Human Anatomy and Physiology CCST4083

Part 1
Chapter 3: Chemical Environment of the Cell

HKU SPACE Community College

Copyright 2021

http://www.kitsforkids.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/CELLDIAGRAM.jpg
 Chapter Outline
原⼦ 離⼦
1. Atoms, ions and bonds 鍵
Understand the chemical environment of the cell
2. Acid and alkali
3. How can substances move across the cell membrane?
I. Diffusion
II. Osmosis
III. Active transport
IV. Endocytosis
內有
V. Exocytosis 胞吐
4. 喲vessels)?
液体move out from the capillaries (blood
How can fluid
ˇ

I. Filtration
㶊 2
Basic knowledge to understand the body

Matters (with mass): human body

Atoms form matter

Ions (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+, HCO3-, Cl-)
Bonds
: Ionic bond (between ions)
離⼦

h
Molecules (e.g. O2, CO2, H2O)
- Bonds
: Covalent bond (between atoms)
: Intermolecular bond (among molecules)
(e.g. hydrogen bond)

3
Atoms can gain or lose electrons then what?

When H or Na atom loses one The H+ or Na+ ion formed is of

electron, it becomes electron-deficient high energy state and needs to
entity and is called an ion (cation) be stabilised 程定

In solution, water is responsible

- e- for stabilising the ions.
H H H+

- e- H+
Na Na Na+ water

4
 H 2O

Water is the 艷
important molecule
Blood and tissue fluid
Intracellular fluid (cytosol)
⼼玳 以
Properties of water
極性
Water is a polar molecule
It acts as an effective solvent, ionizes
substances (and forms solution) 游 放
瞓 蝦
相可
It can absorb or release a relatively
large amount of heat with only a light
change in its own temperature

5
http://blogs.plos.org/speakeasyscience/files/2011/01/water1.jpg
 How does water stabilize an ion?

Water is a polar molecule

(i.e. the electrons are NOT evenly distributed)
O is slightly ve ( -)
H is slightly +ve ( +)

Na ion (Na+) stabilised by water

Water (H2O)

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http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94121&rendTypeId=34
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 Salt dissolves readily in water

Solid NaCl has ionic bonds

键
- These bonds are broken when NaCl is
溶解 in water
dissolved
become a solution

Na+ and Cl- = solutes

H2O = solvent

贓
Saturated solution
too much solutes
not enough water to dissolve (surround)
the solutes
7
http://www.yellowtang.org/images/salt_dissolves_wate_c_la_784.jpg
 分⼦ 氫
Intermolecular Bond: Hydrogen Bond
的
拉 electrons (e.g. O, N)
Occurs when H atom is linked to atoms that pulling
- the slightly positively-charged H atom is then attracted to the slightly
negatively charged atom
是电
Slight negative charged

Slight positive charged

Hydrogen bond between water molecules

8
http://www.yellowtang.org/images/hydrogen_bonding_c_la_784.jpg
 Hydrogen Bonds in Human Body
DNA - 2 ribbons held together by hydrogen bonds

9
http://ak47boyz90.wordpress.com/2009/07/08/obj-3-structure-of-dna-its-functions/
 Hydrogen bonds keep proteins in shape

10
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A388
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Main_protein_structure_levels_en.svg/343px-Main_protein_structure_levels_en.svg.png
 and鹼
Acid酸 alkali
Acid

e
- a substance that release hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water
- the solution is described as acidic _
-
- e.g. lemon juice (citric acid), vinegar, gastric acid (HCl)
Alkali / Base
蠏货
- a substance that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved or its electrolytes
that combine with H+ _
- the solution is described as alkaline / base
- e.g. Anti-acid, household bleach, NaOH
OH-
H+ OH-
H+ H+
OH-
H+ OH- OH-
H+
OH-
H+ H+ OH- OH-
Acidic Alkaline 11
What if a solution has the same amount H+ and OH- ?
- The solution is described as neutral. (e.g. distilled water)

Can you make acidic or alkaline solution neutral?

- Acid can be neutralized by alkali
酸 中和 酩

HH+2O OH-
HH+2O H+2O OH-
OH-
HH+2O
H+H2O OH- OH-
HH+ 2O
OH-
+
HH
HH+ 2O 2O
OH-
OH-
Neutral 12
Acidic Alkaline / basic
What if a solution has the same amount H+ and OH- ?
- The solution is described as neutral. (e.g. distilled water)

Can you make acidic or alkaline solution neutral?

- Acid can be neutralized by alkali Neutralization
- Alkali can be neutralized by acid

HOH -
H+ 2O
H+ H+ HOH
2O
-

HOH
2O
-

H+ -
H+ HOH- HOH
2O
2O
H+

H2O-
OH
H+
H+ H2- O
OH -
HOH
2O

Acidic Alkaline
Neutral
/ basic
13
 pH

14
http://www.office365.co.uk/im/pim/615435.jpg
http://www.eltean.com/skin_files/bodylotion.jpg
 pH

- A scale to defined how acidic

or how alkaline a solution is.

H+ ion concentration
Acidic = pH 0 7

Neutral = pH = 7

Alkaline = pH 7 14
Baking soda
- Level of acidity depends on the
number of H+ that a particular acid
will release

15
 Movement of Substances
選擇性
湾
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a selectively permeable 瀚 layer
Only selected materials are capable of getting into and out of cells

Water can pass into and out of the cell.

However, big molecules and ions cannot pass the cell membrane directly.
We know cells need food like sugars, amino- acids to make proteins, and nutrients
like the mineral salts. How can these substances get into the cell?

Substances can cross the cell membrane by

被印 Diffusion
Passive
Simple diffusion
促進 diffusion
Facilitated 撒
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis 16
http://www.carbondesign.com/projects/microfluidics-controller
 Concentration

Concentration
Indicates the amount of one
specific solute (i.e. A or B or C)

波 solution will have

A concentrated
a large number of particles顆粒
of
⼀⼀
the solute in the solvent.
灏
恽 solution will have
A dilute 㔇
a small number of particles of
the solute in the solvent.

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http://ekgenius.net/_images/BrownianMotion.png
https://figures.boundless.com/14323/full/on-changes-due-to-reaction.png
 How do things move across the membrane? madeby
all membrane
phospholipid
Molecules

plain membrane

1. Passive Diffusion
enayer
疏⽔
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
ˊ
Nniif ˇ
with悱 iosw
Osmosis
2. Active transport H2O
⽣性
未
ini
hydrophobic
3. Endocytosis (active process)
4. Exocytosis (active process) 鸞䲜
zen ǚinctei
Hcanrepairei

Ndwhyten流⽔
heads
waterlong 18
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/cross_memb.jpg
 1. Simple Diffusion

䎺
Net 年
movement
of molecules
High concentration Low concentration

Given time

Equilibrium

19
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Dispersion.gif
 Diffusion across cell membrane
Biological membrane is selectively permeable
- NOT all substances are allowed to cross the cell membrane
High conc. of Which substances can freely diffuse through the lipid bilayer?
solute
small molecules
non-polar molecules
uncharged particles
e.g. O2, CO2
Plasma
membrane Passive
- No energy needed

Low conc. of
solute Factors affecting diffusion rate:
浓度 梯度 gradient
Steepness of the concentration
的陡度
Simple diffusion Temperature (Kinetic 粒⼦
no energy of the particles)
across lipid bilayer Size/mass of the molecule
Surface area
Diffusion distance

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http://www2.raritanval.edu/departments/Science/full-time/Weber/Microbiology%20Majors/SoftChalkeCoursesubmission/chapter4sub/figure_04_17_labeled.jpg
 Simple Diffusion

Diffusion of One Solute

Diffusion of Two Solutes

(NO net water movement)

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http://g04bio.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/c8-7x11-diffusion.jpg
 2. Facilitated Diffusion
- large molecules
- polar molecules, e.g. glucose Needs Help!!!
- charged ions and molecules, e.g. Na+
Facilitated diffusion by carrier/ channel proteins

Channel protein
(e.g. Sodium channel) Carrier protein
(e.g. glucose transporter)
Extracellular
space

Plasma
membrane

Intracellular
space

Most of these transporters/carrier proteins are specific

Passive
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http://www2.raritanval.edu/departments/Science/full-time/Weber/Microbiology%20Majors/SoftChalkeCoursesubmission/chapter4sub/figure_04_17_labeled.jpg
 Facilitated Diffusion

带蜘⼦
Allows charged particles (ions) or
relatively large molecules like
打以across the cell
glucose to diffuse
membrane through special
孔 or carrier
channels (pores)
molecules 翻
Passive diffusion occurs in both
directions
Energy is NOT required

http://advancedstudiesbiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/c8_7x15_facilitated_diffusion.jpg/147375115/c8_7x15_facilitated_diffusion.jpg 23
 3. Osmosis = Diffusion of Water
Selectively permeable membrane

Higher water potential Lower water potential

(lower solute conc.) (higher solute conc.)

Extracellular
space

Plasma
membrane

Intracellular
space

Solute (= substance that dissolves in a solvent) cannot pass through the membrane
24
http://www2.raritanval.edu/departments/Science/full-time/Weber/Microbiology%20Majors/SoftChalkeCoursesubmission/chapter4sub/figure_04_17_labeled.jpg
http://www2.raritanval.edu/departments/Science/full-time/Weber/Microbiology%20Majors/SoftChalkeCoursesubmission/chapter4sub/chapter4sub_print.html
 Osmosis = Diffusion of H2O
molecules through a
selectively permeable
membrane

Osmotic pressure is the maximum

pressure that develops in a solution
when it is separated from a relative
purer solution (more water) by a
selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis results in a net movement

of H2O across the membrane
From an area of higher free water
concentration to an area of lower
water concentration
Leads to volume changes in both
sides

25
http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch07/07_12Osmosis-L.jpg
 Importance of Osmosis
低
Hypotonic solution = lower solute concentration outside of the cell

ing solution = same solute concentration

Isotonic

的
Hypertonic solution = higher solute concentration outside of the cell

Intravenous drip = isotonic

26
http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Infuuszakjes.jpg/250px-Infuuszakjes.jpg
 Isotonic Solution
The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis is
卿 ig造壓
know as its tonicity.
A solution's tonicity is related to its osmolarity, which is the total concentration of all solutes
in the solution: Hypotonic solution, Isotonic solution and Hypertonic solution

27
http://sitimardianayaakob.blogspot.com/2010/05/membrane-structure-n-passive-transport.html
 4: Active Transport

Extracellular Transport substances against

space
concentration gradient 波度 梯度

i.e. low conc. -------> high conc.

⼆
* Require energy (ATP) and specific
transport protein

- Unidirectional
鄲
e.g. Na+ / K+ - ATPase
- remove Na+ from cell
- transport K+ into cell

28
P.34, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 酄
運輸
Substances can enter the cell by vesicular transport

⽤ 和
5. Endocytosis: 哩
I. 局
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
II. Pinocytosis肥版
多作 endocytosis
III. Receptor-mediated 牕
They are active processes that require energy
to uptake larger particles or droplets of fluid
into the cell

29
P.35, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 脚 地 以 帖 ⼀
6. Exocytosis (opposite of endocytosis)
放电
Discharging material from a cell
的to
怳 in the cell migrates
A secretory vesicle 還
the surface and fuses with the plasma
membrane 融
Nopens and releases the product
A pore
汽 泡
The empty vesicle becomes part of
the membrane

Examples:
分泌enzymes
Digestive glands secrete
Mammary glands secrete 乳汁milk
Sperms secrete enzymes to
penetrate an egg
穿透
30
http://www.linkpublishing.com/exocytosis5.jpg
 What is Filtration?
Passage of water and permeable solutes from a blood
⽑细⾸ by the use of hydrostatic
vessel called capillary
(physical) pressure (a net force) 靜雁
Pushing fluid through the pores (spaces between
cells in capillary and substances are NOT
necessary to go into cell)
Capillaries is the smallest blood vessels that
contain pores for filtration

Blood pressure forces blood to seep through the

walls of the blood capillaries
Water, salts, organic nutrients pass from the
bloodstreamnhvto the tissue fluid, where they can
get to the cells nearby All body fluid outside the cells is called the
Forms tissue fluid
细肥叭波
extracellular fluid (ECF)
ECF not in the blood circulation but located
theback large particles such as blood
Capillaries hold among cells is called tissue (interstitial) fluid
cells and proteins
䠪夜
31
P.34, Saladin, (2010) Human Anatomy, 3rd Ed (McGrawHill Pub)
 Summary

Passive Diffusion
a. Simple Diffusion
b. Facilitated Diffusion
c. Osmosis
Active Transport
Endocytosis (Active)
Exocytosis (Active)

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/endocytosis.gif
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/transport_across_membranes.jpg
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