ELECTROSTATICS

LAW
COULOMB'S

1st LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS

"

"Like charges repel and unlike charges attrack each other

Ind ELECTROSTATICS
LAW OF

E F

rd2 I
+Q - -
-
-> ↳ - - -
-

Q2
I = =

!- a
Where:I =
force (Newton)

Q, Q2: charge in each

body (Coulomb)
absolute
So: permittivity (8.854 pF /meter)
dielectric constant
Er relative =

permittivity or

Er 1
=
for free space
ddistance between bodies
=
(meter)
9x109
K:
free-space constant: (In SI units)

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL

viard=
Where: V electrostatic
=

potential (volt) at a distance of

& (meters) from a
body with a
charge of Q (coulomb)
 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY

NEAR AN ISOLATED POINT

CHARGE

TEST CHARGE (1C)

Q
Erd=
4 --

E =

isd -

Where:E:electric field (NIC)

intensity
ddistance (m)
= of the test charge (+ (2) to the charged
body a

OUTSIDE AN ISOLATED SPHERE IN FREE SPACE

E
Fr
=

1
=

Where: electric
E: field intensity (V/m) at a distance r (m) from the

center ofan isolated charged located in free space

sphere
Q total
:

charge coulomb
in distributed uniformly on the sphere

CREATED BY AN ISOLATED, LONG CYUNDRICAL WIRE IN FREE SPACE

E
erw
=

Where:E electric field =

(v/m)
D charge per
=

length
unit (coulomb/meter) distributed uniformly
over the surface of the isslated cylinder
r distance meters
= in from the center of the cylinder to the

point at which the electric field intensity

is evaluated
 ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY

D E.ErE
=

E
=

where:D:
electric flux density (electric lines per square meter)

4 electric flux crossing the area (electric lines)

=

A area
=

perpendicular electric
to flux (square meter)

TOTAL ELECTRIC FLUX CROSSING THE SURFACE OF A SPHERE

FROM A POINT CHARGE & LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF
SPHERE
A

4 4NQ
=

CAPACITANCE

c
=
Where: =

(farad)
C capacitance
Q charge stored (conlomb)
:

v voltage across capacitor (rolt)

=

OF A TWO PARALLEL-PLATE
CAPACITANCE CAPACITOR HAVING UNIFORM
PIELECTRIC MEDIUM

↓ I
A= KI
A

IIIIIIIIIIIY
a. c =

I Dielectric
 Where: c capacitance (farad)
=

A:
area of each plate (square meter)
thickness
de of dielectric material (meter)
E:absolute permittivity
Er:relative permittivity
of dielectric material
k GoGr
=
dielectric
=

constant

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT IK) OF SOME COMMON MATERIALS

Air -
1.0 Wood - 3 - b

M1C9 -
4-8 Silk- 4.6

Paper -
1.5-3 Castor oil- 4.7
Porcelain -
5-7 Transformer 0.1 -
2.5

Glass-4-10 Marble-9-12
Paraffin-2-3 celluloid -
7 -
10

surfur-3-4.2 shellac -

3-3.7

Hard rubber -
2-4 water (distilled) 8/

CAPACITANCE OF AN N-PARALLE-PLATE CAPACITOR

UNIFORM
WITH DIELECTRIC

↓
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII)--d c
A
=

(n-1)
hiI
Where:i number of plates
=

CAPACITANCE OF
A PARALLEL -
CAPACITOR
PLATE
WITHCOMPOSITE DIELECTRIC

-At
CAPACITANCE OF A TWO PARALLEL -
PLATE CAPACITOR WITH
DIELECTRIC MEDIUM PARTLY AIR

y. c
=
- Er

AN ISOLATED SPHERE
CAPAL TANCE OF

E
+
1
I

C =
4T E Err

CAPACITANCE OF
A CONCENTRIC SPHERICAL CAPACITOR

-
-

I +R
I
-

-
->
~,
+
c4 =

=Er))

e
f

+ I
I
+
I --
~

+---
-

+
ri

-
-

I
t c 4
=
+
Eer()
+
+
t

CAPACITANCE OF A CONCENTRIC CYLINDRICAL CAPACITOR

i
ge
c
=

i- -
L
 CAPACITANCE OF
TWO WIRE LINES IPARALLEL CYLINDER
-

CAPACITORY WITH OPPOSITE CHARGES

a
r r

c =

in D -
i

ELASTANCE
Elastance the
is
reciprocal of capacitance and is expressed
in units
called the darat

Elastance (S)
citance
-

CAPACTORS IN SERIES
Es

C Cz C
E

TOTAL OR EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE

-It
. ..

CHARGE STORED IN EACH CAPACITOR

①total Q,
=

G2
=
=

.... Qu
-
 The sum of the voltage across each
capacitor is

to the
equal impressed voltage

E E,+Er +Ezt... En
=

CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL

C C2 C
E
Es Es Es

TOTAL OR EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE

G Ge Cyt. Gr
Ceg
+ + ...
=

TOTAL CHARGE STORED

Qtotal Q, + Qt...+ Qu
=

The across each

capacitors in parallel
voltages
are the same as the voltage impressed

E E Ez Ez
=
=

= = En
..=
SERIES -
PARALLEL CONNECTED CAPACTORS
E,

Fates
C C2 C
a
Es
=

E
Es

PARALLEL-SERIES CONNECTED CAPACITORS

E2

Ce C
C Es c 4
s
+

E
Es
=

VOLTAGE DIVISION THEOREM (VDT)

CONNECTED CAPACITORS (
/FOR SERIES
-

E
C El E, =
C Es

Er
ce
=

CHARGE DIVISION THEOREM (CDT)

FOR PARALLEL CONNECTED -
CAPACITOR

a C2
a=
z
Q Qu Q2

an
=
 ENERGY STORED IN A CHARGE CAPACITOR

W =

=GE =
Where: W
energy Youle)
=

E:
voltage across terminals (volt)
C:
capacitance capacitor
of (farad)
Q charge stored inthe capacitor (Coulomb)
:

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Two electrons a
in vacuum
experience a force of2x10*N. How
far apart are the electrons?
solution:

Each electron has a charge of 1.4x109C

F
az
=
a
(!6,
=

0-1 e
a Xa2
=

=x10-2m
2. An isolated positive point charge of 2.5x10-8 C is in free space.
How far away must the charge be order
in to produce an
electric
potential of ROV?

solution;

V =

k de
1955x10-8)
120

d
k 75m
=

-
3. Two spheres separated from each other by 10m have

charges of 0.001 and 0.0030, respectively. In between

the two spheres is a
point of zero electric field. What
the distance from the 0.001c the
Is sphere is

of
point zero electric field?
E, Ea =

Solution:

Ea E,
-
+
Q <-- ---7
-
Q

i =d -
x
i
10 - d -! %=d2

· Set d as X

· in your sci-cale and

Input
press shift solve

2. Determine the flux density a distance

at
it from the

center of a
sphere if the charge of an isolated charged sphere is

+
2x10-98.
solution:

-
D =

7 electric lines per m2

#

5. Calculate the capacitance between two parallel plates each of

which is 100cm2 and 2mm apart in air.

Solution:

EoEr, er 1 (freespace)
=

c
=

8.854x6- 12m)(l)
onthe
=

c x10-1F
=
 of and c
6. The result capacitance ( 0 microfarad
= connected

in series is 3 microfarads. Whatis the capacitance of

capacitor 22, in microfarads?

Solution!

Me? t
I
E
Ct 3NE
=

C1 C
1
3
He
=

Set C as X then shift solve

EE
follows:A 10MF,
1. Three capacitors A, B and C are charged as =

connected parallel
l00U;B 15MF, 1500
=
and c
25MF,2000. They
=
are in

What is
with terminals like
of
together.
polarity the
voltage
across the combination?

solution.
Q CE =

CA CB Ce
E
EA Ec
&A (10)(100) 1000M2
=
=

EB
&B (15) (150) 2250MC
=
=

a =(25)(200) 5000 MC =

10MF
CA=
EA=IOOU Qt QA Qp Qe
=
+ +

2B 15MF
=

& 1000
:
+
2250 5000 +
8250MC
=

EB 150V
=

C 25MF=

C (A
=

CB C
+ +

200V
Ec G 10 15 25 50MF
= =
= + +

E
I 0
=
=

=
 of connected inseries
8. Two capacitors IMF and 10MF, respectively are

across an unknown voltage source. Determine the magnitude of

the unknown
voltage source if the voltage across the 12MF
capacitor is 200 volts.

solution:

2 12uF
=

C El
E
C2 1OMF
=

C Es E, 200V
=

I
take the

9. Two capacitors of 2 MF and BMF are connected parallel.

in A
third capacitor of PMF
is connected in series with the

combination and the whole circuit is connected across a 5000

supply. What is the accumulated charge the

in 2 MF

capacitor?
solution:
4
uE Qt C= E =

500V
↑Q (8)(500)
at =

2 ME 3MF
at
00 uC
=

c
im
=

t Qu
2
=

e)
=

C
-Fes
20
=

I
mF
Pere
16. A capacitor
50MF is charged 48
at volts. What is

the amountof stored?

energy

Solution?

w tcE2
=

w 5(50 104(48)2
=
x

W 0.0576/
=

2)
-74x10-