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• Z transform
• Properties
Introduction to Z-Transform
▪ Converts a discrete time signal (sequence of real or complex numbers) into a complex frequency
domain.
▪ Applications:
– 1. Used in system designing
– 2. Used to find out stability of a system
– 3. Used to Define Frequency Response of Discrete-Time System
– 4. Used to Solve Difference Equations
where 𝑧 is a complex variable. Writing 𝑧 in polar form we get 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 , where 𝑟 is magnitude and 𝜔 is
angle of 𝑧.
Convergence:
The ZT exists when the infinite sum converges. • Unidirectional Z transform
i.e 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛 is absolutely summable. • Bidirectional Z transform
𝑛=∞
▪ That means z-transform does not converge for all sequences or for all values of z.
▪ The set of values of z for which the z-transform converges is called the region of convergence (ROC).
•The ROC of the Z-transform is a ring or disc in the z-plane centred at the origin.
•The ROC of the Z-transform cannot contain any poles.
•The ROC of Z-transform of an LTI stable system contains the unit circle.
•For x(n)=δ(n), i.e., impulse sequence is the only sequence whose ROC of Z-transform is the entire z-
plane.
•If x(n) is an infinite duration causal sequence, then its ROC is |z|>a, i.e., it is the exterior of a circle of the
radius equal to a.
•If x(n) is an infinite duration anti-causal sequence, then its ROC is |z|<b, i.e., it is the interior of a circle of
the radius equal to b.
•If x(n) is an infinite duration two-sided sequence, then its ROC is a<|z|<b, i.e., it consists of a ring in the z-
plane, which is bounded on the interior and exterior by a pole and does not contain any poles.
•If x(n) is a finite duration causal sequence (i.e., right-sided sequence), then its ROC is the entire z-plane
except at z = 0.
•If x(n) is a finite duration anti-causal sequence (i.e., left sided sequence), then its ROC is the entire z-plane
except at z=∞
•If x(n) is a finite duration two-sided sequence, then its ROC is the entire z-plane except at z = 0 and z=∞
•The ROC of the sum of two or more sequences is equal to the intersection of the ROCs of these sequences
➢If x[n] is a left-sided sequence, then the ROC extends inward from the innermost
pole in X(z).
Ex. −3𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1
ROC: |z|<|3|
➢If x[n] is a two-sided sequence, the ROC will be a ring in the z-plane that is
bounded on the interior and exterior by a pole.
Ex. 𝑥 𝑛 = 2𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 − 3𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1
ROC: |2| < |z|<|3|
From the example for the right-handed exponential sequence, the first term in
this sum converges for |z| > 1/2, and the second for |z| > 1/3. The combined
transform X(z) therefore converges in the intersection of these region namely
when |z| > ½.
2. Time Shifting:
𝑛
𝑥𝑛 ↔𝑋 𝑧 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅 then 𝑥 ↔ 𝑋[ 𝑧 𝑚 ], 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅1/𝑚
𝑚
𝑛/𝑚 = 𝑘
𝑛 = 𝑘𝑚
𝑛
𝑥 ↔ 𝑋′ 𝑧
𝑚
∞
𝑛 −𝑛
𝑥 𝑧
𝑚
𝑛=−∞
6. Convolution
Proof: 𝑋 𝑧 = σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑧
−𝑛
σ∞
𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 −2 + . . .
𝑥 𝑛 |𝑛=∞ = 𝑥 ∞ = lim { 1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑋 𝑧 }
𝑧→1
Conditions, (i) 𝑥 𝑛 = 0; 𝑛 < 0
(ii) 1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑋 𝑧 should have poles inside unit circle of z-plane
Questions
𝑧 −1 (1−𝑧 −4 )
1. The Z transform of a signal is given by 𝐶 𝑧 = . Its final value is ………..
4(1−𝑧 −1 )2
(1+𝑧 −1 )
2. The Z transform of a signal is given by X 𝑧 = 1 . Its initial and final values
(1−2𝑧 −1 )(1+3𝑧 −1 )
are…………