UMBUZO 1

Ukulangazelela okugqugquzelwa uthando lomhlaba kanye nehloso yokuvikela

“izwe lobabamkhulu”

Ifilosofi yase-Afrika mayelana nomhlaba kanye nendawo kuhlanganiswe ngemibono

elandelayo:
• Uthando lomhlaba lulingana nokuvikela kanye nokufela umhlaba
• Umhlaba uyigugu elingasoze lathengwa/lathengiswa
• Umhlaba uwuphawu lomnotho
• Umhlaba uwuphawu lwamandla
• Umhlaba uyimpahla yabaphansi
• Umhlaba “uyinto yobuhle”
• Umhlaba uyimpahla yabantu bonke
• Umhlaba uyimpahla echaza kokubili inkululeko kanye nokubopheka kwabantu
• Umhlaba uwuphawu lobumama

Amagama umhlaba nendawo womabili anezincazelo ezinokufana, ezisho indawo.

Kuyenzeka ukuthi indawo inganikezwa igama labahlali okuchaza indawo lapho abantu,
kanye nezilwane zihlala khona noma lapho izitshalo zimila khona. Laba bahlali
okungabantu, kanye nesimo sezulu esididayo, izimo ze-edaphiki kanye nezibhayothiki,
zisebenza kumuntu ngamunye, emaqenjini abantu emiphakathi bese eba nethonya
ngqo ezintweni abazenza nsuku zonke kwezokuhlalisana kwabo ngakwezomnotho
nakwezepolitiki. Indawo okuhlalwa kuyo kanye nomhlaba kunomthelela emisebenzini
eyenziwa ngabantu nsuku zonke njengezolimo, ezomnotho, ukuphatha kanye nokuphila
jikelele kwabantu, umbuso kanye nelizwe.

I-Afrika kanye neNtshonalanga zinemibono ephikisanayo ngesinye isikhathi mayelana

nokuphathwa komhlaba kanye nendawo. Lokhu kuphikisana esikhathini esiningi
kuvezwa ngobunini bomhlaba. Le mibono eyehlukene, phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika
nabaseNtshonalanga mayelana nobunini, yisona isisusa senkulumompikiswano
kuhulumeni nakumabhizinisi, phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni kanye nezimboni
zangasese, naphakathi kwemiphakathi ngokwayo, kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi kubizwe
nomlamuli ezingeni likazwelonke noma lomhlaba ukuba azoxazulula lezi zinkinga.
Udaba lobunini bempahla, ikakhulukazi ubunini bomhlaba, bube yinto ethinta imizwa
phakathi kwama-Afrika nesisusa sokungezwani phakathi kwabanyama nabamhlophe
empini yabo ezwenikazi lase-Afrika okuyinto edale ukungezwani.

Umhlaba ngenkathi kuphila obabamkhulu kwakuyinto abayithola kakula ikakhulukazi

uma umuntu engaba nesicelo esizothile kwizinduna zendawo. Obabamkhulu bekuka
dingeki nokuba bakhiphe okuthile ezikhwameni zabo ukuze bathole umhlaba, lowo
mhlaba wawuthatha njengefa elizondluliselwa ezizukulwaneni kanye nezizukulwane.
Umhlaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezimpilweni zama-Afrika ngoba akutholakali izindawo
zokuhlala kuphela kodwa izinto eziningi abantu abangazi philisa ngazo isibonelo:
imifula, izitshalo, izilwane ezahlukahlukene. Imvula kwakuyinto eyaziwa ngokuthi iletha
izibusiso emhlabeni.

Ama-Afrika esebenzisa umhlaba ukuze bakwazi ukuziphila ngawo, basebenzisa izinto

zendalo ukufeza izidingo zabo. Ngaphandle kokuziphilisa, ama-Afrika asebenzisa
umhlaba ukugcina amasiko kanye namagugu, baphinde bawusebenzise ukuncwaba
nokugcina amathambo walaba abasishiyele emhlabeni. Abantu bezifazane babamba
iqhaza elikhulu ngoba yibona izimbokodo nesiselela somhlaba. Abantu besifazane
befana nembhewu emhlabeni ngoba beletha izithelo zomhlaba (izingane) ezizikwazi
ukugcina lomhlaba umabengasekho emhlabeni.

Kudala izitshalo zayinto ezibaluke kakhulu kuma-Afrika ngoba, abantu babe sebenzisa
izihlahla ukwenza imithi yesintu yokwelapha iziguli. Izilwane zona zasisetshenziswela
ukugcina amasiko esintu, igazi kwakupahlwa ngalo kukhulunywe nabaphansi, beseke
isikhumba sazo sazisetshenziselwa ukugqoka nokwembhatha. Abantu bama afrika
babekwazi ukugcina lezizimfuyo ziphephile futhi zaphatheke kahle. Konke lokhu
kwashabalaliswa ukufika kwempucuko

Lelizwe lobabamkhulu libalulekile kakhulu ngobalikwazi ukuheha izivakashi ezisuka

kude njenge pheshaya. Lezi zivakashi zibona ubuhle bemvelo base-Afrika njenge
zintaba zazeKapa, igolide lasegoli, nejele elinkulu laseRobern Island lapho
kwaboshelwa khona abantu abamnyana ngenkathi yobandlululo, naseMaropeng
eCadle of humankind lapho kwagcinwa khona abantu bakudala njengabo Little Foot.
Abangaphandle baheha mayizinhlobo zezilwane ezitholakala lapha e-Afrika, beza
bazovakashela indawo wezilwane eKruger National Park.

UMBUZO 2

Indima yobuholi edlalwa abantu besifazane ekuphathweni komphakathi wama-

Afrika

Abantu besifazane babaluke kakhulu emiphakathini wama-Afrika ngoba bayisisekela

sesizwe sonkana futhi bayimbokodo. Kuyinto evamile ukuba imiphakathi yama-Afrika
ivimbele abesifazane ukufinyelela ezingeni lokuhola. Sekuyabonakeala ukuthi
abesifazane banamandla kakhulu emiphakathini ebavimbela ukuba badlale indima
yokuhola. Baba nethonya kumadoda abo, abafowabo nezingane ezindabeni
ezibalulekile ezithinta ukuphathwa kwemindeni, izizwana kanye nezizwe.
Umuntu wesifazane waziwa njengo mama wesizwe, lokhu kucala ngenkathi esiyingane.
Ingane yentombazane yiyona embhekene nokuhlanzeka kwekhaya ngoba kubhekwe
yona ukuthi yenza imisebenzi yokuhlanzeka kwekhaya kanye nokupheka kuzodliwa,
iyokha amanzi nasemfuleni. Mhla intobazane iqala ukugena ezizingeni zobuka umfazi
lapho zekuvela nezimpawu zokukhula. Uyaye ashiye umndeni wakhe ayogana
kwemunye umndeni eba umakoti waloyo muzi egane kuwo.

Uma owesifazane eseganile yilabo sekubonakala khona ukugqama kwendima yakhe

yobuholi. Inhloko yomndeni ngeke ikwazi ukuphatha umuzi iyodwa ngaphandle
kokusizwa ngumuntu wesifazane. Kungumsebenzi womfazi ukusiza umyeni wakhe
ekuphatheni umndeni. Phakathi kwemisebenzi eminingi unkosikazi angayenza
ekuphathweni komndeni ukuthi aqiniseke ukuthi umndeni wakhe uphatheke kahle.

Owesifazane nguyena onakekela umndeni ngoba indoda ayikwazi ukuwenza lokho

iyodwa indinga owesifazane. Owesifazane angamane azincishe okudliwayo ukuze
umyeni wakhe nezingane zizokwazi ukudla. Umuntu wesifazane akatholi ukuphumulana
ngoba ngisho noma umyeni wakhe aye emsebenzini nezingane ziye esikoleni, yena
angamane asale endlini awashe izimpahla, aqhubeke neminye imisebenzi yasendlini.
Angaze aphekele izingane zakhe ukuthi umazibuya esikoleni zizokwazi ukudla.

Ezinqumeni eziningi ezenziwa yindoda emndenini wama-Afrika, umfazi udlala indima

enkulu. Amadoda ngokuvamile ezwa ngabafazi ekuthatheni izinqumo ezithinta
amalunga emindeni yawo. Ezimeni eziningi abafazi bahola amadoda phambili
kuzinqumo ezithinta izingane, mayelana nokukhula kanye nokuphatheka kwazo.

Abesifazane abanalo ithonya kumadoda awo kuphela, bangaphinde babe nalo ngisho
nasezinganeni zabo imbala. Uma ingane ifuna ukubika okuthile, ingakhetha ukuya
kumama wayo kunokuthi iyekuyise ngoba umama unenhliziyo yokubekezela noku
amukela. Uma nje abantu besifazane bangathola ithuba lokuphatha e-Afrika, kungaba
noshimtsho oluhle. Kungani amadoda eshintshana esihlalweni sobuholi kodwa
akuphucuki lutho ngoba abantu besifazane babulawa nsuku zonke noma badlengulwe.

Uma nje kungaba nomuntu ongaletha ushintsho kubuholi base-Afrika umuntu

wesifazane. Okokuqala banesibindi sokubhekana nezinto bebodwa, banothando
nozwelo, bayakwazi ububuhlungu bokuzala. Lelizwe lingaphucuka kakhulu uma
amathuba wabantu besifazane angalingana nalawa wabesilisa.

UMBUZO 3

Imibhalo yesiZulu eveza ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalunga omndeni

Imibhalo yasiZulu ikhuluma ngoku cindezelwa kwezingane ngabantu abephethe
imindeni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izingane zase-Afrika zinamlungelo okuyiwona avikela
izingane ezintweni eziyingozi zezimpilo zabo. Imindeni enezingane iyalazi loludaba
lamalungelo wezingane. Abantu abadala abanakile esikhathini esiningi ukuthi
bahlukumeza izingane ngoba bona bezitshela ukuthi bayalungisa noma bazifaka
indleleni.

Maningi amalungelo avikela izingane esingakhuluma ngawo, kodwa imindeni iyawaziba

ngoba kungahambisane nendlela abaphilaya ngayo noma indlela abakhulu ngayo.
Zonke izingane zinama lungelo wokuthola imfundo kanye nawokuthi bavikeleke.
Kuzonke izingane zabafana namantombazane ziyahlukunyezwa emindenini futhi
ziyabandlululwa ngezimo ezahlukene engizoxoxa ngazo kabanzi.

Kwimindeni yase-Afrika inhloko yomndeni yiyona enza izinqumo ikakhulukazi

ekukhuleni kwezingane. Inhloko yomndeni uma ingabeka indaba yokuthi ingane
yentombazane ingayi esikolweni ihlale ekhaya yenze umsebenzi wasekhaya isize unina
wayo. Lokhu ukuhlukumeza ingane kanye nokuphikisana namalungelo ayo futhi
kuhlangane nobandlululo. Ingane yomfana yona ingatshelwa ukuthi ingayi esikolweni
ngoba kumele yeluse izinkomo noma ithathe iyiswe entabeni iyofunda ngobudoda. Lezi
zinqumo zingathathwa ngisho izingane zinganzi lutho ngazo, zitshelwe kuphela
okuhleliwe ngezi mpilo zabo zingena kuphikisa noma zifake umbono.

Imindeni eminye iyaphikisana nokugqokwa kwamabuluke komntwana wentombazane

ngisho noma kungabanda kanjani ngaphandle, kuvumeleke ukuthi igqoke ilokhwe
nesiketi. Izingane zabafana zona zibhekwe ukuthi zibhekana nomsebenzi wengadi,
nokwelusa lokhu kuthiwa kwenzelwa ukuthi ikwazi ukufunda ngobudoda.

Imindeni yase-Afrika ayikuboni ukubaluleka kwemfundo ngoba babeke ukuqhuba

amasiko kuphela. Zikhona izingane ezingenamatikuletsheni kodwa uthole ukuthi
isinganiwe noma inganile isencane. Noma ingane isuke iphenduke intandane ngenxa
yokushona kwabazali kanti futhi nomndeni osele awubafuni zigqine sezenza okubi
emphakathini. Kanti ingane nje izifunla uthando nekhaya elifudumele, ziphinde zithole
nemfundo ezokwazi ukubavulela amathuba welisasa eliqhakazile.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izingane zehlukene ngendlela yokuthi kube nengane yentombazane

kodwa ithanda izinto zabafana, nomfana othanda izinto zamantombazane. Imindeni
iminingi iyayixeka lendaba yalizi zingane, ziyayiphoxa ukuthi ibe yilento abafuna ukuhti
ibeyiyo. Lemindeni ibathathela izinqumo ukuthi zishitnshe ukuze bazikhethele ukuthi
zinganwe noma ziganiswe, kanti futhi nangendlela abaphathwa ngayo ibe yindlela
eqondile.

Umakwenziwa amasiko emindeni izingane abantu abadala bahlela babodwa bangafaki

izingane. Kwesinye isikhathi izingane azifuneki kanti lokhu kubanga inkinga ngoba
izingane bezingafunda kulokhu okwenzekayo besesigcine lemfundo ukuthi umasebe
khula bazi ukuthi izinto zenziwa kanjani ngokwesiko. Ukuthathe izingane izinqumo
kuxabanisa imindeni ngoba kuyaye kube nokuphikisana kanye nokungavumelani.
Izingane ziyahlukumezeka ekuthathelweni izinqumo lokhu ngunga yenza ingane ukuthi
igcine siyihamba ekhaya futhi ilahlekelwe nayinhlonipho, yenze izinto eziphume
endleleni ngenxa yokuthi isifuna ukukhombisa ukudelela kumndeni.

UMBUZO 4

Izinkomo zayizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emiphikathini yase-Afrika.

Ama-Afrika kanye nezinkomo bebalokhu bendawonye isikhathi eside ngendlela yokuthi

izinkomo zize zaba yingxenye ebalulekile yamasiko abantu base-Afrika. Isikhumba
sezinkomo sasisetshenziselwa ukwenza izimpahla eziyigugu kakhulu, ebekelwa
ezingeni eliphezulu kanti ukuba ngumnini wazo kuhambisana nomcebo kanye
nezikhundla eziphezulu emiphakathini yase-Afrika. Isibonelo, esikweni lesiZulu umuntu
onomhlambi omkhulu wezinkomo unikezwa isikhundla esiphezulu lapho kudingidwa
ngezindaba ezimayelana nomphakathi. Ubizwa ngomnumzane, okuyigama
elihambisana nelika „Sir‟ esiNgisini, kanti lokho akushoyo kwemukelwa ngaso sonke
isikhathi yilabo abanquma ngekusasa lesizwe, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi umuntu
ongenazo izinkomo ubizwa ngomuntukazana, ilungu labantu abasezikhundleni
eziphansi futhi lokho akushoyo akuvamile ukuba kuthathelwe phezulu.

Iningi lezaga ezilimini zase-Afrika ziphathelene nezinkomo. Cishe zonke izilimi

zomndeni wabantu zinamagama ekhethelo achaza izinkomo ngokobulili, ubudala,
umbala kanye nokuma kwezimpondo. Izinkunzi ezithandwayo zinezibongo kanti
ziyaqeqeshwa ukuba ziphendule lapho zibizwa ngekhwelo. Njengoba kwaziwa ukuthi
izinkomo zazidlala, futhi namanje zisadlala indima ebalulekile esikweni lempilo yomuntu
wase-Afrika. Isibonelo emshadweni izinkomo isetshenziselwa ilobolo, uma owesilisa
ethatha owesifazane ngokomshado. Uma inkomo ihlatshwa izitho ezithile zenyama
yayo zinokubaluleka okuthile emasikweni wama-Afrika. Lokho kuqhaza ukuthi kukhona
abantu abafanele okumele badle noma baphiwe izitho eziphekiwe noma
zingakaphekwa.

Esinye isibonelo ukuthi umalume ubizwa umadlinhloko uma inhloko yenkomo

ehlatshiwe, kuphiwa yena inyama yenhloko (ikakhulukazi uma evela emndenini
kadadewabo). Izindima eziphathelene nezenkolo zifaka ukuhlaba nokusetshenziswa
kwezitho ezahlukahlukene ezinjengegazi, amathambo nesikhumba ngezinhloso
ezehlukene zenkolo, kanjalo zisetshenziswe njengabaxhumanisi phakathi kwabantu
kanye nemimoya yamadlozi ekhona emhlabeni.
Ngenxa yokubeka izinkomo ezingeni eliphezulu ama-Afrika anakho, akumangazi ukuthi
izinkomo nazo zithola indlela yazo yokuba zibe khona ohlwini lwezaga zama-Afrika.
Kuzo zonke izilwane zasekhaya kusetshenziswe kakhulu inkomo kuphela okwakhiwe
ngayo izaga eziningi.

Lezi izibonelo zezaga zesiZulu ezimayelana nezinkomo:

 Inkomo ingazala umuntu> ukubhekisa entweni engasoze yenzeka empilweni.
 (Inkomo) Ikhoth‟ eyikhothayo> Abantu (njengezinkomo) bazwela kakhulu
ezenzweni zesihawu kanye nokuba nesihluku kanti bazobuyelisa okuhle
abakutholile.
 (Inkomo) Kayihlabi ngakumisa> Izimpondo zenkomo zime ngokwehlukana.
Ezinye izilwane zimise okwezingqwele zokulwa kanti ezinye zime sengathi
azikwazi ukuzivikela ngokwazo. Inkomo ebonakala sengathi iyingqwele yokulwa,
ngokuyikho, ingehlulwa yileyo ebukeka ingagculisi ukuma kwayo, okukhombisa
ukuthi indlela ebukeka ngayo iyadukisa.
 Inkomo enomlomo kayinamasi> Loku kuchaza ukuthi igogogo elingenalutho
libanga umsindo omkhulu.
 Kazi iyozala nkomoni> Lesi saga siveza ukungabaza noma ukungabi
nesiqiniseko somphumela wento noma wesimo esithile. Nakhona izinto
sezenziwa ngokwehlukile kulezi zinsuku, umuntu angazi ngaphambi kwesikhathi
ukuthi kuzoba yibuphi ubulili bengane yakhe esengakazalwa, bekwehlukile
esikhathini sangaphambili.

Izibonelo zezaga ngelimi leSepedi ezimayelana nezinkomo, zinezincazelo ngesiZulu.

 Kgomo go tsošwa ye e itsošago/ itekago> uNkulunkulu usiza labo abazisizayo.
 Kgomo e swarwa ka kgole motho o swarwa ka leleme> umuntu ubanjwa ngolimi
lwakhe.
 Kgomo ga e latswe namane e šele> abozalo bayazwelana.
 Kgomo ka magamong e tsebja ke modiši> isisebenzi yisona esazi kangcono
ukusebenzisa amathulusi aso okusebenza.
 Kgomo ka mogobe e wetšwa ke namane> abazali bavame ukuzifaka ezimeni
ezinzima ngenxa yezingane zabo.
 Kgomo e rekwa serope, nku e rekwa mosela> amadoda avame ukuncoma
umfazi oqinile nonamandla.
 Dikgomo tša kwa modula di a tloga> ngemuva kokuba umuntu esethole lokho
akufunayo ubese uyaqhubeka.

Ukubaluleka kwezinkomo njengophawu lokusimamisa izilimi kanye namasiko ase-Afrika

kungaphinde kubonwe ekutheni amagama asetshenziswa ezinkomeni akukhombisa
kanjani ukwehluka kwelingwistiki. Imiphakathi eyehlukene inezindlela ezehlukene
zokuchaza noma zokwetha izinkomo zawo amagama, ukusukela kulingwistiki
enokunotha yezilimi zabo.

Isingathekiso sisebenza ngokukhomba izinto ezithathwa njengezifanayo bese

siphakamisa ubunjalo obuphakathi kwazo, ukuze enye ifane nenye. Leli su yilokhu
lalisetshenziswa nasesikweni lesiZulu lapho kwethiwa izinkomo amagama. Izibonelo:
 Inkomo emhlophe enamabala amancane abomvu> kuthiwa amaqandakacilo.
 Inkomo emnyama wonke umzimba yase ina nenhloko emhlophe, leli bala
elimhlophe elihamba njalo lize ligamanxe ngentamo> kuthiwa inkwazi.
 inkomo emnyama noma ebomvu enombala omhlophe emhlane nasebusweni >
kuthiwa iqhwagi.
 lnkomo ebomvu ngokugqunqile yase iba nemishwi emnyama evundlayo
emzimbeni> kuthiwa idube.
 Inkomo enombala wesihlabath> kuthiwa inkomo eyizihlabathi.

uPoland (2003), uchaza ukuthi ukuphila kahle kwemihlambi kanye nokuphila kahle
kwendoda bekusondelene kakhulu nezinkomo sezibe yingxenye yomoya kanye
nemizwa yezimpilo zabantu. Imiphakathi yase-Afrika esikhathini esiningi ivame
ukusimamisa lokhu kuxhumana okukhona ngobunkondlo nangendlela yokwetha
amagama adidayo. Umehluko omncane okahle nonobuhlakani wolimi lwase-Afrika
uqukethe ubudlelwane obuzothile phakathi kwamagama ezinkomo kanye nendalo lapho
umbala nephethini lokufihlekile noma ukubumbeka kwezimpondo zenkomo
kuxhunyaniswa ngendlela
1 engathekisayo nemifanekiso esendalweni.
 RESULTS
Total = 100 / 100 (100%)
 COMMENTS
1 Kuhle kakhul.Usebenzile.Qhubeka kanjalo.