FUNDAMENTALS OF SPEECH: Lecture6

SAPATIAL PROPAGATION
-La presión y la velocidad son dos funciones senoidales en fase entre ambas, y por lo
tanto directamente proporcionales

SOUND WAVES
-Parameters of waves propagation:
Velocity:
C = propagation velocity in the elastic médium: C=lamda/T
Csolid>>Cliquid>>Cgas
In gas increases with increasing Tabsol(Temperatura)
Resumen: la velocidad de propagación de las ondas depende del medio y temperatura
pero no de la fuente(Source)
Frecuency
Period

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
-Acoustic Impedance: Resistance of the medium to wave propagation
Acoustic impedance: Z=pc (p=density): Z=P/V where P and V are the amplitudes of the
p and v waves (ondas senoidales de la presión y velocidad)
*The MIDDLE EAR is an impedance adapter for two different means: air in the ear
canal, fluids in the cochlea
(MIRAR FORMULAS DIAPOSITIVA 14)
-Definición de POWER e INTENSITY, que son dos related quantities:
POWER: [W]: Energy emitted in a given time unit
INTENSITY: [W/m2]: Power through the Surface unit
ATTENUATION: Proportional to the square distance
(Threshold=Limite)

CONVENTIONAL HEARING THRESHOLD

-Definimos una intensidad de referencia como thr=10^-12W/m2, this reference
threshold is not related to psychophysics
Los sonidos con intensidades extremas tienen un valor cercano a 1
MEASUREMENT SCALES
-Objective scales: Defined using physical quantities (intensity level/ pressure level)
Sound (Intensity) Level SL: Decibel (dB) scale that uses Io=10^-12 W/m2
Sound Pressure Level: SPL: Decibel sacle that uses Porms
SL vs SPL (Diapositiva 22)

SOURCE-FILTER MODEL: IDEAL OUTPUT SPECTRUM

SOURCE-FILTER MODEL: REAL OUTPUT SPECTRUM

SOURCE: FUNDAMENTAL FRECUENCY

-Fo=frcuency of the vocal folds vibration; is different in different speakers. Sabiendo el
valor de este parámetro podemos reconocer a quien pertenece la voz
FILTER: THE VOCAL TRACT:

-∆t=cavity time (∆t=∆x/c): Each ∆x can be considered as a resonating cavity whose

characteristics depend onthe considered tract.
-At each ∆x the traveling waveform, the pressure variation generated by the vocal
folds, is partially reflected, thus interacting with the incoming ones, and partially
transmitted.
Pi,Po= input/output pressure waves

SPEECH PRODUCTION: Volver a repasar esta parte, diapositiva31

SPECTROGRAM:
-A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as
it varies with time.
Resulta una gráfica tridimensional que representa la energía del contenido frecuencial
de la señal según va variando esta a lo largo del tiempo

PHONETICS: VOWELS