Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advantages and Disadvantages

of using AI in construction project to improve the design

of better-managed future projects
 Abstract
The construction sector is more as risk, with low-margin business and limitless prospects for

poor communication, teamwork, and disjointed operations. Artificial intelligence (AI) is

utilized in construction project management because of the advantages it provides, such as

and the creation of a connection between change orders, RFIs during the design, process

early detection of project risks, and submittals back. The major aim of present investigation

is to assess the Use of Artificial Intelligence in construction project and how it improves the

design of better-managed future projects. The study will make use of cases and example on

the use of AI in construction designing that would be useful in assessing application of AI in

future as well. For the purpose of conducting analysis of the qualitative information,

“Thematic analysis” method would be used, in which different themes would be prepared to

analyse the findings. On the basis of findings, it was noticed that Artificial Intelligence (AI)

and Generative Design are two main developments that are pushing CAD further past its

1980s precursor capabilities. Instead of having a computer to record plans, the device does

the heavy lifting, producing hundreds or thousands of design choices that all follow pre-

determined criteria.
Table of Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................................2
Chapter 1 Introduction...............................................................................................................5
1.1Background........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Statement of facing problem............................................................................................5
1.3 Rational of study...............................................................................................................6
1.4 Research Aim...................................................................................................................7
1.5 Research Objective...........................................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Literature review......................................................................................................8
2.1 Concept of Artificial intelligence.....................................................................................8
2.2 Advantages of using AI in construction engineering.......................................................8
2.3 Disadvantages of using AI in construction engineering...................................................9
2.4 AI in construction and project management...................................................................10
2.5 Generative Design..........................................................................................................12
2.6 The future of AI in construction (Idea/design and planning).........................................13
2.7 Previous investigations...................................................................................................15
Chapter 3: Research Methodology...........................................................................................18
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................18
3.2 Research Philosophy......................................................................................................18
3.3 Research Approaches.....................................................................................................19
3.4 Research Strategy...........................................................................................................19
3.5 Choices...........................................................................................................................20
3.6 Time Horizons................................................................................................................20
3.7 Data Collection and Analysis.........................................................................................20
Chapter 4 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................22
4.1 Use of AI and Generative Design in Construction.........................................................22
4.2 Cases...............................................................................................................................23
Use of Building Information Modeling............................................................................23
Gen-MEP by Building System Planning..........................................................................24
Home in 3D.......................................................................................................................24
Examples of Generative Design.......................................................................................25
4.3 Advantages of machine learning and artificial intelligence implementation.................25
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations........................................................................27
 5.1 Summary.........................................................................................................................27
5.2 Recommendations..........................................................................................................28
References................................................................................................................................30
 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1Background

The construction sector is more as risk, with low-margin business and limitless prospects for
poor communication, teamwork, and disjointed operations (Aziz, et al., 2014). Apart from
getting aligned teams and well-organized, there is a possibility of being overcome many
variations from early design ideas to preconstruction, which can result in increased costs
during the design and preconstruction period because of omissions and design errors.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is utilized in construction project management because of the
advantages it provides, such as and the creation of a connection between change orders, RFIs
during the design, process early detection of project risks, and submittals back (Mitchell,
Michalski and Carbonell, 2013).

Artificial intelligence is an aggregative term for explaining as a computer mimics human

cognitive functions such as learning, problem-solving, and pattern recognition. Machine
learning is a branch of artificial intelligence. Machine learning is a branch of artificial
intelligence that employs a statistical method to allow computers to "learn" from information
without having to be specifically programmed. As a computer is exposed to more data, it
increases its ability to interpret and provide insights (Gondia, et.al., 2020). According to
McKinsey, AI adoption in the construction industry would be slow in the near future
(McKinsey, 2018). However, a change is on the way, and stakeholders can no longer afford
to think of Artificial intelligence as a technology that only applies to another sector. AI
approaches and applications will have to catch up with engineering and construction. That is
the only way to stay competitive in the face of new business competitors. Construction
leaders are interested in disruptive opportunities helped by artificial intelligence, as discussed
by Paul (2020), and author stated that the projected utilize of Artificial Intelligence in the
construction sector is going to rise at a rapid pace in the near future as software adoption
reaches the construction market.

1.2 Statement of facing problem

The most important aspects of the construction project's lifecycle are concept generation,
design, and planning; at a similar period, construction managers must run the company
smoothly in order to complete the project on time, with quality, and on budget. Architects
Engineers and, designers, are credited with devoting a significant amount of time to the
design of a structure, particularly the method of making design adjustments, also building
parameters, and other architectural statics (functional requirements, building regulations, etc)
(Autodesk, 2020). Within major construction projects, for example constructing
infrastructures, such as the Sydney Opera House, there have been several cases of projects
failing because of project design failure. As a consequence, generative plan, for example,
Artificial Intelligence-based solutions, plays a critical role, and it is critical to analyse the use
of artificial intelligence in construction projects in order to enhance the design of better-
managed prospect plan (Haefner, et al.., 2021).

1.3 Rational of study

In a construction project lifecycle, the ideation, planning procedures, and design are critical
parts. To run smoothly the project must be completed on budget, on time, and in quality. On
scheming, the building architects, engineers, and designers frequently give several hours.
Checking the architectural statistics and various parameters of the building like as does the
building meets all the functional needs, compliance with the building regulations is included
in the procedure of time-consuming (Autodesk, 2020). Specifically, in great construction
projects like infrastructure buildings, due to the not exact planning, there are various
examples of projects failing. This is where generative design, an AI-based design exploration
process, comes into play. By the access of a database of various schemes building that has
been constructing before is included on the AI database system and based on knowledge to
build up the design substitutes that it acquires by the schemes in the database. Previously, the
different modes of Artificial Intelligence AI were illustrated by their ability to uncertain task,
solve dynamic, and complex. There have been several studies into the utilize of artificial
intelligence in construction projects, for example, Blanco and co-authors (2018) have looked
into how artificial intelligence is applied and how it fills technical gaps. However, Yaseen
and coauthors (2020) looked at a robust and accurate AI technique for project delay
prediction in construction project management. In another study conducted by Eber (2020),
the algorithmic and entropic aspects of Artificial Intelligence are examined in relation to
construction management; however, no study has been establishing in particular reference to
the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the design of effective construction projects. As a
result, the current research will fill a void in the literature by evaluating the usage and
advantages of Artificial Intelligence devices in construction projects, as well as their
applicability to potential projects. Machine learning and artificial intelligence have a wide
range of possible applications in construction (Roa, 2018). In the industry, requests for
details, open problems, and change orders are commonplace. Machine learning is akin to a
personal assistant that can sift through this massive amount of information. The system then
notifies project managers of the important items that require their notice. AI is already being
used in this way in a number of applications, its advantages variety from simple spam email
filtering to sophisticated security monitoring.

1.4 Research Aim

The major aim of present investigation is to assess the Use of Artificial Intelligence in
construction project and how it improves the design of better-managed future projects.

1.5 Research Objective

 To find out famous Artificial Intelligence tools use in designing of construction

project
 To study generative design software used to ensure better performance, cost efficient
and effective use of available resources
 To study the advantages and disadvantages of using AI in construction engineering to
improve the design of better-managed future projects
 Chapter 2: Literature review

2.1 Concept of Artificial intelligence

According to Tom M. Mitchell, the learning of computer algorithms that enable computer
programs to be automatically enhanced via knowledge is defined as machine learning and
also described as a part of artificial intelligence. Under machine learning, common patterns
are discovered and variations are identified and investigated in all large and small datasets, as
well as, the goals of Artificial intelligence can be reached with the help of such technology
(Strong, 2016). Talking about Artificial Intelligence, it is such a technology and science in
the field of computers, where earlier human intelligence was required. As per Dick, (2019)
Artificial intelligence is a concept that explains how computers can be taught to emulate
human cognitive functions such as pattern recognition, learning from experience, and
comprehending images. AI in construction is used to make construction sites safer, minimize
waste, and improve production. According to Pannu(2015) AI in construction is one of the
significant technological advancements in the construction industry that have occurred in
current years. Although the technology is still new and not broadly utilize, it is possible to
develop in the future. According to one estimate, the building AI market would be worth $4.5
billion by 2026. AL-based replies can assist at the time of construction procedure in
numerous ways. Artificial intelligence can enhance creation implementation planning, task
management, and upgrading of construction orders, keeping all stakeholders updated.
Moreover, artificial intelligence can also increase the productivity within the creation, the
implementation by self (Das et al., 2015).

2.2 Advantages of using AI in construction engineering

 Decrease the threat of accidents in the workplace- as engineering and

construction could be a hazardous business, robots will be able to take over some
of the most dangerous workers. They can be trained to learn from encounters in
their surroundings and function in unsafe situations, resulting in fewer work-
related accidents when properly programmed. While AI was first used to improve
 efficiency on construction sites, it is now being shown that it can also be used to
make the workplace safer carbon.
 Not affected by hostile environments- Intelligent robots can finish unsafe
building work. It may involve lifting, digging fuels, heavy equipment that can else
be aggressive to tolerate troubles, space exploration, that can kill humans and
damage. Robots can never decline to do work or get diverted in the workplace by
colleagues.
 Don’t need to take breaks- As lunch breaks, wages sick days, or holidays are not
needed by the robots. They can be placed to do the job on a recurring cycle expect
the planned. As such the machine is programmed and keeps accurately; it can
work continuously without getting stopped. This assists businesses to accomplish
the fixed deadlines by the 24 \7 hour’s creations, hiring workers to do the more
skillful work which needs a lot of knowledge and fitness (Stewart, Sprivulis and
Dwivedi, 2018).

2.3 Disadvantages of using AI in construction engineering

 Unemployment may increase- Experts are discussing whether AI would have a

positive or negative effect on the job market and whether we should accept or fear it.
Despite advances in computing technology and the advancement of industrial robots,
jobs may be lost faster than they are produced. MIT economist Erik Brynjolfsson
estimates that the huge popularity of jobs will begin to decline significantly over the
next decade. (Zhang 2021).

 Can be very expensive- A robot's maintenance could be very costly because they are
highly complicated devices that take a lot of money to maintain and repair. They have
software programs that must be updated regularly to meet the demands of an ever-
changing world. Having a computer to do your job is not a quick or inexpensive
operation. As a result, only those companies who could afford to invest will be able to
do so.

 Robots do not get better with experience – unlike humans, AI does not develop
with practice. Machines can be capable of storing massive quantities of information;
 however, their storage is not as efficient as the human brain's and may wear out over
time. It has a lot of info, but it cannot be accessed or used in the same way that human
intelligence can.

 Not able to work outside of what they are programmed to do- Robots could only
perform the tasks that have been programmed into them. They are unable to function
in any way other than according to the programming contained in their interior
firmware and circuits. Nothing beats the human imagination when it comes to
creativity. When drawing, constructing, or completing a concept on a construction
site, a machine cannot think differently. A device cannot believe beyond the box,
while a human mind produces thousands of new thoughts and thoughts all day (Roa
2018)

2.4 AI in construction and project management

The constructions firms can stimulatory use AI and machine learning systems to enhance
their productivity and prevent potential risk factors. AI and machine learning systems enable
companies to increase the capability of improving the effectiveness of their daily chores.
Along with this, the system has also decreased the requirement of human resources for
redundant tasks. Moreover, the major inherent component of project management is task
management, which could be easily programmed with the help of Chatbot. However, the
project team using agile methods could gain significant benefit from Chatbot, which will
provide easy decision making regarding the daily task selection. Adding to this, Chatbots can
also assist to hold an easy meeting among the team members (Ghahramani, 2015).
Moreover, by using AI and machine learning systems in diverse phases of the project,
contractors can easily identify the potential risk and aware project team members regarding
the risk. Thus, the potential benefit of using AI and machine learning system is this that the
continuous use of the system can enhance productivity and efficiency of construction firms.
AI and machine learning systems help to manage simple activities like sending messages and
emails regarding the project cost, time management, and budget. However, managing these
simple activities could help the team members to save their time on managing the daily
activities, which will provide them more time and opportunity to be more innovative and
creative towards the project. Though, AI and machine learning systems enable contractors to
analyze the data created through the project team members and identify the risk that could
hinder the workflow (Martínez and Fernández-Rodríguez, 2015).
1. Preventing budget overrun
Artificial intelligence has been adapted to complete projects and estimate costs according to
the type of project. Such a process involves visualizing timelines, start and end times of
planning. Simultaneously, it helps employees to increase skills and knowledge quickly and so
that new resources are used less time to be used in the project and the project can be
completed quickly (Auth, JokischPavel and Dürk, 2019).
2. Using AI to make the improved design of buildings
In the context of the planning and design of the building, some aspects such as architecture,
engineering, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) schemes are taken into
consideration. For this, the process of building information modeling is used, under which
detailed information about all the related aspects is obtained. Since this process is divided
into different models of different sub-teams, there is more chance of conflict among them.
That is why machine learning should be used by management so that conflicts between
different models generated by different teams can be identified and minimized. Moreover,
design options can be generated in the project through Artificial intelligence and can explore
all forms of solutions (Stewart, Sprivulis, and Dwivedi, 2018).
3. Risk Mitigation
In the present time, many contractors are using machine learning and AI, which enable
contractors to identify and mitigate the potential risk of a specific project. Thus, with this
help project team member can significantly concentrate on the major risk factor within
limited resources and time limit (Strong, 2016).
4. Describing labor shortage through AI
Many construction companies are investing in data science and artificial intelligence to
prevent the situation of labor shortage as well as to increase the lower productivity of the
company. In this manner, a report by McKinsey, in 2017 revealed that the productivity of a
construction company could be increased by 50% with the help of analysis of data (Auth,
JokischPavel and Dürk, 2019). Though, construction companies are enhancing the
productivity of labor and machinery through AI and machine learning.
5. Construction in Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
AI system enables contractors to manage and improve data extracted from each day, as in the
present time a massive amount of data is generated each day. In the present time, data created
through various images clicked by the drone, mobile phones, security cameras, and BIM
(Building Information Modeling) has become a massive source of information. Moreover,
this offers a prospect to the contraction company’s consumers and contractors to interpret the
insights created through data within the machine learning and AI system (Auth, JokischPavel
and Dürk, 2019).

2.5 Generative Design

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative Design are two main developments that are
pushing CAD further past its 1980s precursor capabilities. Instead of having a computer to
record plans, the device does the heavy lifting, producing hundreds or thousands of design
choices that all follow pre-determined criteria (Gunpinar, et al., 2019). The exclusive first
selects the ones that ideally suit the project's goals and then modifies them to produce the
most practical solutions possible. In a typical design workflow, though, time and cost
pressures always force people to play it safe and do as they have always complete. However,
this ensures that the best idea can never be discovered. The advantages to the business may
be enormous. Across the board, AI and generative architecture will increase efficiency,
minimize waste, and lower costs. These developments will also reduce the cost of scheming
and manufacture difficult structures by providing AEC companies with greater assurance that
project and customer needs can be met and completed on schedule. Sustaining this
requirement and producing cost-effective, long-term outcomes necessitates innovative forms
of operating and technological adoption. There is just too much work to be completed for
existing approaches and staff size (Wu, et al., 2018). That refers technology is not only a
choice; it is a must if the world's tasks are to be completed on time and budget. One of the
best aspects of generative architecture is the ability to eliminate time-consuming tasks so can
concentrate on more challenging issues. This method of technology allows devoting more
time to tasks and strategic decisions. Consider benefits of generative architecture involves
admitting that machines are best at such low-level computational functions, such as the stairs
are wide enough, or the sort of glass in the window wall is actually working in the light of the
overall power aims double-checking that all the doors are swinging in the same direction,
“Doing so allows a planner to concentrate on more critical tasks, for example, a building's
overall solution, the knowledge of an entry lobby, or the necessary overrunning for the
community (Gunpinar, et al., 2019). A robot cannot ‘generate' the right solutions to these
design problems; only the human imagination can.” Although calculation can help design and
development teams achieve their overall objective of eliminating waste and expense,
generative design approaches can also help them minimize the drudgery of routine activities.

2.6 The future of AI in construction (Idea/design and planning)

As per Schober (2020) Network planning-based planning techniques are elegant and
powerful tools for planning construction projects that were invented in the late 1950s.
Although these technologies have their limitations, as these technologies do not provide the
knowledge used to create the project plan, these technologies are only able to operate the data
created by the planning procedures. So Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology was invented
which is the solution to all the problems that project planning has to face, the main focus of
AI is to generate technology plans, and provide explanations from stored knowledge, and
provide appropriate tools. As Mitchell and co-authors (2013) reveal that outcome, the latest
study accepts the AI methodology as a capable approach for establishing project planning
structures. Moreover, throughout a review and analysis of the earlier and present study in AI
planning and, this article describes the power of AI techniques in the construction planning
domain and indicates the restrictions of existing project planning tools, concludes with a
recommended approach to establishing AI‐based project planning techniques for
construction. Muller (2007)

In 2018, an AI startup launched with the promise of solving the problems of projects with
longer duration and big-budget construction projects. AI technology allows algorithms to
learn based on trial and error and it corrects itself over time and optimizes the best path so it
plays a key role in project planning. Moreover, 3D scans of construction sites are captured
via robots under AI technology and then input that data into a deep neural network to find out
how much time the project can be completed (Emmanue, 2013)

In the industrialized sector of construction, the position of artificial intelligence is quite

unclear. Although, on the other side, the number of industry use cases related to the use of
neural network-based decision-making models is increasing which is a core part of AI in the
current process. So it turns understandable that key elements such as maintenance, safety, and
efficiency monitoring, automation of equipment and tasks, and planning and design phase are
included in AI for implementation about construction. As per the view of Ameh & Itodo
(2013), a major problem for the global construction industry is that material wastage occurs
as a result of a 20–80% increase in expenses related to construction projects. Furthermore, as
per the findings of Raheem & Tchantchane (2019); out of all the construction projects, only
18% of the projects are such projects which are completed according to the budget fixed, and
only 19% share is the one that gets the benefit of timely delivery.

Robotics, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will cut construction costs to 20%.
Engineers may use send mini-robots and virtual reality goggles to construction sites. These
robots use cameras to track the progress of the work. In modern buildings, artificial
intelligence is being utilized to design the routing of plumbing and electrical technology.
Artificial Intelligence is being utilized by businesses to build worksite protection systems.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is utilizing to monitor the real-time interactions of staff,
productivity issues, equipment, alert managers to possible security problems and objects on
the job site and, construction failures. Although, projections of large job losses, Artificial
Intelligence will not be able to fully change the human team. Rather than, it would improve
the construction industry's business models, eliminating costly errors, reducing worksite
injuries, and increasing the quality of construction operations. Construction executives must
focus their investments on areas where Artificial Intelligence could have the greatest effect
on their organization-specific requirements. Early adopters would shape the industry's future
and profit in both the short and long term.

By the various parameters, designers and workforce can simply input design aims mutually
like as materials, cost constraints, and spatial needs, and many further in the generative
design software. The software then investigates all the permutations of answers that allow the
AL and to fulfill the entire particular need create the various design options. By every,
iteration the software discovers that what is a more appropriate design choice so with every
new project it turns to a powerful tool. Over the old-fashioned scripting, it's an important
enhancement like it permits for many more permutations and parameters to be measured. As
out of the various option all the designer and engineers has to select the most attractive
design. As design by the generative design permits the various people to fastly base in any
parameters that are provided the most effective design. It permits the planning and design
must be not expensive, good quality and to be timelier. Initially, it permits probable manners
of creating the various shapes and curves. Sometimes the design solutions are offered by the
generative design that otherwise never used by the designers and engineers. Designers and
engineers are starting to accepting recently the generative design within construction,
architecture, and engineering. One-third of architects and engineers are presently at the least
experimenting by the generative design it is revealed by the current investigation and
surveys .as stated that by the AEC industry the generative design can be further accepted by.
Construction project delays are often caused by complications and delays in the planning
level that are particularly common in large projects. The requirement to prevent with utilizes
one reason lies and that is related for the structuring into the project in specific the urban
infrastructure. Around the construction site for a week, up till today the team so engineers
contrast scheming documents by the utility. The various reworks and reassessments consume
lots of time and money to carry out it in this manner. This procedure can severely shorten by
Artificial intelligence. Without the requirements of the team of engineers, artificial neutral
networks execute the revealing of clashes in a single day. Besides the backdrop of lack of
planning and creation of engineers in various countries, is very useful. Only reveal the
possible clashes by the utilities are not only done by the artificial intelligence but it also
searches the various answers for them and varies the schemes in accordance to it.

2.7 Previous investigations

According to Chen (2012), it is revealed that Artificial intelligence is a subfield of computer

science that deals with the creation, design, and implementation of intelligent computers.
Traditional approaches for optimizing and modeling difficult organization structures
necessitate a lot of computational power, so artificial-intelligence-based solutions can be a
good alternative for solving civil engineering problems quickly. This document summarizes
currently progressed approaches and hypothesis in the developing direction for artificial
intelligence applications in civil engineering, such as learning neural networks, fuzzy
structures, expert systems, reasoning, classification, and evolutionary computation, also
others such as knowledge-based engineering, cuckoo search, firefly algorithm, and simulated
annealing and chaos theory. The key investigate themes are also highlighted in the
conclusion. The paper gives a summary of artificial intelligence advancements in civil
engineering.

As per Patil, (2020) it is found that the construction industry is evolving as a result of digital
technologies. On a regional, national, and global scale, construction plays a critical role. It is
India's largest industry, followed by the agriculture sector. The architecture, engineering, and
construction industry are currently confronted with massive technological and industrial
changes and challenges, as well as the proliferation of information technology and suitable
implementations of sustainable practices. The construction industry is better positioned to
advantage from the emergence of current trends, devices, and innovations such as
Standardization, IoT, ICT, Big data, Automation, Disruption, Inflection, Supply chain, and
Blockchain. The development of Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing, and the Internet of
Things has provided better probable for creating a more interactive and integrated
construction management environment. This document provides a comprehensive analysis of
the literature on the use of artificial intelligence in construction management. Implementation
of these new technologies has a major effect on the construction industry's productivity.
Furthermore, this article is a continuation of a previous communication focused on "recent
aspects in digitalization of construction management, construction projects, or the
construction industry, as well as the construction industry. This research effort will provide a
better understanding of the transformation and pave the way for further research in this field,
as this technology is still in its early stages of growth. (Strong, 2016)

MWang and Co-author (2014) stated that, in current years, Artificial intelligence (AI) has
become increasingly common in the field of construction engineering and management,
owing to the technology's ability to develop construction performance and productivity. This
paper performed a bibliometric study and examination of current AI literature based on the
last decade to gain a thorough understanding of the research work on this topic. . The papers
were chosen to depend on various groups of AI technology and published journals with an
effect feature greater than 1.0, according to the authors. The authors looked at the papers
from the standpoints of when they were written, journals, highly active researchers, and
construction-related research areas, and major AI methods. . Furthermore, this analysis
concluded recent trends in AI application in construction and described the next step of a
comprehensive systematic study of the chosen literature from the viewpoint of its investigate
area in the construction area to yield more concrete outcome which can brighten the potential
use of AI in construction connected investigate.

As per Pan and co-authors (2021) it is stated that, the paper reveals a proper assessment in
both the qualitative and scientometric appraisal to reveal the present state of artificial
intelligence acceptance regarding CEM and converse its future study trends. To start on, a
scientometric appraisal carries out to study the features of clusters, journals, and keywords
that relied on published articles 4,473 in the year 1997 – 2020. It is a search that there has
been an outburst of related papers specifically in the previous two years by with variation in
essential keyword esteem by specialist systems to creating the digital twins, information
modeling and other various. Then a concise perspective of CEM is offered. Which can useful
by a rising trend of artificial intelligence in manners of automation, digitalization, risk
mitigation, computer vision, and risk mitigations. Specific worry has been located on six hot
study topics that imply to get the benefit of Artificial intelligence involving the 1) natural
language processing 2) knowledge presentation and reasoning 3) intelligence utilization 4)
process mining. These topics aim to optimize. Predict and model concerns in the data-driven
manner by the entire lifecycle of the difficult project. To more slight the gap among Cost-
effective measurement and Artificial intelligence, six guidelines of future study. like closed
virtual, smart robotics, digital twins, 4d printing, the artificial intelligence of things are
emphasized to continually assist the intelligence and automation in cost-effective
measurement.

Volpe and co-authors (2020) it is revealed that deal with the design causes in various
technical fields. This article takes into measurement the particular field of mechanical intends
and objects at elaborating accessible generative design answerable to dealing with the
structural optimization difficulties. The investigation offers a sensible picture of the
performance of particular software systems and workflow by applying the generative
approach for the generation of substitute answers for static structural plan troubles. Hosted in
the fusion of the 360 software and is examined in Autodesk’s Generative design. The article
argues the execution of the software and its performance and improved stress upon the
characteristics oriented to the generation of producible designs are offered in the text. Due to
serves, an efficient process, practical, a literature case exploration was chosen to examine the
software.
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction

A research onion model has been taken up so that the research objective can be achieved and
the research answers can be given appropriately. This specific model was created by Sunders
and co-authors in 2007 to develop an effective and important methodology to better describe
the many steps that researchers take during research. The research method tree has been
expanded under the research onion model or simply says that the research onion model is an
updated version of the research method tree. This model is best to use in all types of
methodology and through this model, the research method can be easily created as this model
incorporates the effective process of research.

Aim

 To find out famous Artificial Intelligence tools use in designing of construction

project
 To study generative design software used to ensure better performance, cost-efficient
and effective use of available resources
 To study the advantages and disadvantages of using AI in construction engineering to
improve the design of better-managed future projects

Furthermore, this model is divided into two sections, the first section describes in detail
research philosophy, research strategy, and research approach. Also, the second section
describes research method choice, time horizon, data collection, and analysis method.

3.2 Research Philosophy

The excellent method used to collect, analyze and use relevant data for an important event is
called research philosophy. Furthermore, Research philosophy considers such assumptions
according to which appropriate steps are taken and efforts made to achieve research
objectives can be validated. Due to the use of qualitative methods supported by this
philosophy, the interpretivism philosophy has been used in this particular research. Along
with this, this interpretivism philosophy is completely acceptable to researchers as it inspires
them to make precise interpretations about the various elements of philosophy studies.
Interpretivism philosophy applies a naturalistic approach that is extremely useful for data
collection practices such as questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Simultaneously, the
secondary data collection method is one of the most effective methods for this data collection
method. Although to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using AI in construction
engineering to improve the design of better-managed future projects and famous Artificial
Intelligence tools use in designing construction project, this philosophy is more appropriate
for the current research situations.

3.3 Research Approaches

In the context of research approaches that are used in research, two types of approaches are
used, first: the inductive approach used to develop new theories and the second: the deductive
approach used to test the validity of the hypothesis. On the other side, there is a big difference
between those approaches to examine the significance of the hypothesis is. As the inductive
approach shifts from a specific to a common element in the research process, the approach is
used to collect relevant data and then apply the analysis method. Similarly, the inductive
approach is a good method for estimating social phenomena and also supports the qualitative
method; hence the inductive approach has been used in this particular research. Under this
approach, research assessing how UK public health policies impact diet and nutrition in low-
income households has been included in the research. As the inductive approach facilitates
arranging social surveys, so it is emphatic to be collective with interpretivism philosophy, as
well as, since the inductive approach is capable to evaluate numerical data and this particular
research utilizes a huge quantity of candidates to gather data/information, so this method is
convenient for the current research.

3.4 Research Strategy

The methods and policies that the researcher adopts to complete the research are all included
within the research strategy. The elements involved in those strategies are: - methods of
observation and survey, systematic literature review, action-oriented research, experimental
research, and case studies. The systematic literature review used to answer the question in the
form of assessment research, along with a summary of research on a specific topic, has been
used in current research. The main topic is Artificial Intelligence (AI), in which benefits and
drawbacks of implementing AI in the construction project to enhance the model of well-
managed upcoming projects are discussed, and a single descriptive or qualitative study will
be applied around this topic while using this method.

3.5 Choices

Mono method, multi-method, and mixed-method are three such options that are included in
the main options of research. On the one hand, where the application of mono-method is used
on only one research approach, on the other hand, methods like quantitative and qualitative
methodology are used for mixed-methods. Additionally, multi-method, which is a fairly long
procedure, is used to evaluate a broad selection of methods. Moreover, for gathering the data
in the context of popular Artificial Intelligence techniques utilize in creating the construction
project, the mono methods are applied in this particular research. The application of the mono
method is validated and the best option for the research as the systematic literature review
method is adopted for gathering the data.

3.6 Time Horizons

"Time horizon" is the criteria under which research has to be completed in a given time.
Longitudinal and cross-sectional, are two types of time horizons that are used for research.
Scheduling before collecting data on a research topic is led by a cross-sectional time horizon,
and data collected over time is led by a longitudinal time horizon. In this research, the
researcher can't study a specific event within a time frame, so cross-sectional data cannot be
used in it. Instead, the longitudinal time horizon can be used in research because it can collect
information and collect data repeatedly over an unlimited period. An important aspect to keep
in mind is that the findings of the research can be changed over time so that the scope of the
investigation can be extended. Along with this, the Longitudinal time horizon helps: - to draw
new conclusions at different times and to control changes in variables. Keeping this in mind,
changes in the usefulness of Artificial Intelligence in the context of the project management
industry and the results of the investigation are affected. So herewith, the longitudinal time
horizon has been used in the current investigation to examine the current and past effects of
construction project design on popular Artificial Intelligence techniques.

3.7 Data Collection and Analysis

In research, in the context of data collection, the process of collecting and measuring
information and data from various sources is highlighted. So the key research strategy is used
to choose standard techniques. Moreover, the data collection process mainly consists of two
parts: - first primary data collection method and the second secondary data collection method.
Keeping in mind the nature of this specialized research, the secondary data collection method
has been used. In this method, data is gathered from many sources such as magazines, books,
journals, and other e-sources. Links about such articles have been discovered through Google
scholar through the main topic advantages and disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence tools
use in designing the construction project can be highlighted by collecting data. Furthermore,
citations and abstracts of commercial magazine articles can be accessed via Google Scholar.
Google Scholar is a platform that has been famous worldwide for the last several years due to
the exact search results, and it has been used by the user in many studies. Systematic
Literature Review is a form of secondary study that uses well-defined methodology and uses
aspects like transparency, uniformity, clarity, integration, access, focus and coverage to be
taken into consideration during research. Adding to this, the study will make use of cases and
example on the use of AI in construction designing that would be useful in assessing
application of AI in future as well. For the purpose of conducting analysis of the qualitative
information, “Thematic analysis” method would be used, in which different themes would be
prepared to analyse the findings.

3.8 Ethical considerations

In this specific research, various ethical principles such as objectivity, authenticity, and
confidentiality have been adopted and applied. Simultaneously, the entire literature in the
study has been properly cited, and the information collected for secondary data which is
taken from authentic sources will be destroyed after use.
 Chapter 4 Data Analysis

4.1 Use of AI and Generative Design in Construction

In the present time, the construction process is slowing down because the construction design
is outdated and slow which is unable to take advantage of the prevailing modern
technologies. Gaining insights from data, material data, and data collected from the
environment, constructors can identify the best way to design and develop a project through
AI technology. Key parts of a construction project's lifecycle are the ideology, design, and
planning procedures, as well as, to complete a project on given time with quality and under
budget, these parts need to perform well. Several hours of this type of procedure include: -
Examining other parameters of the building, making variations of design, and architectural
statistics, etc., in order to ensure that the building meets all the functional requirements,
complying with the building rules (Wu, et al., 2018). Many examples of projects that fail due
to wrong planning are currently in place, especially seen in large construction projects such
as infrastructure buildings. Moreover, the circumstances of such failures lead to the need for
an AI-based design exploration process, which provides a generic design. Along with this, for
Building Constructors, it is now easier to access the database of several plans of previously
constructed buildings and develop design options based on the knowledge gained from the
plans in that database through AI-based systems. Furthermore, creating a new generic design
through generic design software is so easy that the designer and engineer only have to input
some elements such as spatial requirements, performance, material, cost constraints in the
software. Subsequently, this generic design software, enabled by artificial intelligence,
constructs design options that meet all of the pre-specified requirements by exploring all
possible sequences of solutions. This software will emerge as a robust tool with each new
project as the software focuses on a more appropriate design option while thoroughly
examining each procedure through AI technology (Matejka, et al., 2018).

All designers or engineers can choose the most desirable design from the available options
because AI-based technology allows considering multiple permits and parameters, which is a
major improvement over the old traditional design trends. At the same time, one of the main
advantages of AI-based technology is that it enables generic design as well as design and
planning to be high quality and inexpensive, and enables people to create the most efficient
design based on any parameter in a short time. Along with this, the generic design of AI-
based technology is designed to provide architects, designers, and engineers with innovative
creativity, exposing them to possible ways of construction that may not have been thought of
before, and providing such design solutions which have never been considered before.

According to recent studies and surveys, now the generic design has started to be included in
AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) industry functionalities. Currently, one-
third of the AEC industry is adopting generic design and using it to create unique designs. It
is expected that AI technology-based generic design will be incorporated by the entire AEC
industry in its process keeping in mind the potential benefits from it.

Delay is often seen in construction projects, especially in major projects, due to delays and
challenges in the planning phase. Along with this, the team of engineers consumes a lot of
time and money, requiring a variety of tasks and assurances, such as comparing the planning
of documents with utilities around construction sites for weeks, which has a very long
process. Moreover, these long processes can be made easy and easy with AI technology
because this technology can detect clashes in a short period of time through artificial neural
networks without teams of engineers. Through AI technology, not only can solutions be
implemented to project discovery, but potential conflicts with utilities can be detected, as a
result, there is a possibility of getting help in the backdrop of lack of planning and
construction engineers in several nations (INVONTO, 2021).

4.2 Cases

Use of Building Information Modeling

Construction professionals, architectures, and engineers are introduced to the planning,

design, construction, and management of buildings with infrastructure information under
Building Information Modeling, which is a 3D model-based procedure. Under the 3D model
process, the planning and design of the construction of a building are made keeping in mind
aspects such as engineering, electrical, plumbing, mechanical, and architecture. Also,
different models of sub-teams do not collide with each other, this is also ensured. Now under
the planning and design phase, industries are being planned and machine learning is being
used as a generic design to identify and mitigate conflicts between different models generated
by different teams so that the industries do not have to do double functions. Now such
software is available with the help of which constructors can easily create 3D models of
mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems, generate design options and can explore the
entire forms of solutions using machine learning algorithms (Bharadwaj, 2019)..

In the year 2018, an AI startup was launched with the promise of solving the problems of
delayed and over-budgeted construction projects through robots and artificial intelligence. As
part of this start-up's methodology, 3D scans of construction sites are done through the use of
robots, and the received information is being inputted into deep neural networks, from which
it is estimated that how much time is left to complete various sub-projects. Using AI-based
technology, future algorithms will move towards being able to learn and reinforce based on
trial and error. Through AI technology, project planning is aided by optimizing the best route
and correcting itself over time, and endless combinations and options can be evaluated based
on the same projects (Cogdell, 2019).

Gen-MEP by Building System Planning

Software known as 4D BIM in the construction industry, Autodesk Revit is a software

through which building constructors design buildings and interior components in 3D while
obtaining information related to link times or schedules for individual components in the 3D
model. The biggest challenge for construction firms is not to have different models clash in
each team, taking into account aspects such as architecture, structural engineering,
mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and plumbing (MEP) in 3D models, the plan
and design of the construction of the building will have to be created by coordinating the
work and time of the respective teams (Oh, et al., 2019).

Home in 3D

In the working of Room Sketcher, it has been described that anyone undergoing an
interesting process can be able to design their home according to their unique taste and style.
Thousands of users worldwide have chosen Room Sketcher to envision their homes in 3D
because online 3D visualization is an easy and interesting option for users in terms of home
design floor plans and homes with different styles Provides complete information about
making design. Room Sketcher's platform allows users to use a large product library through
which to create floor plans, visualize a good home in 3D, experimenting with a variety of
materials and finishes. In addition, a variety of inbuilt options such as professional 3D floor
plans, high-quality 3D floor plans, stunning 3D photos and 360-view views, and experiencing
your property in live 3D, etc are available at the finger-tip of users through Room Sketcher.
On the Room sketcher online platform, both professional and personal users can view their
homes in 3D as per their convenience (Bharadwaj, 2019).

Examples of Generative Design

Zaha Hadid, the late architect, was well-known for her use of cutting-edge architectural
techniques. One of her most well-known works is the Heydar Aliyev Centre. This curved
structure is a landmark in Baku, Azerbaijan's capital. They better say the system looks more
like a spacecraft than a practical structure. However, this is where the magic of generative
design lies. Modern techniques have created is likely to create a form that satisfies all design
criteria. Except for such advanced methods, it adapts to the topography of the land. They beat
the odds in this situation because the land was curvy and difficult to build on. It is, though,
more than just a beautiful work of design. There is a meeting center, a library, and a museum
at this location. A decade or so ago, meeting the ever-increasing need for urban housing
would have been a major obstacle. High-density sustainable living, on the other hand, is now
manageable thanks to new tools like generative architecture. And Daiwa House Industry is a
Japanese business that makes the most of these resources. The business's claim to fame is its
ability to design beautiful living environments in unusually small spaces. To put it another
way, the designers start by defining the current parameters. The program then generates all of
the feasible solutions. It's now up to the creators to choose which one works best (Archistar,
2021).

4.3 Advantages of machine learning and artificial intelligence implementation

Smart scheduling of construction process: - Tracking the construction process from the
beginning remains one of the biggest challenges, especially in large construction companies.
One of the main advantages of AI-based technology is that the work scheduling and
reallocation of the manufacturing process can be managed. For instance, a smart schedule
that tracks any event affecting deadlines, which, in turn, helps a manager or business owner
better prepare the workload to avoid potential delays. Thus, a construction company will also
be benefited by continuously improving the project planning and increasing efficiency with
progress and can complete the project on time. Even if a manager is absent, the smart
schedule assigns the appropriate skills and workload to such other employees completing the
most important tasks so that there is no interruption of the project (Azati Team, 2020)
Constructing perfect and attractive buildings: - The construction process and users'
interest in homes and buildings have changed over time. Now the desire of customers is no
longer limited to a place to live; now they need to live and work in beautiful and efficient
buildings. As is now universally accepted, artificial intelligence enhances alternative
electricity with the addition of solar panels and wind turbines. Thus construction companies
have the advantage of constructing perfect and attractive buildings, under which existing
industrial plans are analyzed by AI-powered tools to improve the construction. Methods and
plans for constructing new buildings are analysed from a large number of fall documents so
that perfect and attractive building are constructed by training data scientists' machine
learning models. Additionally, necessary information is collected about the primary factors
affecting overall quality and general construction costs so that data scientists can discover
potential weak points of future buildings by training machine learning models. For instance,
diagrids generated from AI-based technology are used by an architect to modernize the
building instead of traditional steel structures, this has two advantages, and one is the
reduction of development costs and the other due to the use of diagrids, construction
materials are used less and the building can be protected from earthquake loads.
 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Summary

The primary objective of present study is to evaluate the utilizing of AI in building plans and
how it facilitates the design of potential projects that are best handled. Although Artificial
Intelligence was initially utilized to increase production on building projects, it is now being
revealed that it can either be utilized to reduce carbon emissions in the workplace. AI systems
can complete dangerous construction work. Lifting, heavy machinery, mining fuels, that
could be hostile to handle problems, and space travel, which can destroy people and do harm,
are all possibilities. Systems will never refuse to do work or be distracted at work by co-
workers. However, since robots are extremely complex machines that require a lot of money
to operate and restore, their servicing may be very expensive. They have apps that should be
upgraded on a daily basis in order to keep up with the demands of an ever-changing
environment. Using a machine to do a job is a time-consuming and costly process. On the
basis of findings, it was noticed that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative Design are
two main developments that are pushing CAD further past its 1980s precursor capabilities.
Instead of having a computer to record plans, the device does the heavy lifting, producing
hundreds or thousands of design choices that all follow pre-determined criteria. These two
tactics are going to help reducing the cost of scheming and manufacture difficult structures by
providing companies with greater assurance that project and customer needs can be met and
completed on schedule. However, it is vital to sustain cost-effectiveness, long-term outcomes
of innovative forms of operating and technological adoption. It could be said that the AI
technology is not only a choice; it is a must if the world's tasks are to be completed on time
and budget. Along with the use of AI, generative architecture is another ability to eliminate
time-consuming tasks so can concentrate on more challenging issues.

Both the methods of technology allow devoting more time to tasks and strategic decisions.
Consider benefits of generative architecture involves admitting that machines are best at such
low-level computational functions, such as the stairs are wide enough, or the sort of glass in
the window wall is actually working in the light of the overall power aims double-checking
that all the doors are swinging in the same direction, But the issue is that the robot cannot
‘generate' the right solutions to these design problems; only the human imagination would be
useful. However, the calculation can help design and development teams achieve their overall
objective of eliminating waste and expense, generative design approaches can also help them
minimize the drudgery of routine activities.

5.2 Recommendations

Many of the iconic, free-flowing structures of the twenty-first century would not have been
cost-effective to plan and construct without generative design. It will have been difficult to
imagine or convey any of them to fabricators. Although the emphasis of early generative
design implementations was mostly on shape and function, it is now turning to other project-
specific metrics and design priorities. Automation is utilizing to design for a variety of
factors, including cost, efficiency, sociological and environmental metrics, or simply how to
allow the most utilization of space inside a structure. It's significant to keep in mind that
generative architecture does not take care of anything for the artist. . Although the program
will create hundreds or thousands of design options and arrange the data to assist manage and
main concern one each, just the designer can determine which those are relevant and worth
more refinement.

Design is now employing Artificial Intelligence to perform more routine activities, such as
determining whether a structure complies with municipal building codes. It may also be used
to improve work preparation and management, as well as provide early warnings of project
delays to construction managers. Using only dumb pictures or video, AI is being introduced
to visual computing to add game-variations automation to building sites for safety and health,
inspection, and materials tracing. This would put the analogy construction process and the
digital paradigm closer together, allowing for new processes like digital twins and all of the
opportunities that come with large datasets. Although the industry took decades to transition
to 3D modelling has been swift among the leading design firms and transition from paper and
pencil to digital 2D drawings on personal computers. The market is now exposed to the
advantages of next-generation architecture technologies thanks to the development of a
digital prototype. On the one side, generative design techniques allow architects to expand
the architectural language of modern buildings by making difficult types. However, AI
assistants and specialist agents will be everywhere, analysing and recommending. This can be
started from the initial prototype overview and continue through the building's lifecycle,
where information from intelligent objects is continuously studied so that conditions can be
designed and faults can be expected. They have now arrived at the age of real desktop
technology, on the basis of findings, it can be said that “Generative design” has been a main
technique that offers effective solutions to modern construction problems.
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