Process Flow Diagram

Raw Sewage Treated Sewage

pH 7.0-8.0 pH 6.5-8.5
COD 340 mg/lit COD <100 mg/lit
BOD 170 mg/lit BOD <20 mg/lit
TSS 210 mg/lit TSS <30 mg/lit
Oil & Grease 30 mg/lit Oil & Grease < 10 mg/lit
MPN 10^6-10^7 per 100 ML MPN <1000 per 100 ML

Inlet Screnning Unit Tube Chlorine

Grit Chamber MBBR-1 MBBR-2 Contact Tank
Chamber (1W+1S) (1W+1S) Settler Treated Sewage
4300 4300 4359 4297 Discharge
KLD KLD KLD 62 KLD

Sludg
KLD

e
Sludge
Tank

62
DWPE Dosing KLD
Thickened Sludge for
disposal
Dewatering Sludge
2.8 Centrifuge 28 Thickener
59.2 KLD KLD

Filtrate
KLD 25.2 34

Oveflow
KLD KLD
Filtrate & Overflow

Softener Inlet
pH 6.5-8
Hardness 836
WWEL STP-MMBR-STD-4.3 Prd By Checkd By Date
MMBR Technology ST SK 21-05-2021 - -

DESIGN BASIS Remark

Flow (Avg.Flow) : 4300 m3/day
Operating Hours : 24 hrs
Normal flow in hours : 179.2 m3/hrs
Peak Factor : 2.5 CPHEEO Chp 3.5
Peak flow : 10750 m3/day
Peak flow in hours : 447.9 m3/hrs

PARAMETERS
INPUT After Biological After Filters Unit
pH : 6.5-7.5 6.5 - 7.5 6.5 - 7.5
TSS : 210 20 10 mg/Ltr
Biological Oxygen Demand : 170 20 20 mg/Ltr
Chemical Oxidation Demand : 340 80 50 mg/Ltr
O&G : 30 2 2 mg/Ltr
TKN 20 2 mg/Ltr

1 Inlet Chamber

Flow = 447.9 kl/hr

= 0.1244 m³/sec
Detention Time Provided = 30 sec
Chamber Volume = 3.7 m3
SWD Provided = 0.8 m
Chambe rArea = 4.7 m
Length Required = 2.2 m
Length Provided = 2.2 m
Width Provided = 2.2 m
Size of Fine Inlet Chamber shall be : 2.2 mt x 2.2 mt x 0.8 mt SWD

2 Fine Mech Bar Screen Unit Optional

No. of Mechanical Screens = 1.0 Nos.

Design Flow = Peak Flow
= 10.8 MLD
= 447.9 m3/hr
= 0.124 m3/sec

Average Flow = 4.3 MLD

= 179.2 m3/hr
= 0.050 m3/sec

Design Flow in each Screen = 0.12 m3/sec

1.0 No.

= 0.1 m3/sec

Average Flow in each Screen = 0.050 m3/sec

1.0 No.

= 0.050 m3/sec

Maximum Velocity through Screen at Peak

Flow = 0.9 m/sec
Minimum Velocity through Screen at
Average Flow = 0.3 m/sec

Clear Area of Opening through Screen at

Peak Flow = 0.1 m3/sec
0.9 m/sec

= 0.14 m2

Clear Area of Opening through Screen at

Average Flow = 0.050 m3/sec
0.3 m/sec

= 0.166 m2

Considering maximum Area of Opening

through Screen = 0.166 m2
Clear Spacing of Bars = 5.0 mm
Thickness of Bars = 8.0 mm
Gross Area of Screen = 0.166 x (5+8) / 5
= 0.4 m2
Assuming Depth of Screen Channel = 0.5 m
Gross Width of Screen = 0.431 / 0.5
= 0.9 m
No. of Bars = (Gross Width of Screen / Center to Center Spacing of Bars) - 1
= (0.863 / ( (5 + 8 )/1000) - 1
= 65.4 Nos.
Say = 66.0 Nos.
Width of Screen provided = (Number of Bars+1) x Clear Spacing + (Number of Bars x Bar Thickness)
= (66+1) x 5 + (66 x 8)
= 863.0 mm
Say = 865.0 mm
Width of Side Frame provioded = 100.0 mm
Width of Screen Channel provided = 1065.0 mm
Height of Blind Plate at Bottom of Screen p = 50.0 mm
Liquid Depth of Screen Channel provided = 550.0 mm
Length of Screen Channel provided = 5500.0 mm 2000 1850 1500
Freeboard provided = 300.0 mm

Velocity in Channel at Average Flow = Average Flow / Cross Sectional Area of Screen Channel
= 0.05 / (1.065 x 0.55)
= 0.1 m/sec
< 0.3 m/sec NOT OK
Suitable Slope shall be provided to avoid accumulation of Solids.
Head Loss across Screen
Head Loss across Screen = 0.0728 (V2 - v2)

V = Velocity through Screen at Peak Flow = Peak Flow through Screen Channel / Clear Area of Opening through Screen
= 0.7 m/sec
 v = Velocity in approach Channel at Peak
Flow = Peak Flow through Screen Channel / Cross Sectional Area of Screen Channel
= 0.2 m/sec
Head Loss across Screen at Peak Flow = 0.037

Head Loss across Screen at 50% Clogged Condition

Velocity through Screen at 50% Clogged
Condition at Peak Flow = 1.5 m/sec
Head Loss across screen at 50% Clogged
Condition at Peak Flow = 0.2
< 0.3 OK
Size of Fine Mech Bar Screen shall be : 5.5 mt x 1.07 mt x 0.55 mt SWD + 0.5mt FB

3 Fine Manual Bar Screen Unit Optional

No. of Manual Screen = 1.0 No.
Design Flow = Peak Flow
= 10.8 MLD
= 447.9 m3/hr
= 0.12 m3/sec

Average Flow = 4.3 MLD

= 179.2 m3/hr
= 0.050 m3/sec

Design Flow in each Screen = 0.12 m3/sec

1.0 No.

= 0.12 m3/sec

Average Flow in each Screen = 0.050 m3/sec

1.0 No.

= 0.050 m3/sec

Maximum Velocity through Screen at Peak

Flow = 0.9 m/sec
Minimum Velocity through Screen at
Average Flow = 0.3 m/sec

Clear Area of Opening through Screen for = 0.12 m3/sec

0.9 m/sec

= 0.14 m2

Clear Area of Opening through Screen for = 0.050 m3/sec

0.3 m/sec

= 0.17 m2

Considering maximum Area of Opening thr = 0.17 m2

Clear Spacing of Bars = 10.0 mm
Thickness of Bars = 8.0 mm

Gross Area of Screen = 0.166 x (10+8) / 10

= 0.3 m2
Assuming Depth of Screen Channel = 0.5 m
Gross Width of Screen = 0.2986 / 0.5
= 0.6 m
No. of Bars = (Gross Width of Screen / Center to Center Spacing of Bars) - 1
= (0.597 / ( (10 + 8 )/1000) - 1
= 32.2 Nos.
Say = 33.0 Nos.
Width of Screen provided = (Number of Bars+1) x Clear Spacing + (Number of Bars x Bar Thickness)
= (33+1) x 10 + (33 x 8)
= 604.0 mm
Say = 605.0 mm
Width of Side Frame provided = 100.0 mm
Width of Screen Channel provided = 805.0 mm
Liquid Depth of Screen Channel provided = 550.0 mm
Length of Screen Channel provided = 5500.0 mm
Freeboard provided = 300.0 mm

Velocity in Channel at Average Flow = Average Flow / Cross Sectional Area of Screen Channel
= 0.05 / (0.805 x 0.55)
= 0.1 m/sec
< 0.3 m/sec NOT OK
Suitable Slope shall be provided to avoid accumulation of Solids.
Head Loss across Screen
Head Loss across Screen = 0.0728 (V2 - v2)

V = Velocity through Screen at Peak Flow = Peak Flow through Screen Channel / Clear Area of Opening through Screen
= 0.7
v = Velocity in approach Channel at Peak
Flow = Peak Flow through Screen Channel / Cross Sectional Area of Screen Channel
Head Loss across Screen at Peak Flow = 0.3
Head Loss across Screen at 50% Clogged
condition = 0.034

Head Loss across Screen at 50% Clogged Condition

Velocity through Screen at 50% Clogged
Condition at Peak Flow = 1.5
Head Loss across screen at 50% Clogged
Condition at Peak Flow = 0.2
< 0.3 m/sec OK
Size of Fine Mech Bar Screen shall be : 5.5 mt x 0.81 mt x 0.55 mt SWD + 0.5mt FB

4 Grit Chamber
No. of Mechanical Grit Chamber = 1.0
Design Flow = Peak Flow
Peak Flow = 10.8 MLD
= 10750 m3/day
= 447.9 m3/hr
= 0.1 m3/sec
 Design Flow to each Grit Chamber = 10750 / 1
= 10750.0 m3/day
= 447.9 m3/hr
= 0.1 m3/sec

According to "Manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment" published by Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO),
Surface Overflow Rate for 0.15 mm dia.
Particle Size with Specific Gravity Ss >
2.65 = 1555.0 m3/m2/day
Considering Design Overflow Rate for
75% efficiency = 960.0 m3/m2/day

Area of Grit Chamber required = 10750.0 m3/day

960.0 m3/m2/day

= 11.2 m2

Square Side of Grit Chamber required = 11.2

= 3.3 m

Length of Chamber provided = 3.5 m

Width of Chamber provided = 3.5 m

Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) in Grit

Chamber at Peak Flow = 60.0 sec
Volume of Grit Chamber required = 0.124 x 60
= 7.5 m3

Depth required in Grit Chamber = 7.465 / (3.5 x 3.5)

= 0.6 m
Say = 0.7 m
Grit Storage Depth = 0.3 m
Total Liquid Depth required = 0.9 m
Total Liquid Depth provided = 0.9
Freeboard provided = 0.3 m

Size of Grit Chamber shall be : 3.5 m L x 3.5 m W x 0.9 mt SWD + 0.5mt FB,Qty.-1 No.

5 Measuring Parshall flume.

Calculating Size of Approach Channel for Parshall Plume ( Ref. As Per CPHEEO Manual and IS- 14371 :1996 )
Design Details choice 1 choice 2 choice 3
Lower value of flow in MLD 50 % of 4.3
2.15 2.15 2.15
MLD =
Higher value of flowin MLD ( Peak flow ) = 10.75 10.75 10.75
Lower value of flow in lps = 24.88 24.88 24.88
Higher value of flow in lps = 124.42 124.42 124.42
Throat width (W) in m, from Table = 0.30 0.45 0.60
Mouth width (D)in m,from Table = 0.83 1.01 1.19
Liquid depth in m at low flow = 0.11 0.08 0.07
Liquid depth in m at high flow = 0.32 0.25 0.20
velocity at mouth in low flow in m/s = 0.27 0.29 0.30
velocity at mouth in high flow in m/s = 0.46 0.50 0.52
Approach channel width, m = 0.83 1.01 1.19
Approach channel, liquid depth, m = 0.32 0.25 0.20
Summary of Options = Choice 1 Choice 2 Choice 3
Width of approach channel , m = 0.83 1.0 1.2
Liquid depth in approach channel, m = 0.323 0.25 0.20
Width of throat, m = 0.30 0.45 0.60
Remark :- It may be seen that the velocities at low flow are met adequately in all three chosen widths. However, the ease of O&M has
also to be considered. Choice 3 gives a very narrow width and very deep channel. This will be difficult to maintain. Between choice 1
and choice 2, both can be used. However, choice 1 will give almost a square section and lesser width for easy maintanance.

6 MMBR Tank
BOD = 170 ppm
BOD Load = 731 Kg/day
Flow = 4300.000 kl/day 179.167 m³/hr
Organic Loading rate = 0.01 Kg BOD/m2/day 10.00
Area reuired = 73100.0 m2 area required
Surface area = 500.0 mt²/mt³ 0
Total Media required = 146.20 mt³
Media volume Provided = 183.00 mt³
Max. media volume exed reactor volume = 0.3 CPHEEO - pg 5 -203
Volume of Biodegradation Tank = 610.00 mt³ 3.4
Tank volume with Minim RT is = 716.67 mt³ 4 hrs min RT

Final Tank Volume considered = 716.67 m3

No of Tanks = 2.00 nos
Volume of each tank = 358.33 m3
Tank liquid height = 5.00 mt
Crossectional area = 71.67 mt²
Diameter of tank, required = 9.55 mt
Diameter of tank, Provided = 9.60 mt

Peak Flow = 10750 m3/day

= 448 m3/hr
Total MBBR Volume as per avg flow = 724 m3
Ratio of tank to media = 0.3
Total MBBR Media = 217 m3

BOD Loading at Peak Flow = 1828 kg/day

Media aera for avg flow = 108573 m2
Organic loading rate for peak flow = 0.017 Kg BOD/m2/day 17 g BOD/m2/day
Organic loading rate for average flow and peak flow is in range of 10-25 gBOD/m2/day hemce media volume is correct
Volume loading rate for avg flow = 1.0 kg/day/m3
Volume loading rate for peak flow = 2.525 kg/day/m3
Volume loading rate is also in rage so provided tank media volume and MBBR tank volume are correct

Size of MBBR reactor shall be : 9.6 mt Dia x 5 mt SWD + 0.5mt FB

8 SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Design requirements as per manual:
No of units to be constructed = 1.000 Nos
Design flow for each clarifier and to be che = 4.300 MLD
Detention time = 1.5 to 2 hrs
Overflow rate at Average flow = 15 to 35 m3/m2/d
Overflow rate at peak flow = 40 to 50 m3/m2/d
Weir loading rate at average flow not to ex = 185.000 m3/m/d
 Solid loading rate at average flow = 70 to 140 kg/m2/d
Solid loading rate at peak flow not to excee = 210.000 kg/m2/d
Floor slope = 1 in 12
SWD = 3 to 3.5 m
Design:
No of Units = 1.000 Nos.
Total Average Flow = 4.300 MLD
= 4300.000 M3/day
= 179.167 m3/hr
= 2.986 m3/min
= 0.050 m3/Sec
Over flow Rate ( for min avg. flow) = 35.000 m3/m2/day
Flow througth each Unit = 4300.000 M3/day
= 179.167 m3/hr
= 2.986 m3/min
= 0.050 m3/Sec
Area of Tank Required = 122.857 m2
Diameter required = 12.510 m
Provide diameter of Clarifier = 12.600 m
Surface overflow rate at Peak Flow = 34.486 m3/m2/hr

SWD of Clarifier = 3.000 m

Volume Provided = 373.880 m3
Detention Time = 2.087 m

Weir Loading at Average flow = 108.685 m3/m/day

Free Board = 0.500 m
Design of Launder:
Peak Flow through Launder = 0.050 m3/sec
Velocity through Launder = 0.900 m/sec
Area of Launder Required = 0.055 Sqm
Provide Width of Launder = 0.300 m
SWD of Launder = 0.200 m

Size of Secondary clarifier shall be : 12.6 mt Dia x 3 mt SWD + 0.5mt FB

9 AIR BLOWER
O2 Requirement for BOD degradation = 1.1 kgO2/KgBOD
O2 Requirement for Nitrification = 4.6 KgO2/Kg NH3-NO3
O2 required for BOD Oxidation = 804.1 kg/day CPHEEO Table 5.9/ 5.8.1.7.5.3
Oxidation = 7.5 mg/lit
NH3-N nitrified = 10.5 mg/lit
NH3-N nitrified in day = 45.2 kg/day
O2 required for nitrification = 206.3 kg/day CPHEEO 5.8.1.7.5.4
NO3-N generated assuming 100%
nitrification of NH3-N = 10.5 mg/lit
Outlet No3-N = 2.0 mg/lit
NO3-N that is denitrified = 8.5 mg/lit
Amount of NO3-N that is denitrified = 36.6 kg/day CPHEEO 5.8.1.7.5.3
O2 credit during Denitrification = 2.9 Kg/Kg NO3-N
O2 credit during Denitrification = 104.5 kg/day
Total O2 Requirement = 905.9 kg/day
Aeration Hrs per tank = 24.0 Hrs
AOTR = 37.7 kg/hr at 0.6 kg/sq. cm
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration at 20
Deg.C = 9.1 mg/lit
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration at 20
Deg.C = 9.1 mg/lit
Site Altitude = 457.0 m
Temperature = 40.0 Degree C
= 313.2 K
Air Mole Wt = 29.0 kg/kg-mole
Universal Gas Constant R = 8314.0 kg.m2/s2.kg-mole.K
Relative Pressure = 1.0
O2 Conc at Given Altitude & Tempt = 8.6 mg/lit
Atmospheric Pressure = 101.3 kN/m2
Specific Weight of air at 15 Deg C = 9.8 KN/m3
Atmospheric Pressure at Given altitude
and Tempt = 9.8 m
O2 concentration Leaving AT = 19.0 %
O2 cocentration in Tank = 5.7 mg/lit
Correction Factor = 0.5
Salinity Factor = 1.0
Diffuser Fouling Factor = 0.9
SOTR = 139.0 kg/hr
Air Density = 1.3 kg/m3
Oxygen Concentration = 23.2 %
Density at given tempt and pressure = 1.1 kg/m3
Corresponding amount of O2 = 0.2 Kg O2/m3 Air
Diffuser Height = 0.3 m
Diffuser Efficiency = 4.5 % of height
Diffuser Efficiency = 0.2
Air Flow Rate = 2615.1 m3/hr
Working Air Blower Quanitity = 2.0
Air Blower Required = 1307.5 m3/hr
Air Required for Selector Zone = 0.0 m3/hr
Air Blower Provided = 1308.0 m3/hr @ 6 kg/m2

Capacity of Air blower shall be : 1308 m3/hr @ 0.6 kg/sq. cm. (2W+1S)

10 Clarified water Tank/Filter Feed Tank/Chlorination tank

Flow = 4300 kl/day
= 179.17 m3/hr
Detention Time = 0.5 hrs CPHEEO 5.9.2
Volume required = 89.58 mt³
Providing Liquid depth = 2.50 mts
Area Required = 35.83 mt²
Length to Width ratio = 1.0
Width = 5.99 m
Say 6.00
length = 5.97 m
Say = 7.50 m

Size of Chlorine Contact Tank shall be : 7.5 m L x 6 m W x 2.5 mt SWD + 0.5mt FB

11 Chlorine DOSING SYSTEM

Dose = 10 mg/l CPHEEO 5.9.2
Flow = 4,300 m3/day
= 179.17 m3/hr
kg/day = 43.00 kg/day
= 1.79 kg/hr
 SAY = 2 kg/hr
Chlorine Dosing of Capacity of 2 Kg/hr

12 SLUDGE GENERATION

Sludge generation due to SS

Inlet SS = 120 mg/lit
SS reduction = 80 %
Outlet SS = 24 mg/lit
sludge generated = 330 Kg/day
Sludge concentration = 1.0 %
Sludge volume = 33.0 m3/day

Sludge generation due to BOD

Inlet BOD = 170 mg/lit
BOD reduction = 90.00 %
Outlet BOD = 17 mg/lit
BOD contri. Sludge Produce % = 0.35 CPHEEO 5.8.1.7.5.10
BOD Load = (BODin - BODout)x flow /1000
Biological Sludge = (BODin - BODout)x flow
= 4 x 1000
= 230.27 Kg/d
Sludge conc = 0.8 %
Sludge volume = 28.8 m3/d 172.69875

Total Sludge generated in STP = 560.5 Kg/d

Sludge Volume in STP = 61.8 m3/day

13 Sludge Sump
Sludge Volume = 61.8 m3/Day 2.58 M3/hr
DT = 1 days
61.81 m3
Volume = 62.0 m3
SWD provided = 3 m
Surface Area = 20.7 m2
Daimeter = 5.13 m
Say = 5.15 m

Size of Sludge Sump shall be : 5.2 m Dia x 3 mt SWD + 0.5mt FB

14 Thickener Feed Pump

Total Sludge = 61.8 m3/day
Working Hrs = 8 Hr
Capacity = 8 m3/hr
Say = 8 m3/hr 15. mwc

Capacity of Pump shall be : 8 m3/hr @ 0.15 kg/sq. cm.

15 Sludge Thickener
Total Sludge Load = 560.5 kg/day
Sludge Loading rate for thickener = 25 kg/m2/day
Area of Thickener = 22.42 m2
Thickener Dia Required = 5.344 m2
Thickener Dia Provided = 5.400 m
SWD Provided = 3 m
FB Provided = 0.3 m
Thickened Sludge Volume = 28.03 m3/day
Size of Sludge Thickener shall be : 5.4 m Dia x 3 mt SWD + 0.3mt FB

16 Centrifuge Feed Pump

Total Sludge = 28.0 m3/day
Working Hrs = 18.0 Hr
Capacity = 2 m3/hr
Say = 2.0 m3/hr 30 mwc

Capacity of Pump shall be : 2 m3/hr @ 0.3 kg/sq. cm.

17 Air Capacity for Sludge Sump

Air Mixing rate = 0.9 m3/m3/hr
Air required for mixing sludge = 55.80 m3/H.
Capacity of air blower required = 56 m3/H.
Capacity of Air blower shall be : 56 m3/hr @ 0.5 kg/sq. cm.

18 Sludge Dewatering Centrifuge

Capcity Provided = 2.0 m3/hr

19 Centrifuge Poly Dosing

Dry Solids = 560.5 kg/day
Dosage Considered = 1.5 kg/1000kg of dry solids
Quantity Required = 0.841 kg/day
Solution Concentration = 0.1 %
Tank Required = 840.8 Litr
Tank Provided = 1000 Litr
Pump Required = 105.1 LPH
Pump Capacity Provided = 110 LPH @ 3 kg/cm2
Dosing Pump Capacity of 110 LPH @ 3kg/cm2 (1W+1S)
Sr No. Civil Units Length/Dia Width SWD FB
1 Inlet Chamber 2.2 2.2 0.8
Mech Fine Screen
2 Channel 5.5 1.1 0.6 0.3
Manual Fine Screen
3 Channel 5.5 0.8 0.6 0.3
4 Grit Chamber 4.1 3.5 0.9 0.3
5 MBBR Tanks 9.6 9.7 5.0 0.5
6 Secondary Clarifier 12.6 3.0 0.3
7 Chlorine Contact Tank 7.5 6.0 2.5 0.5
8 Sludge Tank 5.2 5.2 3.0 0.3
9 Sludge Thickener 5.4 3.0 0.3
Quantity
1

1
2
2
1
1
1
1
Sr.No. Mechanical Unit Capacity Quantity MOC
1 Mechnical Fine Screen suitable for peak flow of 10.75 MLD 1 SS304
2 Manual Fine Screen suitable for peak flow of 10.75 MLD 1 SS304
3 Nitrate reciculation Pump 315m3/hr @ 10m 2W+1S CI
4 Anoxic Tank Mixer 3.7 KW 1W SS304
5 MBBR & Sludge Air Blowers 1364m3/hr @ 0.6 kg/cm2 2W+1S CI
6 Media for MBBR 234 m3 PP/HDPE
7 Secondary clarifier Suitable to Tank Dia of 12.60 m Lot MSEP
8 Thickener Mechanism Suitable to Tank Dia of 5.4 m Lot MSEP
9 Dewatering Centrifuge 2 m3/hr 1W
10 Thickener Feed Pump 8m3/hr @ 10m 1W+1S CI
11 Centrifuge Feed Pump 2m3/hr @ 30m 1W+1S CI
12 DWPE Dosing Tank 1000 Litr 1W HDPE
13 DWPE Dosing Tank Agitator 0.25 kw 1W SS304
14 DWPE Dosing Pump 110 LPH @ 3kg/cm2 1W+1S PP
17 Chlorine Dosing System 2 kg/hr 1W
 4.3 MLD SEWAGE TREATENT PLANT
Calculating Size of Approach Channel for Parshall Plume
( Ref. As Per CPHEEO Manual and IS- 14371 :1996 )
Design Details choice 1 choice 2 choice 3
Lower value of flow in MLD 50 % of 4.3 MLD 2.15 2.15 2.15
Higher value of flowin MLD ( Peak flow ) 10.75 10.75 10.75
Lower value of flow in lps 25 25 25
Higher value of flow in lps 124 124 124
Throat width (W) in m, from Table 0.45 0.6 0.9
Mouth width (D)in m,from Table 1.01 1.188 1.547
Liquid depth in m at low flow 0.08 0.07 0.05
Liquid depth in m at high flow 0.25 0.20 0.16
velocity at mouth in low flow in m/s 0.29 0.30 0.30
velocity at mouth in high flow in m/s 0.50 0.52 0.52
Approach channel width, m 1.01 1.188 1.547
Approach channel, liquid depth, m 0.25 0.20 0.16
Summary of Options Choice 1 Choice 2 Choice 3
Width of approach channel , m 1.01 1.19 1.55
Liquid depth in approach channel, m 0.25 0.20 0.16
Width of throat, m 0.45 0.6 0.9
Remark :- It may be seen that the velocities at low flow are met adequately in all three chosen
widths. However, the ease of O&M has also to be considered. Choice 1 gives a very narrow
width and very deep channel. This will be difficult to maintain. Between choice 2 and choice 3,
both can be used. However, choice 2 will give almost a square section and lesser width for