Media Translation

Compiled and edited by

Dr. Hatem Muhammad

Contents :
1.Introduction:
1.1. Technical Aspects of Media and Political Texts
1.2. Features of English News Headlines
1.2.1. Syntactic features
1.2.2. Lexical features
3. The translation of headlines
4. News characteristics (E & A)
5. Editorials
6. Structure of news stories
7. Transediting
1.7.1 Examples of transediting

1. Addition
2. Deletion
3. Substitution
4. Reorganization
8. Articles on Diplomacy
9. Articles on Elections
10. Articles on terrorism
11. Articles on War
12. Articles on Natural disasters
13. Glossaries
 Course calendar
Week Study plan
1 Introduction
2 Technical Aspects of Media and Political Texts
3 Features of English News Headlines
4 The translation of headlines
5 News characteristics (E & A)
6 Editorials
7 Structure of news stories
8 Transediting
9 Articles on Diplomacy
10 Articles on Elections
11 Articles on terrorism
12 Articles on War
13 Articles on Natural disasters
14 revision
Foreword

The present textbook provides an easy and comprehensive collection of English and Arabic
media texts designed for undergraduates. The aim is to enable readers to better understand the
distinctive features of media texts and consequently produce more faithful translations. The book
comprises recent authentic English and Arabic media news stories dealing with a number of
current issues on the Arab world and other countries. The texts are accompanied by extensive
vocabulary items which help students in understanding the language used by news media
agencies and translate news between English and Arabic. Moreover, various translation exercises
are provided to engage students in real-life translation practice. The present book has benefited
extensively from various books such as;
-On Translating Arabic and English Media Texts: A Coursebook for Undergraduates By
Mahmoud Altarabin.
- THE ROUTLEDGE COURSE ON MEDIA, LEGAL AND TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
By Mahmoud Altarabin.
- Working with Different Text Types in English and Arabic Edited by Bahaa-eddin Hassan
1.Introduction :

1.1.Technical Aspects of Media and Political Texts

Media and political texts occupy a special place as important texts genres and are closely
related. They convey ideas, news and information to the general public. Their structure and
grammatical, lexical, stylistic, and cultural attributes distinguish them from other types of text.
Therefore, translators should be aware of these distinctive features to produce successful
translations. Another challenge presented by the media and political texts is rooted in its
pragmatics. Like any text, they serve the purpose of transmitting information. However, they
also have an added emphasis on persuasion, often implicit in the message. A key to a successful
rendering of the SL text into a TL lies in decoding these messages by taking into account a
variety of factors, thereby preserving the persuasive function of the text. A thorough cultural
understanding of the underlying cultural and political phenomena and processes, both current
and past, are essential to avoid misinterpretations and misunderstandings that lead to factual and
pragmatic mistakes in translation.

As is the case for other types of texts, it is good practice for translators of media and political
texts to follow the fundamental steps of the translation process: getting familiar with the text as a
whole, identifying the different types of underlying challenges (factual, linguistic and others),
addressing these challenges, and, most importantly, reviewing the translated text and comparing
its contents, its accuracy, and its impact to the original.

News characteristics (E & A) News characteristics are news story elements used to determine
whether a news event is worth sharing or not These characteristics include, but are not limited to,
accuracy, objectivity and clarity. Gupta (2003) explains that news values include accuracy,
objectivity, impact and clarity.
2 Features of English News Headlines
The headline is the most striking feature of any newspaper regardless of its type. English
news headlines are characterized by specific features which distinguish them from ordinary
English. The complexity of headlines lies in their syntactic, lexical, and stylistic features often
referred to as headlinese. Erdonk (2002, p. 4), Swan (2005, p. 211) and Shams (2013, p. 23)
point out that headlines feature telegraphic and elliptical style. Being short titles allowed the
news reports, news headlines are designed to attract readers' attention and therefore feature
special syntactic structures and lexical items. The most common syntactic features of headlines
include the deletion of verb 'be', use of simplified tenses, special punctuation and abbreviation.
The words used in newspapers headlines are short, dramatic and used in a special sense. In
addition, the special style of news headlines makes them difficult to understand because of their
being significantly different from ordinary English. This highlights the role of familiarity with
the syntactic and lexical features of news headlines in facilitating the translation of such
headlines between two distinct languages such as English and Arabic.

Swan (2005, pp. 211-220) outlines the grammatical and vocabulary features of news
headlines as follows.
1.2.1. Syntactic features
a. English news headlines are not complete sentences. Sometimes, the structure of a news
headline includes only nouns.
Australia’s minimum wage myth (Source: Sydney Morning Herald)
 b. Simple tenses rather than continuous or perfect tenses are generally used in news
headlines. used instead of progressive or perfect forms.
US launches air raids in Iraq (Aljazeera)
To indicate future events, English news headlines use to + infinitive. This structure
corresponds to U'" (will) + simple present which indicates a future tense in Arabic.Therefore,
to extend, to send and to change correspond to ‫ستمدد‬will extend, ‫سترسل‬will send and ‫ ستغير‬will
change in Arabic. Note that US can be translated into Arabic news headlines as J
(Washington) or literally as ‫الواليات المتحدة‬

c. Headlines normally do not contain articles and any form of the verb be. Articles and the
verb be are usually dropped. (Source: Swan, 2005 , p. 211)
Man killed, woman wounded in shooting (Kansas City Star)

d. The passive structure is rendered into verbal noun ‫اعتقال( مصدر‬: ‫مقتل‬
e. Passive structures do not include verb be.
Croatian soldier killed in Taliban attack in Kabul (Saudi Gazette)
f. Be verbs are deleted when using the present progressive to describe changes. : The present
progressive tense is used without verb be in news headlines. This structure is rendered into
Arabic present simple tense.
Military sending doctors into New York hospitals. (CNN)
1 million doses of anti-malaria drug heading to Florida. (ABC Action)
g. Comma is used to replace and in news headlines:
Hadi Government, UAE Trade Accusations (Euronews)
H. A headline can contain up to four nouns.
Furniture Factory Pay Cut Row (Source: Swan, 2005 , p. 211)
‫خالف حول خصومات رواتب عمال مصنع األثاث‬
Exercise 1: Translate the following news headlines into Arabic.
1. President Sisi: July 23 radically changed Egypt's history. (Egypt Independent)
2. Palestinian leader Abbas says agreements with Israelis to stop. (Deutsche Welle)
3. Israel's US envoy flies to Alaska to upgrade' cooperation against Iran. (The Times of Israel)
4. Jordan's King appoints new head of armed forces. (Anadolu Agency)
5. Turkey, Qatar and the Return of ISIS to Libya. (Asharq Al-awsat English)
6. Senior UN officials call for return to sea rescues, after 'the worst Mediterranean tragedy of this
year (UN News)
7. Kurds mobilize forces in Syria, militants flee amid fear of Turkey invasion. (Middle East
Monitor)
8. UAE not leaving war-torn Yemen despite withdrawal. (Aljazeera)

1.2.2. Lexical features

English newspapers allow limited space for a news story headline which necessitates using
short and colorful words. The following are some of the main features of headlines vocabulary:

a) News headlines normally include short words which are not cornman in everyday language.
Blast (explosion)
b) Headlines use dramatic words to attract attention: Blaze is used to refer to fire.
The following are words commonly used in headlines and their translation:

Word Meaning Example

Aid support U.N., Red Cross urge Saudi-led coalition to re-open aid lifeline to
Yemen(Reuters)
Back support Iran: US biggest state sponsor of terror because it backs Israel
Ban forbid US Bans Samsung Note 7 Phones From Flights (ABC News)
Call for demand UN calls for confronting food shortage, climate change (Kuwait News
Agency)

Charge accusation Man held in wife's death wants charges dropped (The Daily Mail)
Clash quarrel Protesters arrested after clash with police in Philadelphia (Washington
Post)
Deadlock no progress France to recognize Palestinian state if deadlock with Israel not broken
(AI Arabiya)
Foil prevent Saudi army foils massive Houthis infiltration (AI Arabiya)
from
succeeding

Exercise 3: Using the meanings above, translate the following into Arabic:

1. One million face hunger in Gaza after US cut to Palestine aid. (The Guardian)
2. US backs Sudan transition deal for fear of state collapse. (Financial Times)
3. French city bans waving Israeli flag. (Middle East Monitor)
4. Cambridge shire fire crews battle straw field blaze. (BBC)
5. Blast on tourist bus near Cairo pyramids causes casualties. (The Daily Star)
6. UN calls for return to Mediterranean Sea migrant rescues. (cgtn.com)
7. Volunteer who fought against Isis to face terror charges. (The Daily Mail)
8. Media Coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian Clash Is Built on a Myth. (The Western Journal)
9. US, Russia trade rhetoric, edge toward showdown over Syria. (VOA)
10. Facebook to Bar Weapon Accessories Ads for Under 18 Users. (Gadgets 360)

1.3. The translation of headlines

In journalistic translation, headlines have very specific structural features. headlines are the
first elements of articles the readers encounter, and, to a great extent, they determine the
interpretation of texts. Most readers have the first glance at the headlines. Headlines impact is
even wider than on those who actually buy the newspapers, since they are often displayed and
glimpsed everywhere.
Headlines have special linguistic features that make them memorable. Headlines establish an
understanding framework of the whole article. They represent a kind of "shorthand", a
simplification and condensation of ideas. Headlines play an important role in orienting the
reader's attention and interpretation of the facts contained in the article. It is essential for
journalists to implement the most powerful persuasion strategies in the headlines of articles, as
most readers stop to read those articles with the most attractive headings. Headlines usually
contain concise information which has a very persuasive power. Their main functions are to
attract the readers' attention and to give the gist of the story. Headline writers' responsibility is to
create headlines able to catch the readers and arouse their curiosity. So, headline writers try to
catch the reader's eye by using as few words as possible. The language of headlines is,
consequently, unusual in several ways. It is important to notice that there are lexical, structural
and stylistic characteristics of the discourse of headlines.

1-Brevity is such a defining characteristic. Being very compressed and condensed, popularized
in half-understood forms. The language is elliptical and compressed. Many people have
difficulty in understanding them, because they are often incomplete sentences. Very often, the
fractured grammar and idiosyncratic vocabulary of English newspaper headlines challenge the
understanding even of native speakers. But they are also stimulating challenges to non-native
speakers. Their syntax have a distinctive telegraphic quality.

2. Noun Phrases

Noun phrases are nominal groups typically comprising a noun surrounded by other words that
all, in some way, characterize that noun. They are treated as single grammatical units. In
headlines formed of noun phrases, we find a head or a hub, the centre of attraction, and a pre-
modification consisting of all the words placed before the head. These words are usually
determiners, adjectives and nouns, as in the examples: "Overwhelming Response of Voters" on
"Around some Strange, Exotic People". Such headlines appear as incomplete sentences and are
quite usual in communication, whole linguistic elements being subject to deletion. In order to
understand this type of headlines that appear as incomplete sentences, it is useful to use WH-
questions: from whom? about what? from what? to whom? why?, etc. By answering such
questions, often a whole part of the question sentence is cleared up. In an example of headline
like: "Under Pressure from Boss", it is necessary to ask ourselves: what is the boss like? who is
under pressure? By asking these questions, the readers can prepare themselves for the article.

This practice helps the brain prepare itself by starting to think about vocabulary related to the
subject (a too strict boss, fearful employees, a strained atmosphere). In the example of headline
"Unexpected Visit", the questions the readers can ask themselves are: from whom? why was the
visit unexpected? who was visited? And these questions will help readers focus their mind on
vocabulary related to relationships (traveling, surprises, important reasons for visits, etc.)
3. Noun strings
Another very common headline form is a string of three, four or more nouns together, or
groups of nouns "sandwiched" together, such as: "Country Leader Question Time" or
"Landscaping Company Disturbance Regulations". Noun strings are therefore, a sequence of
successive nouns in which the first nouns act as adjectives to modify later nouns. The more
words in succession, the harder they are to understand, especially for people who speak English
as a foreign language. In these noun strings, readability is difficult, because the words do not
appear related by verbs or adjectives. And they are also difficult to understand, because more
than three words, ordinarily separate nouns, follow in succession. In the case of noun strings, it is
helpful to try to connect the ideas by reading backward. So, when reading "Country Leader
Question Time", we should understand that "It is time we raised some questions for/or about the
leader of the country". Technically speaking, the cluster turns all nouns into adjectives, except
for the last noun. The excessive use of long strings of words is an attempt to modify a single
word.

These noun strings may sound impressive, but they are rather hard to decipher. The ability of
English to link nouns that can behave like adjectives, providing information about other nouns,
can lead to ambiguous writing. A headline like: "Woman Killer at Large", could refer to either "a
killer of women" or "a woman who kills". These constructions must be brought under control by
eliminating too many descriptive words that are not essential. Therefore, the good technique of
reading these headlines backwards consists in breaking them into smaller modifying units, using
more prepositional phrases and articles, and even sometimes entire clauses to clarify the
relationships among the words. And using the reversal technique is generally the best way of
"translating" this kind of headlines. Noun strings are found in English newspaper headlines
especially for economy of space; on the other hand, these strings sometimes get too long and
difficult to grasp. In the example: "Employee compensation level evaluation procedures", it
would have been more easily to say: "Procedures for evaluating the compensation level of
employees". The longer the string, the more it takes a reader unfamiliar with the terms and
context to understand the meaning. In the following example: "Underground mine worker safety
protection procedures development", we should read and understand it by using the reversal
technique: "Developing procedures to protect the safety of workers in underground mines".

Such headlines are difficult to understand, because they pack together nouns that act like
modifiers, without doing enough to show the reader the relationship between the parts.
Consequently, they leave the reader to do the work of unpacking and sorting. And the readers
need to use their imagination for this, too.

4. Structural ellipsis:
Trying to underline the omission of certain elements in English newspaper headlines, we
mention the process known as ellipsis, a linguistic phenomenon that exists in all languages. By
omitting some linguistic items from a headline, the writer leaves out a part of the statement, for
the reader to retrieve the whole meaning from the linguistic context, namely the elements
surrounding the part omitted. There are basically two types of ellipsis, structural or textual, and
situational. We find mainly the structural ellipsis in headlines. The elements generally omitted
there include determiners and elements of compound tenses. The following headlines are good
examples of such omissions: "Man Killed in Accident", where the articles and the verb have been
omitted: "A man has been killed in an accident". Similarly, the headline: "President Declares
Celebration”, can be understood as "The President has declared a Celebration", where the
articles are dropped and the tense refers to the past. In the example: "US heading for new slump",
both the articles and the auxiliary verb 'to be' are omitted, "The US is heading for a new slump".
 In headlines, writers try to catch the reader's attention by using as few words as possible.
Ellipsis in newspaper headlines is used for a more appropriate economy of time in transmitting a
message. This sort of omissions in headlines helps readers to save energy in catching the
message, and writers to be economical. They omit elements reasonably retrievable from the
context, by having the necessary skills in speaking English.

5. A particular use of verb tenses:

There is a special system of using tenses in English newspaper headlines For example; the
simple present tense is used when the headline is about something that has already happened.
"Passerby sees woman jump" is to be understood as "A Passerby saw/has seen a woman jump".
The headline: "Forgotten Brother Appears" must read "A forgotten brother has appeared" [after
a long period of time]. The infinitive forms are used to refer to the future. The following
headline: "Washington to increase expenditure on nuclear testing", should be understood as "The
government of Washington will increase the expenditures on nuclear testing". As well, the
headline "Obama to visit Asian Countries" has the meaning "The President Barrack Obama will
visit some Asian Countries". The headline "Mayor to open Shopping Mall" has to be read as
"The Mayor is going to open a new Shopping Mall". Passive sentences headlines are formulated
without the auxiliary verb, and only with the past participle. For example, the headline: "Black
teenagers attacked in race riot" means that some black teenagers "were attacked", and not that
they "attacked" somebody. The headline "Missing teenager found unharmed" means "The
missing teenager is/was found unharmed". The headline "Man Killed in Accident" reads "A man
has been killed in an accident". Present participles are used instead of the present continuous
tense, to denote something that is changing or is happening at present. And the auxiliary verb is
always left out. For example: "Professors Protesting Pay Cuts", means "The professors are
protesting against the reduction of their salaries".
6. Short words:

The use of short words for long ones is another typical feature of headlines. Fitted into very
narrow columns, headlines represent a very difficult task for the editors. Long words are more
common and unattractive. Therefore, small ones have to be used and this has caused a
journalistic language of its own, which is called "Headline English", a very distinctive
vocabulary. Generally, monosyllabic verbs and nouns, shorter words, sound more dramatically
than ordinary English words. They have also to be immediately comprehensible to the readers of
the newspapers. In reports of crimes, for instance, people are not "arrested", they are "held", thus
saving four letters of space. That is why short words are very much used in newspaper headlines.
Some of the short words are unusual in ordinary language:

Word Meaning Sample headlines

soar rise Coffee Prices Soar
curb limit Go-ahead for Water Curbs
pledge promise PM Pledges Backing for Europe
axe Dismiss & reduce Jobs Axe Threatens Thousands
air discuss openly Town Council Airs its Objections
Other short words are used in special meanings which they do not often have in ordinary
English:

Word Meaning Sample headlines

bid attempt Bid to Oust PM
drive united effort Drive to Save Water
move measures Moves to Create more Jobs"? "Move to bring back Death Penalty'
back support Prince Vows to Back Family
mission Delegation& Shots Fired at UN Mission
official group
lag delay Flimsy Excuses Cause Blood Donation Lag
Some of the short words are used not only because they are short, but also because they sound
very dramatic, are very intriguing or emotionally colored:

Word Meaning Sample headlines

blaze fire Three die in Hotel Blaze
slam criticize Scottish Housewife slams Gov Law
clash; dispute Students in clash with Police
strife
key vital; important Key Witness Disappears
rap reprimand Blair's Son Drunk Rap
grill torture by questioning Military Chiefs Grill Suspected Spy
bar exclude; forbid Dinner to bar some Reporters
boost increase Gov plan to Boost Exports
ordeal painful experience Pilot in British Plane Ordeal
probe investigate Private Health Price Fixers Facing Probe
quiz questioning Fan faces quiz
All these recurring linguistic features enable communication to take place among the members
of a community; by providing them with a code; therefore a communication based on a shared
code. Headlines intrigue and awaken interest but they can also give the reader the intellectual
satisfaction of successfully decoding them. And they also reinforce the sense of belonging to a
community. An exercise like deciphering headlines is a very necessary argument in our need to
grasp the gist of newspaper articles.
1.4.News characteristics (E & A)
News characteristics are news story elements used to determine whether a news event is worth
sharing or not These characteristics include, but are not limited to, accuracy, objectivity and
clarity. Gupta (2003) explains that news values include accuracy, objectivity, impact and clarity.
1-Objectivity:
Objectivity in news media means that a news story should be free from the feelings, attitudes
or ideology of the news reporters.
The following example reflects lack of objectivity:
Frustrated by cover provided to troops conducting searches in the center of Beit Hanoun, the
ten"orists resorted to sending a woman.
There is a significant departure from the source news story. Terrorists was changed into ‫مقاومون‬,
activists; troops was changed into ‫جنود صهاينة‬Zionist soldiers.
2-Accuracy
Accuracy is a key feature of news headlines. It means that news stories are precise in the
information provided to the readers (Allan and Zelizer, 2010). Newspapers should not publish
inaccurate, misleading, or distorted information (Gupta, 2003). This news value ensures that
journalists provide reliable information on specific events without adding, deleting, or changing
key information.
Example:
Seven Egyptian policemen were killed in an attack claimed by the ISIL armed group in North
Sinai. Egypt's interior ministry said the attack late Tuesday near the regional capital EI Arish
targeted an assembly centre for police, adding that an officer was among the dead. (Aljazeera)

Problems with the previous inaccurate Arabic translation:

1. ‫ حوالي‬is not mentioned in the source text which clearly shows that the number of those killed
was seven.
2. The source text indicates that ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack while the translation
says that Egypt's interior ministry accused the former.
3. The source news story clearly mentions that the attack was carried out in Sinai while the
translation says it was outside.
4. Egypt Interior Ministry is inaccurately translated as .‫وزارة الداخلية واألمن الوطني المصرية‬The
accurate rendering is ‫وزارة الداخلية المصرية‬
5. The source news story mentions that the attack was carried late Tuesday while the translation
says Thursday afternoon.
Exercise: Identify and correct the mistakes in the following translation of the Arabic news:
Mistakes can include factual errors, deletion of source text information, grammar, and spelling.

The United Nations has claimed that 40 people were killed and 260 injured, as a result of the
conflict that broke out in the northern city of Aden. The United Nations Coordinator in Yemen,
Liza Grand, said in a statement on Sunday that the clashes that erupted Thursday in largest cities
of in Yemen between the internationally recognized government of Yemen and the Southern
Transitional Council left dozens killed and injured. She said, "It is heartbreaking that citizens
morning for their families on the days of Bid al-Adha.
3. Impact & relevance
News reporters need to consider the impact of their story on their readers. Has the story
affected how people think? Has it motivated them to change something? Readers are interested
in stories which have immediate relevance to their lives. The impact of an event in a news story
is largely determined by how close that event is to the readers. A news story having impact on
Palestinians may have little or no impact on readers in Egypt or Jordan. While reducing
government subsidies affects most Egyptians, new flat rent laws in Cairo will have no impact
elsewhere in Egypt.
1.5. Newspapers Sections
Newspapers' sections are divided according to the main subjects covered. Some newspapers
focus their content on political news, others discuss economic news while some discuss local
issues. Below are some common newspapers sections.
1.Lead story/paragraph
The lead story is the most important news story in a newspaper. Coming first, a lead is the
foundation stone of any newspaper. Lead stories cover local, regional, or international news
stories. They aim to attract readers' attention.'

Extracts of English lead stories:

1. Sudan's ruling generals and protest leaders have reached an agreement to usher in a new
period of transitional government, the African Union said. The agreement came after prolonged
negotiations between Sudan's ruling military council and the Alliance for Freedom and Change,
which has been leading the protest movement across Sudan for months. (The Guardian)
2. The United Nations has ordered an investigation into a surge of Russian and Syrian airstrikes
against hospitals and clinics in northwestern Syria amid growing concerns that Russia is using
U.N.-supplied data to deliberately target medical facilities. U.N. Secretary General Antonio
Guterres authorized the inquiry Thursday after pressure from U.N. Security Council members
and human rights groups to do more to establish why health facilities and other civilian
infrastructure such as schools and rescue services are being hit so frequently in the recent
fighting. The investigation comes after a grim assessment of the civilian toll was delivered to the
Security Council on Tuesday by U.N. humanitarian chief Mark Lowcock.
(The Washington Post)

3-The US Department of the Treasury has imposed sanctions against Iranian Foreign Minister
Mohammad Javad Zarif. The sanctions freeze any assets Mr Zarif may have in America, the
department said. Tensions between the US and Iran have heightened since the US last year
withdrew from the 2015 nuclear deal that aimed to curb Iranian nuclear activities. There are
growing concerns that a number of recent incidents in the Gulf could lead to a military conflict in
the vital shipping region. On Wednesday, the US extended waivers which allow Russia, China
and European countries to continue civilian nuclear cooperation with Iran. (BBC)
4- Lebanon is grappling with one of the world's heaviest public debt burdens and years of low
economic growth. The impetus to enact long-delayed reforms has grown with the slowdown of
deposits into its banking sector, a critical source of finance for the state. Deposits shrunk slightly
in the first five months of the year. Foreign reserves, while still large relative to the size of the
economy, have been falling. Aoun said Lebanon was going through a hard economic, financial
and social crisis that it could overcome "if we are determined to do so".

5- (CNN) US President Donald Trump has Issued a warning to Iran after the country moved to
increase uranium enrichment beyond the purity threshold reached in a landmark nuclear deal
Washington pulled out of last year. Iran made the expected move last week, putting it out of
compliance with the 2015 deal originally agreed under then-US President Barack Obama and
five other nations. Tehran had earlier warned it would increase uranium enrichment if the deal's
European signatories did not help ease sanctions on its banking and oil sectors. "Because you
enrich for one reason, and I won't tell you what the reason is. But it's no good; they better be
careful," he said.
Exercise: Translate the following into Arabic:
1. MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russian police forcibly detained nearly 700 people attending a protest
in Moscow on Saturday to demand free elections, including prominent activist Lyubov Sobol,
after authorities warned the demonstration was illegal. Police removed Sobol from a taxi and
bundled her into a van minutes before the start of what anti-Kremlin activists described as a
peaceful walk to protest against the exclusion of their candidates from an election next month.

2. Jared Kushner has met Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem as he attempts
to promote his peace plan for the turbulent Middle East. The husband of Donald Tnunp's
daughter Ivanka and special adviser to the president has said he is not seeking a two-state
solution for the Israeli Palestinian conflict because it 'means different things to both sides'. (Daily
Mail)

3. Israel demolished a number of Palestinian homes it considers illegal south of Jerusalem early
Monday, in a move which has drawn international concern. The Palestinians immediately
slammed the demolitions in the Sur Baher area which straddles the West Bank and Jerusalem,
but Israel defended the move as essential to its security. Before dawn, hundreds of Israeli police
and soldiers sealed off buildings in the area close to the Israeli security barrier which cuts off the
occupied West Bank, an AFP journalist said. (The Telegraph)

4- London (CNN) Boris Johnson, the UK's new prime minister, wants you to know that he loves
his country. Specifically, he wants you to know that he loves the Union between the four nations
that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Unfortunately for
Johnson, this love is not always reciprocated. During his visits to the four nations earlier this
week, Johnson was confronted by a number of protesters who took issue with his "do or die"
approach to Brexit. Johnson has not been coy about his commitment to leaving the ED on
October 31. And he's made it perfectly clear he would do so without a deal. (CNN)

5. Demonstrators in Hong Kong clashed with riot police on Saturday as the city entered its third
consecutive day of mass protests. Police fired teargas and pepper spray, and pinned protesters to
the ground after tense standoffs in at least four locations throughout the city on Saturday
evening, following a peaceful march earlier in the day.Thousands of protesters attending the
march in Mong Kok deviated from a preapproved route and occupied main roads in Kowloon,
where they built barricades out of dismantled metal traffic barriers, handed out gas masks and
helmets, and prepared to face off against police. (The Guardian)
5. Editorial
Editorial columns mainly reflect newspapers' views on political and social issues. These
columns primarily aim to shape readers' opinions on local, regional or international issues.
Opinion columns, also known as op-ed (opposite editorial), voice the opinions of individual
authors and journalists who may not be working for a specific newspaper editorial board. In
addition, an editorial column represents the voice of the newspaper.
Extracts from English editorial and opinion:
1-Bin Laden heir dead: A blow to al-Qaeda? (CNN)
A US official confirmed to CNN that Hamza bin Laden, Osama bin Laden’s son, is believed
dead and that the United States had a role in his death. Cathy Scott-Clark, a British journalist
who has written extensively about the bin Ladens and is in touch with the family, confirmed
Hamza’s death to me. Harnza, believed to be 30, was being groomed to be a next-generation
leader of al Qaeda.
Hamza had appeared in al Qaeda propaganda videos since he was a child. In recent years, he
also had started releasing statements that positioned himself as one of al Qaeda’s ideologues –
for instance, Hamza released an audio statement in 2016 calling for unity among the jihadist
militants fighting in Syria. Earlier this year the US State Department announced a $1 million
reward for information about Hamza.
Despite Hamza’s increasing public profile there is no evidence to suggest that he played a
successful operational role in al Qaeda organizing terrorist attacks around the world. Indeed,
there hasn’t been a lethal attack by al Qaeda in the West since a terrorist operation in London
that killed 52 commuters on the London transportation system in 2005. Hamza bin Laden,
fortunately, did nothing to reverse this.
2-Britain needs to recognize Palestine as an independent state (The Guardian)
Over the Bank Holiday weekend, coinciding with the start of the Ramadan fast for Muslims
and the run-up to Israel's Independence Day, it was touch and go whether the latest outbreak of
violence - fatalities on the border, rockets fired into Israel, airstrikes against the Gaza Strip -
would escalate into all-out war. Twenty-five Palestinians and four Israelis was a modest death
toll compared with summer 2014, when 2,250 Palestinians and 67 Israelis were killed in
Operation Protective Edge.
The ceasefire negotiated by Egypt and the UN should ease the punishing blockade imposed
by Israel since the Islamists of Hamas took over Gaza in 2007. Millions of dollars donated by the
Gulf state of Qatar will continue to pay official salaries and help needy families. Palestinian
fishermen will be able to operate farther out to sea. Electricity and fuel supplies should be
boosted. Amid speculation about what happens next, one thing is certain: it could all happen
again, any time - before or after 2020, when Gaza reaches the point, long predicted by the UN, of
being "uninhabitable" for its 2 million population. "The war hasn't been averted, only
postponed," as one Israeli minister commented on Twitter. Cynics suggest that Israel may launch
military action after the Eurovision song contest is held in Tel Aviv next week.
Exercises: Translate the following extracts into Arabic:

1. The Muslim News held a conference last week to mark its 25th anniversary. One topic under
discussion was the portrayal of Islam and Muslims by the mainstream media. In recent times,
most newspaper references to the Islamic religion and its followers can broadly be described as
negative: this was the finding of research presented at the event. Yet that is perhaps unsurprising
if you consider the prevailing geopolitical situation of the last 14 years. After all, a primary
concern of the British media - and the British public - has been the genuine threat posed by
religiously motivated extremists at home and abroad.

Whether the interpretation of Islam by those who wish to cause harm is one that many other
Muslims would recognise is an important question, but it would be perverse to ignore the
religiosity which drives fanaticism. An extreme, conservative Christian sect can still be
characterised as Christian even if its view of the Bible is rather different to the Church of
England's. Likewise, Muslims who practise violence in the name of God can be described by
reference to their religious outlook. (The Independent)

2. The people of the Gaza Strip are protesting again, and soldiers are shooting again, and
civilians are being victimized again. Only this time you may have missed the story, because
these protests barely rated a buried paragraph in most Western news accounts. That's odd: Some
media outlets are prepared to devote months of journalistic effort in order to trace the trajectory
of a single bullet that accidentally kills a Palestinian - provided the bullet is Israeli. The
difference this time is that the shots are being fIred by Hamas, the militant Islamist group that
has ruled Gaza since 2007, when it usurped power from its rivals in the Fatah movement in a
quick and dirty civil war. Since then, no genuine elections have been held, and no dissent
brooked.

6.Structure of news stories

Busa (2014) explains that story structure is one of the basic features of a news story. There
are different structures designed to represent the development of news stories starting with the
headline, moving to the lead, details and conclusion. These structures primarily aim to help
reporters outline their stories into logically well-organized units to simplify reading the story.
1 -The Inverted Pyramid
The Inverted Pyramid which is commonly used in hard news is the most basic news story
structure (Reinardy & Wanta, 2015). putting the most important information at the top of their
stories followed by less important information in a descending order.
Potter (2011) says that the "information following the lead expands or develops the point that
is made in the lead." The author points out that in a report on a story such as a massive storm, a
reporter would generally begin with the death toll and the location of the heaviest damage. This
can be followed by a description of the scene of the worst devastation which is followed by a
quote from a survivor. Other supporting paragraphs add more details of less significance to the
news story topic.
This structure allows readers to quickly and clearly assimilate the important elements of the story
in order to quickly decide whether to continue reading or not. Readers may not have enough time
to read the whole story

7. Transediting

Translating some news stories can raise sensitive issues for particular audience who have a different
account of events. Therefore, the translator is required to engage in deliberate rewriting and editing of ST
news stories which is termed as Transediting. The term transediting is a compound of translating and
editing. Transediting plays a significant role in the translation of news, especially when source text news
and target text news represent conflicting accounts of the same events. A current example of such events
is the Great March of Return on the eastern borders of Gaza Strip. Transediting is vital to the translation
process when the ST and TT are loaded with cultural and ideological values and to produce translations
suited to meet the expectations and needs of a new readership. In this context, Stetting explains that a
“certain amount of editing has always been included in the translation task” ( 1989 , p. 371). An example
of transediting is the omission of “passages which might be irrelevant in the foreign context” (p. 371).
Her examples included changing miles in source text into kilometers in the target texts, addition of
explanations to source text cultural referents, and omission of information irrelevant to the target culture
readership. Stetting adds that “cultural and situational adaptations” are necessary to satisfy the
expectations of the target readership. She further maintains that editors change, add, or remove
information from texts in the target language. She says that the task of an editor lies in “improve[ing]
clarity, relevance, and adherence to the conventions of the textual type in question – without “killing” the
personality and the interesting features of the actual piece of writing” (1989, p. 372). Stetting (pp. 373–
374) lists the following practices of transediting:
• Shortening texts for subtitling
• Making texts idiomatic and well-structured
• Omitting inadequate texts
• Using material written in other languages for writing news texts
 She (p. 376) believes that translators need “to see to it that the original intentions are reborn in a new
and better shape in the target language [ . . .] turns into a ‘transeditor.’” She (p. 377) lists three different
areas of transediting as follows:
a) “Cleaning-up transediting,” changes made to adapt a standard of efficiency in expression;
b) “Situational transediting,” adapting the intended function of the translated text in its new social
context; and
c) “Cultural transediting,” adapting the text to the needs and norms of the target culture.
Stetting aims to prove to her readers that changes made to a translation are necessary. However, some
scholars believe that transediting is rather a new labeling of translation techniques. In fact, news stories
are loaded with political ideologies that cannot be translated to target readership of different ideologies
without text manipulation, which includes addition, deletion, and lexical and structural changes
(substitution and reorganization).
1.7.1 Examples of transediting
1. Addition
Stetting (1989 ) believes that addition is necessary when translating to a target readership.Hursti(2001)
explains that journalists add information to the TT that is not present in the ST when the agency story
takes the understanding of a certain detail or background information for granted. Examples of Palestinian
translators’ rendering of the Israeli English news into Arabic reflect that certain additions are
ideologically motivated to serve the ideological expectations of the Arab readers. Consider the following
example from Daraghmeh, Herzallah, and Karim (2010):
The IDF and the government officials cried foul at what they called the shameless use of civilians as
human shields, but the Hamas government praised the women as heroes and encouraged further female
contributions to the resistance.
The translators in the Daraghmeh et al. study added a new statement highlighted in bold and underlined at
the beginning of the Arabic translation:
‫ صاح مسئولون إسرائيليون‬،‫بما أسموه االستخدام المخزي ورغم ما قام بھ جنود االحتالل من عملیات قتل ودھم للبیوت‬
‫للفلسطينيين كدروع بشرية ونددوا بما نعتوه إشادة الحكومة الفلسطينية بالنساء ووصفهن بالبطالت وتشجيعهن على المساهمة‬
‫اإلضافية في المقاومة‬
The introductory phrase ‫ ورغم ما قام بھ جنود االحتالل من عملیات قتل ودھم للبیوت‬, translated as despite the killing
and house demolition carried out by the occupation army, clearly reflects that such an addition fulfills
ideological purposes aiming to disregard the Israeli account of the news story and alternatively stress the
Palestinian stand on the same.
2. Deletion
Stetting (1989) explains that deletion can occur at different lexical units ranging from words to
sentences. An example of deleting ST information is the deletion of terrorist in the following example
from the Jerusalem Post:
A teenage female terrorist. . . . ‫ فتاة فلسطينية‬. In this example, the word terrorist ‫ )إرهابي‬in Arabic) was
deleted from the target text.
3. Substitution
Substitution refers to replacing ST lexical units by different TT units. Examples include:
• Over the past week, there has been an increase in the number of rockets fired at Sderot and other Negev
towns, and Defense Minister Amir Peretz yesterday ordered the IDF to step-up its anti-rocket activity.
(Ali, 2007)
” ‫ و أمر وزير الدفاع عمير بيرتس قوات‬،‫وخالل األسبوع الماضي كان هناك ازدياد في إطالق الصواريخ على سديروت‬
‫االحتالل أن تزيد نشاطها ضد الصواريخ‬.“
The source text textual unit IDF was rendered as ‫( قوات االحتالل‬occupation forces).
• Gaza terrorists is substituted by ‫( مقاومون من غزة‬Palestinian activists); Hamas government was
translated as ‫( الحكومة الفلسطينية‬Palestinian government). (Daraghmeh et al., 2010)
4. Reorganization
This transediting technique involves foregrounding or backgrounding of ST lexical materials into the TT.
Such reorganization can serve linguistic or ideological purposes. Consider the following examples:
The settlement will resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Ayyad, 2012).
‫ هذه التسوية ستحل النزاع الفلسطيني اإلسرائيلي‬.
Annotation: In this example, Israeli was backgrounded while Palestinian was foregrounded. Such
restructuring of ST units into the TT serves ideological purposes.

8. Articles on Diplomacy
Text (1)
Why Trump's 'maximum pressure' foreign policy yields minimum results
Donald Trump is heading into the 2020 elections with no clear-cut foreign policy successes,
some dramatic failures and a string of looming crises around the world that could undermine his
bid for re-election. For that reason, many expect the president to try to reverse the trend with
dramatic interventions around the globe with uncertain outcomes - which will make the next 16
months even more volatile than his presidency so far.

Trump has pulled out of nuclear agreements with Iran and Russia but the better deals he
predicted seem more remote than ever, and in their absence nuclear weapons proliferation looks
likely to accelerate. An effort to oust Nicolas Madura's regime in Venezuela in April was a
fiasco, and subsequent efforts to strangle the economy have so far showed no sign of achieving
their political objective. This week, the UN high commissioner for human rights, Michelle
Bachelet, warned that the measures are likely to significantly exacerbate conditions for millions
of ordinary Venezuelan.

Similarly, Trump's most significant military win, completing the eradication of the Islamic
State caliphate in Syria and Iraq, has been tarnished by a Pentagon inspector general report this
week saying that Isis had "solidified its insurgent capabilities in Iraq and was resurging in Syria".
In Afghanistan, the administration claims to be close to an agreement with the Taliban, clearing
the way for a major withdrawal of US forces by the end of Trump's first term, but a spike in
violence, with 1,500 civilian casualties in July alone, has underlined the tenuous nature of such
negotiations.
Trump appears to be aware of his foreign policy deficit as he barrels towards full campaign
mode and is seeking to address it. In the short term, that has amounted to redefining success. In
relation to North Korea, that means playing down the original claim that diplomacy with Kim
would lead to nuclear disarmament. The emphasis instead has been on Pyongyang's moratorium
on nuclear and missile tests. When North Korea stepped up short range missile launches, the red
line was shifted to a block on intercontinental missiles.

Source: https//www.theguardian.com
Translation Exercises
1-Translate the following words/phrases and the sentences which follow:
-bilateral………………………………………………………………
-asylum ………………………………………………………………
-delegation……………………………………………………………
-diplomatic immunity…………………………………………………
-good offices………………………………………………………….
-recognition…………………………………………………………...
-diplomatic mission……………………………………………………
-international community……………………………………………...
-new chapter……………………………………………………………
-permanent members…………………………………………………..

-Lack of accountability is encouraging Israel to disrespect the international community.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Pakistan's Foreign Minister started efforts to lobby with non-permanent members of the UN
Security Council.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-The Government of Liberia has elevated its bilateral relations with India to a new level.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-The dramatic influx of asylum seekers in Cyprus is leading to an overwhelming backlog of
applicants.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Tnunp has also called for official recognition of Israel's authority over stolen Syrian land.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-The declaration is a new chapter in the history of Sudan, paving the way for the formation of the
transitional authority's institutions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Switzerland has once again made a pivotal contribution through its good offices and neutrality.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-Translate the following paragraph into Arabic:

DUBAI - Arab leaders have convened in Saudi Arabia's holy city of Mecca for a two-day
emergency meeting aimed at addressing increasing tensions with Iran. The Gulf states have even
reached out to Qatar, the estranged neighbor that Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab
Emirates (UAB) and Egypt cut off via a land and sea blockade two years ago. Saudi Crown
Prince Mohammed bin Salman extended his invitation to Qatar and Doha accepted, marking the
first landing of a Qatari jet in Saudi Arabia since June of2017.
8-Translate the following paragraph into Arabic:
Sudan's main opposition coalition and the ruling military council on Saturday signed a final
power-sharing agreement, paving the way for a transitional government following the overthrow
of long-time President Omar al-Bashir.
Text 2: (Source: BBC)

Qatar crisis: Saudi-led bloc vows new measures

The four Arab states leading a boycott against Qatar have condemned its rejection of their
demands and warned of unspecified new measures against it. Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt and
the United Arab Emirates said Doha was intent on continuing a "policy aimed at destabilizing
security in the region". New measures would be enacted in an "appropriate and timely manner".
They cut links with Qatar in June over its alleged support of terrorism and ties with Iran.

The oil- and gas-rich nation was presented with a list of demands, including shutting down
the Al Jazeera news network, closing a Turkish military base, cutting ties with the Muslim
Brotherhood, and downgrading relations with Tehran. Qatar vigorously denied supporting
terrorism and insisted it would not agree to any measures that threatened its sovereignty or
violated international law.

The air, sea and land restrictions have caused turmoil in the country, which is dependent on
imports to meet the basic needs of its population of2.7 million. In a joint statement issued late on
Thursday, the four countries expressed their "deep surprise over the unjustified refusal by the
Qatari government to the legitimate list and logical demands" aimed at fighting terrorism,
combating extremism, and safeguarding Arab and international security. They stressed that the
list of demands was now "null and void" and vowed to take further "political, economic and legal
measures" in a manner that "preserves their rights, security and stability towards a hostile Qatari
government policy'. They did not specify what the measures might include, although officials
have suggested financial restrictions could be placed on flows of Qatari money or that third
parties could be forced to choose between doing business with the four or with Qatar.

On Wednesday, Qatar's foreign minister accused them of imposing "a siege that is a clear
aggression and an insult" and said the accusations were "clearly designed to create anti-Qatar
sentiment in the West". "The answer to our disagreement is not blockades and ultimatums, it is
dialogue and reason," Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman AI Thani added.
Translate the following into Arabic:
Every year, Arabs around the world commemorate al-Nakba or “the catastrophe “on May 15 -
the day following Israel's declaration of statehood in 1948. But poems and speeches are now too
embarrassing to recite, and Arab governments barely seem interested in remembering - so busy
are they trying to win Israel's approval for direct or indirect negotiations.
Translate the following into Arabic:
The United States and Turkey have reached an agreement to establish a safe zone in northeastern
Syria, narrowly preventing an impending Turkish military offensive against U.S.-backed Kurdish
fighters in the war-wracked country.
9. Articles on Elections:
US 2020 election: Where do top Democrats stand on foreign policy?
From Israel and Palestine to China, where do leading Democratic presidential contenders
stand on foreign policy issues?
Washington, DC - The United States 2020 Democratic primary candidates have largely
avoided discussing foreign policy issues in much detail, and when they do, it can be difficult to
distinguish their positions. “[I don't] have much of an idea of what they think” said Michael
Walzer, a political theorist and author of A Foreign Policy for the Left, of the 25 candidates'
foreign policy platforms. One reason candidates don't discuss foreign policy with much depth or
frequency is that they don't necessarily have political incentives to do so, according to John
Feffer, director of the Foreign Policy In Focus think-tank at the Institute for Policy Studies.
Analysts say, however, that even if there are many overlaps or lack of detailed plans, a
progressive line can be delineated within the current crop of Democratic Party candidates. For
Senators Warren and Sanders, this means not only reducing the scope of the US's military
engagements, but challenging the current global economic order, the failure of which the two
senators credit with the elevating authoritarian populists and boosting the potential for military
conflict all over the world.

So as the US heads into the second Democratic debate on Tuesday and Wednesday, where do
the candidates stand on the major foreign policy issues, including foreign military involvement
or intervention, North Korea, Israel, Palestine and China? Following US President Donald
Trump's departure from some of the foreign policy norms that characterised the previous
administrations of Barack Obama and George W Bush, the Democratic Party's progressive wing
has an opportunity to reframe foreign policy around its skepticism of American military
interventionism.
Source: Aljazeera
1-Translate the following words/phrases and the sentences which follow:
-Coalition………………………………………………………………………….
-Dissolution of Parliament…………………………………………………………
-Franchise………………………………………………………………………….
-Landslide………………………………………………………………………….
-Nomination papers………………………………………………………………...
-Polling day…………………………………………………………………………
-Postal vote………………………………………………………………………….
-Recount…………………………………………………………………………….
-Referendum…………………………………………………………………………
-Turnout……………………………………………………………………………..
-Austrians appear supportive of a conservative government coalition.
…………………………………………………………
-Opposition warns against plan to dissolve Venezuela parliament.
…………………………………………………………
-The demanded a franchise for youth who are 18 years of age.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The scandals are a blow to the governing National League for Democracy, which won a
landslide in the 2015 election.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The former PM had filed the nomination papers on August 13. It was the first day of the three-
week early voting period leading up to the May 18 election day.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
-Western Australia introduced a form of postal voting.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
-A recount of votes is to be conducted at polling stations of five districts.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
-There is no turning back, the referendum should come faster so that we amend
the Constitution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
-Voter turnout has been slow and less than hoped for.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Translate the following into Arabic:

Dissatisfaction and disappointment with the government by the Tunisian people have been
well documented in the press with frequent strikes and demonstrations. According to a survey
conducted by the International Republican Institute, 87% of responders believed the country was
heading in the wrong direction politically, and 49% said that they were "very dissatisfied" with
democracy in Tunisia.
Text 2:
Last Israeli Election Was Riddled With Irregularities and Suspected Voting Fraud,
Haaretz Investigation Reveals
Election Day last April in the northern Druze town of Yarka was particularly fraught, in part
because a local resident, Patin Mula, was running for the Knesset, in the 32nd spot on the Likud
slate. In 2015, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's Likud party had done particularly poorly in
the Knesset election, garnering just 261 votes here. But in the election on April 9 of this year,
with the political fate of a local resident hanging in the balance, the thinking was that things
would be different.
At Precinct 7, for example, a Likud representative who was an observer overseeing the vote
came to the polling station with a camera. He reported to police that at 9 P.M., an hour before the
polls closed, he was expelled from the room by force and beaten and that damage was also
caused to his car. 'When the ballots cast in the precinct were actually counted, he was no longer
present.
It turned out that Likud was the big winner in the precinct, getting 214 votes (34.9 percent of
the vote among the 40 parties on the ballot). So there was no reason for Likud to challenge the
result in the precinct. When Haaretz approached the precinct committee secretary, he adamantly
denied that anything was amiss, saying that everything proceeded normally, before he hung up.
The anomalies in Yarlca are just part of the puzzle. The findings of the Haaretz investigation,
which followed reports of irregularities collected by the volunteers from the Election Civil Guard
reveal how those administering the vote appeared to have failed in their most important role-
delivering reliable election results.
Irregularities in the vote tally - either due to negligence or vote fraud – could theoretically
affect the actual composition of the Knesset. The parties' appeals to Israeli voters to turn out and
cast their ballots because "every vote counts" appear a bit divorced from reality in light of the
findings. Yet four months after the last election and a little over a month before the next Knesset
election, following the inconclusive result the last time around, police have opened investigations
of vote fraud at just five polling places, in addition to less formal investigation of several more.

Source: Haaretz
Translate the following words/phrases and the sentences which follow:
-partisan activity…………………………………………………………………………………
-election prospects………………………………………………………………………………
-change of direction……………………………………………………………………………..
-Blue and White…………………………………………………………………………………
-fresh legislative elections………………………………………………………………………
-catastrophic defeat……………………………………………………………………………..
-election campaign……………………………………………………………………………...
-electoral cycle………………………………………………………………………………….
-call a general election………………………………………………………………………….
-seats…………………………………………………………………………………………….
-Activities can be considered partisan by Elections Canada even if they don't mention a candidate
or party by name.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The election prospects for Democrats in 2020 will turn on whether the party can keep fanning
the fires that drove young voters to the ballot box.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The Tory party has "failed" the UK and a general election is the "change of direction the
country needs".
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-This time, Blue and White could get extra votes from Liberman.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The decision also casts doubts on the prospects of holding fresh legislative elections.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-Arab political parties in Israel narrowly escaped a catastrophic defeat at the polls.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-Israel will embark on a wide-scale campaign in the Gaza Strip regardless of the current election
campaign.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The rigid nature of the US electoral cycle ensures primaries aren't a distraction from elections.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-British prime ministers are still able to call a general election.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Translate the following into Arabic:

Although young voters typically cast ballots at rates well behind their elders, any increase could
make a significant difference. And it's not just the turnout -- it's where those voters turn out.
10.Articles on Terrorism
New Zealand attack exposes how little the U.S. and its allies share intelligence on
domestic terrorism threats
The United States and its closest allies have spent nearly two decades building an elaborate
system to share intelligence about international terrorist groups, and it has become a key pillar of
a global effort to thwart attacks.
But there's no comparable arrangement for sharing intelligence about domestic terrorist
organizations, including right-wing extremists like the one suspected in the killing of 50
worshipers at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, according to current and former
national security officials and counterterrorism experts.
Governments generally see nationalist extremist groups as a problem for domestic law
enforcement and security agencies to confront. In the United States, that responsibility falls
principally to the FBI.
But increasingly, nationalist groups in different countries are drawing inspiration from each
other, uniting in common cause via social media, experts said. Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the 28-
year-old suspected gunman in Christchurch, posted a manifesto full of rage on Twitter in which
he cited other right-wing extremists as his inspiration, among them Dylann Roof, who killed nine
black churchgoers in Charleston, S.c., in 2015. Tarrant also had white supremacist slogans
scrawled on weapons, according to video he took.

• Let's get this party started': New Zealand gunman narrated his chilling rampage. The
intelligence services of New Zealand and the United States - along with those in the United
Kingdom, Canada and Australia - enjoy a close working relationship. The so-called Five Eyes
routinely share highly classified intelligence about al-Qaeda or the Islamic State, gleaned from
their respective networks of surveillance systems and human spies. Some experts say the allies
need to think about how they can tum their resources toward threats that may reside within their
borders but arguably threaten their common security.
"With its mix of global inspiration and local action, far-right extremism has inspired killings
inside the U.S. and every one of the Five Eyes, ranging from mass shootings and bombings to
assassinations of political leaders," said P.W. Singer, a counterterrorism researcher and strategist
at New America, a think tank in Washington. "The sad events in New Zealand illustrate why we
have to have the political bravery to stop ignoring what is a real terrorist threat that has killed
more Americans than even ISIS." New Zealand attack exposes how little the U.S., and its allies
share intelligence on domestic terrorism threats
Source: The Washington Post
Translate the following words/phrases and the sentences which follow:
-attempted terrorist attack…………………………………………………………………..
-take into custody…………………………………………………………………………...
-shooting suspect……………………………………………………………………………
-hostile attitudes…………………………………………………………………………….
-gunman……………………………………………………………………………………..
-prevented further consequences……………………………………………………………
-counter terrorism officers…………………………………………………………………..
-fuels terrorism………………………………………………………………………………
-Shooting…………………………………………………………………………………….
-terror attack………………………………………………………………………………….
-A shooting at a mosque in Nonvay is being investigated as an attempted terrorist attack.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
-A man in his 20s was taken into custody after the shooting inside the Al- Noar Islamic Center.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-When officers went to the shooting suspect's residence, they found the body of his 17-year-old
stepsister.……………………………………………………………………………………………
-The aggressor has been found to have expressed hostile attitudes against immigrants.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-The alleged gunman was prepared to cause deaths and more injuries.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-The swift and firm response from the persons inside the mosque stopped the aggressor and
prevented further consequences.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-The 27-year-old woman was detained by counter-terrorism officers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-Corruption fuels terrorism by undermining counterterrorism.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-Police attend the scene after a shooting inside the Islamic center.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-Rashida Tlaib took to twitter to condemn the recent terror attack in the West Bank.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Translate the following into Arabic:

The Burkinabe army did not disclose the identity of the attackers or their affiliation but
blamed “terrorists" for the “major” attack, which it said could be the deadliest ever against the
country's armed forces.
Text 2:
Egypt calls deadly Cairo car blast 'terrorist incident

Egypt's government has said a car packed with explosives was the cause of an explosion near
a medical Centre in the capital that killed at least 20 people and wounded 47 others. In a
statement on Monday, the interior ministry said the car was driving in the wrong direction the
night before when it collided with three other vehicles, causing a major blast in front of Cairo's
main cancer hospital.
"The car contained explosives, and the collision led to their detonation," the ministry said. "It is
estimated that the car was being transported to a location for use in the execution of a terrorist
operation."
It said the Hasm group was responsible for rigging up the car, but did not specify whether it
believed the attack was meant to happen elsewhere on Sunday or whether the explosives were
being transported for a future assault. Egypt accuses Hasm, which emerged in 2016 and has
claimed several attacks, of being a wing of the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood. The movement
denies this and says it seeks change through peaceful means only. In a statement shared on social
media, Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi called the explosion a "terrorist" incident. "I
extend my deepest condolences to the Egyptian people and the families of the martyrs killed in
the cowardly terrorist incident ... last night," read the post on elSisi's official Facebook and
Twitter feeds. Timothy Kaldas, a non-resident fellow at the Tahrir Institute for Middle East
Policy, said it was unlikely that Egyptian authorities had enough information at this point to
conclude that Hasm was responsible. "The Hasm group has been largely inactive for the last
couple of years. You hear from them occasionally, but they haven't been nearly as active as they
have been in the past. It would be surprising to see them re-emerge on the scene," Kaldas told Al
Jazeera from Cairo. "It is also just possible that the government chose to blame them initially
because the government sees them as an extension of the Muslim Brothemood's leadership, and
so it's just a way for them to pin the blame on the Brotherhood from the outset.

Source: Aljazeera
11.Articles on War:
Ten years after the first war on Gaza, Israel still plans endless brute force Operation Cast
Lead killed 1,417 people. Chillingly, the generals call their repeated bombardments 'mowing the
lawn'. This month marks the 10th anniversary of the first major military assault on the 2 million
Palestinians of the Gaza Strip. After its unilateral withdrawal from Gaza in 2005, Israel turned
the area into the biggest open-door prison on Earth. The two hallmarks of Israel's treatment of
Gaza since then have been mendacity and the utmost brutality towards civilians.

On 27 December 2008, Israel launched Operation Cast Lead, pounding the densely populated
strip from the air, sea and land for 22 days. It was not a war or even " "asymmetric warfare" but a
one-sided massacre. Israel had 13 dead; the Gazans had 1,417 dead, including 313 children, and
more than 5,500 wounded. According to one estimate 83% of the casualties were civilians. Israel
claimed to be acting in self-defense, protecting its civilians against Hamas rocket attacks. The
evidence, however, points to a deliberate and punitive war of aggression. Israel had a diplomatic
alternative, but it chose to ignore it and to resort to brute military force. In June 2008 Egypt had
brokered a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, the Islamic resistance movement that rules Gaza.
The agreement called on both sides to cease hostilities and required Israel to gradually ease the
illegal blockade it had imposed on the Gaza Strip in June 2007. This ceasefire worked
remarkably well - until Israel violated it by a raid on 4 November in which six Hamas fighters
were killed. The monthly average of rockets fired from Gaza on Israel fell from 179 in the first
half of 2008 to three between June and October. The story of the missed opportunity to avoid
war was told to me by Robert Pastor, a professor of political science at the American University
in Washington DC and a senior adviser on conflict resolution in the Middle East at the Carter
Center NOO.
Here is what Pastor told me over the phone and later confirmed in an email to Dr Mary
Elizabeth King, another close associate of President Carter, on 8 December 2013, a month before
Pastor's death. Pastor met Khaled Mashaal, the Hamas politburo chief, in Damascus in December
2008. Mashaal handed him a \Witten proposal on how to restore the cease fire. In effect, it was a
proposal to renew the June 2008 cease fire agreement on the original terms. Pastor then travelled
to Tel Aviv and met Major General (Ret) Amos Gilad, head of the defence ministry's political
affairs bureau. Gilad promised that he would communicate the proposal directly to defence
minister Ehud Barak and expected to have an answer either that evening or the following day.
The next day, Pastor phoned Gilad's office three times and got no response. Shortly afterwards,
Israel launched Operation Cast Lead.

Source: The Guardian

Translate the following words/phrases and the sentences which follow:
-Ongoing war…………………………………………………………………………….
-Humanitarian corridor………………………………………………………………….
-Ambush…………………………………………………………………………………
-Strategy…………………………………………………………………………………
-Wage war……………………………………………………………………………….
-War zone………………………………………………………………………………..
-Traditional war………………………………………………………………………….
-Military intervention………………………………………………………..…………..
-Dragged on……………………………………………………………………………..
-Invade………………………………………………………………….
-The ongoing war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza is the worst round of Israeli-Palestinian
violence in five years. ………………………………………………………………….
-Syria’s Foreign Ministry has said it is opening a humanitarian corridor for civilians to leave the
rebel-held region of Idlib. ………………………………………………………………….
-Wright was killed in action during the October 2017 Niger ambush.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Hezbollah’s strategy has changed since the Second Lebanon War in 2006.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Netanyahu’s threatens to wage a war against Gaza.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-In one East Jerusalem neighborhood, summer vacation has become a war zone.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-It's been eight years since the NATO-led military intervention in Libya.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Yemen’s civil war has dragged on for years.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Battle plans for a possible future invasion of Gaza have been partially revealed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Translate the following into Arabic:

Battle plans for a possible future invasion of Gaza have been partially revealed, with the
Israeli military outlining a strategy for a high-intensity campaign to damage civilian
infrastructure and weaken Hamas, while still leaving it able to govern.
Text 2:
Yemen separatist chief in Saudi Arahia for talks on Aden standoff

RIYADH (Reuters) - The leader of southern Yemeni separatists has arrived in Saudi .Arabia
for talks aimed at ending a standoff in Aden port between the separatists and Yemen's Saudi-
backed government, who had been nominal allies under a Sunni Muslim military coalition.
Saudi Arabia, the coalition leader, called for a summit after the separatists on Aug. 10 took
over Aden, interim seat of the government, in a move that fractured the alliance. The ousted
Yemeni government and coalition partner the United Arab Emirates traded blame over the crisis
late on Tuesday.
It was not clear if a delayed meeting involving both Yemeni sides would go ahead after the
separatists extended their grip on the south on Tuesday by seizing government military camps in
nearby Abyan.
The separatist fighters are part of the Saudi-led alliance that intervened in Yemen in March
2015 against the Houthis, who ousted President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi from power in the
capital Sanaa in late 2014. His government rebased to Aden. However, the DAE-backed
separatist Southern Transitional Council (STC) has a rival agenda to Hadi's government, which
has refused to participate in any talks unless the southern forces reverse what it calls a coup.
Hadi Government, UAE Trade Accusations

The standoff has complicated efforts to end the ruinous war and has exposed differences
between regional allies Saudi Arabia and the DAB, which in June scaled down its presence in
Yemen while still backing thousands of southern separatist fighters.
STC chief Aidaroos al-Zubaidi arrived in the Saudi Red Sea city of Jeddah late on Tuesday
for the talks, the STC said. Hadi's government asked Abu Dhabi, which has called for dialogue,
to stop funding and arming separatist forces.
"If it were not for the full support provided by the United Arab Emirates ... this rebellion
would not have happened. This scheme of fragmentation continues and is escalating despite calls
for de-escalation led by Saudi Arabia," said a government letter to the United Nations Security
Council on Tuesday.
The UAE responded by reaffirming its commitment to the coalition and criticizing the "weak
performance" and "ineffectiveness" of Hadi's government and its inability to engage in
constructive dialogue with other Yemeni parties. "It is not appropriate for the Yemeni
government to hang its political and administrative failure on the UAE," Abu Dhabi's deputy
permanent U.N. representative said in New York. His remarks were carried on state news agency
WAM on Wednesday.

Source: Euronews
1. Translate the following words/phrases and the sentences which follow:
-Victims……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Heavy weapons …………………………………………………………………………………
-Cruise missile……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Aircraft carrier……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Smart bombs……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Agreement……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Against civilians ………………………………………………………………………………
-Human crisis……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Come under……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Conducts airstrikes ……………………………………………………………………………
-Indonesia's Supreme Court has ordered the government to pay 3.9 trillion rupiah to victims of a
sectarian conflict. ………………………………………………………………………………
-Iran has developed a defence industry that has produced light and heavy weapons.
…………….……………………………………………………………………………………..
-Russia pledged a response to a test of a U.S. cruise missile.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-China is experiencing technical problems with its first homemade aircraft carrier.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Iran on Tuesday unveiled three new precision-guided smart bombs.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The agreement allows Turkey's military to move into northeast Syria without firing a shot.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The Bashar Assad regime used chemical weapons against civilians ill Ghouta.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-The Syrian civil war may be the largest human crisis of our age.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Israel has lately come under rocket and mortar attacks.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Israel frequently conducts airstrikes and missile attacks inside war-tom Syria.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 How the Syrian Revolution Became Militarized
The uprising has evolved into an armed conflict largely because of the brutal government
response to what were originally peaceful demonstrations.

Zabadani, Syria-Emad Khareeta says he had no choice but to defect. The 23-yearold member of
the Free S)'Tian Army stands outside his family home in a deserted section of town. Shards of
concrete and glass litter the ground, the result of nearby shelling. The street is dark and quiet,
Emad's face only discernible in the glow of his cigarette. He tells his story slowly. In April 2010,
Emad was called up for his mandatory army service. 'When the revolution broke out in March
2011, he was deployed to various parts of the country, but it was his time in Horns, where he was
sent on December 31, 2011, that compelled him to leave his unit. Sometimes called the 'capital
of the revolution,' the restive city in western Syria had been under siege by the regime of Bashar
aI-Assad since May and was the site of some of its bloodiest crackdowns. Emad describes
indiscriminate killing and widespread looting by fellow soldiers, as well as an incident that
deeply affected him, when an unarmed truck driver shot in the arm and legs was left to bleed to
death in front of him. Ordered to fire on protesters at demonstrations, he says he aimed away.
Emad is just one of thousands of army defectors who are switching sides in a conflict that began
as a nonviolent popular uprising but has since spiraled into an increasingly bitter and polarizing
civil war, one that has become a theater for geopolitical interests.
The armed opposition to the Assad regime first began to take form in the late summer of
2011, following months of mass demonstrations that were overwhelmingly nonviolent. Facing
repeated crackdowns and mass detentions by security forces, protesters began to arm themselves,
many by purchasing smuggled weapons from border countries like Lebanon, Iraq and Jordan.
The revolt was further militarized by increasing numbers of army soldiers defecting to their local
communities and bringing their weapons with them.
"They dragged us into arming ourselves," says Malek al-Tinnawi, a 25-year-old FSA volunteer.
He limps badly as he goes to retrieve a newly acquired assault rifle. Two months ago, he was
shot through the ankle in clashes with the army. The local doctor inserted a metal rod in his leg
to replace the shattered bone. "It's a good one, isn't it?" he smiles, brandishing the German-made
H&K Model G3 rifle. "Not too used, almost like new."

Source: The Nation

12. Articles on Natural disasters

India floods kill more than 270, displace one million

BENGALURUIMUMBAI (Reuters) - Floods and landslides have killed more than 270
people in India this month, displaced one million and inundated thousands of homes across six
states, authorities said on Wednesday after two weeks of heavy monsoon rains.
The rains from June to September are a lifeline for rural India, delivering some 70% of the
country's rainfall, but they also cause death and destruction each year.
The southern states of Kerala and Kamataka, and Maharashtra and Gujarat in the west, were
among the hardest hit by floods that washed away thousands of hectares of summer-sown crops
and damaged roads and rail lines.
At least 95 people were killed and more than 50 are missing in Kerala, where heavy rainfall
triggered dozens of landslides last week and trapped more than 100 people. About 190,000
people are still living in relief camps in the state, said Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan, but he
added some people are returning home as flood waters recede.
In neighboring Karnataka, home to the technology hub Bengaluru, 54 people died and 15 are
missing after rivers burst their banks when authorities released water from dams. Nearly 700,000
people have been evacuated in the state. Heavy rainfall is expected in parts of Kamataka,
Maharashtra and Gujarat, as well as the central state of Madhya Pradesh, in the next two days,
weather officials said. In Maharashtra, which includes the financial capital Mumbai, 48 people
died but flood waters are receding, said a state official "We are now trying to restore electricity
and drinking water supplies," he said. In Madhya Pradesh, the biggest producer of soybeans,
heavy rains killed 32 people and damaged crops, authorities said. In Gujarat, 31 people died in
rain-related incidents, while landslides killed nearly a dozen people in the northern hilly state of
Uttarakhand.
Source: Reuters
 Translate the following words/phrases and the sentences which follow:
-Monsoon floods…………………………………………………………………………………
-further rain is expected…………………………………………………………………………..
-to flee…………………………………………………………………………………………….
-heavy rains……………………………………………………………………………………….
-officials…………………………………………………………………………………………..
-missing……………………………………………………………………………………………
-drowned…………………………………………………………………………………………..
-relief materials…………………………………………………………………………………….
-rescue work……………………………………………………………………………………….
-700 people were killed by the monsoon floods.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-Further rain is expected in the region through the week.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-Landslides have forced thousands to flee their homes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-In India, at least 467 people have been killed in heavy rains since the start of July.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-In Nepal, officials told Al Jazeera the death toll had risen to at least 95 on Tuesday, with 29
reported missing.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
-We have enough relief materials stocked and preparations are being taken to take those to the
flood-affected victims.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
-The ministry said it has provided over 24,450 tonnes of food aid and more than 8,000 tents so
far.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
-Officials in Pakistan said rescue work was ongoing on Tuesday to find at least 21 people.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Translate the following into Arabic:

More heavy rain is expected in many parts of India, bringing a threat of floods. Monsoon rains
have been falling for weeks. More than 270 people have been killed and approximately half of
the victims were in the southern state of Kerala.
Text 2:

Istanbul unprepared for next big deadly earthquake, say experts The question is not if - but
when - a devastating earthquake will hit Istanbul. Experts say the city of 15 million people is
unprepared for the next big tremor.

In the early hours of August 17, 1999, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake rattled the Marmara region
east of Istanbul for 45 seconds. More than 18,000 people were killed, according to official
numbers, with another 50,000 injured and nearly 300,000 left homeless. The Izmit earthquake -
and another deadly quake three months later in the city of Duzce that killed nearly 900 people -
highlighted the loose construction standards across Turkey and the ill-preparedness of
emergency services.
While regulations have since become stricter and the disaster and emergency body AF AD
was established, 20 years after the Marmara earthquake critics say preparation for a large
earthquake is wholly inadequate. 'A matter of when I Marco Bohnhoff, a seismologist at the
German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam, said the chance of a powerful earthquake
striking under the Sea of Marmara off the coast of Istanbul is very high. "There will be an
earthquake and every day the risk of a giant tremor shaking Istanbul increases," he told DW.
"The question is not whether there will be an earthquake; it's just a matter of when."
There are around 1.6 million buildings in Istanbul, around half of which were constructed
illegally and without proper engineering services, according to the Chamber of City Planners.
According to AFAD estimates, an earthquake in Istanbul could kill nearly 30,000 people, injure
50,000 others, destroy 44,800 buildings and leave 2.6 million people homeless. However, the
Union of Chambers of Turlcish Engineers and Architects calculates that 140,000 to 600,000
people could be killed and more than 1 million families left homeless. Urban renewal and
construction boom Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has overseen a credit-fueled
infrastructure and construction boom in Istanbul, which has driven economic growth during his
16-years in power. Many of the construction firms are tied to businesses close to the government
In 2012, following two earthquakes near the southeastern city of Van that killed more than 600
people, the government passed an "urban renewal" law that gave it vast powers to expropriate,
confiscate and oversee the knocking down and reconstruction of buildings deemed at risk due to
a natural disaster.

Source: DW
REFERENCES

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