Noun

A noun is used as the name of a person, thing, place, idea, quality of a

person.

Kinds of noun :
( a ) Common Noun ( Community, Caste, Class, Species of Something )
: It is the name given in common to every person, place or thing of the
same kind. It is not a name of any particular person or thing or place.
Example : Boy , girl, city, country, teacher student, bike, newspaper
etc.
( b ) Proper Noun : It is the name given to some particular person,
thing or place.
Example : Delhi, Sania , India, Jupiter, Himalayas, The Hindu, The Geeta
etc.
( c ) Collective Noun : It is the name of a collection of persons and
things treated and spoken together as a whole.
Example : Fleet, team, committee, army, crowd, audience, swarm,
band, gang etc.
( d ) Abstract Noun ( Emotion, Sentiment ) : An abstract noun is a word
which names something that you can not see, hear, touch, smell or
taste.
Example : Truth, faith, idea, fear, youth, honesty, death, beauty,
strength, jealousy, enthusiasm, kindness, tiredness, patience, ego, love,
patience, pain etc.
Quality Action State
Goodness Laughter Childhood
 Kindness Theft Boyhood
Whiteness Judgement Youth
Darkness Hatred Sleep
Brightness Heroism Sickness
❖ Abstract Noun are generally formed from verbs, adjectives and
Nouns
(A) From Verbs :

Verb Adjective
Know Knowledge
See Sight
Advise Advice
Laugh Laughter
Please Pleasure
Grow Growth
Govern Government
Serve Service
Obey Obedience
Practise Practice
Think Thought

(B) From adjectives :

Adjective Adjective
Great Greatness
Poor Poverty
Young Youth
Wise Wisdom
Long Length
Deep Depth
Grand Grandeur
 Good Goodness
Honest Honesty
True Truth
Broad Breadth
Wide Width
Sole Solitude
Kind Kindness

(C) From Common Nouns :

Common Noun Abstract Noun

Infant Infantry
Thief Theft
Slave Slavery
Friend Friendship
Judge Judgement
Girl Girlhood
Agent Agency
Hero Heroism
Bond Bondage
Leader Leadership
Coward Cowardice

( e ) Material Noun ( Substance ) : Material nouns are name of

materials or substances out of which things are made.
Example : Cotton, silver, gold, plastic, copper, aluminium , glass, iron,
rubber, wood, water, paper etc.

Number of a Noun :
Singular Noun : denotes one place, person, thing etc.
Example : Boy, girl, table, chair etc.
Plural Noun : denotes more than one places, persons or things etc.
Example : Cities, boys, tables, chairs etc.

• Few nouns are made plural by adding ‘ S ’.

Example : Boy, kite, girl, pen etc.

• Few nouns which have [ s, ss, ch, sh, z or x ] at the end are made
plural by adding ‘ es ’.

A few exception
Singular Plural
Stomach Stomachs
Ox Oxen
Radius Radii
• Few nouns that end in ‘ O ’ and have ‘ consonant ’ preceding it are
made plural by adding ‘ es ’.
Singular Plural
Hero Heroes
Cargo Cargoes
Mosquito Mosquitoes
Potato Potatoes
Echo Echoes

A few exception
Singular Plural
Piano Pianos
Ratio Ratios
Photo Photos
Auto Autos
Igloo igloos

• Noun ending with double vowels are made plural by adding ‘ S ’

Singular Plural
Bee Bees
Portfolio Portfolios
Radio Radios
Tree Trees
Zoo Zoos
 Studio Studios
Cuckoo Cuckoos
Portfolio Portfolios
Bamboo Bamboos

• Noun that ends in ‘ Y ’ and have consonant preceding ‘ Y ’ are made

plural by changing ‘ Y ’ into ‘ ies ’.
Singular Plural
Spy Spies
City Cities
Country Countries
Reply Replies
Family Families
History Histories
Fly Flies
Story Stories
Army Armies
Baby Babies
Lady Ladies

• Noun that end in ‘ Y ’ and have a vowel before ‘ Y ’ are made plural
by adding ‘ S ’.
Singular Plural
Key Keys
Way Ways
 Donkey Donkeys
Valley Valleys
Ray Rays
Monkey Monkeys
Storey Storeys
Tray Trays
Bay Bays
Day Days
• Nouns that end in ‘ f / fe ’ are made plural by changing ‘ f/fe ’ into ‘
ves ’.
Singular Plural
Calf Calves
Shelf Shelves
Thief Thieves
Knife Knives
Wife Wives
Leaf Leaves
Half Halves
Loaf Loaves
Wolf Wolves
Self Selves
Handkerchief Handkerchieves
A few exception
Singular Plural
 Belief Beliefs
Chief Chiefs
Grief Griefs
Dwarf Dwarfs
Roof Roofs
Proof Proofs
Gulf Gulfs
Serf Serfs
Hoof Hoofs
Reef Reefs
Brief Briefs
Dwarf Dwarfs
Strife Strifes

• Compound nouns are made plural by adding ‘ S ’ to the main word.

Singular Plural
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief
Maid-servant Maid-servants
Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
Member of Parliament Members of Parliament
Step – daughter Step-daughters
• In the following nouns, the inner vowels are changed to make them
plural.
Singular Plural
Man Men
Mouse Mice
Woman Women
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
 Goose Geese
Louse Lice

• In few nouns ‘ en ’ is added to make them plural.

Singular Plural
Child Children
Ox Oxen
• Some nouns ending in ‘ um ’ are singular. They are made plural by
replacing ‘ um ’ into ‘ a ’.
Singular Plural
Datum Data
Ovum Ova
Memorandum Memoranda
Agendum Agenda
Some nouns ending in ‘ um ’ but ‘ s ’ is added at their end to change
them into plural.
Singular Plural
Asylum Asylums
Premium Premiums
Pendulum Pendulums
Museum Museums
Forum Forums
• Some nouns ending in ‘ us ’. They are made plural by changing ‘ us ’
in ‘ I ’.
Singular Plural
 Radius Radii
Syllabus Syllabi
• Some nouns ending in ‘ is ’. They are made plural by changing ‘ is ’
into ‘ es ’.
Singular Plural
Analysis Analyses
Hypothesis Hypotheses
• Some nouns ending in ‘ on ’ are made plural by replacing ‘ on ’ by ‘ a
’.
Singular Plural
Phenomenon Phenomena
Criterion Criteria
• There are some nouns which have their singular and plural form
alike :
Singular Plural
Swine Swine
Deer Deer
Aircraft Aircraft
Hovercraft Hovercraft
Spacecraft Spacecraft
Bison Bison
Fish Fish
Moose Moose
Trout Trout
Apparatus Apparatus
 Species Species
Series Series
Hair Hair

• A few nouns are of a single letter, digit or some words. They take
their plural form in the following ways :
Singular Plural
ATM ATMs
MP MPs
70 70s
M.A M.As
M.L.A M.L.As
C.M C.Ms

• Study the uses of these Nouns :

Noun Used as Noun Used as
Air element Airs Proud behaviour
Return Give back Returns Calculation of income
Force Power Forces Army
Iron material Irons Chains ( Handcuffs )
Sand Material Sands Desert /Land
Good Advantage Goods Moveable property /Article
Water Material Waters Sea
Work Labour / Duty Works Compositions / Creations
Fruit Edible thing Fruits Results
Abuse Bad words Abuses False Traditions /Misuses
Wit Ability to talk Wits Intelligence
Asset Quality Assets Property
Cloth Material (Unstitched ) Clothes Dress ( Stitched )
Advice Suggestion Advices Bill
Custom Tradition/Habit Customs Tax
Effect Result Effects Goods / Property
Colour Hue Colours Flag
Arm Organ Arms Weapons
Manner A way of doing something Manners Polite Behaviour
Quarter ¼ Quarters Residence
Respect Regards Respects Complements
Compass Extent Compasses Instrument / Range
Mean Average Means Method
Respect Regard Respects Polite greetings
Alphabet A set of letters Alphabets Languages
Wood Branches of tree Woods Forest
Word Promise Words Languages
Regard Respect Regards Well wishes
Premise Preposition Premises Buildings
Spectacle A sight Spectacles Eye-Glasses
Advice Counsel Advices Information
Practice Habit Practices Traditions
 Gender of a noun

* Gender is divided into four categories : -

Masculine Gender : Denotes male sex
Example : Tiger, Father, Lion, Time, Summer, Power, Thunder,
Violence, Sun etc
Feminine Gender : Denotes female sex
Example : Tigress, woman, lioness, Mother, Sister, Peace, Nature,
Earth, Goddess etc
Common gender : denotes both male and female sex
Example : Child, baby, teacher, student, cousin, infant, neighbour etc
Neuter Gender : Used for non-living things. It has no sex.
Example : Copy, book, TV , pen etc

Rules for changing masculine nouns into feminine nouns

• Few masculine nouns are changed to feminine noun by adding ‘ess’.

Masculine Feminine
Author Authoress
Poet Poetess
Priest Priestess
Mayor Mayoress
Lion Lioness
 Heir Heiress

• In case of some nouns ‘ess’ is added by removing the last vowel.

Masculine Feminine
Actor Actress
Hunter Huntress
Waiter Waitress
Prince Princess
Tiger Tigress
Instructor Instructress
Founder Foundress
Traitor Traitress

• In few cases, the masculine noun are changed a bit and then ‘ess' is
added at the end to make it feminine.
Masculine Feminine
Emperor Empress
Duke Duchess
Master Mistress

• In few cases, the 1st or 2nd word of the compound masculine noun
are changed to make it feminine.
Masculine Feminine
Head Master Head mistress
Landlord Landlady
 Grandson Granddaughter
Father-in-law Mother-in-law
Milkman Milkmaid
Peacock Peahen

• These don’t follow any special rule :

Masculine Feminine
Administrator Administratrix
Executor Executrix
Prosecutor Prosecutrix
Sultan Sultana
Lad Lass
Wizard Witch
Monk Nun
Fox Vixen
Drake Duck
Bull Cow
Nephew Niece
Father Mother
Husband Wife
Uncle Aunt
King Queen
Sir Madam
Cock Hen
 Stag Hind
Widower Widow
Bachelor Maid, Spinster
Horse Mare
Earl ( King ) Countess ( Begum )
Dog Bitch
Boar Sow
Swan Nymph
Gander Goose
Drone Bee
Bullock Heifer
Buck Dow
Groom Bride
Viceroy Vicereine
 Word denoting Groups

Collective Nouns for People

A band of musicians
A dynasty of kings
A group of dancers
A bevy of ladies
A staff of employees
A crowd of people
A board of directors
A regiment of soldiers
A crew of sailors
A patrol of policemen
A congregation of worshippers
A team of players
A mob of rioters
A caravan of gypsies
A line of kings
A troop of scouts
A choir of singers
A host of angels
A posse of policemen
A class of students

Collective Nouns for Animals

A flock of geese
An army of frogs
A school of whales
A nest of turtles
A leap of leopards
A host of sparrows
A troop of kangaroos

Collective Nouns for Things

A pair of shoes
An album of photographs
A string of pearls
A reel of film
A fleet of ships
An archipelago of islands
A library of books
A forest of trees
A book of notes
A group of islands
A bouquet of flowers
A collection of coins
A bowl of rice
A stack of wood
A bunch of keys
A hand of bananas
A bundle of sticks
A catalogue of prices
A shower of rain
A ream of paper
A heap of rubbish
A range of mountains
A cluster of coconuts
A pack of cards
A hail of bullets
A cloud of dust
A galaxy of stars
A sheaf of grain
A clump of bushes
 Noun Cases

*They are five cases in Noun

• Nominative case ( Subject )

• Accusative case ( Object )
• Genitive Case ( Possession )
• Vocative Case ( Address )
• Dative Case ( Indirect Object )

1. Nominative case:

A noun is said to be in the Nominative case if it is the

subject of a verb. (SUBJECT is the person or the thing
who or which carries out the action of the verb in the
sentence)

Examples:
• Mr. Ram is an intelligent boy.
Mr. Ram is a proper noun in Nominative case.

• The painter paints the portraits.

The painter is a common noun in Nominative case.

• I am buying vegetables for my family.

“I" is a pronoun in Nominative case.

2. Accusative case ( Object )

Nouns or pronouns are said to be in Objective cases if
they are the direct objects of verbs or if they are the
objects of preposition. (Direct object is the person or the
thing upon whom or upon which the action of the verb is
carried out).

Examples:

• I met your sister.

“Your sister" is in objective case.

• The vendors sell mangoes.

“Mangoes" is in objective case.

• The book is on the table.

“Table" is in objective case.
It is object of the preposition ‘on’.

• This is one of my policies.

“Policies" is in objective case.
It is object of the preposition ‘of’.

3. Genitive Case ( Possession )

A noun is said to be in possessive case, if it denotes
possession or ownership. A noun or pronoun in the
possessive case is governed by the noun that follows it.

Examples:
• This is your pencil.

“Your” is in possessive case.

• It is our idea.

“Our” is in possessive case.

• John’s sister has been hospitalized.

“John’s” is in possessive case.

4. Vocative Case ( Address )
A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative case if it is
used to call (or to get the attention of) a person or
persons.
Examples:

• Mr. Bill, students are waiting for you in the main hall.
“Mr. Bill” is in vocative case.
• You there, stand up.
“You” is in vocative case.
• Mahesh, go to the meeting.

“Mahesh” is in vocative case.

• You, get out of the class.

“You” is in vocative case.

5. Dative Case ( Indirect Object )
A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the Indirect
object of the verb. (Indirect object of the verb is the
noun for whom or for which the action of the verb is
carried out). There should not be a preposition before
the indirect object because in that case it will be the
object of that preposition.

Examples:
• The teacher gave the students few exercises.
“Students” is in dative case. It is the indirect object of
the verb ‘give’.
• The Postman brought me a letter.

“Me” is in dative case.

• Get him a pen.

“Him” is in dative case.

Rules of Noun
Rule – 1
• Uncountable Nouns are used in singular form only.
• Indefinite article is not used before them ( uncountable
nouns ).
• They ( Uncountable Nouns ) are not used with plural
verb.
• “Much” or “ Some” is used in place of “Many” to denote
plurality.

Some of the important nouns of this kind are :

Advice, information, Scenery, Furniture, Bread, Luggage,
Baggage, Postage, Wastage, Breakage, Knowledge,
Percentage, Jewellery, Equipment, Evidence, Work,
News, Traffic, Music, Pottery, Bakery, Poetry, Behaviour,
Word ( in sense of message or promise ), Fuel, cost,
Dirt, Dust, Vacation, Abuse, mischief, business,
employment, machinery, material etc.
 For example :
I. He gave me an advice. ( omit “an” )
II. You should be true to your words. ( Use “Word” in
place of “words “ )
III. He was punished for committing many mischiefs. (
Much mischief ✅️)
IV. Young persons dislike the advices of elderly people. (
advice ✅️)
V. The scenery of Kashmir has / have enchanted me. (
has ✅️)
VI. I passed the exam but percentage of marks was /
were not good. ( was ✅️)
VII. I have some equipment / equipments that I need for
the project. ( equipment ✅️)
VIII. All the furnitures are loaded in the truck.
(INCORRECT)
IX. All the furniture is loaded in the truck. (CORRECT)
X. The receptionist provided her will all the available
informations. (INCORRECT)
XI. The receptionist provided her will all the available
information. (CORRECT)
XII. The percentages that she secured are difficult to
achieve. (INCORRECT)
XIII. The percentage that she secured is difficult to
achieve. (CORRECT)
XIV. We need to buy new machineries for the factory.
(INCORRECT)
XV. We need to buy new machinery for the factory.
(CORRECT)
• These nouns may be used to denote singularity
as follows :
i. A piece / a word of advice
 ii. A word of abuse
iii. An act of mischief
iv. A piece of work
v. A piece / loaf of bread
vi. An article of luggage
• These nouns may be used to denote plurality as
follows :
i. Much/some/a lot of/many pieces of advice
ii. Two pieces /loaves of bread
I. He gave me a piece of information.
II. All pieces of information given by her were reliable.
III. The police have found a strand of hair in the car.
IV. He ate two slices of bread.
V. I want a few articles of jewellery.
VI. Many kinds of furniture are available in that shop.
Rule – 2
Cattle, cavalry (Soldiers who fought on horseback ), infantry
(soldiers who fight on foot), poultry, peasantry, children, gentry
(people belonging to a high social class) , police, people, clergy
(the people who perform religious ceremonies in the Christian
church), majority, folk, vermin(culprit ) etc. are singular in form
but plural in meaning. They take plural verb.
a. Cattle is / are grazing in the field.
b. Majority is / are in favour of this proposal.
c. Our infantry have / has marched forward.
d. Police has / have arrested the thieves.
e. The police is on its way. (INCORRECT)
f. The police are on their way. (CORRECT)
g. Large cattles are found on the plains. (INCORRECT)
 h. Large cattle are found on the plains. (CORRECT)
i. The poultry have been fed.
j. The clergy were with the decision of the king.
k. According to the school rules, children coming to campus
should carry their own lunch.
Rule – 3
The nouns ‘ Committee, jury, audience, board, Deer, sheep,
series, species, crew, team, aircraft, counsel, house, ministry,
mob, crowd, staff, public, family, couple, government, company
etc. ’ are used in both singular and plural form. If they are used
in singular sense, they take singular verb and if they are used in
plural sense, they take plural verb.
a. The committee is unanimous on this issue.
b. The committee are divided and there is bitterness among
the members.
c. The family is driving across the country this summer.
d. The family are each doing a different chore.
e. The team is painting a mural.
f. The team are in disagreement about how to paint the
mural.
g. The family takes a trip to California once a year.
h. The family have differing ideas about the annual trip.
i. The jury has reached a decision.
j. The jury were allowed to go home to their families each
day.
k. The jury was divided in their opinion. (correct use- were)
l. The team have not arrived yet. (correct use- has)
Rule – 4
Offspring ( a child ), deer, fish, sheep ” – are expressed as
singular or plural only by the use of verb. Both in singular and
plural they have the same form.
a. Sheeps are grazing in the field. ( Use ‘Sheep' )
b. A sheep is grazing in the field. ✅️
c. Two sheep are grazing in the field. ✅️
d. There are two fish in the pond. ✅️
m. There are many fishes in the aquarium. ✅️ ( Fishes –
different species of fish )
Rule – 5
• Some of the nouns ending in “ s or es ” are used with
singular verb.
(A) Branches of learning
- Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Politics, Statistics,
Economics, Ethics, Linguistics
Note : Statistics as subject is used with singular verb. Statistics
when taken as a collection of data is used with plural verb.
Out of these nouns ending with -ics (names of subjects) become
plural when these are used in possessive case (preceded by,
The, a possessive adjective , made possessive using apostrophe
‘s’ or of) they are considered plural nouns and take plural verb.
• His mathematics are
• The dynamics of this topic are
• Ethics of journalism are always debated
(B) Disease
 - Mumps, Measles, Rickets, Shingles
(C) Games & Sports
- Billiards, Aquatics, Gymnastics, Athletics
(D) Title of Books
- Gulliver’s Travels, War and Peace, Tales from
Shakespeare
(E) Descriptive names of countries
- United States, United Arab Emirates
(F) Some other nouns are :
- Innings, Series, News, Summons,
a. The measles have /has broken out in the town.
b. Politics is / are a dirty game.
c. These news is / are disappointing.
d. No news is / are good news.
e. Economics is / are an interesting subject.
f. Ethnic demand / demands honesty.
g. Two summonses has /have been received.
h. Two series of matches was/were played last year.
i. A series of matches is/are being played.
Rule – 6
• Some of the nouns are generally used in the plural form with
plural verb.
(A) Article of dress
- Trousers, breeches, Jeans, Pants, Pajamas, Shorts,
boxers, drawers etc.
(B) Names of instruments
 - Scissors, Spectacles, Shears, Tongs, Pliers, Pincers,
bellows, goggles, binoculars, sunglasses, gallows,
handcuff, forceps, braces etc.
(C) Foot Wears
- Shoes, Slippers, Sandals, Sneakers, Loafers, Clogs.
(D) Other nouns such as
- Alms, thanks, congratulations, proceeds, contents,
credentials, orders, customs, annals, arrears, assets,
stairs, spirits, statistics (data), quarters, earnings,
manners, outskirts, savings, auspices, surroundings,
amends, embers, fireworks, lodgings, regards, remains,
shambles, tidings, troops, tactics, wages, belongings

a. My scissors is/are not sharp.

b. Where is /are my pants?
c. My spectacles is / are very costly.
d. The proceeds was / were deposited in the bank.
e. All his assets was / were seized.
f. Alms was / were given to the beggars.
g. The embers of the fire was /were still burning.
h. Where is/are tongs?
i. A pair of spectacles has /have been bought by me.
j. Orders for his transfer has/have been issued

Note : When phrases like a pair of or a set of are added

before these nouns that exist in pairs, they become singular.
A pair of scissors was found lying on the floor in our class
yesterday.✅️
 She bought a new pair of sunglasses which is of international
brand.✅️

Note : Wages can be used in both singular & plural form.

Wages ( Meaning – Labour ) – Plural – Wages are paid in cash.
Wages ( Meaning – Result ) – Singular – Wages of hard work is
sweet.
Rule – 7
Certain numeral nouns take ‘-s’ as suffix to form plural only
when not preceded by a definite number.
Dozen, Couple, Pair, Score, Hundred, Thousand, Lakh, Crore,
Million, Billion, etc.

Case 1: When preceded by a definite number. Do not take ‘-s’ as

suffix to form plural.
a. He bought two pair of Sleepers.
b. Muskan has four dozen bananas.
c. Ravi has four dozen bananas.
d. Those two pair of shoes I bought from Dubai last week.
e. Japan has invested six thousand US dollars in Indian IT
sector.
f. I gave him two hundreds rupees. [ Omit ‘s’ in hundreds ]
g. I gave him five dozens pencil. [ Omit ‘s' in dozens ]
Case 2: When not preceded by a definite number. They take ‘-s’
as suffix to form plural.

a. There are hundreds of partially built houses. ✅️

b. Ravi has dozens of apples.
c. Those pairs of shoes I bought from Dubai last week.
d. Japan has invested thousands of US dollars in Indian IT
sector.

Rule – 8
A compound noun ( Numerical + Noun ) is not used in plural if a
noun does the work of an adjective.
1. Ten-day tour. ✅️
2. A ten-mile race. ✅️
3. He is ten-years old. ✅️
4. A five-rupee note. ✅️
5. Five-foot long room. ✅️

Rule – 9
Use of ‘ apostrophe' with Nouns
Apostrophe is used in the following ways to express possession :
A.Living things
a) Mohan's book
b) A cow’s horn
c) A woman’s purse
B. If plural noun ends in ‘s/es', ‘s’ isn’t added while
apostrophe with the plural form :
a) Boys' college
b) Girls’ school

Note : If plural form is different from singular form, ‘s' comes

with both the forms.
a) Child’s play , Children’s school
b) Man’s duty , Men’s wear
c) Woman’s attitude , Women’s hostel

C. When noun ends in hissing sound, ‘s' isn’t added after

apostrophe.
a) For peace' sake
b) Ganesh' idol
D. Apostrophe isn’t used with possessive Pronouns ( his,
hers, yours, ours, theirs )
a) Yours faithfully
b) Yours truly

E. Apostrophe can come only at the end of the compound

nouns.
a) Commander-in-chief's
b) May son-in-law's sister

F. Apostrophe isn’t used with non-living things. We use ‘of' :

a) Table’s leg × [ Leg of table ✅️ ]
Exception :
1. When a non-living thing is personified :
a) Sun’s fury
b) Nature’s love

2. Nouns related to ‘ time / weight / place ’ :

a) A day’s leave
b) Arm’s length
c) A pound’s weight
d) A week’s holiday
e) A moment’s delay
f) She missed the opportunity by a second’s
g) Our company organized two day’s seminar on self-
worth.

3. With respectable nouns :

 a) Court’s order
b) A duty’s call

4. With phrases
a) At wit’s end
b) At a stone’s throw

5. With heavenly objects :

a) Earth’s atmosphere
b) Sun’s high temperature is due to the continuous
nuclear fusion.

G. Don’t use double apostrophe :

a) My wife’s secretary’s mother has expired. ×
• The mother of my wife’s secretary has expired. ✅️
b) Mrs. Sharma the society’s chairman’s proposal was
rejected by the members of the society. ×
• The proposal of Mrs. Sharma, the chairman of society
was rejected by the members of the society. ✅️

H.‘S’ is used with anybody / nobody / everybody /

somebody / anyone / someone / no one / everyone.
a) Everyone’s concern is no one’s concern.
b) Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.

Note : If ‘else' is used with anybody, nobody, somebody etc.,

‘apostrophe’ will be used with ‘else’.
h) I can rely on your words, not somebody else’s.
 i) I obey your orders and nobody else’s.
j) He likes somebody’s else idea. (INCORRECT)
k) He likes somebody else’s idea. (CORRECT)
l) Can I get anybody’s else contact number? (INCORRECT)
m) Can I get anybody else’s contact number?
(CORRECT)

Rule – 10

If 👉Noun + Preposition + Same Noun , Both nouns should be

in Singular form.
b) Village after village
c) Match after match
d) Row upon row
e) Word for word
f) The temperature is rising days by days. (INCORRECT)
g) The temperature is rising day by day. (CORRECT)
h) The profits are growing month after year. (INCORRECT)
i) The profits are growing year after year. (CORRECT)
j) Student after students, the invigilator questioned everyone.
(INCORRECT)
k) Student after student, the invigilator questioned everyone.
(CORRECT)

Rule – 18
Abstract nouns have NO plural form.

a) Kindnesses are his quality. (INCORRECT)

 b) Kindness is his quality. (CORRECT)
c) His honesties are known to all. (INCORRECT)
d) His honesty is known to all. (CORRECT)
e) Teacher scolded her for her selfishnesses. (INCORRECT)
f) Teacher scolded for her selfishness. (CORRECT)

Rule – 19
Note : Certain Nouns / Words are used in colloquial English in
India which are wrong.
Wrong Correct
Cousin Sister / Cousin Brother Cousin
Good name Name
Big blunder Blunder
Strong breeze Strong Wind
Bad dream Nightmare
According to me In my opinion
Lecturership Lectureship
Boarding boarding house
Freeship Studentship
Family members Members of the family
English teacher The teacher of English
Proudy Proud
Note : We generally get confused while using the following
nouns : 🥺✅️
Floor : The flat surface of the room.
Ground : Surface of the earth.

Skill : We acquire it by learning

Talent : A natural ability

Envy : A wish to possess that the other person has.

Jealousy : A feeling that arises out of fear of losing that you
have

Rule : 20
Nouns like teacher, student, child, clerk, advocate, worker,
writer, author, writer, leader, musician etc are common gender
nouns. They are used for both male and female. They are also
called dual genders. Thus ‘ His / He / Him ’ is used for such
nouns ( When such nouns are used in singular )
1. Every leader should perform his duty.
2. A teacher should practise what he preaches.