21 make oneself public to oneself 23 3

3 An important advantage of disclosure, as opposed to more

18 19 Jamie
Coming of age in the 18th and 19th centuries, the personal diary aggressive forms of regulation, is its flexibility and respect for the
Putting all of her energy into her last steps of the running race, became a centerpiece in the construction of a modern subjectivity, at operation of free markets. Regulatory mandates are blunt swords;

To whom it may concern,

Jamie crossed the finish line. To her disappointment, she had failed
to beat her personal best time, again. Jamie had pushed herself for
My name is Michael Brown. I have been a bird-watcher since
months to finally break her record, but it was all for nothing.
childhood. I have always enjoyed watching birds in my yard and
Recognizing how she felt about her failure, Ken, her teammate,
identifying them by sight and sound. Yesterday, I happened to
approached her and said, “Jamie, even though you didn’t set a
read an article about your club. I was surprised and excited to
personal best time today, your performances have improved
find out about a community of passionate bird-watchers who
dramatically. Your running skills have progressed so much! You’ll
travel annually to go birding. I would love to join your club, but
definitely break your personal best time in the next race!” After
your website appears to be under construction. I could not find
hearing his comments, she felt confident about herself. Jamie, now
any information except for this contact email address. I would
motivated to keep pushing for her goal, replied with a smile. “You’re
like to know how to sign up for the club. I look forward to your
right! Next race, I’ll beat my best time for sure!”
reply.
regretful
Sincerely,
pleased bored
Michael Brown
frustrated encouraged
nervous fearful
calm excited
the heart of which is the application of reason and critique to the
understanding of world and self, which allowed the creation of a new
kind of knowledge. Diaries were central media through which
enlightened and free subjects could be constructed. They provided a
space where one could write daily about her whereabouts, feelings,
and thoughts. Over time and with rereading, disparate entries, events,
and happenstances could be rendered into insights and narratives
about the self, and allowed for the formation of subjectivity. It is in
that context that the idea of “the self [as] both made and explored
with words” emerges. Diaries were personal and private; one would
write for oneself, or, in Habermas’s formulation, one would make
oneself public to oneself. By making the self public in a private
sphere, the self also became an object for self-inspection and self-
critique.
*disparate **render
use writing as a means of reflecting on oneself
build one’s identity by reading others’ diaries
exchange feedback in the process of writing
create an alternate ego to present to others
develop topics for writing about selfhood
they tend to neglect diversity and may have serious unintended 01
adverse effects. For example, energy efficiency requirements for
appliances may produce goods that work less well or that have
characteristics that consumers do not want. Information provision,
by contrast, respects freedom of choice. If automobile manufacturers
are required to measure and publicize the safety characteristics of
cars, potential car purchasers can trade safety concerns against other
attributes, such as price and styling. If restaurant customers are
informed of the calories in their meals, those who want to lose
weight can make use of the information, leaving those who are
unconcerned about calories unaffected. Disclosure does not interfere
with, and should even promote, the autonomy (and quality) of
individual decision-making.
*mandate **adverse ***autonomy
steps to make public information accessible to customers
benefits of publicizing information to ensure free choices
strategies for companies to increase profits in a free market
necessities of identifying and analyzing current industry trends
effects of diversified markets on reasonable customer choices

20
At every step in our journey through life we encounter junctions
with many different pathways leading into the distance. Each choice
involves uncertainty about which path will get you to your
destination. Trusting our intuition to make the choice often ends up
with us making a suboptimal choice. Turning the uncertainty into
numbers has proved a potent way of analyzing the paths and finding
the shortcut to your destination. The mathematical theory of
probability hasn’t eliminated risk, but it allows us to manage that
risk more effectively. The strategy is to analyze all the possible
scenarios that the future holds and then to see what proportion of
them lead to success or failure. This gives you a much better map of
the future on which to base your decisions about which path to
choose.
*junction **suboptimal
22
Urban delivery vehicles can be adapted to better suit the density of
urban distribution, which often involves smaller vehicles such as
vans, including bicycles. The latter have the potential to become a
preferred ‘last-mile’ vehicle, particularly in high-density and
congested areas. In locations where bicycle use is high, such as the
Netherlands, delivery bicycles are also used to carry personal cargo
(e.g. groceries). Due to their low acquisition and maintenance costs,
cargo bicycles convey much potential in developed and developing
countries alike, such as the becak (a three-wheeled bicycle) in
Indonesia. Services using electrically assisted delivery tricycles have
been successfully implemented in France and are gradually being
adopted across Europe for services as varied as parcel and catering
deliveries. Using bicycles as cargo vehicles is particularly
encouraged when combined with policies that restrict motor vehicle
access to specific areas of a city, such as downtown or commercial
districts, or with the extension of dedicated bike lanes.
24
Different parts of the brain’s visual system get information on a
need-to-know basis. Cells that help your hand muscles reach out to
an object need to know the size and location of the object, but they
don’t need to know about color. They need to know a little about
shape, but not in great detail. Cells that help you recognize people’s
faces need to be extremely sensitive to details of shape, but they can
pay less attention to location. It is natural to assume that anyone who
sees an object sees everything about it — the shape, color, location,
and movement. However, one part of your brain sees its shape,
another sees color, another detects location, and another perceives
movement. Consequently, after localized brain damage, it is possible
to see certain aspects of an object and not others. Centuries ago,
people found it difficult to imagine how someone could see an object
without seeing what color it is. Even today, you might find it
surprising to learn about people who see an object without seeing
where it is, or see it without seeing whether it is moving.

Visual Systems Never Betray Our Trust!

Secret Missions of Color-Sensitive Brain Cells
Blind Spots: What Is Still Unknown About the Brain
Why Brain Cells Exemplify Nature’s Recovery Process
Separate and Independent: Brain Cells’ Visual Perceptions

30
3 People have always wanted to be around other people and to 32
learn from them. Cities have long been dynamos of social possibility,
Everywhere we turn we hear about almighty “cyberspace”! The
foundries of art, music, and fashion. Slang, or, if you prefer, “lexical
hype promises that we will leave our boring lives, put on goggles
innovation,” has always started in cities — an outgrowth of all those
and body suits, and enter some metallic, three-dimensional,
multimedia otherworld. When the Industrial Revolution arrived with different people so frequently exposed to one another. It spreads
its great innovation, the motor, we didn’t leave our world to go to outward, in a manner not unlike transmissible disease, which itself
provide
some remote motorspace! On the contrary, we brought the motors rich source materials
typically foroff”
“takes artists
in cities. If, as the noted linguist Leonard
Bloomfield argued, the way a person talks is a “composite result of
into our lives, as automobiles, refrigerators, drill presses, and pencil offer the greatest exposure to other people
sharpeners. This absorption has been so complete that we refer to what he has heard before,” then language innovation would happen
all these tools with names that declare their cause cultural
usage, not theirconflicts
whereamong
the most users of slang
people heard and talked to the most other people.
“motorness.” These innovations led to a major socioeconomic
present ideal research environments
Cities drive taste changeto linguists
because they ,
movement precisely because they entered and affected profoundly who not surprisingly are often the creative people cities seem to
our everyday lives. People have not changed reduce the social
fundamentally in mobility of ambitious
attract. Media, outsiders
ever more global, ever more far-reaching, spread
thousands of years. Technology changes constantly. It’s the one that language faster to more people.
must adapt to us. That’s exactly what will happen with *foundry **lexical
information technology and its devices under human-centric
computing. The longer we continue to believe that computers will provide rich source materials for artists
take us to a magical new world, the longer we will maintain their offer the greatest exposure to other people
natural fusion with our lives, the hallmark of every major movement cause cultural conflicts among users of slang
that aspires to be called a socioeconomic revolution. present ideal research environments to linguists
*hype **hallmark reduce the social mobility of ambitious outsiders

01 06

02 07
01
18

journey intuition probability

21

identify passionate annually

19
 21 make oneself public to oneself 3

Coming of age in the 18th and 19th centuries, the personal diary became a centerpiece in

the construction of a modern subjectivity, at the heart of which is the application of reason

use writing as a means of reflecting on oneself and critique to the understanding of world and self, which allowed the creation of a new kind

of knowledge. Diaries were central media through which enlightened and free subjects
build one’s identity by reading others’ diaries
could be constructed. They provided a space where one could write daily about her

whereabouts, feelings, and thoughts. Over time and with rereading, disparate entries,
exchange feedback in the process of writing

events, and happenstances could be rendered into insights and narratives about the self, and

create an alternate ego to present to others allowed for the formation of subjectivity. It is in that context that the idea of “the self [as]

both made and explored with words” emerges. Diaries were personal and private; one
develop topics for writing about selfhood
would write for oneself, or, in Habermas’s formulation, one would make oneself public to

oneself. By making the self public in a private sphere, the self also became an object

for self-inspection and self-critique.

access due to
commercial district round
extension
dedicated
identify renowned
passionate be in charge of
annually disclosure
as opposed to reform
aggressive translate
dramatically regulation widely
motivate flexibility
respect
operation
renovation
regulatory
journey notice
blunt
intuition continually
diversity
probability facility
unintended
take measures
efficiency
inconvenience
requirement
 Jamie

Putting all of her energy into her last steps of the running race,
Jamie crossed the finish line. To her disappointment, she had failed
To whom it may concern,
to beat her personal best time, again. Jamie had pushed herself for
My name is Michael Brown. I have been a bird-watcher since
months to finally break her record, but it was all for nothing.
childhood. I have always enjoyed watching birds in my yard and
Recognizing how she felt about her failure, Ken, her teammate,
identifying them by sight and sound. Yesterday, I happened to
approached her and said, “Jamie, even though you didn’t set a
read an article about your club. I was surprised and excited to
personal best time today, your performances have improved
find out about a community of passionate bird-watchers who
dramatically. Your running skills have progressed so much! You’ll
travel annually to go birding. I would love to join your club, but
definitely break your personal best time in the next race!” After
your website appears to be under construction. I could not find
hearing his comments, she felt confident about herself. Jamie, now
any information except for this contact email address. I would
motivated to keep pushing for her goal, replied with a smile. “You’re
like to know how to sign up for the club. I look forward to your
right! Next race, I’ll beat my best time for sure!”
reply.
regretful
Sincerely,
pleased bored
Michael Brown
frustrated encouraged
nervous fearful
calm excited

At every step in our journey through life we encounter junctions

with many different pathways leading into the distance. Each choice
involves uncertainty about which path will get you to your
destination. Trusting our intuition to make the choice often ends up
with us making a suboptimal choice. Turning the uncertainty into
numbers has proved a potent way of analyzing the paths and finding
the shortcut to your destination. The mathematical theory of
probability hasn’t eliminated risk, but it allows us to manage that
risk more effectively. The strategy is to analyze all the possible
scenarios that the future holds and then to see what proportion of
them lead to success or failure. This gives you a much better map of
the future on which to base your decisions about which path to
choose.
*junction **suboptimal
 make oneself public to oneself
3 An important advantage of disclosure, as opposed to more
Coming of age in the 18th and 19th centuries, the personal diary
became a centerpiece in the construction of a modern subjectivity, at
the heart of which is the application of reason and critique to the
understanding of world and self, which allowed the creation of a new
kind of knowledge. Diaries were central media through which
enlightened and free subjects could be constructed. They provided a
space where one could write daily about her whereabouts, feelings,
and thoughts. Over time and with rereading, disparate entries, events,
and happenstances could be rendered into insights and narratives
about the self, and allowed for the formation of subjectivity. It is in
that context that the idea of “the self [as] both made and explored
with words” emerges. Diaries were personal and private; one would
write for oneself, or, in Habermas’s formulation, one would make
oneself public to oneself. By making the self public in a private
sphere, the self also became an object for self-inspection and self-
critique.
*disparate **render
use writing as a means of reflecting on oneself
build one’s identity by reading others’ diaries
exchange feedback in the process of writing
create an alternate ego to present to others
develop topics for writing about selfhood
Urban delivery vehicles can be adapted to better suit the density of
urban distribution, which often involves smaller vehicles such as
vans, including bicycles. The latter have the potential to become a
preferred ‘last-mile’ vehicle, particularly in high-density and
congested areas. In locations where bicycle use is high, such as the
Netherlands, delivery bicycles are also used to carry personal cargo
(e.g. groceries). Due to their low acquisition and maintenance costs,
cargo bicycles convey much potential in developed and developing
countries alike, such as the becak (a three-wheeled bicycle) in
Indonesia. Services using electrically assisted delivery tricycles have
been successfully implemented in France and are gradually being
adopted across Europe for services as varied as parcel and catering
deliveries. Using bicycles as cargo vehicles is particularly
encouraged when combined with policies that restrict motor vehicle
access to specific areas of a city, such as downtown or commercial
districts, or with the extension of dedicated bike lanes.
3
aggressive forms of regulation, is its flexibility and respect for the
operation of free markets. Regulatory mandates are blunt swords;
they tend to neglect diversity and may have serious unintended
adverse effects. For example, energy efficiency requirements for
appliances may produce goods that work less well or that have
characteristics that consumers do not want. Information provision,
by contrast, respects freedom of choice. If automobile manufacturers
are required to measure and publicize the safety characteristics of
cars, potential car purchasers can trade safety concerns against other
attributes, such as price and styling. If restaurant customers are
informed of the calories in their meals, those who want to lose
weight can make use of the information, leaving those who are
unconcerned about calories unaffected. Disclosure does not interfere
with, and should even promote, the autonomy (and quality) of
individual decision-making.
*mandate **adverse ***autonomy
steps to make public information accessible to customers
benefits of publicizing information to ensure free choices
strategies for companies to increase profits in a free market
necessities of identifying and analyzing current industry trends
effects of diversified markets on reasonable customer choices
Different parts of the brain’s visual system get information on a
need-to-know basis. Cells that help your hand muscles reach out to
an object need to know the size and location of the object, but they
don’t need to know about color. They need to know a little about
shape, but not in great detail. Cells that help you recognize people’s
faces need to be extremely sensitive to details of shape, but they can
pay less attention to location. It is natural to assume that anyone who
sees an object sees everything about it — the shape, color, location,
and movement. However, one part of your brain sees its shape,
another sees color, another detects location, and another perceives
movement. Consequently, after localized brain damage, it is possible
to see certain aspects of an object and not others. Centuries ago,
people found it difficult to imagine how someone could see an object
without seeing what color it is. Even today, you might find it
surprising to learn about people who see an object without seeing
where it is, or see it without seeing whether it is moving.
Visual Systems Never Betray Our Trust!
Secret Missions of Color-Sensitive Brain Cells
Blind Spots: What Is Still Unknown About the Brain
Why Brain Cells Exemplify Nature’s Recovery Process
Separate and Independent: Brain Cells’ Visual Perceptions
 Renovation Notice

Renovation Notice
(surveyed in 2020)
At the Natural Jade Resort, we are continually improving our
Age Group facilities to better serve our guests. Therefore, we will be
33%
renovating some areas of the resort, according to the schedule
18-34 below.
27%
Year-Olds
39%
November 21 to December 18, 2022
24%
35-54
Year-Olds
27% 5:00 p.m.
49%
Gym and indoor swimming pool
26%
55 Year-Olds
22%
and Older
52%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percentage restaurant.
Big/Small City Suburb of Big/Small City Town/Rural Area
We will take all possible measures to minimize noise and any
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
other inconvenience. We sincerely appreciate your understanding.

The above graph shows the percentages of Americans’ preferred

2022 11 21
type of place to live by age group, based on a 2020 survey. In
each of the three age groups, Town/Rural Area was the most
preferred type of place to live. In the 18-34 year-olds group, the
percentage of those who preferred Big/Small City was higher than
that of those who preferred Suburb of Big/Small City. In the
35-54 year-olds group, the percentage of those who preferred Suburb
of Big/Small City exceeded that of those who preferred Big/Small
2022 Valestown Recycles Poster Contest
City. In the 55 year-olds and older group, the percentage of those
who chose Big/Small City among the three preferred types of place
to live was the lowest. Each percentage of the three preferred
types of place to live was higher than 20% across the three age 2022 Valestown Recycles Poster Contest
groups. Join this year’s Valestown Recycles Poster Contest and show
off your artistic talent!

Niklas Luhmann - Participation is only for high school students in Valestown.

- Participants should use the theme of “Recycling for the
Niklas Luhmann, a renowned sociologist of the twentieth century, Future.”
was born in Lüneburg, Germany in 1927. After World War II, he
studied law at the University of Freiburg until 1949. Early in his - File type: PDF only
career, he worked for the State of Lower Saxony, where he was in - Maximum file size: 40MB
charge of educational reform. In 1960 1961, Luhmann had the
chance to study sociology at Harvard University, where he was - Use of theme - Creativity - Artistic skill
influenced by Talcott Parsons, one of the most famous social system
theorists. Later, Luhmann developed his own social system theory. - Submissions are limited to one poster per person.
- Submissions should be uploaded to the website by 6 p.m.,
In 1968, he became a professor of sociology at the University of
December 19.
Bielefeld. He researched a variety of subjects, including mass media - Winners will be announced on the website on December 28.
and law. Although his books are known to be difficult to translate,
For more information, please visit www.vtco.org.
they have in fact been widely translated into other languages.

2 Valestown
State of Lower Saxony
Harvard University Talcott Parsons

1

Trends constantly suggest new opportunities for individuals to
restage themselves, representing occasions for change. To understand
how trends can ultimately give individuals power and freedom, one
must first discuss fashion’s importance as a basis for change. The
most common explanation offered by my informants as to why
fashion is so appealing is that it constitutes a kind of theatrical
costumery. Clothes are part of how people present them to the
world, and fashion locates them in the present, relative to what is
happening in society and to fashion’s own history. As a form of
expression, fashion contains a host of ambiguities, enabling
individuals to recreate the meanings associated with specific
pieces of clothing. Fashion is among the simplest and cheapest
methods of self-expression: clothes can be inexpensively
purchased while making it easy to convey notions of wealth,
intellectual stature, relaxation or environmental consciousness, even
if none of these is true. Fashion can also strengthen agency in various
ways, opening up space for action.
*stature
3 People have always wanted to be around other people and to
Everywhere we turn we hear about almighty “cyberspace”! The
hype promises that we will leave our boring lives, put on goggles
and body suits, and enter some metallic, three-dimensional,
multimedia otherworld. When the Industrial Revolution arrived with
its great innovation, the motor, we didn’t leave our world to go to
some remote motorspace! On the contrary, we brought the motors
into our lives, as automobiles, refrigerators, drill presses, and pencil
sharpeners. This absorption has been so complete that we refer to
all these tools with names that declare their usage, not their
“motorness.” These innovations led to a major socioeconomic
movement precisely because they entered and affected profoundly
our everyday lives. People have not changed fundamentally in
thousands of years. Technology changes constantly. It’s the one that
must adapt to us. That’s exactly what will happen with
information technology and its devices under human-centric
computing. The longer we continue to believe that computers will
take us to a magical new world, the longer we will maintain their
natural fusion with our lives, the hallmark of every major movement
that aspires to be called a socioeconomic revolution.
*hype **hallmark
31 34
[ ~
There is something deeply paradoxical about the professional
status of sports journalism, especially in the medium of print. In
discharging their usual responsibilities of description and
commentary, reporters’ accounts of sports events are eagerly
consulted by sports fans, while in their broader journalistic role of
covering sport in its many forms, sports journalists are among the
most visible of all contemporary writers. The ruminations of the elite
class of ‘celebrity’ sports journalists are much sought after by the
major newspapers, their lucrative contracts being the envy of
colleagues in other ‘disciplines’ of journalism. Yet sports journalists
do not have a standing in their profession that corresponds to the size
of their readerships or of their pay packets, with the old saying (now
reaching the status of cliché) that sport is the ‘toy department of the
news media’ still readily to hand as a dismissal of the worth of what
sports journalists do. This reluctance to take sports journalism
seriously produces the paradoxical outcome that sports newspaper
writers are much read but little .
*discharge **rumination
***lucrative
paid admired
censored challenged
discussed
learn from them. Cities have long been dynamos of social possibility,
foundries of art, music, and fashion. Slang, or, if you prefer, “lexical
innovation,” has always started in cities — an outgrowth of all those
different people so frequently exposed to one another. It spreads
outward, in a manner not unlike transmissible disease, which itself
typically “takes off” in cities. If, as the noted linguist Leonard
Bloomfield argued, the way a person talks is a “composite result of
what he has heard before,” then language innovation would happen
where the most people heard and talked to the most other people.
Cities drive taste change because they ,
who not surprisingly are often the creative people cities seem to
attract. Media, ever more global, ever more far-reaching, spread
language faster to more people.
*foundry **lexical
provide rich source materials for artists
offer the greatest exposure to other people
cause cultural conflicts among users of slang
present ideal research environments to linguists
reduce the social mobility of ambitious outsiders
 A young woman

A young woman was driving home from work when she hit the
Dear Club members,
bumper of another car. She was in tears as she explained that it was a
I am informing you of the arrival of the editor’s pick material;
new car, only a few days from the showroom. How was she ever
Born A Crime. Full of insights and criticism, it is the must-read
going to explain the damaged car to her husband? The driver of the
of people who want a deep understanding of fragile human
other car was sympathetic, but explained that they must note each
society. Incisive, funny, and vivid, these true tales are anchored
other’s license numbers and registration numbers. As the young
to the writer’s portrait of his courageous, rebellious, and
woman reached into a large brown envelope to retrieve the
religious mother, who defied racially restrictive laws to secure
documents, a piece of paper fell out. In a heavy masculine
an education and carrier for herself and to give her child best
possible chances of life. The writer’s memoir sparkles with handwriting were these words: “In case of accident... remember,
funny stories and his genuine voice deepens our perception of honey, it’s you I love, not the car.” All her worries melted away with
the complexities of race, gender, and class. Eleven copies are all the love and kindness her husband showed her.
available at the club house now for the members.
Sincerely,
Manasbi Wields
*memoir

Habits are the compound interest of self-improvement. The same

way that money multiplies through compound interest, the effects of
your habits multiply as you repeat them. They seem to make little
difference on any given day, and yet the impact they deliver over the
months and years can be enormous. It is only when looking back
two, five, or perhaps ten years later that the value of good habits and
the cost of bad ones becomes strikingly apparent. This can be a
difficult concept to appreciate in daily life. Stop dismissing small
changes just because they don’t seem to matter very much in the
moment. If you save a little money now, you’re still not a millionaire.
If you go to the gym three days in a row, you’re still out of shape.
But never stop making changes, even if the results never seem to
come quickly. Success is the product of daily habits — not once-in-
a-lifetime transformations.
*compound interest
 leaving a loose thread to pick up
3 The transition to an agricultural society was a remarkable and
Interruptions in writing sessions can pose a particular problem for
maintaining momentum. One obvious way to maintain momentum is
to reduce the number of unplanned interruptions. It’s certainly wise
to choose a writing environment with that in mind: a private office
instead of a shared one, a phone with its ringer turned off, and so on.
It’s unrealistic, though, to think you’ll never be interrupted. Life does
that, so you need to be able to restart. There’s one technique of
special value: leaving a loose thread to pick up. When you’re
interrupted during writing, your first instinct is probably to tell your
interrupter, “Hold on a moment while I finish this thought?” Don’t.
Quickly jot down just enough misspelled, point-form notes so that
you don’t entirely lose the thought, but leave the sentence or
paragraph deliberately unfinished. You can then rapidly polish the
unfinished text when you return. Doing so will get you back into
writing and restore the momentum you had before interruption.
*momentum **jot down
taking exception to a prevailing method of writing
digging beneath the texts to uncover hidden meanings
sparing some time for revising your draft multiple times
making room for a rough hint to go back where you were
getting in the habit of taking a note for objective self-evaluation
If laboratory rats are fed on a monotonous diet of rat pellets they
do not gain weight but if they are fed on pellets of different flavors,
they begin to get fat, because when there is variety they eat more.
This is known as sensory-specific satiety. It is as though the rat gets
bored with eating a monotonous diet, as do humans. When eating at
a buffet, you can eat much more than you would if you were just
eating a single kind of food; and children say they are too full to eat
any more chicken and peas, then their ‘dessert tummy’ could cope
with a few scoops of ice cream! Even our favorite foods become
intolerable if we eat too much of them: for instance, chocoholics lose
interest in chocolate when eating several bars in a row. As a matter
of fact, one factor contributing to the dramatic increase in obesity
worldwide in the past few decades is the increased variety of food
available, which overcomes our inbuilt sensory-specific satiety
mechanisms.
*pellet **satiety
***tummy
3
puzzling behavioral adaptation. After the peak of the last glaciation,
people herded gazelles in Syria and Israel. Relying on these herds for
food required less effort than planting, weeding, and tending
domesticated crops. Similarly, in Central America several hours
spent gathering wild corn could provide food for a week. If
agriculture was more difficult and time-consuming than hunting and
gathering, why did people take it up in the first place? Increasing
population density provides an attractive explanation for the origin
and spread of agriculture. When hunting and gathering groups grew
beyond the capacity of their territory to support them, part of the
group would split off and move to new territory. Once there was no
more productive territory to colonize, growing populations
developed more intensive (and time-consuming) ways to extract a
living from their environment. Such pressures favored groups that
could produce food themselves to get more out of the land.
*glaciation **gazelle
why ancient farming techniques developed at such a slow pace
the advantages of raising animals rather than growing crops
effects of overcrowding and limited space on people becoming farmers
the mysterious behavioral patterns that resulted in climate changes
reasons for ancient groups to split off from their farming communities
A company that makes only 1% or 2% profit on sales may be in an
insecure position, because such a profit can be quickly wiped out by
a slight increase in costs. But if the company made 1% profit last
year and increased it to 2% this year, headlines will scream about “a
100% increase in profits,” leading the casual reader to form an
impression of gross excess profit taking. The headline has shifted the
base of the percentage from sales to profits, and such base shifting is
an easy way to create false images. Every percentage is a percentage
of something, and this something is called the base. Since the base is
often not mentioned, changing it to cause confusion is easy to do. An
incumbent president, for example, can be accused of causing an
average rate of inflation of 15% a year; but if the rate was 14% this
year as opposed to 16% last year, the incumbent will boast of having
reduced inflation.
*incumbent
How to Overcome Tricks of Uncovered Bases
What Is to Blame Is Not the Base But the Data
The Base of The Percentage: Hidden Dual Face
The Gap Between the Trends and the Headlines
Be Careful, the Shift of the Base Minimizes the Profits!
 2022 ART IN FOREST ON-THE-SPOT PAINTING CONTEST

2022 ART IN FOREST

2017 2020 ON-THE-SPOT PAINTING CONTEST

81 79 74 72
64 62
58
46 47 48 45
35 Open to all students ages 12 to 18

South Japan U.S. Germany India China

Korea

The graph above shows the share of consumers in the six countries
in 2017 and in 2020. The share of consumers refers to the percentage 3:30 p.m.
of consumers who think of self-driving vehicles as unsafe in a given 5:00 p.m.
country. For each country, its share of consumers in 2017 was
larger than that in 2020. Among the six countries, India owned the
largest share of consumers with 58% in 2020. In 2020, the U.S.
had the second largest share of skeptical consumers on self-driving
vehicles with 48%. In 2017, the share of consumers who had a
distrust of self-driving vehicles in Japan was larger than that in South
9 20
Korea, whereas the reverse was true in 2020. In the case of
1 3
Germany and China, the gap between 2017 and 2020 in Germany
was as high as that in China.
1 2

ANIMAL CURATOR EXPERIENCE PROGRAMS

Augusta Savage ANIMAL CURATOR EXPERIENCE PROGRAMS

During the 1930s, Augusta Savage was well known in Harlem as a Bring your affection for animals for the Central Park Zoo
animal curator experience! Participants will experience a variety
sculptor, art teacher, and community art program director. Born in
of responsibilities such as training, feeding, and weighing animals.
Florida, Savage moved to New York City in 1921 to study art at
Cooper Union, beating out 142 men on the waiting list for her spot at
the college. In 1929, her sculpture of a child from Harlem, Gamin,
earned her widespread recognition, and helped her secure a
scholarship to study in Paris. Savage returned to the United States in
1931, and became an influential teacher in Harlem. In 1934, she
became the first African-American artist to be elected to the National
Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. She believed that
teaching others was far more important than creating art herself. For
the rest of her life, the artist continued to create groundbreaking
5 days before the program: 30% cancellation fee
work, and dedicated her time to teaching art to those around her.

Cooper Union 9
 3 31 34
Anatomically modern humans have lived on the planet for almost
200,000 years. That means your officemate who sits on a rolling
chair beneath fluorescent lights has pretty much the same basic
body as the prehistoric caveman who made spear points to hunt
antelope. To get from there to here, humans faced countless
challenges as they fled predators, froze in snowstorms, sought shelter
from the rain, and hunted their food. Until very recently, there was
never a time when comfort could be taken for granted — there
was always a balance between the effort they expended and the result
they earned. For the bulk of that time, they achieved these feats
without what anyone today would consider as modern technology.
Instead, they had to be strong enough to survive. If your officemate
had the ability to travel back in time and meet one of his prehistoric
ancestors, which would be a very bad idea for him to challenge
that caveman to a wrestling match.
*antelope **feat
In one experiment, participants received verbal information about
a product that they believed to be either familiar (a standard
computer mouse) or unfamiliar (a trackball mouse). Individuals with
a disposition to process information visually (visualizers) presumably
had a previously formed mental image of the familiar product that
they could use in organizing the verbal attribute descriptions.
When the mouse was unfamiliar and a picture of it was
unavailable, this was not the case, and a visual image of the
product was difficult to construct on the basis of the attributes alone.
Consequently, visualizers evaluated the unfamiliar product less
favorably than the familiar one. However, presenting a picture of
the unfamiliar product decreased visualizers’ evaluation of it to a
level similar to that of the familiar one. In contrast, individuals with
a disposition to process information verbally (verbalizers) based
their evaluations on the semantic implications of the product-
attribute descriptions, which were the same regardless of the
product’s ostensible familiarity. Therefore, they evaluated the
familiar and unfamiliar products similarly even in the absence of
a picture.
*semantic **ostensible
[ ~
While the idea that animals think may bother some people,
even the most technologically sophisticated hunters and fishermen
must learn to think like their prey to be successful. Those who have
read Norman MacLean’s novel A River Runs Through It, the story of
two brothers dedicated to fly fishing, will recognize the hunter’s
with his prey. The older brother, the narrator, knows
the fish’s environment. He is a good fisherman. But his younger
brother, Paul, is a master fisherman. He knows how a fish sees his
fly, knows how to make the fly dance on the water like a true insect,
how to lure the fish with his understanding of its behavior and
instincts. Paul says at one point, “I’m pretty good with a rod, but I
need three more years before I can think like a fish!” His older
brother replies, “You already know how to think like a dead stone
fly.”
*lure **rod
disgust conflict
coldness identification
satisfaction
Rembrandt is known as a painter of light and shade and as an
artist who favored an uncompromising realism reflecting his
psychological insight and spiritual awareness. Rembrandt’s favorite
subjects were the daily lives of the working poor and the humanity
of Christ, which was a far cry from the impersonal divinity that
characterized other religious paintings at the time. However, the
most distinguishing feature of Rembrandt’s work was his willingness
to depict human suffering in all its raw reality. Many of his works
included images of ill or miserable people, but his motivation for
crea ting th ese uncomfo rtable s cenes was fu ndam entally
compassionate, not sadistic. It goes beyond the works of all other
Baroque artists in the evocation of religious mood and human
empathy. His work, The Return of the Prodigal Son, is considered
one of the most moving religious paintings because of its powerful
evocation of pathos. Unforgettable is the image of the regretful
sinner leaning against his father’s breast and the old father bending
over his son. It has been believed that Rembrandt approached his
work, .
*divinity **sadistic ***pathos
suppressing negative thoughts and emotions
profoundly sympathizing with people for their conditions
making a distinction between good and bad in life
remaining emotionally detached from its subjects in pain
discouraging people from informal companionship
 journey intuition probability

identify passionate annually

come of age centerpiece subjectivity

enlightened whereabouts happenstance narrative
formulation sphere

dramatically motivate
urban delivery vehicle density distribution
congested cargo acquisition maintenance convey
assist implement gradually adopt
encourage combine restrict access visual on a need-to-know basis cell
commercial district extension dedicated muscle extremely sensitive assume detect
consequently localized aspect

survey suburb town rural due to

round

disclosure as opposed to aggressive

regulation flexibility respect operation regulatory
blunt diversity unintended efficiency requirement
appliance manufacturer measure publicize
purchaser attribute unaffected interfere

renowned be in charge of reform translate

widely
 occasion ultimately informant appealing
constitute costumery a host of ambiguity convey
consciousness strengthen

renovation notice continually facility take measures

inconvenience appreciate

almighty absorption declare usage profoundly

adapt fusion aspire

show off talent participation submission

paradoxical medium commentary account eagerly
consult cover contemporary celebrity sought
after contract discipline standing
correspond to readership pay packet cliché
dismissal reluctance
colony illustrative unload
waggle dance regulate

dynamo slang outgrowth frequently transmissible

noted linguist composite far-reaching
consciousness fiction oddly self-referential
social mobility
framework structure conventional
division desperately misleading
extent smooth the way to divorce
partition arise
 multiply enormous strikingly apparent
dismiss out of shape

material fragile incisive vivid anchor

portrait courageous rebellious defy
restrictive

interruption pose a problem shared ringer

instinct misspelled point-form
deliberately polish restore

bumper showroom envelope retrieve

masculine
 insecure wipe out gross excess profit
laboratory monotonous sensory-specific cope base be accused of boast of
with intolerable in a row contributing to
decade overcome inbuilt

self-driving vehicle skeptical distrust

puzzling herd domesticate take up

split off extract

sculptor beat out waiting list spot

sculpture recognition secure scholarship elect
groundbreaking dedicate
 anatomically fluorescent light spear point countless
predator take for granted expend the bulk
of ancestor

registration submission

standard disposition presumably attribute

description construct verbally implication

curator affection a variety of responsibility

registration preparation refund
sophisticated prey dedicate fly
fishing narrator fly situational variable deed be attributed to
instinct reference offender self-perception be
caught in extraordinary cope with
differentiate

uncompromising realism humanity impersonal

depict compassionate evocation prodigal vagueness efficient commit oneself to
course of action generalisation press for stop for
a drink deliberately exercise
 3

.
.
 access due to
commercial district round
extension
dedicated
identify renowned
passionate be in charge of
annually disclosure
as opposed to reform
aggressive translate
dramatically regulation widely
motivate flexibility
respect
operation
renovation
regulatory
journey notice
blunt
intuition continually
diversity
probability facility
unintended
take measures
efficiency
inconvenience
requirement
appreciate
come of age appliance
centerpiece manufacturer
subjectivity measure
enlightened publicize show off
whereabouts purchaser talent
happenstance attribute participation
narrative unaffected submission
formulation interfere
sphere
occasion
visual ultimately
urban on a need-to-know basis informant
delivery appealing
vehicle cell constitute
density muscle costumery
distribution extremely a host of
congested sensitive ambiguity
cargo assume convey
acquisition detect consciousness
maintenance consequently strengthen
convey localized
assist aspect
implement almighty
gradually absorption
adopt declare
survey
encourage usage
suburb
combine profoundly
town
restrict adapt
rural
fusion fiction device
aspire oddly may well
self-referential trait
fitness
framework sufficient
paradoxical
structure variation
medium
conventional
commentary
division
account
desperately
eagerly contingency pricing
misleading
consult compensate
extent
cover make sense
smooth the way to
contemporary settle
celebrity settlement
divorce
sought after injury
partition
contract payment
arise
discipline
standing
correspond to
partition
readership politician
inert
pay packet countless
representation
cliché means
embody
dismissal decode
landscape architect
reluctance purpose
envision
instruction
address
incredibly
dynamo
sparingly settlement
slang
authoritative implement
outgrowth
measured negotiator
frequently
tone slice
transmissible
panicked compensation
noted
lease rates
linguist
quote
composite
precedent
far-reaching fascinating
time horizon
social mobility water flea
devise
flexibility
emergency leave plan
adaptive plasticity
helmet
colony
in terms of
illustrative
conserve craftsmanship
unload
organism decline
waggle dance
reproduce misleading
signature name
regulate
enduring
defend basic
predator impulse
consciousness protective for one’s own sake
manual in amazement
serve represent
drafter
parenting parcel
attentive to
craft eyesight
moral
citizenship puzzled
push[put] ~ to the side
domain suffer from
objective personal
label
standard interrupt
irrelevant to
stand in the way of overjoyed
taxation
discipline greet
fundamental
commitment
application
aspiration
distributive
conflicting
go a long way toward
obsession
diverse
in a vacuum
context
identify
analysis
championship
on behalf of
evidence
support
outperform
performance observation
accurate
payoff
release
assess
commit
relative
potential wave
existing
candidate approach
trialability
domain reply
flawed
remainder artwork
facility
handful
confront
consistent
rarely
irrelevant
competent
step
motivate
miss
short-sighted
intensive care committed
order
cost voice
dimension
crucial score
foundation
remarkably gain in attraction
norm
context note
violate
live metric
infection variation
tonal
scary intonation
conclude
uneasily
get stuck in composition
shortly
be suited to diverge
out of interest
lacking repertoire
correct
convergence interpretation
color blindness
nonlinear expand
vivid
chaotic