RE HANDOUTS- MIDTERM
another through Christ (2 Cor 5:18-21; Rom
NATURE AND MISSION OF THE CHURCH
Nature:
1. Pilgrim - regular journey to the Lord
• Where a person goes in search of new
expanded meaning about themselves,
others or a higher good through the
experience. It can lead to a personal
transformation.
We as a Church does not only live here
for existence, we live here so that we
can continue journeying with the Lord,
we live here for us to seek the truth
about ourselves we journey so that
when the time comes –we already are
personally transformed –for good.
2. God’s building and farm – sacred
sanctuary where you can find refuge.
3. God’s family – community of people
gathered together for the Lord.
4. Christ’s vineyard – we are special in His
eyes. We are in here for us to grow like a
grapes, that when the time comes that we
are all ready for harvest those who are a
good grapes will be chosen to become a
fine wine.
5. Our Mother – knows the cry of her
children. If there’s a person who would
know us personally, that is no other than our
mother. Even if we try to hide our problem,
our mother will always know that. She will
feel that and will always find a way to lessen
how we feel, if not solve it. Just like God, He
knows the exact number of the hair in our
body because He made us. He knows
everything about us even our deepest
darkest secret.
6. Organized hierarchically and the mystical
body of Christ – a community without a
leader is chaotic.
7. A visible society and spiritual community –
Church is not just a building, it can also be
US.
8. The Bride of Christ – the love of His life.
9. The flock of God – (Luke 15:1-7)
MISSION OF THE CHURCH
•To serve the purpose of God as a gift, given to
the world in order that all may believe. (Jn
17:21)
•Christians are called to proclaim the Gospel in
word and deed. (affirming the apostolicity of
the Church)
•To reconcile all things to God and to one
8:18-25)
•The Church is called and empowered to share
the suffering of all by advocacy and care for
the poor, the needy, and the marginalized.
•In the power of the Holy Spirit, the Church is
called to proclaim faithfully the whole teaching
of Christ and to share the Good News of the
Kingdom – that is, the totality of apostolic faith,
life and witness –with everyone throughout the
entire world.
Though we have different Church structures,
religious practices and beliefs, we are all one
with God and He sees us all equally.
Catholic Social Teachings
Laudato Si' is an encyclical of Pope Francis
published in May 2015. It focuses on care for
the natural environment and all people, as well
as broader questions of the relationship
between God, humans, and the Earth.
“The Spirit of the LORD is upon Me, Because
He has anointed Me To preach the gospel to
the poor; He has sent Me to heal the
brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the
captives And recovery of sight to the blind, To
set at liberty those who are oppressed; To
proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD.”
– Luke 4:18-19
Social Mission of the Church
CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHINGS
An embodiment of concepts (truth, values,
principles) which the Church extracts from
revelation and natural law and adopts and
applies to the social problems our times to help
people and governments to organize a more
human society.
PAPAL SOCIAL ENCYCLICALS
The Church's social teaching comprises a body
of doctrine, which is articulated as the church
interprets events in the course of history, with
the assistance of the Holy Spirit, in the light of
the whole of what has been revealed by Jesus
Christ. (Catechism of the Catholic Church
#2420 - 2422)
Title Meaning Author Year Theme
Rerum Novarum On the Condition of Pope Leo The fifteenth of Dangal ng tao
Workers XIII May 1891

Quadrage-simo Literally "In forty Pope Pius Issued May 15, Pagkiling sa
Anno Years," XI 1931 mahihirap

Laudato Si’ On Care for Our Pope Issued May 24, Likas na yaman
common home Francis 2015

Pacem in Peace on Earth Pope Paul April 11, 1963 Likas na yaman
Terris VI

Populorum On the Development Pope Paul 1967

Progressio of People VI Tunay na pag
unlad

Octogesima The Eightieth Pope Paul May 14, 1971 Pribadong pag aari
Adveniens Anniversary VI

Laborem Exercens On Human Work Pope John September 14, Kasalanang

Paul II 1981 panlipunan

SOURCES OF CST be increasingly conscious of the links

between natural ecology, or respect for
1. SACRED SCRIPTURE
nature, and human ecology. - World
2. MAGISTERIUM
Day of Peace, Pope Emeritus
3. TEACHINGS OF THE FATHERS OF
Benedict XVI, 2007
THE CHURCH AND THEOLOGIANS
• ¨Our changing environment prompts us
THEMES OF THE CATHOLIC SOCIAL to stop and think about how we live on
TEACHINGS our planet for we are called the
stewards. We are called to respond and
1. Likas Na Yaman (Natural resources)
to adopt new ways of living as Pope
2. Ang dangal ng Tao
Francis highlights in his encyclical,
3. Pagkiling sa Mahihirap
Laudato Si’: On the Care for our
4. Pribadong Pag-aari (Private
Common Home
property)
• In 2015, Pope Francis brought together
5. Tungkulin ng Pamahalaan
decades of Church teaching in the
6. Ang Tunay na Pag-unlad
encyclical, Laudato Si’. In this letter,
7. Kasalanang Panlipunan (Sinful
Pope Francis invites everyone on the
Social Structures)
planet to consider how our actions are
LIKAS NA YAMAN affecting the earth and the poorest
people. Everything is interconnected,
• God has clearly placed humans in a and all of creation praises God.
position of responsibility over the
creation.
• “The Lord God took the man and put ANG DANGAL NG TAO
him in the Garden of Eden to work it and
• The person is sacred, made in the
take care of it.”
image of God.
• “Alongside the ecology of nature, there
• ¨A human being, however, is a person
exists what can be called a ‘human’
from the moment of conception; as a
ecology, which in turn demands a
human being he has a claim on all other
‘social’ ecology. All this means that
human beings.
humanity, if it truly desires peace, must
 • God is present in every human person,
regardless of religion, culture,
nationality, orientation or economic
standing. We are called to treat every
person and every creature with loving
respect.
• Human Dignity is the same for all
human beings: When I trample on the
dignity of another, I am trampling on my
own. – Pope Francis
PRIBADONG PAG-AARI
• ¨Private property makes people free &
independent. It encourages the
individual to preserve his property, care
for it, and protect it from destruction.¨
TUNGKULIN NG PAMAHALAAN
• The government’s duty is to serve and
not to be served.
• "Anyone who wants to be first must be
the very last, and the servant of all.“ –
Mark 9:35
ANG TUNAY NA PAG-UNLAD
• “There is more to progress than
economic growth. Genuine progress
must be complete. No one can be left
out. No part of any one can be left out.”
PopulorumProgressio -“Development of
the people” (1967), paragraph 14.
KASALANANG PANLIPUNAN
• Poverty is made of man not by God. It is
made of the problematic system of the
govt: unemployment, low wage, debt,
and corruption
THE INSTITUTION OF THE
FAMILY
FAMILY AS SOCIAL INSTITUTION
• smallest and most important social
institution, with the unique function of
producing and rearing the young.
• composed of a group of interacting
persons united by blood, marriage, or
adoption, constituting a household,
carrying a common culture and
performing basic functions.
IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY:
• First and chief socializing agent
• Oldest, most fundamental of all human
institutions
• basic unit of society
TYPES OF FAMILY STRUCTURES
1. Nuclear family
2. Single parent family
3. Extended family
4. Childless family
5. Grandparent family
6. Stepfamily
Based on Dominance of Authority
PATRIARCHAL- a family in which the authority is
held by the father and makes the major decisions
MATRIARCHAL- authority is held by the mother
MATRIFOCAL- the woman is the central and
most important member
MATRICENTRIC- the female is the authority
figure in the absence of the male at work
EQUALITARIAN- a family structure in which the
husband and the wife are equal in authority and
privileges
Based on Residence
PATRILOCAL- a custom in which the married
couple lives in the household or community of the
husband’s parent
MATRILOCAL- involves a married couple living in
household or community of the wife’s parents
NEOLOCAL- the couple lives apart from either
spouse’s parents or other relatives
AVUNCULOCAL- prescribes that the newly
married couple resides with or near the maternal
uncle (mothers’ brother) of the groom
Based on Descent or Lineage- the way in
which kinship and lineage are traced over
generation
PATRILINEAL- the father’s side of the family is
defined as kin
MATRILINEAL- the mother’s side of the family is
defined as kin
BILINEAL- descent is through the father’s and
mother’s line
General Functions of the Family
• Reproduction and rearing of the young
• Cultural transmission or enculturation
• Provide the needed socialization of the
child with respect to his role and status
• Provide love and affections and a sense
of security for its members
• Provide environment for personality
development and growth of self-concept
in relation to others
 • Serve as an important mechanism for
social control
What is marriage?
The communion of man and a woman ordered
to the good of the spouses, procreation and
education of offspring.
Features of Marriage
• Mutual promise of the two spouse.
• Indissolubility
What does it mean to marry someone?
• to marry someone means to give
oneself completely to that person.
• It is in marriage where sexual union has
its just place , that the love of the man
and woman becomes fruitful
How does the Church see the family?
• The church regard the family as the first
and most important natural community.
• The family is the foundation of society
WHAT DOES THE FAMILY DO FOR THE
INDIVIDUAL?
• To experience family is extremely
important for the individual human
person.
• The person in the family experiences
what it means to take responsibility.
MODERN DAY THREATS TO FAMILY LIFE
• The challenge of materialism
• Not enough love in marriage
• Competing priorities for time and
attention
• Lack of emotional and self regulation
• Financial Difficulties
• Infidelity
Educational Implications
• Since the family is a very important
institution, education for the family life
should be part of the curriculum
• Since the average Filipino family is big,
the school should teach the advantages
of small families.
• People who intend to get married should
be oriented regarding their obligations
so that the marriage will be successful
• Enculturation being a function of the
family should pass on only worthwhile
values, customs, mores, beliefs, and
traditions. (healthful living, ethical
standards, socialization, psychomotor,
others skills)
• Sex is the propagation of the race and
should therefore be engaged only by
married people
• It is not only the children who need an
education, but also the parents
• Since children are the ones who suffer
from broken homes, couples should try
hard to be reconciled and their parent,
relatives, and friends, should help them
toward this end.
• Young people should not rush into
marriage, but should give themselves
time to find out whether they are really
in love and suitable for each other.
• Couples should consult marriage
counselors if they often quarrel or are
drifting apart so that the marriage may
be saved.
Families Transmit Culture
• No people are without past a history,
survivals and traditions.
• Certain activities come to be
regarded as right and proper, and
certain ways of carrying them out
become standardize solutions to
collective problems.
• These accepted activities and
procedures become normative for
the society.
• One is applauded when he follows
the norms and punished when he
does not.
• Family life is dependent on the
culture of the society of which the
family is a part.
• Children are molded by the family
culture into which they are born.
• Growing up, their assumptions about
what is right and wrong, good and
bad, reflect the beliefs, values and
traditions of the family culture.
• To say that families have identifiable
cultures, however, is not to suggest
that they are static.
• Families are in a constant state of
transition as each member moves
through the cycles of life and the
family itself moves from one stage of
development to the next. Marriages,
births, divorces, and deaths change
the family constellation and, in
profound ways, alter the family
culture.
 • All the educative functions
mentioned above belong to the
cultural transmission or enculturation
function of the family, that of
transmitting the knowledge, beliefs
and practices of the old generation of
the young generation.
The Sanctity of Human Life
(The Evil of Abortion and
Euthanasia)
Sanctity of human life
In biblical terms, the sanctity of human life is
rooted and grounded in creation. Mankind is
not viewed as a cosmic accident but as the
product of a carefully executed creation by an
eternal God. Human dignity is derived from
God.
Abortion
• Termination of a pregnancy by the
removal or expulsion from the uterus of
a fetus, resulting in or caused by its
death.
• An abortion can occur spontaneously
due to complications during pregnancy
or can be induced in humans and other
species.
Types of abortion
• Spontaneous abortion: (also known as
miscarriage)
• is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus
due to accidental trauma or natural
causes before approximately the 22nd
week of gestation
• Induced abortion: ntentional abortion
Some reasons...
• Save the life of the pregnant woman
• Preserve the woman's physical or
mental health
• result in a child born with a congenital
disorder that would be fatal or born with
significant morbidity
• selectively reduce the number of fetuses
to lessen health risks associated with
multiple pregnancy
Possible effects of abortion
• Infection
• Hemorrhage
• Injury to reproductive organ
• Toxic reactions to drugs
• Sterility/Infertility
• Feeling of depression
• (self-hatred and related to post-abortion
syndrome)
The Church
• The church strongly proclaims that
“direct abortion…always constitutes a
grave moral disorder.
• The human being is to be respected and
treated as a person from the moment of
conception; and therefore, from that
same moment his rights as a person
must be recognized among which in the
first place is the inviolable right of every
innocent human being to life
Euthanasia
• Greek words: Eu (good) and
Thanatosis (death) and it means "Good
Death, "Gentle and Easy Death." or
"mercy killing.
• It is the act or practice of ending a life of
a person either by a lethal injection or
suspension of medical treatment.
• • The word "euthanasia" was first used
in a medical context by Francis Bacon in
the 17th century, to refer to an easy,
painless, happy death, during which it
was a "physician's responsibility to
alleviate the 'physical sufferings' of the
body
TYPES OF EUTHANASIA
Active euthanasia
• when death is brought by an act for
example taking a high dose of drugs
• To end a person’s life by the use of
drugs, either by oneself or by the aid of
a physician
Passive euthanasia
• When death is brought by an omission
eg: When someone lets the person die,
this can be done by withdrawing or
withholding treatment.
• Withdrawing treatment: For example,
switching off a machine that keeps the
person alive.
• Withholding treatment: For example,
not carrying out a surgery that will
extend life of the patient for a short time.
Voluntary euthanasia
• It is committed with the willing or
autonomous cooperation of the subject.
• This means that the subject is free from
direct or indirect pressure from others.
Non-voluntary euthanasia
• It occurs when the patient is
unconscious or unable to make a
meaningful choice between living and
dying, and an appropriate person takes
that decision for him/her.
• This is usually called murder, but it is
possible to imagine cases where the
killing would count as a favor for the
patient.
The Church
• Those whose lives are diminished or
weakened deserve special respect. Sick
or handicapped persons should be
helped to lead lives as normal as
possible.
• Whatever its motives and means, direct
euthanasia consists in putting an end to
the lives of handicapped, sick, or dying
persons. It is morally unacceptable.
• Thus, an act or omission which, of itself
or by intention, causes death to
eliminate suffering constitutes a murder
gravely contrary to the dignity of the
human person and to the respect due to
the living God, his Creator. The error of
judgment into which one can fall in good
faith does not change the nature of this
murderous act, which must always be
forbidden and excluded.
• The decisions should be made by the
patient if he is competent and able or, if
not, by those legally entitled to act for
the patient, whose reasonable will and
legitimate interests must always be
respected.
• Even if death is thought imminent, the
ordinary care owed to a sick person
cannot be legitimately interrupted.
• The use of painkillers to alleviate the
sufferings of the dying, even at the risk
of shortening their days, can be morally
in conformity with human dignity if death
is not willed as either an end or a
means, but only foreseen and tolerated
as inevitable Palliative care is a special
form of disinterested charity. As such it
should be encouraged.
Sanctity of human life
• All people a precious gift from God,
every person is of equal worth to
God.
• A human’s age, health or ability
does not make any person more or
less valuable
• Life should be treated with respect,
and this is an act of worship to God
• Honour God through their bodies
and how they live their lives
• God gives life and will also
sustain/guide people if they have
faith in Him
• "Human life is sacred because from
its beginning it involves the 'creative
action of God' and it remains forever
in a special relationship with the
Creator, who is its sole end. God
alone is the Lord of life from its
beginning until its end: no one
can, in any circumstance, claim
for himself the right to destroy
directly an innocent human
being." With these words, Donum
Vitae (DV, n. 7) sets forth the central
content of God's revelation on the
sacredness and inviolability of
human life.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
• Capital punishment (also called
death penalty) refers to the
execution of an offender as
punishment for a serious crime or
offence. Although it is still
practiced in some societies, most
developed countries have
abolished capital punishment.
• states’ punishment to those who
have been found guilty of heinous
crimes through the observance of
due process of law.
DEATH PENALTY: METHODS OF
EXECUTION USED AROUND THE
WORLD
1. Lethal injection
Carried out in: China, Vietnam, USA
2. Electrocution
Carried out in: USA
3. Hanging
Carried out in: Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Botswana, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kuwait,
Malaysia, Nigeria, Palestinian Authority
(Hamas authorities, Gaza), South Sudan,
Sudan
4. Shooting
Carried out in: China, Indonesia, North Korea,
Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Taiwan, Yemen
5. Beheading
Carried out in: Saudi Arabia
History
• After Marcos was ousted in 1987, the
death penalty was abolished, making
the Philippines the first country in Asia
to do so.
• In 1999, the death penalty was
reimposed.
• Leo Echagaray was the first convict to
be executed by lethal injection. It
happened during President Estrada’s
regime.
• The death penalty was suspended again
via Republic Act 9346, signed by
President Arroyo on June 2006.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 9346-
• AN ACT PROHIBITING THE
IMPOSITION OF THE DEATH
PENALTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Church
• Christian’s view of the death penalty in
Christianity run a spectrum of opinions,
from complete condemnation of the
punishment, seeing it as a form of
revenge and as contrary to Christ's
message of forgiveness
• Jesus Christ in the Gospel of Luke and
the Gospel of Matthew, message to his
followers that one should "Turn the other
cheek" and his example in the story
Pericope Adulterae, in which Jesus
intervenes in the stoning of an
adulteress, are generally accepted as
his condemnation of physical retaliation.
• The primary purpose of punishment
which society inflicts is “to redress the
disorder caused by the offense” (CCC,
n. 2266). Public authority must redress
the violation of personal and social
rights by imposing on the offender an
adequate punishment for the crime, as a
condition for the offender to regain the
exercise of his or her freedom. In this
way authority also fulfills the purpose of
defending public order and ensuring
people’s safety, while ... offering the
offender an incentive and help to
change his or her behavior and be
rehabilitated (CCC, n. 2266).
• Nations must protect the right to life by
finding increasingly effective ways to
prevent conflicts and resolve them by
peaceful means. We believe that every
person is precious, that people are more
important than things, and that the
measure of every institution is whether it
threatens or enhances the life and
dignity of the human person.
Protecting the sanctity of human life is a
fundamental ethical and moral principle.
Here are some ways to protect the sanctity
of human life:
1. Respect for Human Rights:
Uphold and advocate for the recognition
and protection of fundamental human
rights, including the right to life, as outlined
in international human rights agreements.
2. Access to Healthcare:
Ensure universal access to healthcare
services to promote well-being, prevent
diseases, and provide timely and effective
medical care.
3. Education and Awareness:
Promote education and awareness
programs on issues such as public health,
safety, nutrition, and hygiene to empower
individuals to make informed decisions
about their well-being.
4. Peace and Conflict Resolution:
Work towards resolving conflicts through
peaceful means, diplomacy, and dialogue
to prevent violence and minimize the impact
on innocent lives.
5. Crisis Response and Emergency
Services:
Strengthen emergency response systems
to provide timely assistance during natural
disasters, accidents, or other crises,
minimizing loss of life.
6. Policies against Violence: 15. Humanitarian Aid and Development:
Advocate for and implement policies and Contribute to international efforts in providing
legislation that condemn violence, abuse, and humanitarian aid, development assistance, and
discrimination, and actively work towards support for vulnerable populations.
preventing these in society.
7. Social Justice:
Address social inequalities and work towards
creating a just and equitable society to reduce
factors that contribute to vulnerability and
endanger human life.
8. Environmental Protection:
Promote environmental sustainability and
conservation to mitigate the impact of climate
change, pollution, and other environmental
threats that can harm human health and life.
9. Criminal Justice Reform:
Advocate for fair and effective criminal justice
systems to ensure that individuals are treated
justly and that measures are in place to
rehabilitate rather than simply punish.
10. Support for Mental Health:
Recognize and address mental health issues,
reducing stigma, and providing accessible
mental health services to support the well-
being of individuals.
11. Prevention of Substance Abuse:
Implement education and prevention programs
to address substance abuse, addiction, and the
associated health risks.
12. Promotion of Positive Values:
Encourage and promote positive values such
as empathy, compassion, and respect for life in
educational, community, and societal settings.
13. Promotion of Responsible Parenthood:
Support family planning and reproductive
health programs to ensure that individuals can
make informed choices about family size and
spacing.
14. Ethical Use of Technology:
Advocate for the ethical development and use
of technology, particularly in fields such as
artificial intelligence, genetics, and
biotechnology, to ensure it benefits humanity
without compromising life.