THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

KAPASA MAKASA CAMPUS UNIVERSITY

PROGRAME: BSc ANIMAL SCIENCE

COURSE: APICULTURE

TASK: GROUP ASSIGNMENT ONE (1)

LECTURER: MR POJANA

DATE: 21-02-2024

GROUP 3 MEMBERS

NAME SIN
MACHILA DOREEN 20155623
VWALIKA ACKIM 20169769
MUDENDA EMILY 20157768
MAPIKI SPODING 20170187
CHILUFYA MWANGO 20157788
SICHIVULA JIMMY 20156253
KATONGO JOY 20156515
CHIKOSOLA KENON 20155263

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 LAVUSHIMANDA EAGLES APICULTURE COPERATIVE

BUSINESS PLAN FOR BEE KEEPING OUT GROWER SCHEME IN

LAVUSHIMANDA

Prepared by:

Kandeke Business Consultancy

P.O. Box 302022,

Chinsali.

Tel: +260974326779

Email: Kandeke90@Gmail.Com

Contents
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................4

ABOUT US: LAVUSHIMANDA EAGLES APICULTURE COOPERATIVE...................................4

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................5

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION.....................................................................................................................6

Objectives...............................................................................................................................................6
Mission...................................................................................................................................................6
Future implementation..........................................................................................................................6
MARKET ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS................................................................7

Distribution Channels...........................................................................................................................7
Marketing and Advertising Strategies.................................................................................................9
PRICING.................................................................................................................................................10

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES...............................................................................................................10

IMPUTS FOR FARMERS......................................................................................................................11

ALLOCATION OF BEE HIVES AND VOLUME PROJECTION FOR HONEY HARVEST........12

Honey Collection Procedure and Frequency.....................................................................................13

PROVISION OF PHYTOSANITARY SERVICES..............................................................................14

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT......................................................................................................15

EXTENSION SERVICES.......................................................................................................................16

BUDGET..................................................................................................................................................17

REFERENCES:.......................................................................................................................................18

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Lavushimanda Eagles Apiculture Cooperative is positioned to catalyze transformation within the

rural landscape of Lavushimanda District, championing sustainability, community
empowerment, and environmental stewardship. Our cooperative endeavors to elevate apiculture
by uniting local farmers through an effective out grower system, equipping them with the tools
and knowledge essential for successful beekeeping endeavors. With a steadfast commitment to
producing premium bee products such as honey, beeswax, venom, royal jelly, and propolis we
are dedicated to addressing the varied demands of both local and global markets.

Nestled within the rural heartland of Lavushimanda, our mission is clear; to promote sustainable
beekeeping practices, empower local beekeepers, advocate for bee conservation, and foster
continuous growth. Through strategic alliances, innovative initiatives, and community
engagement, we aim to broaden our impact, fostering a flourishing ecosystem where beekeepers,
consumers, and the environment harmonize. Leveraging technology, seizing market
opportunities, and prioritizing community welfare, we are positioned to navigate the dynamic
apiculture landscape, steering towards sustainable growth and prosperity.

ABOUT US: LAVUSHIMANDA EAGLES APICULTURE COOPERATIVE

Lavushimanda Eagles Apiculture Cooperative is more than just a collective of beekeepers—it is
a catalyst for positive change and inclusive growth within the rural landscape of Lavushimanda
District. Comprised of 50 local farmers who share a common vision for sustainable beekeeping
and community development, our cooperative embodies principles of collaboration, equity, and
empowerment.

Central to our mission is the goal of not only thriving as beekeepers but also actively
contributing to the well-being of our community. We recognize the profound impact that
apiculture can have on local economies and livelihoods, and we are committed to leveraging our
collective resources and expertise to uplift our community members.

In particular, we prioritize supporting members from disadvantaged backgrounds, ensuring that

they have equal opportunities to participate in and benefit from our cooperative initiatives. By

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providing access to training, resources, and mentorship, we aim to empower these individuals to
overcome barriers and unlock their full potential as beekeepers and entrepreneurs.

At Lavushimanda Eagles Apiculture Cooperative, we are guided by a belief in the transformative

power of collective action and mutual support. Together, we strive to create a future where every
member of our community has the opportunity to thrive, where beekeeping serves as a vehicle
for sustainable development, and where the bonds of cooperation and solidarity strengthen the
fabric of our society.

INTRODUCTION
Beekeeping is often promoted in the context of rural development because the practice provides
monetary, nutritional, and social benefits to poor families, without requiring land ownership or
large amounts of capital investment (Yap and Devlin, 2015; Wolff et al., 2015).

Apiculture, the practice of beekeeping, holds immense potential for economic empowerment and
agricultural sustainability, particularly in regions like Lavushimanda District. With its diverse
ecosystem and conducive climatic conditions, Lavushimanda presents an ideal environment for
the proliferation of bee colonies and the production of high-quality honey, beeswax, and other
bee products. Recognizing this opportunity, our organization has embarked on a mission to
upscale apiculture in Lavushimanda District through a comprehensive and community-driven
approach.

Beekeeping is also cited as a practice that has the potential to empower rural women ( Bradbear
et al., 2002 and Thapa, 2005). Not only is it more accessible than other forms of agriculture in
contexts where women do not have control over household productive aspects such as land; it
has also been shown to provide women with additional benefits such as increased community
participation and agency (Woldewahid et al., 2012). Therefore, this project aims to not only
increase the production and quality of apiculture products but also to enhance the livelihoods of
local farmers by providing them with the necessary knowledge, resources, and market access. By
organizing farmers into an outgrower system and equipping them with modern beekeeping
techniques, we seek to create a sustainable and profitable apiculture enterprise that benefits both
the community and the environment.

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In this proposal, we will outline the various components of the project, ranging from hive
allocation and honey production to market analysis and stakeholder engagement. Through
meticulous planning, collaboration with local stakeholders, and adherence to best practices, we
aspire to create a model apiculture program that can serve as a catalyst for rural development and
economic growth in Lavushimanda District.

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
Lavushimanda Eagles Apiculture Cooperative is a pioneering enterprise dedicated to the
promotion of sustainable beekeeping practices and the provision of high-quality bee products and
services in the Lavushimanda District. Our cooperative is committed to fostering economic
growth, empowering local beekeepers, and advocating for bee conservation efforts. Here's an
overview of our business:

Objectives
The objectives of the cooperative are:

I. To market and supply honey and bee services to the public.

II. To train members in the above-mentioned activities.
III. To inform the community about beekeeping and conservation

Mission
Our mission is to promote sustainable beekeeping practices, empower local beekeepers, advocate
for bee conservation efforts, and continue to grow in the Lavushimanda District. We are
committed to providing high-quality bee products and services to our customers while fostering
economic growth, social development, and environmental stewardship in our community.

Future implementation
Moving forward, our focus will be on straightforward strategies for growth. We'll prioritize
forming strategic partnerships with local organizations and businesses, aiming to expand our
influence within Lavushimanda District. Additionally, we'll develop user-friendly training
programs and engage the community through outreach events, ensuring beekeepers have the
necessary skills and knowledge. Embracing technology will streamline operations, while seizing
market opportunities will drive sustainable growth. Through these efforts, we envision a thriving

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ecosystem where beekeepers, consumers, and the environment flourish together, adapting and
growing to serve our community's evolving needs.

MARKET ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS

Market analysis and establishing efficient distribution channels are pivotal for the successful
commercialization of bee products in Lavushimanda District. Here's how we'll conduct a
comprehensive market analysis and establish effective distribution channels.

I. Local Market Assessment

We'll conduct thorough market research to understand the local demand for bee products such as
honey, beeswax, venom, royal jelly, and propolis. This will involve analyzing consumer
preferences, purchasing behavior, and pricing sensitivity within the local community.

II. Identifying Potential Buyers

Through market research, we'll identify potential buyers within the local market, including
supermarkets, health food stores, restaurants, cafes, and individual consumers. By understanding
the needs and preferences of these buyers, we can tailor our product offerings and marketing
strategies accordingly.

III. Export Market Exploration

We'll explore opportunities to access export markets for bee products. This will involve
researching international market trends, regulations, and certification requirements. By
identifying potential export partners, distributors, and buyers, we can strategically position
Lavushimanda's bee products in international markets.

IV. Value-Added Product Opportunities

We'll assess the potential for value-added products such as specialty honey blends, infused honey
varieties, artisanal beeswax candles, skincare products, and dietary supplements. Through market
research, we'll gauge consumer interest, pricing sensitivity, and market positioning for these
products.

Distribution Channels
i. Direct Sales Channels

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We'll establish direct sales channels for farmers to sell their bee products directly to consumers.
This can include on-farm sales, participation in farmer's markets, setting up roadside stands, and
attending community events. By providing farmers with marketing materials and branding
support, we can attract customers and drive sales.

ii. Retail Partnerships

We'll forge partnerships with local retailers, supermarkets, health food stores, and specialty
shops to distribute bee products. Through wholesale agreements and product placement on store
shelves, we can expand the reach of bee products to a wider audience. Providing retailers with
promotional materials

and product displays will enhance visibility and encourage sales.

iii. Online Platform

Leveraging online platforms and e-commerce websites, we'll reach a broader audience beyond
the local market. By establishing an online storefront or partnering with existing online
marketplaces, we can showcase bee products and facilitate transactions. Offering shipping
options domestically and internationally will further enhance accessibility and sales potential.

iv. Export Partnerships

Collaborating with export partners, distributors, and international buyers, we'll access export
markets for bee products. Establishing logistics and shipping arrangements will ensure timely
delivery of products to international destinations. Compliance with export regulations and quality
standards will uphold credibility and competitiveness in foreign markets.

v. Community Cooperatives

We'll explore the establishment of community cooperatives or collective marketing initiatives to

pool resources and collectively market bee products. Fostering collaboration among farmers will
leverage economies of scale and strengthen bargaining power in the marketplace, leading to
enhanced market penetration and profitability.

In a nutshell, through a detailed market analysis and strategic establishment of distribution

channels, we'll effectively connect local beekeepers with consumers and buyers, ensuring the

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successful commercialization of bee products from Lavushimanda District. This comprehensive
approach will not only drive economic viability for beekeeping enterprises but also contribute to
the overall development and sustainability of the local agricultural sector.

Marketing and Advertising Strategies

Effective marketing and advertising strategies play a pivotal role in promoting bee products from
Lavushimanda District, generating consumer interest, and driving sales. Our comprehensive
approach encompasses various strategies tailored to reach target markets and enhance the
visibility of our bee products.

Brand Development and Positioning: We will develop a distinct brand identity for bee products
from Lavushimanda District, highlighting their unique qualities, local origin, and commitment to
quality. By positioning our products as premium, natural, and sustainably produced, we aim to
differentiate ourselves in the market and appeal to discerning consumer

Packaging and Labeling: Invest in attractive and informative packaging for bee products,
incorporating branding elements, product descriptions, and nutritional information. Labels will
prominently display certifications, origin details, and contact information to build trust and
credibility with consumers

Farmers Markets and Events: Participate in farmers markets, food festivals, and community
events to showcase bee products, interact with consumers, and generate sales. Offer product
samples, demonstrations, and educational sessions to engage with attendees and build brand
loyalty

Customer Education and Engagement: Educate consumers about the health benefits, culinary
uses, and sustainability of bee products through informative content, recipe ideas, and cooking
demonstrations. Engage with customers through social media, customer service channels, and
loyalty programs to foster relationships and encourage repeat purchases

Monitoring and Evaluation: Regularly monitor the effectiveness of marketing strategies through
metrics such as sales data, website traffic, social media engagement, and customer feedback.
Adjust strategies as needed based on performance indicators and market trends to optimize
results and maximize return on investment.

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By implementing these marketing and advertising strategies, we aim to raise awareness, drive
demand, and establish bee products from Lavushimanda District as preferred choices among
consumers, retailers, and distributors. Through strategic promotion and brand building, we seek
to create sustainable market demand that supports the economic growth and prosperity of local
beekeepers and the community as a whole.

PRICING
The table below indicates the prices of honey, bee wax, propolis, venom and royal jelly.

Products Units price (k) Quantity produced Total (K)

Honey 250/L 40,000L 10,000,000
Propolis 800/kg 100 kg 80,000
Bee wax 110/kg 20,000 kg 2,200,000
Venom 150/g 425g 63,750
Royal jelly 330/g 250,000g 82,500
GRAND TOTAL 12,426,250

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

In our apiculture project in Lavushimanda District, our focus lies in the production and
extraction of bee products, which will then be sold to various processing industries. Here's how
we'll organize our operations.

Bee Products Extraction and Sales:

 Honey: Utilizing our advanced honey extraction facility, we will extract pure honey from
local beehives. The harvested honey will be sold to food, beverage, and health food
industries.
 Beeswax: Our specialized equipment and techniques will refine beeswax for sale.
Purified beeswax will then be provided to candle makers, cosmetics companies, and
pharmaceutical manufacturers.
 Venom: Expert methods will be employed to extract and refine bee venom it will be sold
to pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

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  Royal Jelly: We will carefully collect and handle royal jelly to maintain its quality.
Royal jelly will be supplied to health supplement manufacturers and natural remedy
producers.
 Propolis: Systematically we will collect propolis which will be supplied to natural
remedy producers and skincare product manufacturers.

Consultation Services: We will offer consultation services to beekeepers, processing industries,

and other stakeholders in the apiculture sector. Our team of experts will provide guidance on
hive management, product quality assurance, market trends, and sustainable beekeeping
practices.

Consultation sessions will include on-site visits, workshops, and advisory meetings tailored to
the specific needs of our clients. We aim to empower beekeepers and industry partners with the
knowledge and resources they need to succeed in their endeavors.

IMPUTS FOR FARMERS

To ensure the success and sustainability of the apiculture project in Lavushimanda District, it is
essential to provide farmers with the necessary inputs and resources for effective beekeeping
practices. The following inputs are identified to support farmers in their beekeeping endeavors:

1. Beehives and Hive Components

 Each farmer will get beehives, including all the parts needed. These hives will be made
by the same local farmers who will be in the cooperative.

2. Protective Gear:

 Essential protective gear, including bee suits, gloves, veils, and boots, will be provided to
farmers. This gear is indispensable for ensuring farmers' safety during critical beekeeping
activities such as hive inspections and honey harvesting.

3. Beekeeping Tools

 Farmers will be furnished with a comprehensive suite of beekeeping tools, comprising

smokers, feeders, drinkers, bee brushes, and extractors. These tools are pivotal in

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 facilitating efficient hive management and honey extraction processes, thereby
optimizing productivity.

4. Bee Colonies

 Access to bee colonies, either through the procurement of established colonies or the
capture of swarms, will be facilitated for farmers. This provision empowers farmers to
populate their hives and initiate honey production endeavors promptly.

5. Natural forage

 Farmers will be encouraged to integrate other forms of agriculture into their farming
systems. Crops like maize and beans, commonly grown in the area, can provide natural
forage for bees. By diversifying their agricultural activities, farmers can create a more
sustainable ecosystem for their bees while also enhancing their overall farm productivity.

6. Medications and Treatments

 Farmers will be supplied with a curated selection of medications and treatments tailored
for hive health management. These include remedies for combating pests, diseases, and
parasites that may afflict bee colonies, safeguarding their vitality and resilience.
7. Packaging equipment
 These will include; plastic honey bottles, plastic honey containers and wax papers among
others.

ALLOCATION OF BEE HIVES AND VOLUME PROJECTION FOR HONEY

HARVEST
In our apiculture project in Lavushimanda District, we've decided to allocate ten bee hives to
each participating farmer. This allocation is designed to provide farmers with a sufficient number
of hives to establish and maintain viable beekeeping operations while ensuring manageable
workload and resource allocation. Here's how we'll implement the allocation process

In this project we anticipate a significant annual honey yield from the collective efforts of 50
participating farmers, each managing 10 bee hives. Our volume projection accounts for seasonal

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harvests, which will be conducted twice a year during the major and minor honey flows. During
the major flow, we approximate a yield of 30 liters per hive, while during the minor flow, we
estimate a yield of 20 liters per hive. This cumulative approach results in an annual honey yield
of approximately 25,000 liters. This projection reflects our commitment to maximizing honey
production while ensuring sustainable hive management practices and optimizing the economic
potential for participating farmers

Through careful hive management and sustainable beekeeping practices, we aim to maximize
honey production while ensuring the well-being of the bee colonies and the surrounding
ecosystem. This projected volume of honey will undergo processing and will be directly sold to
processing industries, contributing to local economic growth and supporting the apiculture sector
in the region.

Honey Collection Procedure and Frequency

Efficient honey collection procedures and a well-defined frequency schedule are essential
components of our apiculture project in Lavushimanda District. We aim to maximize honey
production while ensuring the health and productivity of bee colonies through systematic honey
collection practices.

Honey collection will be carefully timed to coincide with peak nectar flow periods, typically
during the main honey flow seasons in Lavushimanda District. This strategic timing ensures that
bees have surplus honey stores to sustain themselves while allowing excess honey to be
harvested for commercial purposes. Prior to honey collection, beekeepers will inspect hive
conditions to assess colony strength, honey ripeness, and overall hive health. Any necessary
preparations, such as applying smoke to calm bees or removing excess propolis, will be
undertaken to facilitate smooth honey extraction without causing undue stress to the colonies.

When harvesting honey, beekeepers will delicately open hives using appropriate hive tools,
taking care to minimize disturbance to the bees. Frames containing capped honey cells will be
identified for extraction, ensuring that sufficient honey reserves are left within the hive to sustain
the colony's needs. Extracted frames of capped honey will then be transported to a designated
honey extraction facility. Here, honey extraction equipment such as centrifugal extractors will be
utilized to extract honey from the frames without damaging the comb. The extracted honey will

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undergo thorough filtering to remove any impurities or debris, ensuring a clean and high-quality
final product.

Once filtered, the honey will be bottled and sealed in containers suitable for storage and
distribution. Throughout the honey collection process, strict hygiene standards will be
maintained to ensure the purity and integrity of the honey.

In terms of frequency, honey collection will be conducted seasonally, with the main harvests
occurring after the primary nectar flow periods. Depending on honey production levels and hive
health, collection may be scheduled on a bi-monthly or quarterly basis during peak honey flow
seasons. This frequency allows for regular harvesting of surplus honey while minimizing
disruption to bee colonies. Regular monitoring and adjustments will be made to honey collection
frequency based on hive conditions, honey production rates, and seasonal variations. Beekeepers
will conduct routine hive inspections to assess honey reserves and determine optimal harvest
timing, ensuring sustainable beekeeping practices and maximizing honey production potential.

By adhering to systematic honey collection procedures and establishing an appropriate frequency

schedule, we can ensure the efficient extraction of honey while promoting the health and
productivity of bee colonies in Lavushimanda District. This approach is integral to the success
and sustainability of our apiculture project, contributing to the economic empowerment of local
farmers and the promotion of environmental conservation.

PROVISION OF PHYTOSANITARY SERVICES

Maintaining the health of bee colonies is essential for the success of our apiculture project. To
achieve this, we prioritize the provision of phytosanitary services, focusing on key aspects to
ensure effective pest and disease control.

Regular monitoring of bee colonies will be conducted to detect signs of pests, diseases, or
abnormalities. Beekeepers are trained to recognize common issues and implement preventive
measures such as maintaining good hive hygiene and proper spacing to minimize the risk of
outbreak. In cases of pest or disease outbreaks, appropriate treatment protocols are followed to
mitigate their impact. This involves using approved treatments, both organic and synthetic, to
address the specific issue while minimizing harm to bee colonies and the environment.

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By prioritizing these key aspects of phytosanitary services, we ensure the health and productivity
of bee colonies in Lavushimanda District. Through proactive monitoring, prevention, and
collaboration, we create a supportive environment for beekeepers and promote thriving bee
populations essential for agricultural pollination and ecosystem health.

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
Effective stakeholder engagement is critical for the success and sustainability of our apiculture
project in Lavushimanda District. Engaging with stakeholders ensures their active participation,
input, and support, ultimately contributing to the project's goals and objectives. Here's how we'll
engage with key stakeholders:

1. Local Farmers and Beekeepers: Engagement with local farmers and beekeepers is
essential as they are the primary participants in this apiculture project. We will organize
meetings, workshops, and training sessions to involve them in project planning, decision-
making, and implementation. Their input will be sought on aspects such as hive
management practices, training needs, and market preferences.
2. Community Leaders and Authorities: Building relationships with community leaders
and local authorities is crucial for garnering support and addressing any concerns or
challenges that may arise. We'll establish open communication channels and hold regular
consultations to ensure alignment with community priorities and regulations.
3. Government Agencies, Specifically Forestry Department: Collaboration with
government agencies, specifically the Forestry Department, is vital for environmental
regulations, land access, and sustainable resource management. We'll work closely with
forestry officials to obtain necessary permits, ensure compliance with environmental
standards, and integrate conservation practices into our beekeeping activities.
4. Research Institutions and Universities: Engaging with research institutions and
universities enables us to access scientific expertise, research findings, and innovative
solutions for beekeeping challenges. Collaborative research projects, knowledge
exchange programs, and capacity-building initiatives will be pursued to advance
beekeeping practices and technology adoption,
5. Local Communities and Beneficiaries: Involving local communities and project
beneficiaries fosters ownership, empowerment, and social cohesion. We'll conduct

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 community outreach activities, participatory decision-making processes, and feedback
mechanisms to ensure that the project's benefits are inclusive and equitable.

Through proactive stakeholder engagement, we'll build partnerships, foster collaboration, and
create a conducive environment for the successful implementation and sustainability of our
apiculture project in Lavushimanda District. By valuing stakeholders' perspectives, expertise,
and contributions, we'll harness collective efforts towards achieving our shared goals of
economic prosperity, environmental conservation, and community development.

EXTENSION SERVICES
Through proactive stakeholder engagement, we'll build partnerships, foster collaboration, and
create a conducive environment for the successful implementation and sustainability of our
apiculture project in Lavushimanda District. By valuing stakeholders' perspectives, expertise,
and contributions, we'll harness collective efforts towards achieving our shared goals of
economic prosperity, environmental conservation, and community development.

1. Training Programs: We'll organize regular training programs tailored to the needs of
beekeepers at various skill levels. These programs will cover hive management, pest and disease
control, honey harvesting techniques, value-added product processing, and business
management. Through workshops, seminars, and hands-on practical sessions, beekeepers will
gain the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in beekeeping.

2. Technical Assistance: Beekeepers will have access to personalized technical assistance and
advisory services provided by experienced beekeeping experts and extension agents. They'll
receive guidance on hive inspection, pest management strategies, colony health assessment, and
troubleshooting specific beekeeping challenges. Technical assistance will be available both on-
site and remotely, ensuring beekeepers receive timely support when needed.

3. Access to Inputs: Extension services will facilitate access to quality beekeeping inputs,
equipment, and supplies. Beekeepers will be able to purchase beehives, protective gear, bee
packages, medications, and other essential items at affordable prices through partnerships with
suppliers and cooperatives. Extension agents will provide guidance on selecting appropriate
equipment and ensuring its proper maintenance.

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By focusing on these three extension services, we'll empower beekeepers in Lavushimanda
District with the knowledge, skills, and resources they need to succeed in beekeeping. Through
continuous training, technical support, and access to inputs, we'll promote sustainable
beekeeping practices and contribute to the growth and development of the apiculture sector in the
region.

BUDGET
Description of cost Quantity Unit cost (k) Total cost (k)
Beehives 500 500 250,000

Bee suits 50 250 12,500

Veils 50 200 10,000
Boots 50 350 17,500
Smokers 25 800 20,000
Bee brushes 25 300 7,500
Honey extractor 25 1,500 37, 500
Feeders 500 200 100,000
Drinkers 500 100 50,000
Scrappers 10 400 4,000
Queen excluder 20 1,000 20,000
Plastic honey bottles 2000 6 12,000
Honey containers 2000 50 100,000
Wax papers 1,500 5,000
Honey barrel 1,500 2,000
Fuel for smokers 100lt 34 3,400
Propolis bottles 2000 6,000
Wages 50 famers 10,000 500,000
Miscellaneous 20,000
GRAND TOTAL 1,176,900

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REFERENCES:
Bhusal SJ, Thapa RB (2005). Comparative study on the adoption of improved beekeeping
technology for poverty alleviation. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.
26: 117-125.

Wolff LF, Gomes JJC (2015). Beekeeping and Agroecological Systems for Endogenous
Sustainable Development. Agroecology

Woldewahid G, Gebremendhin B, Hoekstra D, Tegegne A, Berhe K, Weldemariam D (2012).

Market-oriented beekeeping development to improve smallholder income: Results of
development experiences in Atsbi-Womberta district, northern Ethiopia. Nairobi: International
Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).

Yap NT, Devlin JF (2015). Beekeeping innovation for sustaining rural livelihoods. A success
story. Innovation and Sustainable Development 9(2) 103-117.

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