[Document title]

CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

All questions need to be replied. Total marks awarded are 20. Weightage will be assigned to arrive at
component weightage as defined in Lecture Plan. Write your reply in your own language. The replies will be
checked for similarity as per institute policy. Reply with similarity will be rejected without any further
consideration.

Marking Key: 3×2 + (3+2+2) + (4+3) = 20 (weightage to be implemented)

Name: Shivanshu Giri

Enrollment No. - 22411035
Batch – M7
Branch – Civil Engineering

1.a.
DHV: The term "design hourly volume" (DHV) describes the highest amount of traffic that is
anticipated to flow past a particular location on a road or highway at a given hour. It is the 30 th
highest hourly volume – which is exceeded for 29 hours in a year; approximately 15% of AADT for
rural areas and 8-12 % of AADT for Urban Roads.
DHV = AADT x k
Where k is highest volume as proportion of AADT

DDHV: The directional design hourly volume (DDHV) is the one-way volume in the predominant
direction of travel in the design hour, expressed as a percentage of the two-way DHV. For rural and
suburban roads, the directional distribution factor (D) ranges from 55 to 80 percent. A factor of
approximately 50 percent is used for urban highways.
DDHV = AADT x k x D
Where D is proportion of traffic in dominant direction (E.g. 60:40 means D = 0.60)

1.b.
Lag Distance: It is the distance travelled during PRT (Perception Reaction Time) when vehicle is
moving at design speed. This is PRT dependent.
Say PRT = ‘t’s and Design speed = v (m/s)
Lag distance = v*t (meter)
Braking Distance: It is the distance travelled after application of brake and vehicle coming to stop
before collision (speed change from ‘v’ to zero). It is PRT independent.

Say f= coefficient of longitudinal friction, g= Acceleration due to gravity

Braking distance = v^2/(2*g*f)

1.c.

Factors affecting coefficient of friction in longitudinal direction are:

 Tyre pressure: Lower pressure, higher will be the area of contact and hence more friction.
 Pavement surface material: Rougher surface means more friction. Different surface examples
are Bituminous, Gravel, Earthen.
 Speed of vehicle: Higher the speed of vehicle lower will be the friction.
 [Document title]
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

 Type of surface condition: Surface which are worn out will have more friction.
 Temperature of pavement and tyre: Higher temperature of pavement and higher tyre pressure
will lead to lower friction.
 Normal Force: When two surfaces are pressed together, the contact are and intermolecular
forces are directly impacted, which causes the coefficient of friction to increase in general. At
high pressures, this connection may not be linear.

2. a.

Chainage, 2.544 4.128 5.224 7.859 8.565 9.125

km

Curvature, 25 12 38 20 32 27
degree

Chainage, 0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000

km

Reduced 100.000 145.230 198.555 250.125 232.290 292.345

level, m

Rise / Fall - 45.23 53.325 51.57 -17.835 60.055

(m)

For degree of curvature, L= 10-0 = 10 km

Degree of curvature = Summation of curvature / L = 154/10 = 15.4 degree/km

For Rise and Fall:

Rise & Fall = (45.23+53.325+51.57-17.835+60.055)/10 = 192.345/10 = 19.2345 m/km

Degree of curvature is less than 100 degree/km and Rise and fall is less between 16-40 m/km. Hence terrain
in which road is constructed is Low Rolling.

2.b.

DDHV = AADT * K * D

AADT = Total traffic in yea/365 = Average Traffic in one day = 32000

K = Hourly Volume as proportion of AADT

K= 2200/32000 = 0.06875

D = Proportion of traffic in dominant direction

D = 1200/(1200+1000) = 0.545

DDHV = 32000*0.06876*0.545 = 1199 veh/h

2.c.

v=65km/h, S= 9m\

Capacity of 1 lane = 1000v/S = 1000*65/9 = 7222 veh/h/lane

 [Document title]
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

Capacity of 3 lanes = 3* 7222 = 21666 veh/h

PCU for car =1, therefore PCU/h = 21666 PCU/h

3.

V= 80km/h, f=0.35, n=0.025, total time = 12s, PRT = 2.5s

Lag Distance = 0.278*v*PRT = 0.278*80*2.5 = 55.56 m

Road is 4 lane divided road, hence,

Braking distance (Upstream motion) = v^2 / (2*g*(f+n)) = (0.278*80) ^2 / (2*9.81*(0.35+0.025)) = 67.12 m

Braking distance (Downstream Motion) = v^2 / (2*g*(f-n)) = (0.278*80) ^2 / (2*9.81*(0.35-0.025)) = 77.44 m

SSD (Upstream) = Lag Distance + Braking Distance = 55.56 + 67.12 = 122.68 m

SSD (Downstream) = Lag Distance + Braking Distance = 55.56 + 77.44 = 133 m

OSD = D1+D2

D1 =(v-16) *PRT = (80-16) *0.278*2.5 = 44.48 m

S = 0.7*(v-16) *0.278 + 6 = 0.7*(80-16) *0.278 + 6 = 18.45 m

D2 = v*overtaking manoeuvre time + 2S = (80-16) *5/18*12 + 2*18.45 = 250.26 m

OSD = D1 + D2 = 44.48 + 250.26 = 294.7 m