Design and Optimization of Cooling System For Cold Storage Facility For 5000 Literday Ice Cream Preservation

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Maragondon Branch
Maragondon, Cavite
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM FOR COLD STORAGE

FACILITY FOR 5000 LITER/DAY ICE CREAM PRESERVATION
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Engineering

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Maragondon Branch
Maragondon, Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

MEEN 40033- Design of Building Piping System and Air-Conditioning Ductworks
by:
Alonzo, Ave Brian C.

Bautista, Brian Luis R.
Buenviaje, Khen Moises P.
Cabili, John Phillip M.
Cuevas, Lawrence Arnie C.
De Raya, Shiela May P.
Duploso, Mark Nonie M.
Garcia, Christian Bernard L.
Guzon, Leslie M.
Monares, Marcus Rafael B.
Muelle, Irish Mae A.
Paloyo, Jupiter C.
Ramos, Dan Reniell S.
Rosales, Jetro L.
Tanega, Marben Lorensus A.
Verano, Ralfrenz I.
Zapanta, Hershey G.
BSMEMR 3-1
Engr. Joshua A. Sismaet, RMEE

Course Adviser
July 22, 2023

CERTIFICATION
This technical report, DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM FOR

COLD STORAGE FACILITY FOR 5000 LITER/DAY ICE CREAM PRESERVATION
prepared and submitted by Ave Brian C. Alonzo, Brian Luis R. Bautista, Khen Moises P.
Buenviaje, John Phillip M. Cabili, Lawrence Arnie C. Cuevas, Shiela May P. De Raya,
Mark Nonie M. Duploso, Christian Bernard L. Garcia, Leslie M. Guzon, Marcus Rafael B.
Monares, Irish Mae A. Muelle, Jupiter C. Paloyo, Dan Reniell S. Ramos, Jetro L. Rosales,
Marben Lorensus A. Tanega, Ralfrenz I. Verano, and Hershey G. Zapanta in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree on MEEN 40033- Design of Building Piping
System and Air-Conditioning Ductworks has been examined and is recommended for Oral
Examination.
Evaluation Committee
ENGR. JOHN ROBERT S. GONZALES, RMEE

Research Adviser
APPROVAL
Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination on July 22, 2023, with the grade of _______.
ENGR. MICHAEL JOSHUA MONARES, RMEE

Chairman
ENGR. LOUNELA SUNICO, RMEE ENGR. ANGELO B. SARINAS, RMEE

Member Member
Accepted in partial fulfillment of MEEN 40033- Design of Building Piping System and
Air-Conditioning Ductworks
____________________ ASSOC. PROF. ROSALIA P. PINLAC

DATE Head, Academic Programs
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, we would like to thank our research adviser, Engr. John Robert
S. Gonzales, for his unending support and guidance. He never ceases to accommodate,
motivate, and help make our papers and data well-written. His generous, honest
comments, recommendations, and expertise pushed us to strive harder in writing and
completing this study.
With deepest gratitude, we thank Engr. Joshua A. Sismaet, a course professor, for
his steadfast assistance, knowledge, and insightful feedback. His mentoring and advice
have significantly shaped this research project.
To the members, this endeavor would not be possible without your perseverance,
knowledge, skills, and cooperation. Creating this paper put us in so much frustration and
stress, yet here is the fruit of our sleepless nights and hard work. I am truly blessed to
have you as research members/co-writers, you did everything under the sun to surpass
all the struggles we have faced in this journey.
To our parents and guardians, we are grateful wholeheartedly for your utmost
moral, financial, and emotional support. Thank you for understanding us, especially during
the times when things keep falling apart. You provided us strength to survive, and you are
our beautiful reasons to continue.
Above everything, we sincerely thank God for His unending guidance and for
giving us all the talents and skills we have maximized in making this study feasible. His
presence and listening ear are our drivers in reaching our goal.
- The Researchers
III
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis/dissertation, DESIGN AND
OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM FOR COLD STORAGE FACILITY FOR 5000
LITER/DAY ICE CREAM PRESERVATION for the degree Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines embodies the
result of the original and scholarly work carried out by the undersigned. This dissertation
does not contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works that have
been accepted as a basis for the award of a degree from any other higher education
institution, except where proper referencing and acknowledgement were made.

De Raya, Shiela May P.
Guzon, Leslie M.
Monares, Marcus Rafael B.
Paloyo, Jupiter C.
Rosales, Jetro L.
Verano, Ralfrenz I.
Zapanta, Hershey G.
Researchers, Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
IV
ABSTRACT
Title : Design and Optimization of Cooling System for Cold Storage

Facility For 5000 Liter/Day Ice Cream Preservation
Researchers : Ave Brian C. Alonzo, Brian Luis R. Bautista, Khen Moises P.
Buenviaje, John Phillip M. Cabili, Lawrence Arnie C. Cuevas, Shiela
May P. De Raya, Mark Nonie M. Duploso, Christian Bernard L.
Garcia, Leslie M. Guzon, Marcus Rafael B. Monares, Irish Mae A.
Muelle, Jupiter C. Paloyo, Dan Reniell S. Ramos, Jetro L. Rosales,
Marben Lorensus A. Tanega, Ralfrenz I. Verano, Hershey G.
Zapanta
Degree : Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Institution : Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Year : July 2023
Adviser : Engr. John Robert S. Gonzales, RMEE
Abstract :
This research focuses on the design and optimization of a cooling system for a
cold storage facility, specifically for the preservation of 5000 liters per day of ice cream.
The study analyzes existing cooling system designs and identifies their limitations. A novel
cooling system is developed, incorporating innovative techniques to improve energy
efficiency and temperature control. Experimental evaluations assess the system's
performance in terms of cooling capacity and energy consumption. The impact on ice
cream quality is also examined. The findings contribute to the knowledge of efficient
cooling system design for ice cream preservation and provide recommendations for
improvement in the food industry.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................. I
CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................ II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... …… III
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY………………………………………………………… IV
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………….. V
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………. VI
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………. VIII
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………. IX
LIST OF EQUATIONS…………………………………………………………………….…… X
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................. 2
1.3 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................. 3
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study ............................................................... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 4
1.6 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES ............................................. 7
2.1 Conceptual Literature .................................................................................... 7
2.2 Research Literature....................................................................................... 8
2.3 Relevance of the Study………………………………………………………….. 18
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….. 20
3.1 Project and Research Design…………………………………………………... 20
3.1.1 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………. 20
3.1.2 Ducting Layout ………………………………………………………... 23
3.1.3 Design Concept……………………………………………………….. 25
3.2 Project Development…………………………………………………………….. 26
3.2.1 Process Flowchart…………………………………………………….. 27
3.2.2 Considerations of the Design Temperature………………………… 27
VI
3.2.3 Materials and Specifications…………………………………………. 28
3.3 Evaluation Procedure……………………………………………………………. 31
3.4 Evaluation Criteria……………………………………………………………….. 32
3.4.1 Size of Cold Storage Facility……………………………………...…. 32
3.4.2 Total Cooling Load……………………………………………………. 32
3.4.3 Size of Duct……………………………………………………………. 33
3.5 Instrument and Techniques Used………………………………………………. 33
3.5.1 Instrument Used………………………………………………………. 33
3.5.2 Techniques Used……………………………………………………… 35
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………… 42
4.1 Project Technical Description…………………………………………………… 42
4.1.1 Size of Cold Storage Facility…………………………………………. 42
4.1.2 Total Cooling Load in Cold Storage Facility………………………… 44
4.1.3. Ductwork Design……………………………………………………… 69
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 80
5.1 Summary of Findings……………………………………………………………. 80
5.2 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………. 81
5.3 Recommendations………………………………………………………………. 82
REFERENCES
VII
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1: Maximum Temperature in Maragondon, Cavite from 2013-2022…………….... 28
Table 2: Materials Needed in Cold Storage Facility……………………………………..… 29
Table 3: Size of Cold Storage Facility………………………………………………………. 32
Table 4: Total Cooling Load in the Cold Storage Facility……………………….………… 32
Table 5: Blow Up of Walls for Office………………………………………………………… 51
Table 6: Total Transmission Load in the Cold Storage and Office……………………….. 54
Table 7: Total Internal Load in the Cold Storage and Office……………………………… 60
Table 8: Total Product Load in the Cold Storage………………………………………….. 60
Table 9: CFM Calculations Results…………………………………………………………. 69
Table 10: Total Cooling Load in Cold Storage Facility……………………………………. 69
Table 11: Different Facilities with its required Cooling Load……………………………… 71
Table 12: Volume Flowrate Calculations……………………………………………………. 71
Table 13: Criteria to design a Ductwork……………………………………….……………. 71
Table 14: Calculation of Ductwork Design………………………………………………….. 77
Table 15: Exhaust Duct Size in Cold Storage Facility…………………………………….. 79
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1: Block Diagram of the Cold Storage Facility……………………………………... 20
Figure 2: Block Diagram of the Office in Cold Storage Facility…………………………... 21
Figure 3: Floor Plan of the Cold Storage Facility………………………………………….. 23
Figure 4: Legend for the Ducting Layout in the Cold Storage Facility…………………... 23
Figure 5: Isometric View of the Cold Storage Facility…………………………………….. 25
Figure 6: Process Flow Chart of the Cold Storage Facility………………………………. 27
Figure 7: Dimension of the Container of 2 Liters of Ice Cream………………………….. 42
Figure 8: Dimension of the Shelve………………………………………………………….. 43
Figure 9: Standard Duct thickness………………………………………………………….. 44
Figure 10: Surface Conductance and Resistance of Air……………………………..…... 44
Figure 11: Thermal Properties of Building Materials…………………………………….… 45
Figure 12: R-values for Flooring…………………………………………………………….. 46
Figure 13: U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in BTU/h.ft2.F………………… 48
Figure 14: Representative Fenestration Frame U-Factors in BTU/h.ft2.F……………… 48
Figure 15: North and West Wall in Cold Storage Facility…………………………………. 48
Figure 16: South Wall in Cold Storage Facility…………………………………………….. 49
Figure 17: Front Door in Cold Storage Facility…………………………………………….. 49
Figure 18: East Wall in Cold Storage Facility………………………………………………. 50
Figure 19: Floor in Cold Storage Facility…………………………………………………… 50
Figure 20: Standard Ventilation Rate for Stores & Warehouses…………………………. 61
Figure 21: Thermodynamic Properties of Moist and Dry Air……………………………… 64
Figure 22: Ductwork Design in the Facility with Label…………………………………….. 70
Figure 23: Low Velocity Duct Systems……………………………………………………… 72
Figure 24: Duct Sizing Chart from ASHRAE……………………………………………….. 73
Figure 25: Dimension of Elbow Bend Loss………………………………………………… 75
Figure 26: Area and Velocity Ratio in Straight Duct……………………………………….. 76
Figure 27: Area and Velocity Ratio in Bend Duct………………………………………….. 76
IX
LIST OF EQUATIONS
Page
Equation 1: Formula for Volume…………………………………………………………….. 35
Equation 2: Formula for Total Cooling Load……………………………………………….. 35
Equation 3: Formula for Transmission Load……………………………………………….. 36
Equation 4: Formula for Internal Load……………………………………………………… 36
Equation 5: Formula for Internal Load (People)…………………………………………… 37
Equation 6: Formula for Internal Load (Lightings)…………………….…………………… 37
Equation 7: Formula for Product Load……………………………………………………… 37
Equation 8: Formula for Sensible Heat……………………………………………………... 38
Equation 9: Formula for Combined Infiltration and Ventilation Rate…………………….. 38
Equation 10: Formula for Latent Heat………………………………………………………. 39
Equation 11: Formula for Equipment Load…………………………………………………. 39
Equation 12: Formula for Total Cooling Load Using Safety Factor……………………… 40
Equation 13: Formula for Mass Flow Rate…………………………………………………. 40
Equation 14: Formula for Volume Flow Rate………………………………………………. 40
Equation 15: Formula for Bend Loss…………………………………………….………….. 41
X
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Ice cream is a perishable product that has been a favorite dessert for centuries. But
its storage requires specific environmental conditions, primarily controlled temperature,
and humidity, to maintain quality and avoid spoilage. Inadequate storage conditions can
contribute to microbial growth, enzymatic reactions, and chemical changes, resulting in
product degradation, loss of quality, and potential health risks.
Cold storage facilities offer an environment that can be adapted to satisfy the specific
needs of various products. These facilities are equipped with refrigeration systems to
maintain low temperatures and prevent the growth of microorganisms, ensuring the stored
goods' safety and freshness. Insulation, refrigeration systems, temperature control
mechanisms, and ventilation systems all play a role in the efficient design of a cold storage
facility. Cold storage is a facility that primarily keeps food items that have a limited shelf
life and are particularly prone to spoilage under normal temperatures. Ice cream must be
kept at the appropriate temperature (usually low) and humidity level. According to Smith
(2018), temperature fluctuations affect the quality of ice cream during storage. Poor
cooling systems that cause temperature fluctuations may result in ice crystal formation,
texture deterioration, and product quality loss. Temperature control is essential for
preventing modifications in the structure and quality of ice cream. As a result, different
parameters must be considered while designing and optimizing a cold storage for
temperature regulation which is an essential aspect of ice cream storage.
Humidity management is an important aspect of ice cream preservation. Inadequate

humidity levels may result in issues such as ice recrystallization and freezer burn. Johnson
(2019) investigated different humidity control systems for ice cream storage facilities. The
study emphasized the importance of determining the optimal humidity range and devising
cooling devices to effectively control adequate airflow in the storage environment. It is
essential to properly control humidity levels to preserve the texture of ice cream and
prevent the formation of ice crystals. In addition to temperature and humidity regulation,
air circulation is essential for the storage of ice cream. Inadequate air circulation can result
in uneven temperature distribution throughout the storage facility, resulting in hot or chilly
areas. Brown (2020) examined the effect of air circulation on the quality and
freezing/melting patterns of ice cream. The study highlighted the significance of cooling
1
system design in attaining uniform airflow and temperature distribution throughout the
storage area. The design and optimization of the storage environment, specifically the
cooling system, significantly impacts the preservation of ice cream.
The Design and Optimization of Cooling System for Cold Storage Facility for 5000
Liter/day Ice Cream Preservation can help manage temperature, humidity, and air
circulation within ice cream storage facilities, which affects ice cream's quality and
expiration life. By utilizing an appropriate cooling system, ice cream manufacturers and
managers of storage facilities can maintain the quality and extend the expiration life of ice
cream during storage to maximize consumer satisfaction and reduce product waste. This
research study will be providing different factors that must be present in the design, and
specifically provides these factors’ advantages in establishing a cold storage facility at
Poblacion 2B, Maragondon, Cavite which does not have any industrial cold storage facility.
On the island of Luzon, Poblacion II B is located at approximately 14.2726 and 120.7375.
It is estimated that the elevation at these coordinates is 22.8 meters, or 74.8 feet, above
mean sea level. The design and optimization of the storage environment, specifically the
ventilation system, significantly impacts the preservation of ice cream. The Design and
Optimization of Cooling System for Cold Storage Facility for 5000 Liter/day Ice Cream
Preservation can help manage temperature, humidity, and air circulation within ice cream
storage facilities, which affects ice cream's quality and expiration life. By utilizing
appropriate ventilation, ice cream manufacturers and managers of storage facilities can
maintain the quality and extend the expiration life of ice cream during storage to maximize
consumer satisfaction and reduce product waste.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to assess the Design and Optimization of Cooling System
for Cold Storage Facility for 5000 Liter/day Ice Cream Preservation.
Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions:
1. What is the ideal size of the cold storage facility to preserve 5000 liters of ice
cream?
2. What cooling load is required to keep the temperature in a cold storage facility at -
22°C (-4°F) and the office at 25°C?
2
3. What is the optimal size of ductwork based on the cooling load and cold storage
design specifications?
1.3 Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Knowledge Analysis of Ice Cream

Requirement: Preservation
• Basic Knowledge on • Temperature
AutoCAD. requirement
• Expertise in HVAC • Humidity
(Heating, Ventilation management
& Air Conditioning) • Air Quality
• Knowledge in Parameters
choosing appropriate • Light Exposure
equipment needed in • Storage Time
ventilation system
design for 5000 Cooling System Design
L/day cold storage • Calculate cooling
facility to optimize requirements based
ice cream on facility size and
preservation. ice cream volume Design and
• Calculation of Optimization of
Materials and cooling load Cooling System for
Equipment Needed: capacity
• Polyurethane foam Cold Storage Facility
• Proper airflow and For 5000 Liter/Day
panels
ductwork layout.
• Emerson Expansion Ice Cream
• Design a control
valve
system to monitor Preservation
• Refrigerant oil (POE)
and regulate
• Copper Pipe
temperature and
• 12hp Schuyler
humidity levels
compressor
• Blow-type
Duct System Design
Evaporator
• R404a Refrigerant
• System
• Galvanize Iron Duct
Requirements
• Air duct diffuser • System Layout
• Volume Control • Duct Sizing
Damper • Duct Material
• Air-conditioning unit Selection
• Proper Insulation
• Duct Routing
• Airflow Distribution
3
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The researcher aims to design and optimize a cooling system for a cold storage
facility for 5000 liter/day ice cream preservation. It includes calculating cooling
requirements based on facility size and ice cream volume. Furthermore, this study covers
office ducting design and piping in cold storage facility. However, this study limits the
analysis of the performance of the refrigeration systems and cannot further provide
possible improvements in the condenser and evaporator performance. This study also
limits providing design considerations to include support and hanger since there is no
possibility to accumulate the load variation limitation in the system. Also, it cannot further
include the overall costing since a physical facility should be evaluated in considering the
initial cost and energy cost of the system in an effective design.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The research on Design and Optimization of Cooling System for Cold Storage Facility
for 5000 Liter/day Ice Cream Preservation benefits the following:
Customer. Customers can ensure that their purchased product is high-quality by

developing an optimized cooling system for ice cream preservation. Maintaining consistent
temperature, controlling humidity levels, and ensuring proper air circulation can prevent
issues like ice crystal formation, freezer burn, and texture degradation. Enhanced product
quality leads to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Cold Storage Facility. An optimized cooling system can improve operational efficiency
within the cold storage facility. Ensuring consistent temperature and humidity control can
reduce the workload on cooling units, leading to energy savings and increased equipment
lifespan. Improved operational efficiency translates into cost savings for the facility and
better resource utilization.
Environment. Having an optimized cooling system not only improves ice cream
preservation but also has environmental benefits. By reducing energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions associated with inefficient ventilation, the research promotes
4
sustainability within the cold storage industry. This aligns with global efforts to reduce
carbon footprints and mitigate climate change.
Manufacturers. An efficient cooling system can significantly extend the shelf life of ice
cream products. It can help to minimize product spoilage, flavor deterioration, and the
growth of harmful microorganisms. This extended shelf life can reduce financial losses for
ice cream manufacturers and distributors while promoting sustainability by reducing food
waste.
Engineers. The research can guide engineers in designing and operating cold storage
facilities for ice cream preservation by identifying the most effective cooling techniques
and providing guidelines for optimal system design. This research promotes innovation
and continuous improvement within the ice cream industry.
Future Researchers. This will serve as a future reference for future researchers that
will also be dealing with Cold Storage Facilities. For design, this research can be their
base and will guide them to improve it more in the future.
1.6 Definition of Terms

The following terms are used in this study:
Cold Storage Facility. Cold storage facility involves the storing of perishable or
other sensitive goods like food at a specific temperature range to maintain their integrity,
shelf-life, and quality.
Cooling Load. The cooling load is the quantity of heat energy that must be added
to an area in order to keep the temperature within a reasonable range (New South Whales,
2023).
Heat Transfer. Any time there is a temperature difference between two items, heat
transfer happens. It also happens in the direction of decreasing temperature, that means
from a hot object to a cold object.
Humidity. Water vapor content in the air is referred to as humidity. Humidity levels
will be high if there is a lot of water vapor present. It feels wetter outside when the humidity
is higher.
5
Preservation. It can be defined as the process of treating and handling food in
such a way as to stop or greatly slow down spoilage and prevent foodborne illness while
maintaining nutritional value, texture and flavor.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter introduces conceptual literature, research literature, and relevance of
the study. It presents a concise overview of the theoretical frameworks and existing
research related to the project, highlighting their significance, and informing the reader
about the study's context and its practical implications.
2.1 Conceptual Literature
The Philippines has hot weather all year because of its tropical climate. During
summers, temperatures in lowland areas and urban centers like Manila, Cebu, and Davao
can rise significantly, sometimes reaching as high as 30 to 35 degrees Celsius (86 to 95
degrees Fahrenheit). With the high temperature and humidity, the weather feels even
hotter. In this hot weather, Filipinos enjoy consuming cold dairy products like ice cream.
Ice cream is a type of frozen dessert that is usually created by combining milk or cream
with a sweetener to add flavor. Making ice cream involves freezing the ice cream mix while
constantly stirring it and storing it in a cold environment. According to Global Data (2022),
the market size in the Philippines was PHP 14.4 billion in 2021. Ice cream industry is a
huge thing in the Philippines. There are numerous ice cream manufacturers, distributors,
and retail outlets across the country. Having cold storage facilities for ice cream is a must
in this business. According to the Department of Agriculture of the Philippines, (2019) the
number of cold storage in the Philippines increased from 256 in 2016 to 316 by the year
2019.
In preserving ice cream, it is essential to maintain its quality and prevent the
formation of ice crystals and other undesirable changes. According to Vic Cheung, (2023),
the ideal storage range for ice cream is between -20°C and -25°C (-4°F and -13°F). The
humidity level should be 40% to 50%. The ice cream is kept frozen in a cold room to avoid
7
melting or forming ice crystals, which could have a negative impact on the texture and
flavor.
Cooling systems and cold storage facilities encompass key concepts from
thermodynamics, heat transfer, and refrigeration engineering. The fundamental laws of
thermodynamics, the heat transfer from the materials and surroundings that need to be
considered, and also the refrigeration cycle. Energy efficiency in cooling systems is an
important factor to take into account because cooling processes tend to use a significant
amount of energy. By placing our attention on energy efficiency, there is the ability to
decrease energy expenses, limit the impact on the environment, and encourage the
adoption of sustainable practices. Temperature regulation is significantly important in cold
storage facilities. The control in the system keeps the temperature in the storage at its
desired temperature. These situations include HVAC systems, which control heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning, as well as industrial processes and refrigeration systems.
The control systems will use sensors, actuators, and feedback mechanisms to effectively
monitor and make precise adjustments to temperatures.
With the use of this concept and theories the Designing and Optimization of
Cooling System for Cold Storage Facility for 5000 Liter/day Ice Cream Preservation will
be successful. Integrate various concepts and theories like thermodynamics, heat transfer,
refrigeration cycles, psychometrics, thermal insulation, energy efficiency, control systems,
and sustainability. Understanding the principles behind cooling systems, optimizing their
design and performance, achieving precise temperature control, and promoting
sustainable practices by applying these concepts and theories. The understanding of this
knowledge helps in the creation of effective cooling systems and storage facilities for 5000
Liter per day of ice cream.
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2.2 Research Literature
The main successful method for preserving foods while keeping their flavor and
freshness is keeping foods at cold storage. A key component in product deterioration is
time, as well as temperature. By reducing the rate of respiration, cooling the product can
reduce the rate of quality loss. The shorter the storage life and the faster the degradation,
whereas the longer the storage life and the slower the deterioration . The product will
remain marketable for a longer period of time if it is cooled and stored properly (Sakare
2014).
Preservation helps to avoid food spoilage, preserving the foods nutritional value
and the quality while maximizing food budget. Also, preserving food properly can aid in
avoiding foodborne illnesses brought on by dangerous germs. One of the most important
elements of the cold chain for preserving the temperature of perishable food is cold
storage. Their study focuses on monitoring the handling of optimal temperature in
perishable foods that involve all stakeholders in the cold supply chain. The cold chain
supply is the temperature-controlled supply chain comprising refrigerated production
storage and distribution facilities. Additionally, the use of the cold chain can help to reach
this potential and decrease the losses of perishable foods. The study also discusses the
general features of their cold storage facility containing the total capacity, number and size
of rooms, refrigeration system storage, handling equipment and access facilities. The
study helps the awareness to better understand the optimal temperature in perishable
foods to prevent high cost of operation and maintaining the temperature of cold storage
can affect the quality of the product (Sitti Aishi Hadawiah et al. 2020).
In preserving ice cream it is essential to maintain its quality and prevent the
formation of ice crystals and the other undesirable changes. The ideal storage range for
ice cream is between -20°C and -25°C (-4°F and -13°F) . The humidity level should be
9
40% to 50%.. The ice cream is kept frozen in the cold room to avoid melting or forming ice
crystals, which could have a negative impact on the texture and flavor (Vic Cheung, 2023)
The use of cold storage is crucial. It primarily serves to preserve the product's
quality and prevent its decline. Because it effectively prevents the spoiling of harvested
products, cold storage is becoming more and more important in modern society. The
compact design of the cold storage, which will benefit small-scale farmers, is the main
topic of this study. It is mostly intended for those who are unable to make the initial
investment but wish to make a sizable profit from it. An additional refrigeration and air
conditioning unit and a direct evaporative cooling system make up cold storage (Shende,
2018).
R404A refrigerant is characterized by its non-flammable, non-toxic, and non-
corrosive properties, as well as its relatively low melting point. The material possesses the
ability to sustain pressure across a range of temperatures, rendering it highly suitable for
utilization in air conditioning systems. R404A is recognized for its energy efficiency and
ability to deliver exceptional cooling performance (United Refrigerants, 2022).
In order for air conditioning systems to effectively distribute conditioned air, they
typically rely on the use of duct work. This duct work serves the purpose of guiding and
directing the air to the specific areas where it is required. If the installation job is done
poorly, it will lead to subpar performance, inadequate air flow, duct systems that leak, and
utility bills that are higher than usual. Designing the air conditioning ductwork system to
match the air conditioning load is crucial. To maintain a pleasant and comfortable
temperature in every room or area of the facility, it is crucial to assess and determine the
necessary amount of air flow. A duct system is a collection of round or rectangular tubes
that are typically made of sheet metal, fiberglass board, or a flexible plastic-and-wire
composite. These tubes are found within the walls, floors, and ceilings. Galvanized steel
is a commonly used material for ducts in air handling systems. However, it is important to
10
note that it is not suitable for handling corrosive products or temperatures exceeding
400ºF. The advantages of this material are its high strength, rigidity, durability, rust
resistance, availability, non-porosity, workability, and weldability. Rectangular ducts have
the ability to be adjusted to fit within various height limitations and can be conveniently
transported when disassembled or stacked together. Flat surfaces are provided by them
for branch tap-ins, and they are conveniently fabricated. When dealing with large plenums
and duct sections that have multiple fittings, it is generally more convenient to use
rectangular duct fittings instead of round and oval fittings. When using rectangular ducts
because of limited space, it is important to ensure that the width-to-height ratio (also known
as the aspect ratio) is kept low. The reason why lining a rectangular duct is the least
expensive option is because it can be easily automated on coil lines.( A. Bhatia, B.E.
2020).
In many different heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well
as in industrial ventilation systems, rectangular ducts are a crucial component.
Rectangular ducts are significant because of their usefulness, effectiveness, and
adaptability. A rectangular duct has more turbulence than a circular duct does, therefore
a circular duct's pressure drop can be greater than that of a rectangle duct. Theoretically,
it is understood that a circular duct system will experience less turbulence than a
rectangular one in a typical system made up of straight ducts. As a result, it is clear that
using a circular duct system for the aforementioned application will result in significant
cost savings because the power used by the fan is directly related to the pressure drop.
However, by using the pressure loss data gathered above to compute the running costs
and comparing them to the installation costs, the aforementioned methodology can also
be expanded further to evaluate the relative costs and benefits of choosing a certain
portion (Shah et al., 2019).
11
The existing design method for HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
air distribution systems doesn't take fitting sizes into account early enough. This
shortcoming could cause air systems to not work well. Fitting design and size must be
thought about early on in the planning process if air distribution systems are to work at
their best. The goal of this paper is to look at current design methods and see ifhow they
deal with fitting sizes. It will also show why it's important to think about this early on to
make designs that work better. The writers say that fitting design is a big part of how much
pressure drops in the ductwork system, which can have a big effect on how well the
ventilation system works as a whole. Through their study, they want to show how important
it is to pay attention to fitting sizes when HVAC systems are first being designed.
Improperly sized or poorly designed fittings can cause substantial pressure drops in the
ductwork, leading to decreased system efficiency. This can result in higher energy
consumption, increased operating costs, and potentially compromised indoor air quality
and comfort (Kabbara, Z. et al., 2023).
Materials that are resistant to the flow of energy are called thermal insulators. In
order to provide a barrier that stops the transmission of energy and keeps the interior at
an appropriate temperature, they are used in the construction of cold storage systems.
The thickness of insulation in cold storage facilities is determined by the desired working
temperature and the insulating properties of the material. Approximately 92% of the panels
used in these facilities are composed of polyurethane or polystyrene, both of which are
organic polymers with a foam-like consistency and favorable thermal characteristics.
These materials are manufactured in the form of sandwich panels (Mariella Dauphinee,
2017).
The heat transfer that takes place as the conditioned air moves from the
heating/cooling equipment to each room is reduced by insulating the ductwork. This
makes it possible for that air warm or cool to be released into the rooms at the appropriate
12
temperature, putting fewer demands on the HVAC system and lowering power costs. The
importance of thermal insulation materials in HVAC ducts is highlighted in this thesis. The
heat losses through HVAC ducts were analyzed. The results highlight the significance of
duct insulation, which improves the overall sustainability and effectiveness of HVAC
systems (Muhammad et al., 20180.
HVAC systems in buildings use a lot of energy, so it is important for HVAC
engineers to understand their design's impact. The study measures how pressure drop in
ductwork affects the system's energy use over its entire lifespan. Engineers often utilize a
friction loss number based on prior data when designing ductwork. Larger ducts are
quieter and have less pressure drop, whereas smaller ducts are noisier and have higher
pressure drop, necessitating the use of a larger fan and more energy. The study
discovered that the manufacturing of ductwork had little impact on energy utilization when
compared to the operation of the fan. However, the size of the ductwork influences how
much energy the fan requires. When the system is operational, using low or medium-
pressure ductwork is the best approach to optimize materials and energy utilization. As a
result, choosing the proper ductwork size is critical for energy-efficient HVAC systems
(Palcan et al., 2018).
One major issue is that the ducts may be too small or have too many bends,
especially when they are made of flexible materials. This creates too much pressure in
the system, leading to energy waste. Excess static pressures can have a negative energy
impact depending on the type of blower motor used in the air handling unit (AHU) and the
level of excess static pressure. Increasing duct diameters and specifying low-resistance
duct materials can reduce system pressures but also increase the surface area for heat
transfer to occur across unconditioned ductwork. The study examines the effects of
various pressure duct designs on parameters influencing central residence HVAC energy
13
consumption and simulates the net life cycle impacts of lower pressure duct designs in
houses using a combination of energy modeling and life cycle cost analysis. Lower
pressure duct systems are preferable for usage in central home heating and air-
conditioning systems, according to the study, because they result in higher airflow rates
and cooling and heating capacities with PSC blowers and lower fan power draws with
ECM blowers (Brent Stephens, 2014).
A ventilation and air-conditioning duct system's job is to provide or exhaust air into
or out of a structure. Duct systems are a crucial component of modern architecture. In
recent years, more focus has been placed on the local resistance represented by tees in
ventilation and air-conditioning duct systems because of the large resistance effect and
the energy consumption effect. In a ventilation and air-conditioning duct, a guide vane
installation method for resistance reduction is investigated. The proposed guide vane's
resistance reduction rate occasionally exceeds 100%. Fluid deformation, mechanical
energy conversion to internal energy, and turbulent energy dissipation are all decreased
by the tee with the suggested guiding vane (Gao et al. 2018)
One of the main components of maintaining the required quality of product is the
circulation of air because it is frequently employed in maintaining the necessary indoor air
quality in public gathering spaces, thermal management of engineering systems, and
ventilation and air conditioning of structures. Aside from that, the arrangements of single
and multiple fans are used to change the flow rate in order to meet comfort requirements
for ambient circumstances. Moreover, based on the study the single fan arrangement for
circulation of air leads to high leakage because of additional pressure generation of
flowrate. Then, in the other hand the two or multiple fans were analyzed the air
performances that set in parallel arrangement to lessen the air leakage to have uniform
air delivery in the desired space for the ventilation zone. Moving on, the study The
14
relationship of combined impacts for optimising flow rate, losses factor during summing of
air quantity, and new surging turbulence regions are found at various situations for various
air performance regions (Abhishek Jain, 2023).
Dampers are one of those essential HVAC components that are responsible for
managing the airflow and also aid in altering the temperature of the space. Dampers can
be found in a variety of applications. HVAC system energy efficiency, indoor air quality,
and thermal comfort depend on air volume management efficacy. The resistance of the
whole duct system affects air dampers' regulating ability, making HVAC air volume control
study difficult. The damper control performance is heavily affected by the air damper's
working flow characteristic (WFC) curve, which differs between duct systems. Based on
the deep reinforcement learning algorithm, a smart ventilation control system was
proposed to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and reduce operational
consumption. Experimentally, a graded air volume balancing control approach for
ventilation systems corrected and controlled air volume. Air volume balancing can reduce
fan energy usage by 14.3% (Shihao, et al., 2021).
Understanding heat and mass transfers in a cold room is necessary to reduce food
losses and ensure food quality and safety. The high product and air temperatures, as well
as moisture, can lead to the deterioration of food quality and safety. The study conducted
temperature and velocity measurements in a ventilated cold room filled with apple pallets
to observe the effects of airflow and temperature distribution. They found that due to the
room's small dimensions, the cold supply air predominantly reached the rear part of the
room, resulting in lower air temperatures and more rapid cooling for the rear pallets
compared to the front ones. To model these phenomena, a simplified model was
developed that accurately predicted the product cooling rate and final product
15
temperature, demonstrating a good agreement between the predicted and experimental
results (Laguerre, et al., 2015).
One of India's most urgent challenges is how to store fresh horticulture produce
after it has been harvested. India is a tropical nation. Fruits and vegetables have a very
short shelf life due to their high moisture content and are susceptible to spoiling.
Additionally, they continue to ripen even after harvest because they are living things. Fresh
horticulture produce's metabolism continues even after harvest, and because of ripening,
aging, and unfavorable environmental conditions, the pace of deterioration accelerates.
The air around the goods is cooled using an evaporative cooling system, which also adds
more moisture to the air. This contributes to reducing the amount of product drying out,
hence extending the shelf life of horticulture products. Where there is air movement, high
temperatures, low humidity, and water that can be saved for this purpose, evaporative
cooling systems work well (D.V.K Samuel et al., 2013).
Freshly cut yam beans go bad quickly, so they need to be kept in a cold room that
is kept at 5°C and 90% relative humidity. Still, the cold storage can waste a lot of energy
if the equipment isn't chosen to match the real amount of cooling needed. This is not good
for the small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) that process fresh-cut meat. In this
study, the design of a cold storage for freshly cut yam beans was shown to meet the
standards for food production. Using the design as a guide, the correct estimate of the
cooling load was made by taking into account all of the possible sources of heat. The total
cooling load was 53239.30 kW, with 36% of the heat load coming from fresh-cuts, 22%
from transmission, 18% from infiltration, and the rest from workers, lights, ventilation, and
defrosting. The designated cold storage for 240 kg of fresh cuts is 4.9 m long, 2.5 m wide,
and 3 m high. It has enough room for the workers and the tools they need, as well as
features that keep heat from getting in. The amount of cooling power needed was 3.33
kW, which was used to choose the cooling equipment. They conclude a fresh-cut yam
16
bean cold storage to be energy-efficient and cost-effective, the cooling load must be
calculated correctly. it is important to choose the right refrigeration equipment for the real
amount of cooling needed to avoid wasting energy. The cold storage options that use less
energy would help small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in the fresh-cut
processing industry (Yuzainee et al.,2016)
More than 300 feet of supply and return ductwork can be found in the typical home.
At those lengths, a lot can go wrong with duct design. Due to poor duct design or
installation, studies have found that many homes are living with duct efficiencies in the
60–70% range. This indicates that 40% of the conditioned air that the ducts are designed
to convey does not reach the rooms. Even if air escapes, it could not be at the right
temperature or volume to maintain comfort. Additionally, proper ducting design supports
improved indoor comfort all year round, cleaner air, and a more ecologically responsible
system. Every duct joint must be mechanically fastened with sheet metal screws, not only
press-fitted. Metal foil tape, mastic paste, or both should be used to seal these seams
(Chillflow Solutions, 2021).
The effective supply of air in the conditioned room is the primary criterion for
determining if an air conditioning system is running successfully. For the purpose of
choosing the right duct size, pressure losses in ducts must be estimated. A typical air
conditioning system's installation costs range from 20 to 30 percent of the entire cost of
equipment selection, and supply fans' power usage also raises operating costs. Therefore,
it's critical to reduce the duct system's initial investment and ongoing expenses. Duct
design is the creation of an enclosed passageway for the distribution of conditioned air to
specific locations as needed. The focal point of this paper will be on utilizing CFD
reenactment devices to concentrate on speed circulation of air in the conduit at different
segments, pressure distinction at different outlets and appropriations of wind current. The
study claims the pressure loss in a ducting system is decreased by branching with gradual
17
bends rather than acute bends. The paper highlights the potential for adjusting the duct
layout's design to improve the performance of an HVAC duct by introducing divergence,
consecutive bends, and V-shaped cuts to lower pressure drops, turbulence, recirculation
zones near the bend, and flow losses. Compared to the 90-degree sharp cornered bend,
the study found minimal pressure losses in the rectangular Y-bend duct and more uniform
distribution of the supplied air (Sulekha Walunj et al., 2023).
2.3 Relevance of the Study
Ice cream cold storage is an important part of the ice cream industry because it
provides appropriate storage conditions that help preserve the quality, flavor, and texture
of this popular treat. Its benefits, such as temperature control, prolonged shelf life, quality
preservation, efficient storage, inventory management, and regulatory compliance, help
ice cream manufacturers, distributors, and retailers succeed. Firms may ensure the
availability of high-quality ice cream year-round, meet client expectations, and optimize
profit by investing in ice cream cold facilities (Cheung, 2023).
Cooling systems are essential to the preservation of ice cream. While cooling
systems are necessary for preserving ice cream, they face a few obstacles, one of which
is energy efficiency. A lot of energy was used in cooling systems, which contributes to
expensive operating costs and an environmental impact. Improving energy efficiency is a
significant problem since it involves reducing energy usage while maintaining sufficient
cooling performance.
This research was based on the standards and by creating a design located at
Poblacion 2B Maragondon - Cavite will contribute to the cooling system design through its
outcome. The findings of this study will be extremely beneficial to the ice cream
preservation practices in Maragondon, Cavite. Implementing the proposed cooling system
will result in increased energy efficiency, lower operating costs, improved system
performance, increased reliability, and improved environmental sustainability. It can make
18
occupants more comfortable and productive, increase product quality and safety, and
contribute to long-term development goals. Furthermore, developments in cooling
technology have the potential to promote innovation and growth opportunities in the
cooling industry.
This study was conducted in order to utilize ducting rather than a large amount of
air conditioning. The study will also show that, rather than purchasing more air
conditioning, the researchers used ducting and an additional evaporator to save costs and
energy use.
19
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design and project development, providing a
comprehensive overview of the testing and evaluation procedure, evaluation criteria, and
the instruments and techniques employed for this study. It will serve as a foundation for
understanding the systematic approach adopted in the research, highlighting the essential
elements necessary for accurate data collection and rigorous analysis.
3.1. Project and Research Design
3.1.1. Block Diagram
Figure 1: Block Diagram of the Cold Storage Facility
The figure above shows the block diagram of the cold storage facility. It starts with
the compressor, increasing the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas, causing
it to condense into a high-pressure, high-temperature vapor. The condenser receives high-
pressure, high-temperature refrigerant vapor. The refrigerant is cooled and condensed
into a high-pressure liquid in the condenser as it releases heat to the surroundings. The
condenser's high-pressure liquid refrigerant escapes and enters the expansion valve. The
expansion valve lowers the refrigerant pressure and regulates the flow rate into the
20
evaporator. The low-pressure liquid refrigerant now enters the evaporator. The refrigerant
absorbs heat from the space or substance being cooled inside the evaporator, causing it
to evaporate and transform into a low-pressure vapor. The cooling effect is provided by
the absorption of heat from the surroundings. The cooling fans blow the cold air to
transport the low-temperature air to the surrounding, and The heat exchange mechanism
is improved, allowing the refrigerant to absorb more heat from the surrounding air. The
low-pressure vapor that exits the evaporator is then routed through a cut-off valve, which
separates it from any liquid refrigerant that may have evaporated that is connected to the
thermostat to monitor the temperature. This guarantees that only low-pressure vapor
reaches the compressor. In refrigeration systems, cooling fins are frequently utilized to
improve the surface area for heat exchange. They are commonly found on evaporator
coils and aid in transferring heat between the refrigerant and the surrounding air.
Figure 2: Block Diagram of the Office in Cold Storage Facility
21
The provided diagram illustrates an HVAC ducting system, which is crucial for
regulating indoor temperature and air quality in buildings. The process begins with a
source, such as an air conditioner cooling unit, which generates conditioned air. This air
is then moved through blowers into the main duct trunk.
Blowers play a vital role as they are responsible for circulating the air through the
ducts and distributing it to different areas or rooms. The main duct trunk acts as a central
pathway for delivering the conditioned air to various sub-ducts throughout the building.
The design incorporates dampers, which are essential for controlling the flow of
conditioned air from the duct branches to different rooms. Dampers function as filters to
ensure equal air distribution, and occupants can manually adjust the flow of conditioned
air to their preferences.
Branches are secondary ducts extending from the main trunk, delivering
conditioned air to individual rooms or zones. These branches are crucial for maintaining
proper airflow and temperature control in specific areas.
Inside the chambers, fans are located to facilitate the movement of air through the
ducts. They help overcome resistance to airflow, create pressure differentials, and ensure
efficient distribution of air throughout the building.
A diffuser is another important component responsible for distributing conditioned
air into a room or space. Positioned at the endpoint of a supply duct, the diffuser disperses
airflow in a controlled manner to ensure comfort and efficient utilization of conditioned air.
Once the conditioned air is distributed to various areas and maintains the desired
temperature, any harmful gases present in the room are drawn back through grilles to the
HVAC unit. Fans aid in moving these gases back to the HVAC unit, completing the cycle
of the ducting system.
22
3.1.2. Ducting Layout
Figure 3: Floor Plan of the Cold Storage Facility
Figure 4: Legend for the Ducting Layout in the Cold Storage Facility
The researchers created a 2D floor plan for a cold storage facility using AUTOCAD
2021 software. The plan features a simple layout with a 1:1 ratio of cold storage for ice
23
cream and ducting system for office rooms. The exterior and interior walls are 0.15 m and
0.10 m thick, with north, south, east, and west orientations.
The air-conditioned ducting system located in the lobby, engineering office,
hallway, customer service, staff room, and administration office, has a total dimension of
8.77 x 10.27 meters. The lobby room, located in the southeast part of the design, is
designed for customers waiting for ice cream products, measuring 5.67 by 4.07 meters
with a door and two windows. The engineering office is located in the bottom middle of the
room, where engineers work on projects, storage room maintenance, and product
evaluation. It measures 3 by 5.67 meters and has two doors and one window. The
administration office, located in the middle of the design, is a centralized location for
administrative tasks and functions within an organization. It measures 3 by 4.5 meters and
features a door and window. Staff room in northeast layout, designed for employee breaks,
relaxation, and socializing, measures 4.425 x 3 in, with one door and window. The
customer service room below the staff room handles inquiries, assists, and resolves
issues, measuring 4.425 x 3 in.
The ducting system focuses on the air conditioner unit, which is connected to a
long rectangular shape. It distributes conditioned air through branches, with fans blowing
through diffusers. The size of branches varies based on computed CFM. The layout
features 5.67 by 6.04 meters of ice cream storage, with green rectangular shelves for
stacking and blue rectangular evaporators on the east wall.
24
3.1.3. Design Concept
Figure 5: Isometric View of the Cold Storage Facility
The figure above shows the cold storage facility design that can preserve 5000
liters/day of ice cream that was insulated with quality materials using different standards
based on national building code standards and the American Society of Heating,
25
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). The researchers had a thorough
review and research for the materials to be used like the proper specifications of
evaporators, condensers, and more. This facility is designed for a centralized ducting
system that has an air-conditioning main unit as the main source of conditioned air. The
ducting type used is a circular duct made of galvanized steel that is installed in the ceilings
of the facility with additional materials like dampers and diffusers.
The total dimension of the facility is 141.7703 square meters which has a standard
thickness of the wall which is 0.15 meters (exterior) and 0.10 meters (interior). The wall
used in this design is made of concrete and is insulated inside using polyurethane foam.
The model also showcases the windows used in the facility are similar in dimensions and
materials, likewise to the doors. However, the door used in the cold storage room is made
of aluminum which is a good insulation material and cannot easily corrode due to its
properties. The materials used in the exterior design were based on the standards
provided by the researchers.
Moreover, the researchers created this kind of model as they considered the
varying calculations like the total calculations of the cooling load in each room. The
researchers considered the computation for the ductwork, pressure loss, and sizing of the
duct as well.
3.2. Project Development

This section discusses the development of the proposed cold storage facility. The
materials and parameters used to design the facility are thoroughly explained. In addition,
the researchers have provided a comprehensive step-by-step process for designing and
optimization of the cold storage facility.
26
3.2.1. Process Flowchart
Figure 6: Process Flow Chart of the Cold Storage Facility
The diagram illustrates the cooling process in a cold storage facility that can hold
5000 liters of ice cream daily. The procedure starts at the evaporator, where cold air flows
into the main duct. Upon that, it determines if the branch requires air conditioning. If so,
the main duct's cubic feet per minute (cfm) capacity will be reduced. If not, the cold air will
move to the other branch by returning to the main duct. This is done again and again until
the cold air gets to branch 6 (six).
3.2.2. Consideration of the Design Temperature
In making an estimation of finding the capacity of air conditioning unit to be
installed in a specific building, factors such as temperature of the surrounding must be
considered the table below represents the peak temperature for the span of 10 years:
27
Table 1: Maximum Temperature in Maragondon, Cavite from 2013-2022
Maximum Maximum
Temperature Relative
Year
Humidity
(%)
o o
C F
2013 33 91.4 83
2014 33 91.4 83
2015 33 91.4 80
2016 33 91.4 84
2017 33 91.4 80
2018 33 91.4 84
2019 33 91.4 83
2020 33 91.4 83
2021 33 91.4 83
2022 32 89.6 84
Considering the peak temperature 91.4 oF (33 oC) for the surrounding
temperature where the room is exposed to. The desired temperature from the range of
67 oF – 82 oF from ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, using 72.5 oF (22.5 oC) which is ideal
room temperature.
3.2.3. Materials and Specification
This section of the study shows the prototype's components, materials,
descriptions, and technical specifications.
28
Table 2: Materials Needed in Cold Storage Facility
Material and Specification Actual Material Description
Polyurethane foam panels

will be used for insulation
Polyurethane Foam Panels
of the cold storage walls,
• 50mm thick
floors, and roof in order to
reduce heat gain in the
freezer room.
Emerson Expansion Valve

• Maximum working
pressure (MWP): 667
psig
• Connections: Copper
The evaporator coil's
ODF
primary function is to
• Storage Temperature: regulate refrigerant flow
-22 degrees F to 158 and temperature change.
degrees F
• Refrigerant
temperature range
TS: 13 degrees F to
158 degrees F
The compressor's moving

parts, such as pistons,
crankshafts, and bearings,
are lubricated with
Refrigerant Oil (POE)
refrigerant oil. It reduces
friction and wear, ensuring
smooth operation and
extending compressor life.
Copper Pipe
• Thickness:12 mm
• Shape: Round Copper pipes transport
• Part Type: refrigerant through
Compressor compressor, condenser,
• Material: Copper expansion valve, and
• Length:5 m evaporator.
• Surface Finish:
Polished
29
12hp Schuyler Compressor
• Dimension:1520 x 580 x
600 m
• Standard Casing: The compressor in
Galvanized Sheet and refrigeration compresses
Powder Coated refrigerant gas, transferring
• Cooling Water: Seawater low-pressure vapor to
• Fans Species: Axial Fan higher pressure and
• System Type: Open temperature.
System
• Fan: Low Noise,
Maintenance Free
Blow Type Evaporator

• Dual fan
• Fan: Low Noise,
The evaporator absorbs
Maintenance Free
heat from cooling space or
• Specification:2220*71
products in refrigeration
0*710mm
systems.
• Standard Casing:
Galvanized Sheet and
Powder Coated
Serves as the heat transfer

R404a Refrigerant in refrigeration and air
conditioning systems.
Galvanize Iron Duct

• Shape: Circle and
rectangular
• Material: Galvanized Duct passageways
iron distribute and transport
• Thickness:4-10mm cold air in HVAC systems.
• Pressure:0.4Mpa,
0.6Mpa, 0.8Mpa,
1.0Mpa
30
An HVAC damper (also
Air Duct Damper called as duct damper) is a
• Material: Stainless movable plate, located in
Steel the ductwork, that
• Specification: regulates airflow and
188mm diameter redirects it to specific
areas of the facility.
Air Duct Diffuser

• Rotary type
Air diffusers distribute
• Material: Pure
conditioned air from HVAC
Acrylonitrile
systems evenly, promoting
Butadiene Styrene
uniform airflow and
(ABS)
temperature distribution in
• Specification:
rooms or spaces.
180mm diameter
• Color: White
Airconditioning Unit
• Specification:1HP- Centralized cooling and
12HP heating in buildings involve
• Fans Species: Single- air conditioning units and
speed Fan ducting systems,
• Advantage: Energy distributing conditioned air
Saving to various zones.
3.3. Evaluation Procedure
Assessing the design and the standards of the cooling system will be specified in
this portion.
1. Assessing the data and standards provided from the ASHRAE for Heating, Ventilation,
Refrigeration.
2. Distinguishing factors that affect the cooling system.
3. Establishing related information from guidelines and examinations.
4. Evaluation of the findings obtained.
5. Generating conclusions.
31
3.4. Evaluation Criteria
This research was conducted to design and optimize a cooling system for cold
storage facility for 5000 liter/day ice cream preservation. The criteria needed to design a
cooling system are shown in this portion.
3.4.1. Size of Cold Storage Facility
Table 3: Size of Cold Storage Facility
Dimension (L x W x H) Volume
Ice Cream Container
Shelve
Office
Total
Table 3 shows the data about the dimension and volume calculated from the things
to be placed inside the cold storage facility. Obtaining the data will help to identify the ideal
size of the cold storage facility.
3.4.2. Total Cooling Load
Table 4: Total Cooling Load in the Cold Storage Facility
Type of Cooling load Cooling Loads
Equipment load
Internal load
Infiltration load
Transmission load
Product load
Total Cooling load
32
Table 4 shows the different types of cooling load such as equipment load, internal
load, infiltration load, transmission load, and product load. Obtaining the data about the
total cooling load of the facility will help to identify the cooling load required to keep the
cold storage facility at desired temperature.
3.4.3. Size of Duct
The size of the duct will be determined using Duct Sizing Chart. Also, it needs to
consider the volume flow rate in every facility and the recommended air velocities in HVAC
ducts.
3.5. Instruments and Techniques Used
This portion will show instruments used in data gathering and techniques for
evaluating data from the Cold Storage Facility.
3.5.1. Instruments Used
This section contains the instruments used to design the cold storage facility.
Instruments Description
Temperature sensors
monitor the temperature of
gases, liquids, and solids.
Temperature Sensors It is utilized in this study to
measure the temperature
at different locations in the
cooling system and the
cold storage facility.
33
Pressure sensors are
used to measure the
pressure at key points,
such as the condenser,
evaporator, and expansion
Pressure Sensors
valve. It is essential to
sustain secure and
effective cold storage
operations by tracking and
managing pressure levels.
The energy usage of
various devices and
systems in the cold
storage facility is
measured and tracked
using power meters. It
Power Meters enables employees at the
site to make well-informed
decisions that will
maximize energy use, cut
expenses, and have the
most negligible negative
impact on the
environment.
Data loggers are crucial
for tracking, documenting,
and evaluating essential
parameters in cold storage
facilities. Operators can
maintain ideal storage
Data Loggers conditions, adhere to legal
requirements, increase
energy efficiency, and
guarantee the reliability
and security of stored
goods thanks to these
technologies.
34
3.5.2. Techniques Used
3.5.2.1. Volume
The volume will be utilized to determine the ideal size of the cold storage facility.
𝑽= 𝑳×𝑾×𝑯
Equation 1: Formula for Volume
Where:
V= volume
L= length
W= width
H= height
3.5.2.2. Cooling Load
The quantity of heat energy that must be evacuated from a location (via the
process of cooling) in order to keep the temperature within a range that is deemed
to be acceptable.
𝑸𝑪 = 𝑸𝑻 + 𝑸𝑰 + 𝑸𝑷 + 𝑸𝑨 + 𝑸𝑬
Equation 2: Formula for Total Cooling Load
Evans, P. (2017). Cooling Load Calculation – Cold Room. TheEngineeringMinset.com. Retrieved, from
https://theengineeringmindset.com/cooling-load-calculation-cold-room/
Where:
Qc = Cooling Load
QT = Transmission Load
QI = Internal Load
QP = Product Load
QA = Air infiltration load
35
QE = Equipment load
3.5.2.3. Transmission load
The transmission load will be utilized to calculate the heat load that will be
applied to the facility's floor, roof, and walls. will be applied in order to calculate the
system's cooling load.
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑼𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑨𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝜟𝑻 + 𝑼𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒘 𝑨𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒘 𝜟𝑻

Equation 3: Formula for Transmission Load
Where:
QT = Transmission load
A = Area
∆𝑇 = Change in temperature
X = thickness
K = thermal Conductivity
3.5.2.4. Internal load
The heat load that is emitted by the individuals working in the facility and
the lighting will be determined with the help of the internal load. will be applied in
order to calculate the system's cooling load.
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑸𝑷 + 𝑸𝑳
Equation 4: Formula for Internal Load
Where:
QT = Total internal load
QP = Internal load (People)
QL = Internal Load (Light)
36
3.5.2.4.1. People
𝑸𝑷 = 𝒏𝑻𝒒
Equation 5: Formula for Internal Load (People)
Where:
QP = Internal Load (People)

n = Number of people
T=time
q= Heat
3.5.2.4.2. Lightings
𝑸𝑳 = 𝒏𝑻𝑾
Equation 6: Formula for Internal Load (Lightings)
Where:
QL= Internal Load (Lightings)

n = number of lights
T = Time
W = Rating of lights (watts)
3.5.2.5. Product load
The heat load of the product, in this case ice cream, will be utilized to
calculate the cooling load for the system. This heat load is referred to as the
product load.
𝑸𝒑 = 𝒎𝒄𝒑 ∆𝑻
Equation 7: Formula for Product Load
37
Where:
Qp = Product load
m = Mass
cp = Heat capacity of ice cream
∆𝑇 = temperature difference
3.5.2.6. Infiltration/Ventilation load
The load that is entering the cold storage and facility through doors,
windows, and other open spaces is referred to as the infiltration load. It will be
applied in order to calculate the system's cooling load.
For Sensible Heat
𝑸𝒔, 𝒊𝒏𝒇 = 𝑪𝒔 𝑸𝒔 (𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊 )

Equation 8: Formula for Sensible Heat
Where:
Qs, inf = Sensible heat transfer rate due to Infiltration/Ventilation
Cs = Air sensible heat factor
Qs = Combined infiltration and ventilation rate
To= Temperature outside the Cold Storage
Ti = Temperature inside the Cold Storage
• For Combined infiltration and ventilation rate
𝑸𝒔 = (𝑨𝑪𝑯) ∙ 𝑽
Equation 9: Formula for Combined Infiltration and Ventilation Rate
Where:
ACH = Number of air changes per hour
V = Gross volume of the conditioned space
For Latent Heat
38
𝑸𝒍, 𝒊𝒏𝒇 = 𝑪𝒍 𝑸𝒔 (𝑾𝒐 − 𝑾𝒊 )
Equation 10: Formula for Latent Heat
Where:
Ql, inf = Sensible heat transfer rate due to Infiltration/Ventilation
Cl = Air latent heat factor
Qs = Combined infiltration and ventilation rate
Wo = Outdoor Humidity
Wi = Indoor Humidity
3.5.2.7. Equipment load
The cooling load of the system will be calculated based on the equipment
load, which is the amount of heat that is produced by the system's fans and
electrical defrost and will be used.
𝒏𝑻𝑾
𝑸𝒆 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Equation 11: Formula for Equipment Load
Where:
Qe = Equipment load
N = Number of fans
T = Time
W = Wattage
3.5.2.3. Safety Factor
39
Applying a safety factor is essential so that there would be room for possible errors
in calculations. The total cooling load can be calculated using the formula below:
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒙 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

Equation 12: Formula for Total Cooling Load Using Safety Factor
Where:
Cooling Load = Computed Cooling Load
Safety Factor = 1.1 - 1.3
3.5.2.4. Mass Flowrate
This formula can be used to determine the size of ductworks by converting the
cooling load into mass flow rate.
𝒎̇ = 𝑸 ÷ (𝒄𝒑 × ∆𝑻)
Equation 13: Formula for Mass Flow Rate
Where:
𝑚̇ = mass flow rate
Q = Room cooling Load
Cp = Specific Heat Capacity of air
∆𝑇 = Temperature difference between design supply & design return air

temperature
3.5.2.5. Volume Flowrate
This formula can be used to determine the size of ductworks.

𝒗̇ = 𝒎̇ × 𝒗
Equation 14: Formula for Volume Flow Rate
40
Where:
𝑣̇ = volume flow rate
𝑚̇= mass flow rate
v = specific volume
3.5.2.6. Bend Loss
This formula is used to calculate the diameter of duct fittings.
𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐 × 𝝆 × 𝒗𝟐 ÷ 𝟐
Equation 15: Formula for Bend Loss
Evans, P. (2018, July 3). Ductwork sizing, calculation and design for efficiency. TheEngineeringMinset.com.
Retrieved from https://theengineeringmindset.com/ductwork-sizing-calculation-and-design-for-efficiency/
Where:
Co = Fitting coefficient
𝜌 = Density of air
V2 = Air velocity entering fitting
41
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter offers a brief overview of the project's technical description, structure,
and organization, as well as its limitations, capabilities, and evaluation. It provides
essential insights into the project's specifications, team dynamics, constraints, outcomes,
and performance.
4.1. Project Technical Description
This section of the study calculates the various parameters necessary for the
efficient design of a cold storage facility.
4.1.1. Size of Cold Storage Facility
𝑽=𝑳×𝑾×𝑯
a. Cold Storage
Dimension: 6.04 x 8.56 x 3 m
Volume = 155.1072 m3
• Container of 2 Liters of Ice Cream
Figure 7: Dimension of the Container of 2 Liters of Ice Cream
Dimension: 0.2219 x 0.1619 x 0.079 m

Volume = 0.0028 m3
• Shelve
42
Figure 8: Dimension of the Shelve
Dimension: 2.1 x 0.7 x 1.5 m

Volume = 2.205 m3
b. Office
• Administration office
Dimension: 3 x 4.5 x 3 m
Volume = 40.5 m3
• Engineering office
Dimension: 3 x 5.67 x 3 m
Volume = 51.03 m3
• Staff room
Dimension: 4.5 x 3 x 3 m
Volume = 40.5 m3
• Costumer service office
Dimension: 4.5 x 3 x 3 m
Volume = 4 0.5 m3
• Lobby hall
43
Lobby Dimension: 4.5 x 4.07 x 3 m
Hall Dimension: 6 x 1.07 x 3 m
Volume = 74.205 m3
c. Duct blow up Specification
Figure 9: Standard Duct Thickness
4.1.2. Total Cooling Load in Cold Storage Facility
a. Transmission Load
1
𝑈=
𝑅𝑇
1
𝑈=
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 1
+ + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 ℎ𝑜
Figure 10: Surface Conductance and Resistance of Air (ASHRAE Pocket Guide, 2013)
44
𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ𝑖 = 1.46
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 𝐹
𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ𝑜 = 4.0
• For Walls and Ceiling
For North Wall, South Wall, West Wall, East Wall, and Ceiling
Figure 11: Thermal Properties of Building Materials (ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, 2021)
𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 5.0
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 10 − 20
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 20
For 6” concrete block and cement plaster, and sand aggregate, substitute the values from
the tables above to solve for the 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 .
45
1
𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 1
+ + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜
1
𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
1 6 𝑖𝑛 1.97 𝑖𝑛 1
𝐵𝑇𝑈 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1.46 2 20 2 0.275 2 4.0
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡2 𝐹
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑼𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗
𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝑭
• For Flooring in the Cold Storage
𝑘𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 5.0
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 10 − 20
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 20
1
𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑥
1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 1
+ + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜
1
𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
1 6 𝑖𝑛 1.97 𝑖𝑛 1
𝐵𝑇𝑈 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1.46 2 20 2 0.275 2 4.0
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡2 𝐹
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑼𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗
• For Flooring in the Office
Figure 12: R-values for flooring (ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, 2021)
46
Through interpolation,
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 1.79
𝐵𝑇𝑈
For finishing material ¼ in linoleum tile:
𝑅𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.51
𝐵𝑇𝑈
1
𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑅𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 +
𝑘𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒
1
𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 𝐹 1.97 𝑖𝑛
1.79 𝐵𝑇𝑈 + 0.51 𝐵𝑇𝑈 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛
0.275
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑼𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟔
• For Doors
𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ𝑖 = 1.46
𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ𝑜 = 4.0
𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 1110
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡2 𝐹
1
𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 =
1 3.15 𝑖𝑛 1.97 𝑖𝑛 1
𝐵𝑇𝑈 + 1110 𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈 − 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1.46 2 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡2 𝐹 0.275 2 4.0
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡2 𝐹
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑼𝒅𝒐𝒐𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
47
• For windows
Figure 13: U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in BTU/h.ft2.F (ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, 2021)
Figure 14: Representative Fenestration Frame U-Factors in BTU/h.ft2.F (ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, 2021)
Cold Storage
• For North Wall, West Wall, and Ceiling
Figure 15: North

𝑄 and
= West
𝑈 Wall
𝐴 in Cold
𝛥𝑇Storage Facility
1 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄1 = 0.119 𝑥 980.95𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − (−7.6))𝐹
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟑𝟗
𝒉𝒓
48
• For South Wall and Main Door
Figure 16: South Wall in Cold Storage Facility
Figure 17: Front Door in Cold Storage Facility
𝑄2 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇

𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄2 = [0.119 2
𝑥 203.59𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − (−7.6))𝐹] + [0.12 𝑥 45.20𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − (−7.6))𝐹]
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 𝐹
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐, 𝟖𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟏
𝒉𝒓
49
• For East Wall
Figure 18: East Wall in Cold Storage Facility
𝑄3 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄3 = 0.119 𝑥 175.61𝑓𝑡 2 (71 − (−7.6))𝐹
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟒𝟐. 𝟓𝟓
𝒉𝒓
• For Floor
Figure 19: Floor in Cold Storage Facility
𝑄4 = 𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄4 = 0.119 𝑥 556.55𝑓𝑡 2 (80.78 − (−7.6))𝐹
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑸𝟒 = 𝟓, 𝟖𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟔
𝒉𝒓
50
Total Transmission Load in the Cold Storage
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4
𝑩𝑻𝑼 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟕𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟖
𝒉𝒓 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Office
Table 5: Blow Up of Walls for Office
East Wall
West Wall
North Wall
51
South Wall
• For Administration Office
𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝛥𝑇

𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.119 𝑥 138.33𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹] + [3.42 𝑥 6𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 𝐹 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 𝐹
𝑸𝒂𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟒. 𝟔𝟎
• For Staff Room

𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑓 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝛥𝑇
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑓 = [0.119 𝑥211.95𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹] + [3.42 𝑥 6𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒇𝒇 = 𝟖𝟎𝟗. 𝟔𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟓. 𝟔𝟗
• For Customer Service Office

𝑄𝑐.𝑠 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝛥𝑇
𝐵𝑇𝑈 2 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑐.𝑠 = [0.119 𝑥81.18𝑓𝑡 (88.7 − 71)𝐹] + [3.42 𝑥 6𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
𝑸𝒄.𝒔 = 𝟓𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔
• For Engineering Office

𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑔 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝛥𝑇
𝐵𝑇𝑈 2
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑔 = [0.119 𝑥118𝑓𝑡 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
+ [0.12 𝑥 20.33𝑓𝑡 (88.7 − 71)𝐹][3.42 𝑥 6𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
𝑸𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒈 = 𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒. 𝟔𝟏
52
• For the Hallway
𝑄ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇

𝑄ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = [0.119 𝑥10.77𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹] + [0.12 𝑥 20.33𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
𝑸𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟖𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔
• For the Lobby
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑦 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇 + 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝛥𝑇

𝐵𝑇𝑈 2
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑦 = [0.119 𝑥216.72𝑓𝑡 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
+ [0.12 𝑥 20.33𝑓𝑡 (88.7 − 71)𝐹][3.42 𝑥 12𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
𝑸𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒈 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟖. 𝟔𝟐
• For the Ceiling

𝑄𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑈𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛥𝑇
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = [0.119 𝑥947.25𝑓𝑡 2 (88.7 − 71)𝐹]
𝑸𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟗𝟓. 𝟏𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟑
• For the Floor
𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = [0.106 𝑥947.25𝑓𝑡 2 (80.78 − 71)𝐹]
𝑸𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓 = 𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟔. 𝟗𝟏
Total Transmission Load in Office
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑓. +
𝑄𝐶.𝑆. + 𝑄𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑔 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑦 + 𝑄ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 + 𝑄𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑄𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝑸𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟔, 𝟗𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟖. 𝟔𝟗
53
Table 6: Total Transmission Load in the Cold Storage and Office
Total Transmission
kWh/day BTU/hr TOR Percentage
Load
Cold Storage 151.88 21,592.71 1.80 75.72%
Office 48.69 6,922.45 0.5769 24.28%
Total 200.57 28,515.16 2.38 100%
b. Internal Load
1. Cold Storage
• For People
1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑥
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 2 𝑥 1 𝑥 270𝑊 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 0.54
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• For Lighting
1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 7 𝑥 1 𝑥 18𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.13
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Total Internal Load In the Cold Storage

𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆= 𝑸𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆+ 𝑸𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆= 𝟎.𝟓𝟒 +𝟎.𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆= 𝟎.𝟔𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
54
2. Office
a) Administration Office
• For people:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• For Lighting
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Therefore, the total internal load in administration office is:
𝑸𝒂𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏= 𝑸𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 + 𝑸𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒂𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏= 𝟔.𝟒𝟖 +𝟎.𝟑𝟐
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒂𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏= 𝟔.𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
b) Staff Room
• For people:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• For Lighting:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
55
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Therefore, the total internal load in staff room is:
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒇𝒇= 𝟔.𝟒𝟖 +𝟎.𝟑𝟐
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒇𝒇= 𝟔.𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
c) Customer Service
• For people:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• For Lighting:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Therefore, the total internal load in customer service is:
𝑸𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆= 𝑸𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 + 𝑸𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆= 𝟔.𝟒𝟖 +𝟎.𝟑𝟐
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆= 𝟔.𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
d) Engineering Office
• For people:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
56
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• For Lighting:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Therefore, the total internal load in engineering office is:
𝑸𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈= 𝑸𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 + 𝑸𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈= 𝟔.𝟒𝟖 +𝟎.𝟑𝟐
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈= 𝟔.𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
e) Hallway
• For Lighting:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
f) Lobby
• For People:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• For Lighting:
1𝑘𝑊
1000𝑊
57
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Total Internal Load in the Office based on People and Lighting

𝑸𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚= 𝑸𝒂𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 + 𝑸𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 +𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒇𝒇+ 𝑸𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 + 𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒃𝒚+ 𝑸𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉

𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚= 𝟔.𝟖 + 𝟔.𝟖 +𝟔.𝟖 + 𝟔.𝟖 + 𝟖.𝟔𝟖 + 𝟎.𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚= 𝟑𝟔.𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
3. Appliances in the Office

• Water dispenser in the Staff Room
1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑥 8 𝑥 750𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 6
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Microwave oven in the Staff Room

1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 800𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0.8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Television in the Lobby

1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
ℎ𝑟𝑠 1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1 𝑥 5 𝑥 63.5𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.32
𝑑𝑎𝑦
58
• Computers in the Offices
1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 9 𝑥 8 𝑥 171𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.4
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Mobile phones of the Staffs

1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
𝑄𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 9 𝑥 8 𝑥 1.5𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 0.012
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Wi-Fi modem on the Offices

1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑖 − 𝐹𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
𝑄𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚 = 4 𝑥 8 𝑥 10𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚 = 0.32
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Printers on the Offices

1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑖 − 𝐹𝑖 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3 𝑥 8 𝑥 5𝑊 𝑥
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
• Telephones on the Offices:

1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 3 𝑥 8 𝑥 4.5𝑊 𝑥
59
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.11
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Total Internal Load of the Appliances

𝑸𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔= 𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟+ 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒+ 𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛+ 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠+ 𝑄𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠+ 𝑄𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑚+ 𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟+ 𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉 𝒌𝑾𝒉

𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔= 𝟔 +𝟎.𝟖 +𝟎.𝟑𝟐 +𝟏.𝟒 +𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐 +𝟎.𝟑𝟐 +𝟎.𝟏𝟐 +𝟎.𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑸 𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔= 𝟗.𝟎𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Table 7: Total Internal Load in the Cold Storage and Office
Total Internal
Load
Cold Storage 0.67 95.26 0.007938 1.46%
Office 45.28 6,437.57 0.5365 98.54%
Total 45.95 6,532.83 0.5444 100%
c. Equipment Load
Cold Storage
1𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥
1000𝑊
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 4 𝑥 24 𝑥 200𝑊 𝑥
𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Table 8: Total Product Load in the Cold Storage
Total Equipment
Load
Cold Storage 19.2 2,729.71 0.2275 100%
Total 19.2 2,729.71 0.2275 100%
d. Infiltration/Ventilation Load
1. Sensible Heat Transfer Rate
𝑸𝒔, 𝒊𝒏𝒇 = 𝑪𝒔 𝑸𝒔 (𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊 )
Where:
60
𝐵𝑇𝑈
Cs = 1.1 ℎ𝑟∙𝑐𝑓𝑚∙℉
To = 88.7 ℉
Ti = -7.6 ℉
Cold Storage
Solving for Qs:

𝟏
𝑸𝒔 = (𝑨𝑪𝑯) ∙ 𝑽 ∙
𝟔𝟎
Where:
𝐴𝐶𝐻 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑉 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑓𝑡 3 )
Figure 20: Standard Ventilation Rate for Stores & Warehouses

Murray, J. J. (2023). AIR CHANGE. Andrews-Sykes.com. Retrieved, from https://www.andrews-
sykes.com/ventilation-hire/what-size-fan-do-i-need/
Using 4.5 as the ACH for Warehouses/Storage and Volume of 28.08 x
19.81 x 8.86 ft3, the Qs is:
1
𝑄𝑠 = (𝐴𝐶𝐻) ∙ 𝑉 ∙
60
1
𝑄𝑠 = (4.5) ∙ 4928.51 𝑓𝑡 3 ∙
60
𝑸𝒔 = 𝟑𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟒 𝒄𝒇𝒎
61
Now, compute for the Sensible Heat Transfer Rate Due to
Infiltration/Ventilation:
𝑄𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑄𝑠 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )

𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑓 = (1.1 )(369.64 𝑐𝑓𝑚)(88.7 − (−7.6))℉
ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑐𝑓𝑚 ∙ ℉
𝐵𝑇𝑈 0.746 𝑘𝑤
𝑄𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 39,155.78 𝑥
ℎ𝑟 2545 𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ𝑟
𝑄𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝒘
Facility
In the facility, only the Lobby, Hallway, and the Engineering Office have doors that
lead outside. Thus, only their infiltration loads are calculated.
• Lobby And Hallway
By substituting the given values to the equation, the infiltration load can be
computed.
𝑄𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑄𝑠 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓 )
Solving for Qs:

1
𝑄𝑠 = (𝐴𝐶𝐻) ∙ 𝑉 ∙
60
Using 5 as the ACH for Hallway and Lobby respectively, the Qs is:
1
𝑄𝑠 = (𝐴𝐶𝐻) ∙ (𝑉ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 + 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑦 ) ∙
60
1
𝑄𝑠 = (5) ∙ (1027.3 + 1746.31) 𝑓𝑡 3 ∙
60
62
𝑸𝒔 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒇𝒎
Computing for the Sensible Heat Transfer Rate Due to Infiltration/Ventilation:
𝑄𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑦 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑄𝑠 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓 )
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑦 = (1.1 )(231.13 𝑐𝑓𝑚)(88.7 − 71)℉
𝑄𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑏𝑦 = 4500.1 𝑥
ℎ𝑟
𝑸𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒃𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝒘
• Engineering Office
𝑄𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑄𝑠 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓 )
Solving for Qs:

1
𝑄𝑠 = (𝐴𝐶𝐻) ∙ 𝑉 ∙
60
Using 6 as the ACH for the office, the Qs is:

1
𝑄𝑠 = (𝐴𝐶𝐻𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 ) ∙ 𝑉 ∙
60
1
𝑄𝑠 = 6 ∙ 1622 𝑓𝑡 3 ∙
60
𝑸𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟐 𝒄𝒇𝒎
Computing for the Sensible Heat Transfer Rate Due to Infiltration/Ventilation:
𝑄𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑄𝑠 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓 )
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = (1.1 )(162.2 𝑐𝑓𝑚)(88.7 − 71)℉
𝑄𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 3158.034 𝑥
ℎ𝑟
𝑸𝒔 𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝒘
63
2. Latent Heat Transfer Rate
𝑸𝒍, 𝒊𝒏𝒇 = 𝑪𝒍 𝑸𝒔 (𝑾𝒐 − 𝑾𝒊 )
Where:
𝐵𝑇𝑈
Cl = 4840 ℎ𝑟∙𝑐𝑓𝑚
Wl = 88.7 ℉
Wo = −7.6 ℉
Figure 21: Thermodynamic Properties of Moist and Dry Air (ASHRAE, 2021)
Through Interpolation, the humidities are:

𝑾𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟖𝟒
𝑾𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟖
𝑾𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟖
64
Cold Storage
Now, compute for latent heat gain through infiltration:
𝑄𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐶𝑙 𝑄𝑠 (𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖 )
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (4840 ) (369.64 𝑐𝑓𝑚)(0.0298984 − 0.00052528)
ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝑄𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 52,549.49 𝑥
ℎ𝑟
𝑸𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒 𝒌𝒘
Office
• Hallway and Lobby
𝑄𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 𝐶𝑙 𝑄𝑠 (𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑓 )
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = (4840 ) (231.13 𝑐𝑓𝑚)(0.0298984 − 0.016398)
𝑄𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 15102.48 𝑥
ℎ𝑟
𝑸𝒍 𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒘
• Engineering Office
𝑄𝑙 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑙 𝑄𝑠 (𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑓 )
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄𝑙 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = (4840 ) (162.2 𝑐𝑓𝑚)(0.0298984 − 0.016398)
𝑄𝑙 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 10598.46 𝑥
ℎ𝑟
𝑸𝒍 𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒘
Total Infiltration/Ventilation Load
• Cold Storage
𝑄inf 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑄𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑄inf 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 11.48 𝑘𝑤 + 15.4 𝑘𝑤
𝑄inf 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟖 kw
65
• Lobby and Hallway:
𝑄inf ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 𝑄𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 + 𝑄𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝑄inf ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 1.32 𝑘𝑤 + 4.43 𝑘𝑤
𝑄inf ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒘
• Engineering Office:
𝑄inf 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑄𝑙 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑄inf 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0.93 𝑘𝑤 + 4.04 𝑘𝑤
𝑄inf 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝒘
Total Infiltration Load

24
𝑄inf 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝑄inf 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑄inf ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 + 𝑄inf 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 )𝑥
1000
24
𝑄inf 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (26.88 + 5.75 + 4.04) 𝑘𝑤 𝑥
1000
𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝑄inf 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
e. CFM Calculation
𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑪𝑭𝑴 =
𝒉
𝟏. 𝟎𝟖(𝑻𝒐 − 𝑻𝒊 )
1. Cold Storage
Total Sensible Load = Transmission Load + Product Load + Internal Load +
Equipment Load + Infiltration Load
Total Sensible Load = (151.88 + 12.4 + 0.67 + 19.2 + 26.88) kWh/day
Total Sensible Load = (211.03) x (1/24) x (2545btu/h / 0.746kw)
Total Sensible Load = 29997.28 BTU/hr
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
ℎ
1.08(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )
29997.28 BTU/hr
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
1.08 (88.7 − (−7.6))𝐹
𝑪𝑭𝑴 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟐
66
2. Facility
a. Administration Office
Total Sensible Load = Transmission Load + Internal Load
Total Sensible Load = (4.60 + 6.8) kWh/day
Total Sensible Load = 1,620.48 BTU/hr
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
ℎ
1.08(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )
1,620.48 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
1.08(88.7 − 71)
𝑪𝑭𝑴 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟕𝟕
b. Engineering Office
Total Sensible Load = Transmission Load + Internal Load + Equipment Load +
Infiltration Load
Total Sensible Load = (4.61 + 6.8 + 2.8 + 4.04) kWh/day
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
ℎ
1.08(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )
2,783.24 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
1.08(88.7 − 71)
𝑪𝑭𝑴 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟔𝟎
c. Staff Room
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
ℎ
1.08(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )
67
1,775.42 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
1.08(88.7 − 71)
𝑪𝑭𝑴 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟖
d. Customer Service
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
ℎ
1.08(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )
1,501.07 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
1.08(88.7 − 71)
𝑪𝑭𝑴 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟐
e. Lobby and Hallway

Total Sensible Load = Transmission Load + Internal Load + Equipment Load +
Infiltration Load
Total Sensible Load = (9.08+ 9 + 2.8 + 4.43) kWh/day
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
ℎ
1.08(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )
3,597.74 𝐵𝑇𝑈/ℎ𝑟
𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
1.08(88.7 − 71)
𝑪𝑭𝑴 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟏
Safety Factor
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒙 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
By substituting the needed values, the total cooling load will be as follows:
68
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 279.88 𝑥 1.2
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝑾𝒉
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Table 9: CFM Calculations Results
Total Sensible Load

Area CFM
(BTU/hr)
Cold Storage 28,756.34 276.49
Admin Office 2018.49 105.59
2594.18 145.60
Engineering Office
2,173.43 113.70
Staff Room
Customer Service 1,899.08 99.35
Department
3,597.74 188.21
Lobby
Table 10: Total Cooling Load in Cold Storage Facility
Cooling Load (kWh/day)

Transmission Load 200.57
Product Load 12.4
Internal Load 45.95
Equipment Load 19.2
Infiltration Load 0.88
TOTAL 279.88
4.1.3. Ductwork Design

In designing the ductwork system, the researchers used the Equal Friction Method
since their study is only a medium-sized commercial facility and it is the common method
for HVAC Systems in commercial setting.
69
The first step is to label the ducts, branches, and fittings then list the cooling loads
needed per area as follows:
Figure 22: Ductwork Design in the Facility with Label
After that, compute the corresponding Volume Flow Rate (Q) of each Cooling Load
using the formula of Density.
ṁ
𝛒=
𝑸
Where:
ρ = density
ṁ = mass flow rate
𝑄 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
70
Table 11: Different Facilities with its required Cooling Load
Facility Cooling Load (kW)

Admin Office 0.4750
Engineering Office 0.7604
Staff Room 0.5204
C.S. Dept. 0.4400
Lobby and Hallway 1.0546
To compute the mass flowrate, use the formula below:
𝐂𝐨𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 = ṁ ∙ 𝐂𝐩𝒂𝒊𝒓 ∙ 𝞓𝑻

Where:
ṁ = mass flow rate

kJ
Cp𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.026 𝐾
kg
𝛥𝑇 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Table 12: Volume Flowrate Calculations
Volume
Cooling Cp of Air, Mass Flow Density,
Facility 𝜟𝑻, 𝑲 Flow Rate,
Load, kW kJ/kg K Rate, kg/s kg/m3
L/s
Admin Office 0.4750 1.026 9.83 0.0471 1.2 39.2476
Engineering Office 0.7604 1.026 9.83 0.0754 1.2 62.8303
Staff Room 0.5204 1.026 9.83 0.0516 1.2 43.0002
C.S. Dept. 0.4400 1.026 9.83 0.0436 1.2 36.3555
Lobby and Hallway 1.0546 1.026 9.83 0.1046 1.2 87.1362
Then, create a table that shows the labels of the ductwork and its type, and the
things that we need for designing.
Table 13: Criteria to design a Ductwork
volume duct fitting

ΔP velocity diameter Length Index
ID type flowrate loss direction loss
(Pa/m) (m/s) (mm) (m) Run
(L/s) (Pa) (Pa)
A Duct 268.5697
B Tee
C Branch 87.1362
D Duct 181.4335
E Tee
F Branch 62.8303
G Duct 118.6032
71
H Tee
I Branch 36.3555
J Duct 82.2477
K Tee
L Branch 39.2476
M Branch 43.0002
N 90 deg
bend
O Branch 43.0002
To fill the table, start by inputting a velocity to the first duct that is suitable for the
system. The researchers used 2000 ft/m or 10 m/s as per The Engineering Tool Box.
Figure 23: Low Velocity Duct Systems

The Engineering ToolBox (2005). HVAC Ducts - Air Velocities. [online] Available at:
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/duct-velocity-d_928.html
volume duct fitting

ΔP velocity diameter Length Index
ID type flowrate loss direction loss
(Pa/m) (m/s) (mm) (m) Run
(L/s) (Pa) (Pa)
A Duct 268.5697 10 0.595
B Tee
C Branch 87.1362 3.61
D Duct 181.4335 0.69
E Tee
F Branch 62.8303 3.0718
G Duct 118.6032 2.3422
H Tee
I Branch 36.3555 3.6934
J Duct 82.2477 1.3317
K Tee
L Branch 39.2476 3.0885
M Branch 43.0002 0.655
N 90 deg
bend
72
O Branch 43.0002 1.75
Since there are already a value for the volume flow rate and velocity which
constitutes for two points, the pressure loss and the diameter for the ID A can be determined by
plotting it in the duct sizing chart from ASHRAE.
For Duct A:
The blue line is from the volume flow rate. It extends up to 10 m/s which is its
corresponding velocity. Based from the chart, the green line is at 190 mm, which is the
diameter, and the red line is at 6.6 Pa/m which is the pressure loss.
Figure 24: Duct Sizing Chart from ASHRAE
Once the values are obtained, input it on the table. Since the researchers are using
equal friction method, the pressure loss is constant. Thus, the diameters and velocity for other
ducts and branches can now be completed by plotting it in the ducting size chart and by
73
repeating the whole process. After completing the diameter and velocity column, the duct loss
column can also be completed by simply multiplying the pressure loss to the length.
fittin
volume ΔP Inde
I velocit diamete Length duct loss directio g
type flowrate (Pa/m x
D y (m/s) r (mm) (m) (Pa) n loss
(L/s) ) Run
(Pa)
A Duct 268.569
6.6 10 190
7 0.595 3.927
A-C
B Tee A-D
C Branc 6.6
h
87.1362 7.3 120 3.61 23.826
D Duct 181.433 6.6
8.9 165
5 0.69 4.554
D-F
E Tee D-G
F Branc 6.6 3.071 20.2738
h 62.8303 6.8 110
8 8
G Duct 118.603 6.6 2.342 15.4585
7.9 140
2 2 2
G-I
H Tee G-J
I Branc 6.6 3.693 24.3764
h 36.3555 5.9 90
4 4
J Duct 6.6 1.331
82.2477 7.3 120
7 8.78922
J-L
K Tee J-M
L Branc 6.6 3.088
h 39.2476 6 93
5 20.3841
M Branc 6.6
h
43.0002 6.3 95 0.655 4.323
N 90 deg
bend
M-O
O Branc
h
43.0002 6.6 6.3 95 1.75 11.55
The next step is to know the fitting loss. For the 90 deg bend, its fitting loss can be
computed using this formula:
𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝑪𝒐 𝒙 𝛒 𝒙 𝒗𝟐 ÷ 𝟐
Where:
𝑪𝒐 = fitting coefficient
ρ = density
v = velocity at the recent duct
74
For the fitting coefficient, it can be obtained by looking at the table from the
manufacturer or the industry body below.
Figure 25: Dimension of Elbow Bend Loss
Since the diameter from Duct M, which is the duct before the 90 deg bend fitting,
is 95 mm, the fitting coefficient through interpolation is 0.228. By substituting it to the formula
above, the bend loss will be:
𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝑪𝒐 𝒙 𝛒 𝒙 𝒗𝟐 ÷ 𝟐
𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟖 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒙 𝟔. 𝟑𝟐 ÷ 𝟐
𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟑
fittin
volume ΔP Inde
I velocit diamete Length duct loss directio g
type flowrate (Pa/m x
D y (m/s) r (mm) (m) (Pa) n loss
(L/s) ) Run
(Pa)
A Duct 268.569
6.6 10 190
7 0.595 3.927
A-C
B Tee A-D
C Branc 6.6
h
87.1362 7.3 120 3.61 23.826
D Duct 181.433 6.6
8.9 165
5 0.69 4.554
D-F
E Tee D-G
F Branc 6.6 3.071 20.2738
h 62.8303 6.8 110
8 8
G Duct 118.603 6.6 2.342 15.4585
7.9 140
2 2 2
G-I
H Tee G-J
I Branc 6.6 3.693 24.3764
h 36.3555 5.9 90
4 4
J Duct 6.6 1.331
82.2477 7.3 120
7 8.78922
J-L
K Tee J-M
75
L Branc 6.6 3.088
h 39.2476 6 93
5 20.3841
M Branc 6.6
h
43.0002 6.3 95 0.655 4.323
N 90 deg
bend
M-O 5.43
O Branc
h
43.0002 6.6 6.3 95 1.75 11.55
For tee fittings, the computation of loss is different because the tee fitting has
straight and bend directions. The losses will be computed using this table:
Figure 26: Area and Velocity Ratio in Straight Duct
Figure 27: Area and Velocity Ratio in Bend Duct
The velocity ratio can be computed by dividing the previous velocity to the
succeeding velocity of the intake. While in the area ratio, the squared diameters of the
previous and succeeding ducts/branches are used.
For Tee K:
Straight – Velocity Ratio

ID: Direction Discharge Velocity Intake Velocity Velocity Ratio
K J-M 7.3 6.3 0.86
76
Bend – Area Ratio
ID: Direction Discharge Velocity Intake Velocity Velocity Ratio
K J-L 7.3 6 0.82
Straight – Area Ratio

ID: Direction Diameter of J Diameter of M Velocity Ratio
K J-M 120 95 0.63
Bend – Area Ratio

ID: Direction Diameter of J Diameter of M Velocity Ratio
K J-L 120 93 0.60
By looking at the table above and using bilinear equation, the losses for straight
and bend will be 0.1458 and 0.336 respectively.
By just repeating the process, input all the data to the table. For index run, simply
add all the losses (duct loss and fitting loss) that is in the direction up to the branch in
which the ducting is designed.
For Duct A to Branch C:
Index Run = 3.927 + 0.138 + 23.826 = 27.891
By repeating the process up to the last branch, the table is now complete.
Table 14: Calculation of Ductwork Design
volume diamet fitting

ΔP velocity Length duct loss directi Index
ID type flowrate er loss
(Pa/m) (m/s) (m) (Pa) on Run
(L/s) (mm) (Pa)
A Duct 268.5697 6.6 10 190 0.595 3.927
A-C 0.138
27.89
B Tee A-D 0.258
C Branch 87.1362 6.6 7.3 120 3.61 23.826
D Duct 181.4335 6.6 8.9 165 0.69 4.554
D-F 0.14
52.98
E Tee D-G 0.2126
F Branch 62.8303 6.6 6.8 110 3.0718 20.2738
G Duct 6.6 15.4585
118.6032 7.9 140
2.3422 2
G-I 0.1398
72.76
H Tee G-J 0.2625
I Branch 6.6 24.3764
36.3555 5.9 90
3.6934 4
J Duct 82.2477 6.6 7.3 120 1.3317 8.78922
J-L 0.1458
77.82
K Tee J-M 0.336
L Branch 39.2476 6.6 6 93 3.0885 20.3841
M Branch 43.0002 6.6 6.3 95 0.655 4.323
N 90 deg 78.88
bend
M-O 5.43
77
O Branch 43.0002 6.6 6.3 95 1.75 11.55
Ductwork Dampers
Dampers are important to balance the system by ensuring that there are equal
pressure drops through all the branches. To calculate how much pressure drop a damper
need to add, subtract the loss of the run from the index run.
A to C = 78.88 – 27.89 = 50.99 Pa
A to F = 78.88 – 52.98 = 25.9 Pa
A to I = 78.88 – 72.76 = 6.12 Pa
A to L = 78.88 – 77.82 = 1.06 Pa
Return Duct
According to the engineering lesson, 1 cfm occupies 0.5 square inches of space,
therefore the researcher can determine the appropriate duct size for the return air grills
by utilizing the data that has been solved for the total cfm of each room.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑓𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
For Administration office

𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 𝑥 105.59 𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 52.80 𝑠𝑞 𝑖𝑛
𝑫𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟒 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟑 𝒊𝒏
For Engineering office

𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 𝑥 145 .60 𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝑫𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟖 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟗 𝒊𝒏
78
For Staff room
𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝑫𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟖 𝒊𝒏
For Customer Service Department

𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝑫𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝒏
For Lobby
𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑓𝑚
𝑫𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟗 𝒊𝒏
Table 15: Exhaust Duct Size in Cold Storage Facility
Facility Exhaust Duct size

Administration Office 𝟒 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟑 𝒊𝒏
Engineering Office 𝟖 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟗 𝒊𝒏
Staff room 𝟕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟖 𝒊𝒏
Customer Service Department 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝒏
Lobby room 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏𝟗 𝒊𝒏
79
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary of Findings
The researchers designed and optimized a cooling system for a cold storage
facility capable of storing 5000 liters of ice cream per day to provide a cold storage facility
for stores in Maragondon, Cavite, that do not have the proper ability to maintain ice
cream's desirable texture. The cold storage facility is designed to store at least 5000 liters
of ice cream daily, or 2500 2-liter tubs. It also intends to have a proper centralized ductwork
air-conditioning facility with an administration office, an engineering office, a staff room, a
customer service office, and a lobby area to reduce the cost of building an air-conditioning
facility and optimize ductwork usage while being environmentally friendly.
The calculation shows that it is possible to build a cold storage facility in
Maragondon, Cavite, by properly calculating every aspect of the facility's cooling capacity,
such as the transmission load, internal load, product load, infiltration load, and equipment
load. The total cooling load of the Cold storage is 28,756.34 Btu/hr, which equates to 2.4
Tons of Refrigeration (TR), with 1 TR is 1 Hp removing heat per hour. and the facility has
a cooling load of is 28,756.34 TR that one TR or one hp air conditioner can remove heat
from the office per hour.
The ductwork of the facilities diameter will be sized based on the cooling capacity
of each room, which will be 120mm for the lobby, 110mm for the engineering office, 93mm
for customer service, 95mm for the administration office, and 95 mm for the staffroom.
The size of the Cold storage is calculated based on the capacity of 5000 liters/day
of ice cream, which is 2500 tubs of ice cream, as well as the size, standard path of persons,
dimension, and guide for installation of the evaporator, which gives the researchers an
80
area of 6.04 meters in length by 8.56 meters in width by 3 meters in height, which is in
accordance with the national building code.
The number of evaporators and air conditioners will be determined by the cooling
load. A 1 TR or 1 hp air conditioner can remove heat from the office in one hour. According
to the calculation of researchers, a 2.4 TR condensing unit for the cooling room and a 3
hp air conditioning unit for the facility office are required.
The study was carried out in order to design and optimize a cooling system for
preserving ice cream. The researchers calculated all the cooling, including all of the
aspects for cooling load calculation and for the facility's duct work. The researchers also
based the data on national building code standards and American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) guidelines to construct the data
needed and dimensions to success in the study design and by means of the engineering
mindset guide.
5.2. Conclusion
In conclusion, the design and optimization of a cooling system for a cold storage
facility for 5000 liter/day ice cream preservation is a facility designed by the researchers
to provide both a cold storage facility and a suitable working environment with proper
ducting air-conditioning ventilation that can provide a useful use for storage capability
below the freezing point. While it does assist the convenience store in keeping their ice
cream at its best texture.
The cold storage facility calculation demonstrates that all data must be accurately
calculated to ensure the overall facility's design is optimized. The researchers discovered
that the facilities require at least 3hp condensing unit for the cold storage and 2 hp air-
condition unit to supply the office facility with its proper cooling load by gathering
information and conducting calculations.
81
5.3. Recommendation
In this part, it is suggested that the study's gaps be filled. The researchers suggest the
following to improve the study:
• Analysis of the effects of the designed cooling system on the environment
• Validate the functionality and efficiency of the optimized cooling system design by
conducting real-world tests and measurements.
• Always select the latest and most efficient materials and equipment that can be
used to improve cold storage facilities.
• Design for a variety of ice creams that require different temperature and humidity
requirements.
• Design of a larger cold storage facility when the business outgrows not just holding
5000 liters of ice cream per day.
• Obtain the precise specifications of the throttle and other components.
• Enhance the refrigeration of condensing unit and air-conditioning unit.
82
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Captain V. Rillo Street Caingin, Maragondon, Cavite
09959919683
ave.brian.cells.alonzo@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age : 23 years old

Born : January 13, 2000
Birth place : Naic, Cavite
Gender : Male
Citizenship : Filipino
Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Mother’s Name : Terisita C. Alonzo
Father’s Name : Arnie M. Alonzo
EDUCATION
2019 – present Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Maragondon Branch

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
2017 – 2019 Western Colleges, Inc.
Senior High School
2012 – 2017 Maragondon National High School
Junior High School
2007 – 2013 Maragondon Elementary School
Elementary
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
_____________________
Ave Brian C. Alonzo

Cena Street, Labac, Naic, Cavite
09051305798
brianluis.bautista@gmail.com
Age : 22 years old

Born : December 18, 2001
Birth place : Labac, Naic, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Anna Liza R. Bautista
Father’s Name : Ramon G. Bautista
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Naic Integrated National High School
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Naic National High School
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Labac Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Brian Luis R. Bautista

Biwas Tanza, Cavite
09972546854
kenpilapil16@gmail.com
Age : 22 years old

Born : September 16, 2000
Birth place : Biwas Tanza, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Evangeline Buenviaje
Father’s Name : Melchor A. Buenviaje
EDUCATION

Bachelor in Values Education
2018 – 2020 Tanza National Comprehensive Senior High School
Senior High School
2013 – 2018 Tanza National Comprehensive Senior High School
Junior High School
2007 – 2013 Felipe Calderon Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Khen Moises P. Buenviaje

090 Purok 11 Barangay Cabuco, Trece Martires City, Cavite
09394181049
cabilijohnphillip@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Born : September 25, 2001
Birth place : Trece Martires City, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Donabelle M. Cabili
Father’s Name : Michael G. Cabili
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 New Generation International School
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Trece Martires City National High School - Cabuco Extension
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Christian Child Development Learning Center
Elementary
_____________________
John Phillip M. Cabili

0201 M. Caraig St. Ternate, Cavite
09777454980
clawrencearnie@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Born : March 24, 2002
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Josefa Jeankie C. Cepeda
Father’s Name : Arnold A. Cuevas
EDUCATION

Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Ternate National High School
Junior High School
2007 – 2014 Ternate Central Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Lawrence Arnie C. Cuevas
de Raya, Sheila May P.

Brgy. Caluangan, Magallanes, Cavite
09364525711
shielamayderaya80@gmail.com
Age : 22 years old

Birth place : Magallanes, Cavite
Gender : Female
Status : Single
Religion : Born Again Christian
Mother’s Name : Jose Lito C. de Raya
Father’s Name : Emelyn P. de Raya
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 De Guia Academy of Magallanes, Inc.
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 De Guia Academy of Magallanes, Inc.
Junior High School
2006 – 2012 Caluangan Elementary School Caluangan Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Sheila Ma P. de Raya

Ph3B B8 L63 Ciudad Nuevo Timalan, Naic, Cavite
09692974398
nonieduploso@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Born : June 28, 2002
Birth place : Pili, Camarines Sur
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Noel L. Duploso
Father’s Name : Neñia M. Monte
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 La Vlaize Integrated Science School
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 La Vlaize Integrated Science School
Junior High School
2008 – 2011 Petronilo L. Torres Memorial Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Mark Nonie M. Duploso

Blk 7 Lot 12 Bernaville Subd. Calibuyo, Tanza, Cavite
09109927722
garciachristianbernard11@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Born : July 29, 2002
Birth place : Calibuyo, Tanza, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Ma. Luisa Carla L. Garcia
Father’s Name : Christopher B. Garcia
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Amaya School of Home Industries
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Amaya School of Home Industries
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Gregorio B. Fojas Memorial School
Elementary
Christian Bernard L. Garcia
Guzon, Leslie M.
255 Palangue Central Naic, Cavite
09659264066
leslieguzon14@gmail.com
Age : 22 years old

Gender : Female
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Ma. Carla M. Guzon
Father’s Name : Isidro A. Guzon
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Naic National Senior High School
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Naic National Senior High School
Junior High School
2007 – 2014 Palangue Central Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Leslie M. Guzon
Monares, Marcus Rafael P.

Garita-1A Maragondon, Cavite
09089028760
monaresmarcusrafael@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Birth place : Garita-1A Maragondon, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Religion : Protestant
Mother’s Name : Rapunzel P. Monares
Father’s Name : Norman R. Monares
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Notre Dame of Trece Martires
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Maragondon National High School
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Maragondon Parochial School
Elementary
_____________________
Marcus Rafael P. Monares

Ibayo Estacion Naic, Cavite
09457849337
irishmuelle@gmail.com
Age : 22 years old

Born : November 6, 2001
Birth place : Ibayo Estacion Naic, Cavite
Gender : Female
Status : Single
Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo
Mother’s Name : Garry S. Muelle
Father’s Name : Jennifer A. Muelle
EDUCATION

Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Naic Coastal National High School Extension
Junior High School
2013 – 2014 Subic Central School
2008 – 2013 Naic Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Irish Mae A. Muelle
Paloyo, Jupiter C.
216 Don Basilio Leyva St. Ligtong 4, Rosario, Cavite
09353142754
paloyojupiter03@gmail.com
Age : 22 years old

Birth place : Trece Martires City, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Carina M. Paloyo
Father’s Name : Roberto A Paloyo Sr.
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Rosario Institute
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Bagbag National High School
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Mayor Calixto D. Enriquez Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Jupiter C. Paloyo

265 Purok 4 Latoria, Naic, Cavite
09176910650
ramosdanreniell@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Born : July 21, 2001
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Lounelyn S. Ramos
Father’s Name : Reynaldo T. Ramos
EDUCATION

Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Immaculate Conception School of Naic
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Immaculate Conception School of Naic
Elementary
_____________________
Dan Reniell S. Ramos
Rosales, Jetro L.
Pantihan 4, Maragondon, Cavite
09369470947
jetrolegaspi1@gmail.com
Age : 22 years old

Birth place : Pantihan 4 , Maragondon, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Ulpiano C. Rosales
Father’s Name : Elvira L. Rosales
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Pulo ni Sara National High School
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Pulo ni Sara National High School
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Pulo ni Sara Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Jetro L. Rosales

6 Mabini St. Kanluran Naic, Cavite
09657442957
tanegamarben10@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Born : April 19, 2002
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Lorna A. Tanega
Father’s Name : Reynante V. Tanega
EDUCATION

Senior High School
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Naic Elementary School
Elementary
Marben Lorensus A. Tanega
Verano, Ralfrenz I.
Blk-32, Lot-2, Yellowbell St. Brgy. Lapidario,
CHES-1 Trece Martires City, Cavite
09764130203
raprapverano@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Birth place : Labac, Naic, Cavite
Gender : Male
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Reynaldo A. Verano
Father’s Name : Marissa I. Verano
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Trece Martires City Senior High School
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Trece Martires City National High School
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Trece Martires City Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Ralfrenz I. Verano
Zapanta, Hershey G.
Mabato, Maragondon, Cavite
09997471988
zapantahershey@gmail.com
Age : 21 years old

Birth place : Maragondon, Cavite
Gender : Female
Status : Single
Mother’s Name : Dennis L. Zapanta
Father’s Name : Myra G. Zapanta
EDUCATION

2018 – 2020 Notre Dame of Trece Martires
Senior High School
2014 – 2018 Bucal National Integrated School
Junior High School
2008 – 2014 Mabato Elementary School
Elementary
_____________________
Hershey G. Zapanta

Design and Optimization of Cooling System For Cold Storage Facility For 5000 Literday Ice Cream Preservation

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Design and Optimization of Cooling System For Cold Storage Facility For 5000 Literday Ice Cream Preservation

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Polytechnic University of the Philippines

DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM FOR COLD STORAGE

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Engineering

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Alonzo, Ave Brian C.

Engr. Joshua A. Sismaet, RMEE

July 22, 2023

This technical report, DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM FOR

ENGR. JOHN ROBERT S. GONZALES, RMEE

ENGR. MICHAEL JOSHUA MONARES, RMEE

ENGR. LOUNELA SUNICO, RMEE ENGR. ANGELO B. SARINAS, RMEE

____________________ ASSOC. PROF. ROSALIA P. PINLAC

comments, recommendations, and expertise pushed us to strive harder in writing and

completing this study.

have significantly shaped this research project.

all the struggles we have faced in this journey.

our beautiful reasons to continue.

OPTIMIZATION OF COOLING SYSTEM FOR COLD STORAGE FACILITY FOR 5000

LITER/DAY ICE CREAM PRESERVATION for the degree Bachelor of Science in

Mechanical Engineering at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines embodies the

institution, except where proper referencing and acknowledgement were made.

Alonzo, Ave Brian C.

Researchers, Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Title : Design and Optimization of Cooling System for Cold Storage

cooling system is developed, incorporating innovative techniques to improve energy

efficiency and temperature control. Experimental evaluations assess the system's

improvement in the food industry.

Humidity management is an important aspect of ice cream preservation. Inadequate

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions:

22°C (-4°F) and the office at 25°C?

1.3 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Analysis of Ice Cream

initial cost and energy cost of the system in an effective design.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Customer. Customers can ensure that their purchased product is high-quality by

1.6 Definition of Terms

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter introduces conceptual literature, research literature, and relevance of

about the study's context and its practical implications.

2.1 Conceptual Literature

can rise significantly, sometimes reaching as high as 30 to 35 degrees Celsius (86 to 95

thermodynamics, heat transfer, and refrigeration engineering. The fundamental laws of

adoption of sustainable practices. Temperature regulation is significantly important in cold

monitor and make precise adjustments to temperatures.

refrigeration cycles, psychometrics, thermal insulation, energy efficiency, control systems,

design and performance, achieving precise temperature control, and promoting

Liter per day of ice cream.

freshness is keeping foods at cold storage. A key component in product deterioration is

storage. Their study focuses on monitoring the handling of optimal temperature in

supply is the temperature-controlled supply chain comprising refrigerated production

R404A refrigerant is characterized by its non-flammable, non-toxic, and non-

ability to deliver exceptional cooling performance (United Refrigerants, 2022).

resistance, availability, non-porosity, workability, and weldability. Rectangular ducts have

as in industrial ventilation systems, rectangular ducts are a crucial component.

Rectangular ducts are significant because of their usefulness, effectiveness, and

portion (Shah et al., 2019).

and comfort (Kabbara, Z. et al., 2023).

organic polymers with a foam-like consistency and favorable thermal characteristics.

heating/cooling equipment to each room is reduced by insulating the ductwork. This

systems (Muhammad et al., 20180.

HVAC systems in buildings use a lot of energy, so it is important for HVAC