
traditions to India.
a) For example, the Mughals introduced the Persian language and script to India, and they also
built many magnificent Mughal-style buildings, such as the Taj Mahal.
5) Music and dance: E.g. The traditional dance of the Uzbeks, the lazgi, is thought to have been
influenced by Indian dance.
6) Cuisine: Many Central Asian dishes, such as plov (pilaf) and samsa (a type of savory pastry), are
thought to have originated in India.
National interest perspective
1) Trade: India's trade with Central Asia is relatively small, but it has the potential to grow significantly.
In 2020, India's trade with Central Asia was worth $2.2 billion.
a) Top exports from India to Central Asia are pharmaceuticals, machinery, and textiles.
b) Top imports from Central Asia to India are oil, gas, and cotton.
2) Investment: India has invested in a number of projects in Central Asia, including the TAPI natural
gas pipeline, the Chabahar port, and the CASA-1000 power transmission line.
3) Technology: India has provided technical assistance to Central Asian countries in the areas of
IT, agriculture, and energy.
a) Central Asian countries are also interested in Indian expertise in the areas of space technology
and nuclear power.
4) Tourism: In 2019, over 100,000 tourists from India visited Central Asia. The top tourist
destinations in Central Asia for Indian tourists are Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.
5) Education: India has established scholarships for students from Central Asia to study in India.
Central Asian countries are also interested in Indian expertise in the areas of education and
training.

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 a) In 2020, India and Tajikistan signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the
field of education.
Strategic perspective
Strategic significance of Central Asia to India
1) Geostrategic location: Central Asia is located at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, making it a
critical link between the two continents.
a) The region is home to several important international trade routes, including the Silk Road and
the Trans-Caspian Corridor.
2) Energy resources: Central Asia is rich in energy resources, including oil, gas, and uranium.
a) India is currently a major importer of energy, and it is looking to diversify its sources of energy.
b) In 2018, India and Kazakhstan signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the
field of energy.
3) Security concerns: Central Asia is a region with a number of security challenges, including
terrorism, drug trafficking, and political instability.
a) India has a vested interest in ensuring security in Central Asia, as instability in the region could
have a negative impact on India's security.
b) In 2019, India and Uzbekistan signed a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the
field of security.
Strategic issues between India and Central Asia
1) Connectivity and infrastructure: Geographical challenges and Pakistan limits India’s access to
Central Asia.
a) Uncertainty and slow pace of development of Chabahar port.
b) Under exploration of International North-South Trasport Corridor (INSTC).
2) Energy security: Lack of direct pipeline connectivity. TAPI project delayed indefinitely due to
security concerns in Afghanistan.
3) Security concerns: Linked to terrorism, religious extremism and drug trafficking. Instability in
Afghanistan adds to the concerns.
4) Competition with China and Russia: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Russia’s
Eurasian Economic Unity (EAEU) present competitive challenges for India in the region.
5) Cultural and language barriers: Despite historical links, there are significant cultural and
language barriers due to limited people-to-people exchanges and mutual understanding.
6) Limited diplomacy presence
Way forward
1) Connectivity and Infrastructure: India should continue to work with Iran to develop the Chabahar
Port. India should also work with Central Asian countries to use the port for trade and transit.
a) India should also work with other countries along the International North-South Transport
Corridor (INSTC) to develop the corridor.
2) Energy security: India should also work to diversify its energy imports from Central Asia.
a) India should explore innovative solutions for energy cooperation, such as investing in
renewable energy projects in Central Asia or working towards a legal and logistical framework
for an energy corridor.
3) Security cooperation: Focusing on areas like counter-terrorism, border management, and cyber
security. This could involve joint exercises, capacity building, and intelligence sharing.

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 4) Balancing Relations with Russia and China: India should balance its relations with Russia and
China in Central Asia, seeking areas of convergence while managing areas of competition.
a) This could involve trilateral or multilateral projects, or using platforms like the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO) for dialogue.
5) Promoting Trade and Investment: India should promote greater trade and investment by
providing information to its business community about opportunities in Central Asia, and by
negotiating investment protection and double taxation avoidance agreements.
6) Cultural Exchanges and Soft Power: Bollywood and yoga are popular in Central Asia and could
be further promoted.
7) Increasing Diplomatic Presence: India should increase its diplomatic presence in Central Asia,
possibly by opening more consulates or cultural centres.
8) Education and Capacity Building: India could provide more scholarships and training to Central
Asian students and professionals.

INDIA – CHINA
Value perspective
Historical relations
1) Ancient relations: The first recorded contact between India and China occurred in the 2nd century
BC, when the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka the Great extended its reach into Central Asia.
2) Silk road (1st Century BCE - 15th Century CE): This ancient network of trade routes facilitated
important cultural and economic exchanges between India and China, including the spread of
Buddhism, and trade in goods such as silk, spices, and precious metals.
3) Chinese Travelers (4th - 7th Century CE): Chinese pilgrims such as Fa-Hien (Faxian) and
Xuanzang traveled to India, leaving valuable accounts of the political and social conditions, and
Buddhism practice in India during their times.
4) The Sino-Indian War (1962): The border dispute between India and China led to a brief but
intense war in 1962, which ended with a Chinese victory. The conflict created a rift in Sino-Indian
relations that persists to this day.
5) Border Disputes (Late 20th - Early 21st Centuries): The border dispute over Aksai Chin and
Arunachal Pradesh regions has led to several skirmishes and stand-offs, including the one in 2020.
Socio-Cultural Relations
1) Cultural Exchanges: Buddhism, a religion that originated in India, has greatly influenced Chinese
culture, philosophy, and art. Yoga and Ayurveda from India are also gaining popularity in China.
2) Educational Exchanges: Numerous Chinese students’ study in Indian universities, especially in
medicine, while Indian students in China mostly study Chinese language and culture.
3) Cinema: Indian films have an extensive audience in China and vice versa. The success of Indian
movies like "3 Idiots" and "Dangal", and Chinese movies like "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" in
each other's countries is a testament to this.
4) Tourism: The Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India are popular among Chinese tourists. Indian
tourists, on the other hand, are attracted to China's historical sites and natural beauty.
5) Collaboration in International Forums: India and China are both part of the BRICS (Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) and often
collaborate on issues of common interest.

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National interest perspective
Economic relations
1) Trade: In 2022, bilateral trade between India and China was worth $136.26 billion, making China
India's second-largest trading partner after the United States.
a) India has a large trade deficit with China, which was $101.28 billion in 2022.
2) Investment: In 2021, Chinese investment in India was $63.18 million, while Indian investment in
China was $1.3 billion.
3) Technology: In recent years, there has been increased cooperation between the two countries in
areas such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and 5G.
a) In 2021, India and China signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in artificial
intelligence.
4) Infrastructure: There are opportunities for cooperation in areas such as railways, roads, and
ports.
a) In 2022, India and China agreed to cooperate on the development of a high-speed rail line
between Delhi and Mumbai.
5) Services: India and China are both major providers of services, such as IT and financial services.
a) India and China could work together to develop a shared IT platform that would help to connect
businesses and consumers in the two countries.
Why India has huge trade deficit with China?
1) Structural factors: India's manufacturing sector is still relatively underdeveloped compared to
China's. In 2022, China's manufacturing output was 4.4 times larger than India's. This means that
India is more reliant on imports of manufactured goods from China.
2) Tariffs: India's tariffs on imports from China are relatively high. In 2022, the average tariff on
imports from China was 11.2%, while the average tariff on imports from all other countries was
6.2%.
a) This makes it more expensive for Indian businesses to import goods from China, which
contributes to the trade deficit.
3) Currency exchange rates: The Chinese yuan is often undervalued, which makes Chinese goods
cheaper for Indian buyers. In 2022, the Chinese yuan was undervalued by an estimated 15%
against the Indian rupee. This also contributes to the trade deficit.
4) Domestic demand: India's domestic demand is growing rapidly. In 2022, India's GDP grew by
8.7%, the fastest rate of growth among the G20 economies.
a) This growth is leading to increased imports from China, as Indian consumers demand more
goods and services.
5) Chinese investment: In 2022, Chinese investment in India was $63.18 million. This investment
has helped to boost the Indian economy, but it has also led to increased imports from China.
6) Trade barriers: China has imposed a number of trade barriers on Indian exports. These barriers
include high tariffs, restrictive regulations, and discrimination against foreign companies.
a) In 2022, China's tariffs on Indian exports averaged 12.5%, compared to an average of 6.2%
for all other countries.
7) The composition of trade: India's exports to China are dominated by primary commodities, such
as minerals and agricultural products. These commodities are typically low-value-added, which
means that they do not generate as much income as high-value-added goods.
a) China's exports to India, on the other hand, are dominated by manufactured goods, which are
typically high-value-added.

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 b) In 2022, India's top exports to China were iron ore, cotton, and gems and jewellery.
c) China's top exports to India were electronics, machinery, and plastics.
8) Support by Government: Chinese companies often receive preferential treatment from the
Chinese government, which makes it difficult for Indian businesses to compete.
9) Security concerns: In 2020, there was a military standoff between India and China in the Galwan
Valley, which resulted in the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers.
a) This incident has led to increased tensions between the two countries, which has made it more
difficult for them to cooperate on economic matters.
Strategic perspective
Strategic importance of China to India
1) Economic: Two countries have a combined GDP of over $25 trillion.
a) In 2022, bilateral trade between India and China was worth $136.26 billion, making China
India's second-largest trading partner after the United States.
b) India's exports to China have grown rapidly in recent years.
c) China is also a major source of investment for India, and there is potential for further
cooperation in areas such as infrastructure, manufacturing, and technology.
2) Security: India and China have a long-standing border dispute, and there have been several
military standoffs between the two countries in recent years.
a) In 2020, there was a military standoff between India and China in the Galwan Valley, which
resulted in the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers.
b) China is also a major supporter of Pakistan: China has provided Pakistan with military and
economic assistance, and it has blocked India's efforts to get Pakistan designated as a terrorist
state.
3) Technology: India and China have already collaborated on a number of technology projects, such
as the development of a high-speed rail line between Delhi and Mumbai.
a) China is also a major market for Indian technology companies. In 2022, Indian IT companies
exported $12 billion worth of software and services to China.
4) Diplomacy: India and China are both members of the United Nations Security Council, and they
have a shared interest in maintaining global peace and stability.
a) In 2005, China and India signed the 'Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and
Prosperity’.
5) Culture: India and China have already signed a number of cultural agreements, and there is
growing interest in each other's cultures among the people of both countries.
Strategic issues between India and China
1) Border disputes:
a) Aksai Chin Dispute: China controls Aksai Chin, a region that India claims as part of its
territory. The dispute led to the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and continues to be a major point of
contention.
b) Arunachal Pradesh Dispute: China claims about 90,000 square kilometers of territory in
India's northeastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as "South Tibet". This has led
to multiple border skirmishes.
2) Trade and Economic Issues: Trade imbalances, investment concerns about strategic
investments by Chinese companies in Indian sectors like technology, infrastructure, and
telecommunications, citing security concerns.
3) Diplomatic and Strategic Concerns:

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 a) China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): The CPEC, part of China's Belt and Road
Initiative, passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, a region claimed by India. India
opposes the CPEC on the grounds of sovereignty and territorial integrity.
b) Dalai Lama and Tibet Issue: The presence of the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-
in-exile in India is a sensitive issue. China views Dalai Lama as a separatist, while India
supports his "Middle Way" approach for autonomy, not independence, of Tibet.
c) Membership to International Forums: China has been a barrier to India's entry into the
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.
4) Security and Maritime Concerns:
a) String of Pearls: China's strategy of building relationships and establishing naval bases in
countries around the Indian Ocean, often termed as the "String of Pearls", is perceived as a
strategic encirclement by India.
b) South China Sea Dispute: While India is not a claimant in the South China Sea, it has an
interest in the freedom of navigation and overflight. India supports peaceful resolution of the
dispute in accordance with international law, including UNCLOS.
5) Climate Change and Water Issues:
a) Brahmaputra River Issue: China's plans to build dams on the Brahmaputra river (known as
Yarlung Tsangpo in China), which flows into India, has raised concerns about water security
and environmental impacts in India.
b) Climate Change Negotiations: Both countries are significant contributors to global carbon
emissions and have a key role in global climate change negotiations. However, they often
have differing viewpoints on responsibility and action.
Way forward
1) Dialogue and Diplomacy
a) High-Level Diplomatic Engagements: Regular diplomatic interactions at the highest level,
leveraging the principles of Realpolitik, can help build trust and resolve contentious issues.
b) Track II Diplomacy: This involves non-official dialogues involving academics, former
diplomats, and military officials. Such dialogues can provide innovative ideas and solutions to
resolve disputes.
c) Confidence Building Measures (CBMs): Strengthening CBMs, especially along the disputed
border areas, can reduce the risk of conflict and maintain peace and tranquility.
2) Economic Cooperation
a) Balancing Trade: Addressing the trade imbalance through increasing exports to China and
attracting Chinese investment in sectors that can stimulate job growth in India can be
beneficial for both economies.
b) Regional Economic Cooperation: Engaging constructively in regional economic frameworks
like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) can promote economic
interdependence and stability.
3) Strategic Understanding
a) Common Understanding on Border Disputes: Both nations should strive for a mutually
agreed upon interpretation of the Line of Actual Control (LAC), using mechanisms like Special
Representatives' dialogue on boundary issues.
b) Cooperation in International Forums: Both countries can cooperate in multilateral forums
like BRICS, SCO, and G20 on issues of common interests, such as economic development,
climate change, and global health security.

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 4) Cultural Exchanges
a) People-to-People Contacts: Enhancing cultural exchanges, tourism, and academic
collaborations can foster better understanding and goodwill between the two societies.
b) Media Engagement: Promoting balanced and responsible media coverage of each other's
countries can help in shaping positive public opinions.
5) Regional Stability
a) Respecting Each Other's Core Interests: Both countries need to respect each other's core
interests and major concerns, following the principles of sovereignty and non-interference in
internal affairs.
b) Joint Efforts for Regional Stability: Both nations can work together to maintain peace and
stability in the region, including joint efforts to combat terrorism and transnational crimes.

INDIA – USA
Value perspectives
Historical relations
1) In the 19th century, there was a growing interest in India in the United States. This was due in part
to the writings of American scholars and writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo
Emerson, who were fascinated by Indian philosophy and religion.
2) American revolution inspired freedom movement India. Adoption of slogans like “No taxation
without representation.” Freedom movement connections through Ghadar party.
3) In 1947, India gained independence from the British Empire. The United States was one of the
first countries to recognize the new Indian government.
Value perspective
1) India and the United States share many common values, including democracy, a commitment to
human rights, and a belief in the rule of law.
2) Both countries are democracies, and they both have constitutions that guarantee the rights of their
citizens.
3) Both countries are committed to human rights, and they have both worked to promote human
rights around the world.
Socio-cultural relations
1) There is a large Indian diaspora in the United States, with over 3 million people of Indian origin
living in the country.
2) The Indian diaspora has made significant contributions to American society, in areas such as
business, science, and the arts.
3) In 2016, the United States and India signed a cultural agreement that will promote cultural
exchanges between the two countries.
4) There are over 1,000 Indian-American elected officials in the United States.
National interest perspectives
Economic relations
1) Trade: The United States is India's largest trading partner, and India is the United States' 10th
largest trading partner.
a) In 2021, the trade volume between India and the United States was $113 billion.

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 b) The United States exports mostly machinery, chemicals, and transportation equipment to
India, while India exports mostly gems and jewelry, textiles, and agricultural products to the
United States.
2) Investment: The United States is the largest foreign investor in India, with over $60 billion in
investment. Indian companies have also invested heavily in the United States, with over $12 billion
in investment.
3) Technology: The United States and India are major partners in the technology sector. There is a
large number of Indian IT companies operating in the United States, and many American
companies have research and development centers in India.
4) Defence: The United States and India have a growing defence partnership. The two countries
have held joint military exercises, and India has purchased billions of dollars worth of military
equipment from the United States.
5) Energy: The United States and India are working together to develop clean energy technologies.
The two countries have signed a number of agreements to promote cooperation in the field of
renewable energy.
6) Education: There is a large number of Indian students studying in the United States. In 2021,
there were over 200,000 Indian students enrolled in US colleges and universities. There are also
a number of American universities with campuses in India.
Strategic perspective
Strategic importance of USA to India
1) Economic relations: In 2022, India has a trade surplus of $28 billion. US among top sources of
FDI. US vital for Indian IT industry.
2) Defence and Security Cooperation:
a) Military Equipment: The US has emerged as one of the top defense suppliers for India. The
defense trade has increased from near zero in 2008 to over $20 billion in 2020.
b) Joint Military Exercises: The US and India conduct joint military exercises like Malabar, Yudh
Abhyas, and Vajra Prahar, promoting interoperability and shared tactics.
c) Intelligence Sharing: The US and India share intelligence on global terrorism and maritime
security, crucial for safeguarding India's security interests.
3) Science and Technology Collaboration:
a) Space Cooperation: NASA and ISRO have a longstanding partnership, including
collaborative missions like the NISAR satellite mission for earth observation.
b) Renewable Energy: Under platforms like the US-India Clean Energy Finance Task Force,
both countries collaborate on renewable energy research and development.
c) Public Health: Partnerships with US entities help India in improving its public health
infrastructure. For example, the CDC has assisted India in managing the COVID-19 pandemic.
4) Education and People-to-People Ties:
a) Student Exchange: The US is a preferred destination for Indian students, with over 200,000
Indian students enrolled in US universities in 2019-2020.
b) Indian Diaspora: The Indian diaspora in the US, numbering over 4 million, forms an important
cultural and economic bridge between the two countries.
c) Cultural Exchanges: Programs like the Fulbright-Nehru scholarships promote mutual
understanding and collaboration at the intellectual level.
5) Geopolitical Interests:

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 a) Indo-Pacific Strategy: The US views India as a critical player in its Indo-Pacific strategy,
aimed at ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific region.
b) Counterbalance to China: The US support can be crucial for India in managing the strategic
and military challenges posed by China.
c) Afghanistan and Central Asia: The US and India share concerns about stability in
Afghanistan and Central Asia. The US withdrawal from Afghanistan makes the US-India
partnership important for regional stability.
6) Climate Change and Environmental Issues:
a) Paris Agreement: Both countries are part of the Paris Agreement and can work together to
tackle climate change.
b) Clean Energy: The US and India launched the Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030
Partnership in 2021 to mobilize investments and technology for clean energy transitions.
Way forward
1) Deepening Economic Cooperation:
a) Trade Liberalization: Both countries should work on reducing trade barriers and tariffs,
fostering a more open trade environment.
b) Bilateral Trade Agreement: A comprehensive free trade agreement can enhance economic
ties and resolve ongoing trade disputes.
c) Investments: Facilitate and encourage more US investments in India's infrastructure,
manufacturing, and service sectors.
2) Enhancing Defence and Security Ties:
a) Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI): Continue to build on the DTTI to co-
produce and co-develop advanced defense equipment.
b) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad): Strengthen the Quad framework, emphasizing
freedom of navigation, overflight, and rule-based order in the Indo-Pacific.
c) Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Enhance intelligence sharing and cooperation in counter-
terrorism efforts.
3) Advancing Science and Technology Collaborations:
a) Space Cooperation: Building on NASA-ISRO partnerships, foster collaborations in Mars
exploration, space debris monitoring, and human spaceflight.
b) Tech Regulation: Collaborate on norms and regulations for emerging technologies like AI,
cybersecurity, and data privacy.
c) Public Health: Deepen cooperation in the health sector, focusing on pandemic preparedness,
vaccine development, and health system strengthening.
4) Strengthening People-to-People Ties:
a) Education and Research: Facilitate bilateral student exchange programs, research
collaborations, and mutual recognition of degrees.
b) Visa Policies: Address issues related to H-1B and other visas to ensure mobility of
professionals and students.
c) Diaspora Engagement: Leverage the Indian diaspora's potential in the US as a 'soft power'
resource.
5) Navigating Geopolitical Challenges:
a) Strategic Autonomy: While deepening ties with the US, India needs to maintain its strategic
autonomy, respecting both countries' respective relationships with other global players.

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 b) Regional Stability: Collaborate on ensuring stability in Afghanistan and the broader South
Asian region, focusing on counter-terrorism and development assistance.
c) Managing China: Develop a joint approach to counterbalance China's assertiveness, while
avoiding unnecessary escalation.
6) Collaborating on Climate Change and Environmental Issues:
a) Paris Agreement Goals: Work together to meet the targets set under the Paris Agreement.
b) Clean Energy Transition: Collaborate on technology transfer, capacity-building, and
financing mechanisms for transitioning to renewable energy.
7) Climate Justice: Advocate for the principle of 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities' (CBDR)
in global climate change negotiations.

INDIA – RUSSIA
Value perspectives
Historical relations
1) The first Russian to visit India was Afanasy Nikitin, who traveled to the country in 1468-1472. He
wrote a book about his travels, called "A Journey Beyond the Three Seas".
2) In the 16th and 17th centuries, there was significant trade between India and Russia, and many
Indian merchants settled in Russia.
3) During the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union were close allies. They cooperated in many areas,
including military, economic, and cultural. The Soviet Union provided India with military assistance,
and India was a major recipient of Soviet economic aid.
4) In 1971, India and the Soviet Union jointly supported Bangladesh in its war of independence from
Pakistan.
Values
1) India and Russia share many common values, including secularism, respect for diversity, and a
commitment to democracy.
2) In 2000, India and Russia signed a declaration on their strategic partnership. This declaration
reaffirmed the common values of the two countries, and it established a framework for cooperation
in a wide range of areas.
3) In 2010, India and Russia signed a nuclear cooperation agreement. This agreement allowed India
to import nuclear technology from Russia.
Socio-cultural relations
1) There is a large Indian community in Russia, with over 2 million people.
2) There are also many Russian cultural institutions in India, such as the Russian Center for Science
and Culture in New Delhi.
3) Many Russians study Hindi and other Indian languages, and there are a number of Indian
restaurants in major Russian cities.
National interest perspectives
Economic relations
1) Bilateral trade: In 2022, bilateral trade between India and Russia reached $18.229 billion, an
increase of 65% from the previous year.
a) This is the highest level of bilateral trade between the two countries since 2014.

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 b) Russia is India's 5th largest trading partner, after the United States, China, the United Arab
Emirates, and Saudi Arabia.
2) Investment: India's investment in Russia is estimated to be around $13 billion, while Russian
investment in India is estimated to be around $18 billion.
a) The two countries have a number of joint ventures in the energy, infrastructure, and defense
sectors.
b) In 2017, Indian Oil Corporation and Rosneft signed an agreement to jointly develop oil and
gas fields in Russia.
3) Military cooperation: India and Russia have a long history of military cooperation. Russia is
India's largest supplier of arms and military equipment.
a) In 2022, India signed a $5.4 billion deal to purchase S-400 air defense systems from Russia.
4) Nuclear cooperation: India and Russia have a long history of nuclear cooperation.
a) In 2010, the two countries signed a nuclear cooperation agreement, which allows India to
import nuclear technology from Russia. This agreement has helped India to expand its nuclear
power program.
5) Space cooperation: In 2022, India and Russia signed an agreement to jointly develop a lunar
rover. (Not materialised though)
6) Energy cooperation: The two countries have signed a number of agreements to explore and
develop oil and gas fields in Russia.
a) In 2022, India signed a $2 billion deal to purchase oil from Russia.
7) Trade in services: In 2022, trade in services between the two countries was valued at $973
million. This includes services such as tourism, IT, and education.
Spike in oil imports from Russia
1) In February 2022, before the war in Ukraine, India imported just 2% of its oil from Russia.
2) In March 2022, after the war began, India's imports of Russian oil jumped to 10%.
3) In April 2022, India's imports of Russian oil rose to 18%.
4) In May 2022, India's imports of Russian oil reached a record high of 28%.
In 2022, India imported around 2.5 million barrels of oil per day from Russia, while it imported around
5 million barrels of oil per day from all sources.
Issues associated with India's increased oil imports from Russia post the Ukraine war:
1) Geopolitical implications:
a) Widely seen as a possible realignment of India's foreign policy: This has raised concerns
in some Western countries, who are worried that India is becoming too close to Russia.
b) Additionally, India has refused to join Western sanctions against Russia, and has even
provided Russia with humanitarian assistance. This has further strained relations between
India and the West.
2) Economic sanctions:
a) India's increased oil imports from Russia could violate the economic sanctions imposed on
Russia by the United States and the European Union.
b) United States has warned India that it could face sanctions if it continues to import oil from
Russia. The European Union has also expressed concerns.
c) India is a major importer of oil, and the sanctions could lead to higher oil prices, which would
hurt the Indian economy.
3) International reputation

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 a) Potential damage to India’s reputation: This is because India is seen as a democracy and
a rising power, and its decision to buy oil from Russia could be seen as a tacit endorsement
of Russia's actions in Ukraine.
b) If India's international reputation is damaged, it could have a negative impact on its ability to
attract foreign investment and trade. It could also make it more difficult for India to achieve its
foreign policy goals.
4) Domestic criticism: India's increased oil imports from Russia have been criticized by some
domestic groups, who argue that it is helping to fund the Russian war effort.
Strategic perspectives
Strategic importance of Russia to India
1) Defence Cooperation:
a) Historical Partnership: Russia has been a long-standing ally of India in terms of defence
cooperation. More than 60% of India's defence equipment comes from Russia, showcasing
the critical role Russia plays in India's defence strategy.
b) Joint Ventures: Both countries have jointly manufactured defence equipment, such as the
BrahMos missile system, which is one of the fastest supersonic cruise missiles in the world.
This not only fortifies India's defence capabilities but also paves the way for technological
transfer and shared expertise.
c) Defence Procurement: Russia has been a trusted source for India's defence procurement,
including the recent deal for S-400 surface-to-air missile systems. This helps India strengthen
its defence architecture in an increasingly volatile geopolitical scenario.
2) Nuclear Energy Cooperation
a) Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: Russia has been instrumental in the construction of the
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in India, which is one of the largest nuclear power plants in
India.
b) Future Collaborations: Both countries have signed agreements for the construction of
additional nuclear reactors in India. This is crucial for India's energy security and its
commitment to producing 40% of its energy from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 as part of
the Paris Agreement.
3) Economic Relations
a) Bilateral Trade potential: Target of $30 billion by 2025, indicating a strong economic
partnership.
b) Investments: Russian companies have made significant investments in India, particularly in
the energy sector. For example, Rosneft, a Russian oil company, acquired Essar Oil in a $13
billion deal.
4) Geopolitical Considerations
a) Balancing Power Dynamics: In the changing geopolitical landscape, with the rise of China
and the increasingly contentious nature of India-China relations, Russia serves as a crucial
ally and balancing force for India.
b) Regional Stability: Russia's influence in Central Asia and its ties with Pakistan and
Afghanistan make it a key player in regional stability, an area that directly impacts India's
security concerns.
5) Strategic Energy Partnership
a) Oil and Gas Imports: Russia is one of the largest exporters of natural gas and oil in the world,
and India, being a net importer of energy, relies heavily on Russia for its energy needs.

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 b) Energy Investments: Indian companies like ONGC Videsh Ltd have made substantial
investments in the Russian energy sector, securing long-term energy supplies for India.
6) Space Cooperation
a) Gaganyaan Mission: Russia has provided significant assistance to India's Gaganyaan
mission, including astronaut training and critical components.
b) GLONASS: Russia has also allowed India to access its satellite navigation system,
GLONASS, which is crucial for both defense and civilian purposes.
7) Cultural and Educational Exchanges
a) Student Exchange: Thousands of Indian students study in Russia, particularly in the field of
medicine. This helps foster a better understanding and stronger cultural ties between the two
nations.
b) Cultural Exchanges: There are frequent cultural exchanges between India and Russia, such
as film festivals, music concerts, and art exhibitions, which strengthen the people-to-people
contact and mutual understanding.
8) Multilateral Platforms
a) BRICS and SCO: Both countries are part of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
South Africa) and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). These platforms allow for
increased cooperation in various fields such as trade, technology, and defence.
b) United Nations: Russia, being a permanent member of the UN Security Council, is
strategically important for India, especially considering India's aspirations for a larger role in
global governance structures.
Way forward
1) Deepening Defence Cooperation
a) Diversification of Defence Procurement: While India is diversifying its defence imports, it
should continue to maintain strong defence ties with Russia. Expanding partnerships in
defence technology transfer and co-development can be an effective strategy.
b) Joint Military Exercises: Regular joint military exercises such as the Indra series should be
encouraged, increasing interoperability and understanding between the two countries' armed
forces.
2) Enhancing Economic Integration
a) Trade Diversification: Both countries should identify and work on untapped areas of trade
and investment beyond the traditional sectors. This could include areas like pharmaceuticals,
IT, and agriculture.
b) Regional Connectivity Projects: India and Russia can collaborate on regional connectivity
projects like the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) that can significantly
boost trade and commerce.
3) Strengthening Energy Partnership
a) Collaboration in Renewable Energy: In light of the global climate change crisis, India and
Russia can collaborate in the field of renewable energy, particularly in technology transfer and
innovation.
b) Energy Security: Continued cooperation in traditional energy sectors, such as natural gas
and oil, is also essential for India's energy security.
4) Navigating Geopolitical Complexities

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 a) Balancing Act: India should continue its delicate balancing act between Russia and its
Western allies. India's principle of strategic autonomy allows it to maintain relations with
multiple major powers simultaneously, which it should continue to uphold.
b) Regional Stability: Dialogue and cooperation with Russia on regional stability in South Asia
and Central Asia should be maintained, given Russia's influence in these regions.
5) Bolstering Space and Nuclear Cooperation
a) Space Research and Exploration: India and Russia should take their cooperation in space
research and exploration to the next level, including collaborations for interplanetary missions
and satellite launches.
b) Nuclear Energy: Cooperation in the nuclear energy sector should be bolstered, aiding India's
ambitions to increase its nuclear energy capacity.
6) Promoting Cultural and Educational Exchanges
a) Student and Faculty Exchanges: Such exchanges should be increased to foster a better
understanding among the younger generations of both countries.
b) Cultural Festivals: Organizing more frequent cultural festivals will help in promoting mutual
understanding and appreciation of each other's cultures.
7) Collaboration in Multilateral Platforms
a) BRICS and SCO: India and Russia should use platforms like BRICS and SCO to address
shared global challenges like terrorism, climate change, and sustainable development.
b) United Nations: Both countries should cooperate closely at the UN and other international
forums to address common global challenges and reform global governance structures.

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