Chapter 9 Straight Lines Exercise 1

Equation of a Qtraightline
The equation of a straight line is y =mx+c where m is the gradient and c they-intercept.

Find the equation for each of the following straight lines where m is the gradient and c the
'-intercept.

Example 1 Example 2

Find the equation for each of the following.

7. Given m = 2, c = 8. Given m 9. Given m = 10. Given m =

ll. Given m = 2, c = —4 12. Given m = 13. Given m = 14. Given m = 3, c = —4

111
 Exercise 2
Equationsof straight lines.
(a) ax+by=c (b) x + 2 +1 (c) y —mx+c

Change each equation to the form of (a) (b) =I (b) y mx+ c

(a) 3x+2y 6 (b) 6

6
3x+6
1

(a) 2x 3y —6 (b) 2x 3y —6

1
—2x 6

Change each equation to the form of (a) (b) Y=mx+c

1. 2x —5y = 10
(a) (b)

2. 3x + 2y = 12
(a) (b)

3. 3x —5y = 15
(a) (b)

112
 Exercise 3

Changeeach equation to the form of (a) (b) } + } = I (b) y

1. 3x —4y 12

(a) (b)

2. 5x —2 y —10

(a) (b)

3. 4x —5y = 20

(a) (b)

Change the equations to the form of y = mx+ c.

4. 5. X -Y 1
Example 1 1
3 2

2x + 4

7. X Y 1 9.
6. 8. 1

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 Exercise 4
straight lines.
Determinethe gradient, m and y-intercept, c for each of the following
y=5x+2
Example y 2x+3

Example 1 2x + 3 v = 6 Example 2 3x-2y=6

3y = —2x+ 6 —2y = —3x+ 6
2x 6 —3x 6

10. 11. 4x + 2y = 3 12. 2x-3y=1

Drawing the graph of y = mx + c

Example 1 Draw the graph ofy 2x+ 2 Example2 Drawthegraphof y

114
 Exercise 5
Drawthe graph for each of the following straight lines.

y=3x-1 y=-x-2

Determinethe gradient, m, y-intercept, c and the x-intercept for each Exercise 6

ofthe following straight lines.
Example 3x+4y = 8
(c) Substitute y = o
Solution (a)
3x+ 4y = 8
3x+0=8

Therefore, m = x - intercept

y=-3x+5 2x+3y=6 x 2y = 6

115
 O 6. 3y —4x —9
4. 5.

Find the equation of the straight line PQ in each of the following diagrams.
Exercise 7
Y Y
Y 2. 3.
Example 1.
6
5

x x —4 x

The equation is y = 3 The equation is y = The equation is y = The equation is y =

4. Y 5. Y 6. Y

4 x —3

2
x x
o 6

The equation is x = The equation is x = The equation is x = The equation is x

Find the equation of the straight line which is parallel to the x-axis and passes through
each of the following points.

7. 8. (5,-3) 9. 10.

Find the equation ofthe straight line which is parallel to and passes through
each of the following points.

11. 12. (7,2) 13.

x=4

Find the equation of the straight line which passes through point A and has a gradient of m.

A(3, 4); m —3 Solution : Substitute m =—3, x = 3 and y = 4

4=—3 x 3 + c

Therefore,y 13 13
 Exercise 8
For each of the following, find the equation of the straight line which passes
throughthe point A and has a gradient m.
1
1. 2. 3. A(—3, 4); m
2

2
4. A( 5. A(-2, 6. -2
3 4

Find the equation of the straight line that passes through each pair of points.
P(2, 6), Q(4, -2) Substitute m _ —4,x = 2 and y = 6
y = mx+c
4—2 6

Therefore, the equation is y = 14

P(O, 8), Q(4, 4) 8. P(-8, -3), Q(2, 5) 9. P(4, 6), Q(—2,-3)

10. P(3, 5),Q(9, 2) 11. P(-5, 2), Q(3, 8) 12. —4), Q(—6, 8)

Find the equation of the straight line PQ in the diagram.

Y
Example

x .The equation is y = -2x+8

0 4

117
 Exercise 9
diagrams.
Find the equation ofthe straight line PQ in each of the following
4. Y
1. 3.
2. Q(4, 6)
4
4

X 0
x x
o 2

5.

Finding the point of intersection

Example Find the point of intersection of two straight lines, y= 2x—1 and y=x+2.

Solution : y=2x-1

x 0 2 x 0 1
y=2x-1 1 3 2 3

Therefore, the point of intersection is (3, 5)

Solving simultaneous equations.

Let (1)
y =2x-1 (2)

(1) Substitute x = 3 in (1)

(Sub) 2r+y= 1 (2)
x 3
Therefore, the point of intersection is (3, 5)

118
 Exercise 10
Findthe point of intersection of each pair of straight
lines using the graphical method.
l. x=3, x+y=5 2. 3.

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4. 2x—y=1, x +y = 5 5. 2x-y=5, x-2y=4 6. y=x+3, 2x+3y = 4

Find the point of intersection of each pair of straight lines by solving simultaneous equations.

Example 1 2x+y=5 Substitute x=2 in (2)

x+y=3
Solution :
2r+y=5 (l)
( Subtract ) (2)
Therefore, the point ofintersection is (2, l)

119
 Exercise 11
Find the point of intersection of each pair of straight lines by solving simultaneous
equations.

Example Substitute x
6
6
Solution : 6 (l) y
( Add ) x-y=2 (2) y 2
8

1. 4 2. 8 3. 11
x-y=2 4 3

4. 13 5. 16 6. 2-x+y= 10
3 7

120
 .v+2y=5 8. 5x — 4y — 19 9. 4a 3b 5
17 4a + 51) 13

10. 2m + I 11. 3a —2b 9 12. 2x—y = 5

2m + n 3 1 x —2y —4

121
 Exercise 12
Find the point of intersection of each
pair of straight lines by solving simultaneous equations.
Example 2 x+y=5
2x+3y= 15
Solution :
(l) Substitute y = 5 in (l)
2r+3y=15 (2)
x +5=5
2r+2y -10 (3)
( Subtract ) (4)
-15
Therefore, the point of intersection is (0, 5)

1. 2. 3.
x —2y 4

4. 5x 2y —14 5. 3x + 2y = 4 6. 3x + 2y = 9
—x+5y= 12 5 2x+ 3y = 11

122
 Exercise 13
Parallel lines
Straight lines which are parallel have
l. the
same gradient.
2 Straight lines which have the same
gradient areparallel.

Example I Determine if the pairs of lines are

parallel.
Solution:

Gradient of AB 6
-2
3
4
Gradient of CD — -2
2
Gradient ofAB Gradient ofCD.

Therefore, lines AB and CD are parallel

Example 2 y=3x-5 Solution . y=3x-5 and 2y=6x +4

2y= 6x+4
y=3x +2
Gradient = 3 Gradient 3

Since both lines have the same gradient, the

two lines are parallel.

Example 3 y-3x=2 Solution• y-3x=2 and y = 5x+2

Gradient = 3 Gradient 5

Since the gradients of the lines are different, the

two lines are not parallel.

1. y-2x = -3 2. y-2x -1 3.
3y=6x+15 5x=2 3y=2x+3

4. 3 1
5. 6.
4
-15 -4x = 12 3y+2x=1

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 Exercise 14
P and is parallel to the
Find the equation of a straight line which passes through the point
straight line given. 3
, x = 4 and y = 3.
y = mx+c Substitute m 2
P(4, 3); 2y = 3x+4
3
Solution : 2 y = 3x +4
2
3

—3 The equation of the straight line

3
is y = äX—3.
2

1. —2x —3 3. P(6, 2); 3y+x=12

P(3, 5); y = 2x+1 2.

4. 5. P(9, 8); 3y+2x = 10 6. P(2, 5); y=3x-2

Equations of parallel lines

Find the equation of the straight line AB in the diagram.

Example 1 Solution

Y
3y-x=9 3y—x=9 Gradient, m =
1

3
B(6, 3) y = mx+c
1
3=—x6+c
x 3

The equation of the straight line AB is y

124
 Exercise 15
Find the equation of the straight line AB in each diagram.

l.

x
2

3.
Y

2y + 3x = 6

x
-2)

4. A Y

2x + y = 1

Solving problems

Example 1 In the diagram, OPQR is a parallelogram and O is the origin.

(a) Find the coordinates of the point Q. P(2, 3)
(b) Find the gradient of OP.
(c) Find the equation of the line QR.
(a) Coordinates of Q = (x, y)
The x-coordinate of Q (4+2)=6 x
The y-coordinate of Q
Thus, the point Q is (6, 4). 3
Substitute m — and y = I
3—0 3 y = mx + c 2
(b) Gradient of OP
2-0 2 3

(c) OP is parallel to QR. 2

3 —5 Therefore, the equation of the line
Therefore, gradient of QR 2 3

The equation of QR is y = mx +c 2

125
 Exercise 16
1. In the diagram, OABC is a parallelogram and O is the
origin.
(a) Find the coordinates of point B.
(b) Find the gradient of OA. A(2, 4)
(c) Find the equation of the line BC.

Example 2

Y
In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram and O is the origin. It is
given that the gradient of the straight line AB is —2.Find
(a) the equation of the straight line AB.
(b) the coordinates of the point D.
c x
0
(c) the gradient of the straight line BD.

Solution : B(4, -12)

(b)
(a) Gradient ofAB = —2.
Substitue m = —2,x = 4 and
y = —12into the equation y = mx + c.

12 2x4+c
Therefore, the equation of the straight -12 8
line AB isy=—2x -4. (c) Gradient of BD =
4-0

2. In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram and O is the

origin. It is given that the gradient of the line AB is —2.
Find
(a) the equationof the line AB. c x
(b) the coordinates of the point D.
(c) the gradient of the line BD.
B(5, -15)

126
 Example 3 In the diagram, PQ is Y S(k, 12)
parallel to RS. If the
gradient of the line RS is (0, 10)
5, find
(a) the value of k.
(b) the equation of the line
PQ.
Solution :
x
(a Gradient RS,
m = 5, R(O, 2) and S(k, 12). (b) Gradient ofPQ Gradient of RS = 5
Y2 Yl Substitute m = 5 and c 10 in the
equationy = mx + c.
12-2 Y = mx + c
k-O y=5x+ 10
Thus, the equation of the line PQ is y 5x+ 10.

3. In the diagram, PQ is parallel to RS. If the gradient of RS

is 3, find
S(0, 10)
(a) the value of k.
(b) the equation of the line PQ.
R(k, 4
x

Example 4 In the diagram, find

(a) the coordinats of the point P.
(b) the equation of the line that passes
through the point (—5,0).
Solution :

(a) 3 —x intersects y-axis at the point where

0 Substitute x 0 in y = 3 -- x.
3 x
3
3 Therefore the coordinates of P is (0, 3).
3 3
3-0
(b) Gradient, m 5'
Y = mx + c
3
5

Thus, the equation of the line y

127
4. In the diagram, find Y
(a) the coordinates of P.
(b) the equation of the line that passes through the
the point (—6,0).

5. In the diagram, OS 4 RS and OS —24 units. Find

(a) the coordinates of the point Q.
(b) the gradient of the line OQ.

O s

6. In the diagram, PQR is a straight line. Find Y

(a) the gradient of the line.
(b) the x-intercept of the line PQR.
(c) the y-intercept.

7. Y
c
In the diagram, ABC is a straight line. Find
(a) the gradient of the line.
(b) the x-intercept of the line ABC.
(c) the y-intercept.

128
 PT3 Practice Exercise 17

1. In the diagram, what is the gradient 7. In the diagram, the gradient

of PQ ?
of the line PQ is —.What is the
x-intercept ? Y

2. The gradient of the straight line

4x—3y 6 is 8. In the diagram, what is the gradient of
Q(8, 2)

3. In the diagram, the gradient of PQ

is —2.Find the y-intercept. 9. In the diagram, what is the value of k ?
Y

x -3
x
Q(3, 0)

10. In the diagram, what is the value of k ?

4. In the diagram, what is the gradient Y
of AB ?
3
4
o 8
x

-4
11. In the diagram, the value of k is

12
5. What is the gradient of the straight
line 5x —4y= 8.
k o
x

12. In the diagram, what is the gradient

of AB ?
6, Find the gradient of the straight line
joining the points (—2,5) and (4, —7). 17 cm

15 cm
129
13. In the diagram, what is the gradient 19. In the diagram, PQRO is a
of PQ ? parallelogram and O is the origin.
Find the coordinates of Q.

17 cm
1

14. In the diagram, what is the value of k ?

R(5, 1)
x

6
20. In the diagram, PQR is a straight line.
x Find the value of k is
4 R(k, 6)

15. In the diagram, find the y-intercept of

the straight line. Q(4, 3)
Y
x

21. Find the equation of the straight line

x
O 4 passing through the point (2, 3) and
where gadient is 4.
16. In the diagram, the gradient of PQ
is 4. Find the x-intercept of PQ.
Y

22. Find the point of intersection of the

given straight lines.
x
2x-y=5
x—2y=4
17. In the diagram, what is the gradient of
B 23. Which of the following straight lines is
1 parallel to the x-axis ?
1
8 cm C. x=2y

24. What is the y-intercept of the straight

18. What is the gradient of the
line with equation 2x —5y + 10 = O .
straight line

130
 PT3 Practice Exercise 18
In the diagram, OABC is a parallelogram and y
1. O is the origin.
Find
(a) the coordinates of B.
(b) the gradient of OA.
(c) The equation of BC.

(a)

(b)

(c)

2. In the diagram, find

(a) the coordinates of P.
(b) The coordinates of Q.
(c) the equation of the line passing through the
point (—5,0).
x

(a)

(b)

(c)
Y
and O
3. In the diagram, PQRS is a parallelogram
is — Find
is the origin. The gradient of RS 2

(a) the coordinates of S. x

(b) the equation of PQ.
(c) the gradient of QS. S

(a)

(b)

(c)
 Y
of MN is 2.
4. In the diagram, KL is parallel to MN. The gradient N(3,k)
Find
(a) the value of k.
(b) the equation of KL.
x

(a)

(b)

5. In the diagram, OC = 5 units. Find Y

(a) y-intercepts of the line AB.
(b) the gradient of BC. B(10, 6)

x
c

(a)

(b)

Y
6. In the diagram, ABC is a straight line. Find
(a) the gradient of the line ABC. c
(b) x-intercept of the line ABC.
(c) the y-intercept.
x

(a)

(b)

7. In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram. The

equation of the straight line AB is 2y = 2x + 3, Find
(a) the value of k.
(b) the gradient of the straight line AD. c
(c) the equation of the straight line CD. x
(d) the coordinates of the point C.

132
 In the diagram, OPQR is a trapezium. It is given that
8. Y
the gradient of OR is
3
Find
(a) the value of k.
(b) the equation of PQ. x
(c) the x-intercept of PQ.

(a)

(b)

(c)

9. In the diagram, PQ is parallel to SRT and O is the origin.

Find Q(4, 10)

(a) the gradient of PQ.

(b) the equation of SRT.
P(-8, 4)
(c) the x-intercept of SRT.
x
S

(a)

(b)

(c)

10. In the digram, OQ is parallel to TR and O is the origin.

The equation of the straight line PQRS is 3y 2x + 9.
Find
(a) the value of k.
(b) the y-intercept of PR. Q(-3, 2)

(c) the gradient of QO.

(d) the equation of RT. x
(e) the x-intercept of PR.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
133
 PT3 Assessment 1
2
1. Round off 0.02395 correct to three 9. Factorise 27x 2 —12 y
significant figures.

2. Express 0.00396 in standard form. -2

10.

1 1
11. Given that , then x =
3. Solve the equation x + x = 12. 4

4. Expand (2x —5) (2 + 3x).

12. In the diagram, what is the gradientof
PQ ?
Y
5. In a group of 32 boys, 20 like milo, 17
like horlicks and 5 like neither. How
many boys like both milo and
horlicks? O Q(3, 0)

6. In the Venn diagram, what does the

shaded region represent ?
B 13. In the graph, what is the value of k ?
Y

3
x
o 6
7. Factorise: 8 Ix

14. In the diagram, OABC is a

8. The diagram shows some number parallelogram. Find the coordinates
cards. of B. y

State the probability that an odd

number is picked. o

134
 15.
The area of the triangle is 56 cm2 23. In the Venn diagram, what does the
Find its base. shaded region represent ?
9. (4x) cm

(x + 3) cm

16. The area of a rectangle is 9.6m2

If its breadth is 2200 cm, find 24. Simplify the expression
its length. 2

3x + 3y

2x + —
1
17. 3x
25. What is the gradient of the
straight line 5x + 2y = 3 ?

18. Given that 2J_1 _—Y, then x =

26. In the Venn diagram,

19. If 32n = 8, what is the value of n ? .11

.5 .6
.2
.4
.9
.10
20. 4xy =

27. In the number sequence l, 3,

21. GiventhatA = { l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
what is the 12th number ?
The number of subsets of A is

28. The length of a rectangle is

22. In a school of 300 students 140 take
History and 150 take Geography. 50
take History and Geography.How
many of the students take neither
History nor Geography ?
4cm more than its breadth.
If the area of the rectangle
is 60cm2, find its length.

135
 35. Given that
29. What is the gradient of the
= {x: x is an 12}
straight line A {x: x is a multiple of 5}
B = {x: x is a prime number}
Find An B.
30. Express 0.000056 correct to I
significant figure.

36. Find the value of 9 x

and express the answer in standard
31. Factorise 9x +6x—8.
form.

37.
32. Divya is x years old and her sister is 2 3 6
12 years older. If the product of their
age is 45, find Divya's age.

2 5
38. 2
(x —1)
33. Factorise 9x —x3.

7.4 x 24.3
39. Find the value of 2.7
34. In the diagram, what is the gradient and express the answer correct
of PQ ? to three significant figures.

Q(0, 4)

P(-IO, O)
o
40. The equation of a straight line
is 3y + 4x +8 = 0. What is the
gradient ?

136