06 Organization in Architecture Slides

HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION
ORGANIZATION
IN ARCHITECTURE
HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION ORGANIZATION IN ARCHITECTURE
1 EGYPTIAN 8 GOTHIC
2 MESOPOTAMIAN 9 RENAISSANCE
3 GREEK 10 BAROQUE
4 ROMAN 11 19TH CENTURY
5 BYZANTINE 12 MODERN
6 EARLY CHRISTIAN 13 PHILIPPINE
7 ROMANESQUE 14 JAPANESE
Egyptian Architecture
- close connection between
religious rites and architecture
- tombs and temples
- columnar and trabeated style
- foreign influences: Assyria,
Persia, Greece, and Rome
Sphinx
Egyptian Architecture
- mastabas, solid block-like
masses of rough masonry
sketched in cut stone that
served as tombs for nobles
- desire for permanence
expressed through its
extremely stable shape, static
mass, and size
Mesopotamian Architecture
- palaces, temples, and towers built at successive levels, with
ramps leading from one platform to the next
Mesopotamian
Architecture
- The Great Ziggurat of Ur
- corners of the Ziggurat point
north, south, east, and west
- walls are mostly closed
- developed by the Assyrians
using bricks
Greek Architecture
- low buildings or temples
- post-and-lintel construction,
two upright pieces or posts are
surmounted by a horizontal
piece (lintel), long enough to
reach from one to the other
- Three (3) types of Greek
Architecture: Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian
Greek Architecture // Doric

- a Doric column has no base
- the bottom of the column rests
on the top step
- it can be identified by the low
cushion-like shape part of its
capital
- the frieze is divided into triglyphs
and metopes
Greek Architecture // Doric

- a Doric column has no base
- the bottom of the column rests
on the top step
- it can be identified by the low
cushion-like shape part of its
capital
- the frieze is divided into triglyphs
and metopes
Greek Architecture // Ionic

- the Ionic column is taller and
more slender than the Doric
- it has a base, and the capital is
ornamented with scrolls on
each side
- the frieze is continuous instead
of being divided
Greek Architecture // Ionic

- the architecture below the frieze
is stepped, divided horizontally
into three parts, each being set
slightly
- some features of the Ionic order
trace their ancestry to Asia
Minor
Greek Architecture
// Corinthian
- its base and shaft resembles an
Ionic column, but slender
- capital is much deeper
- shares the same entablateur as
the Ionic
Greek Architecture
// Corinthian
- its base and shaft resembles an
Ionic column, but slender
- capital is much deeper
- shares the same entablateur as
the Ionic
ORGANIZATION IN ARCHITECTURE
Roman Architecture
- Roman style is the combined
use of column, beam, and arch
inspired by the Greeks and the
Etruscans (the early inhabitants
of west-central Italy)
- another characteristic of
Roman architecture is the flat
round dome that covers the
entire building
Roman Architecture
- The Pantheon
- embodies the form of Roman
buttress, a projecting support
of stone/brick against a wall
The Pantheon
• the building is two tiers high to the
springing of the hemispherical dome
inside
• there is an extra tier on the outside,
providing rigid and weighty haunches to
prevent the dome from splitting outwards
• as an extra precaution, a further series of
concrete rises two-thirds the height of
the dome
• Roman domes are always saucer-shaped
outside, though hemispherical within
Roman architecture is also

evident in the ruins of the
coliseum.
Byzantine Architecture
- Byzantine architecture is
characterized by a great central
dome which had always been a
traditional feature in the East
- group of small or semi-domes
around a large central dome
- Byzantine took its name from
Byzantium (now Istanbul)
Hagia Sophia
Byzantine Architecture
- characteristic features of
Byzantine churches were the
forms of the vaults and
domes that were visible
externally, undisguised by any
timbered roof
- in Byzantine style, the exterior
closely corresponds with the
interior
Western Architecture in the Middle Ages

3 stages of development: The Western styles follow a
1 general style in which long
EARLY CHRISTIAN rectangular buildings are
2
ROMANESQUE divided by pillars into central
3
GOTHIC nave and aisles.
The Western styles follow

the general style of the
Roman Basilica
Western Architecture in the Middle Ages

- Sometimes there is one aisle on each side of the nave, sometimes
there are two
- Often the nave is higher than the aisles, allowing a clerestory lighting
- What used to be a building with a simple rectangle style with an
apse, later adapted cross-shaped building style by adding cross
aisles between the nave and the church
- the horizontal part or the arms of the cross are known as transepts
- the main entrance is usually directly opposite the high altar
Early Christian Architecture

- structures (e.g. temples) where
Christians met for worship
- its form was inspired by both
Roman and pagan basilicas
- the central type, designed
around a central vertical axis
instead of a longitudinal one
Early Christian Architecture

- the long, internal lines of the
basilica carried the eye of the
church-goer from the door to the
altar as their ritualistic climax of
the structure
- the circular or octagonal buildings
focused on the center
- mosaics by S. Apollinare
Early Christian churches were

often decorated with mosaics.
Romanesque
Architecture
- extension and
development of the
Early Christian style
- “Romanesque”,
resembles the
Roman style
(“Roman-ish”)
Notre Dame la Grande at

Portiers
Notre Dame la Grande at

Portiers
Abbaye aux Dames

Early Christian Romanesque
Romanesque has very

Early Christian style is
heavy walls with small
structurally light, with a
window openings and a
simple lightweight, flat
heavy stone arched or
wooden roof
vaulted roof inside
Gothic Architecture
- Gothic style is known
primarily for its
cathedrals, churches,
and palaces especially
in Venice
- Saint Mark’s Cathedral
Romanesque Gothic
In the Romanesque In the Gothic, they

cathedral, several small continued this process
windows were until the arches
combined in a appeared only as stone
compound arch tracery
Gothic Architecture
- Eventually, the windows became so
large that the walls ceased to have any
function as walls
- The buttresses and the entire wall
space was filled with stained-glass
windows
- The triforium space was regularly filled
with small arches, and the rose window
became large and important
- Doorways became spacious
Romanesque Gothic
The facade sometimes has

The facade regularly had
one doorway, sometimes
three doorways, each with
t h re e . M o l d i n g s w e re
multiple orders, but the
relatively simple, with or
arch was pointed, and
without carvings of
decorations were more
conventional designs,
elaborate.
figures, animals, or fruit
In Gothic style, the human figure became the

characteristic decoration, a recessed doorway
being filled with rows of saints or kings
Seatwork
Renaissance Architecture
- the cathedral or temple is no
longer the typical building
- secular architecture
- a return to the ideals off the
Greeks and Romans, however
not a slavish imitation but rather
a free use of materials found in
classic architecture,
- original / unique
Medici-Riccardi Palace
at Florence, designed
by Michelozzo
Renaissance Architecture
- Medici-Riccardi Palace
• On the first floor a single arch occupies the
space of two arches on the second and third
floors
• In the upper floors, the window space is filled
with the compound arch of the Romanesque
• At the top of this building, there is a large
cornice, heavy enough to crown the whole
mass of building
• There is a molding or “stringcourse”, that
separates one story from the other
St. Peter’s Basillica

St. Peter’s Basillica

Inner dome was designed by
Michaelangelo
Baroque Architecture
- flourished in the 17th century and in
the opening years of 18th century
- period of elaborate sculptural
ornamentation
- its framework remained close to
that of a Renaissance, although
often it was far more spacious, and
had a profusion of carved
decoration
- Columns and entablatures
were decorated with garlands
of flowers and fruits, shells,
and waves
- Often, alcoves were built into
the wall to receive statues, thus
making a pattern of light and
dark
- Surfaces were frequently
carved
- Churches of this period no longer
used the Gothic nave and aisles, the
area is filled with chapels which take
the place of the aisles
- They often have domes or cupolas,
and they may or may not have spires
- Love of ornament, movement,
restlessness, and excitement of style
S. Carlo alle Quattro

Fontane
S. Carlo alle Quattro

St. Peter’s Basillica Fontane
- The spirit of Baroque is in the
massed columns which are
doubled for the sake of
or nament, the decorative
pediments, the pilasters, and
the heavy stringcourse
19th Century Architecture

- period of eclecticism
- “eclecticism” in architecture implies
freedom on the part of the architect
or client to choose among the styles
of the past that seems to him most
appropriate
- a bewildering variety of styles
- Italian villas, Swiss chalets vs.
Victorian Gothic churches, Victorian
classic post offices

- age of materialism and
ostentation
- styles were superficial and
interchangeable
- broken outlines, protruding bay
windows, towers and/or
porches, restless silhouettes,
experiments in colored materials
- crass vulgarity of styles
Keble College, Oxford


- the 19th century style was born
out of increasing wealth, faster
speed of travel, and the spread of
photography
- n o t o n l y p u re r i n s t y l e ; i t
understood something of the
flavor of the past as well as its
forms

- marked by scholarship, taste,
sympathy for the forms of the
past and remarkable ingenuity in
adapting central heating,
plumbing, and electric lighting to
those forms
- however, resulted in the chaos in
the appearance of, for example,
an American suburb
19th Century
American Suburb
19th Century
American Suburb
Modern Architecture
- is an attempt to
interpret one’s purpose
through building in a
style independent of fix
symmetries
- Burj Al Arab Hotel,
Dubai
Modern Architecture
- utilization of new materials
steel copper
concrete cork
glass block gympsum lumber
wood stone
metal plywood
chromium plastic
Modern Architecture
- strength is no longer synonymous
with massiveness
- efficient use of new structural
materials in varying forms
- scientifically calculated to avoid
waste
- light, cage-like skeleton of steel
and reinforced concrete as support
- faster and easier to build
Van Nelle tobacco factory

in Rotterdam, Netherlands
by J.A. Brinkman and L.C. Van de Vlught
Philippines
St. Augustine Church

Manila
University of Santo Tomas

San Sebastian Church

Intramuros
Philippine Architecture
- reflect not only the living proofs of the antiquity of architecture,
but also trace back the influence of Europe on art during the
time when most of the civilized countries regarded the Far
East as pagan and primitive
- foreign tourists are impressed with the local use of the latest in
our architectural technology — the use of concrete, wood,
coconut products, thin shells, a wide choice of marble, and
other locally available products
Paoay Church
Ilocos Norte
Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte

- its massive buttresses, reminiscent of the builders’ struggle
with earthquakes, made it the epitome of earthquake-resistant
churches
Morong Church
Rizal
Morong Church, Rizal

- integration of the belfry with the old facade, in effect it became
the most well-composed architectures in colonial Philippines
Philippine Architecture
- the majestic Philippine churches were designed and built
during the Spanish regime
- the flowering of the colonial church architecture in Philippines
was a significant event in the country’s history
- shows the Filipinos’ spontaneous and inventive attitudes
through the creation of a kind of architecture that was unique
from Western architectural idioms
Cultural Center of the

Philippines
The Cultural Center of the Philippines

- designed by architect Leandro Locsin
- womb and bosom of the development of Arts in the Philippines
- the only theatre the Saigon Company decided to bring Miss
Saigon because it suited the grand production they were going
to present
- had been living up to its aspirations: Katotohanan (truth),
Kagandahan (beauty), Kabutihan (goodness), and its
commitment to the growth and development of Filipino culture
and arts
The Cultural Center of the Philippines

- acts as a national coordinating center for arts and culture
- the main theatre can seat up to 1,853 audiences
History of Philippine Architecture

- architecture in the Philippines was a result of various influences
• Pre-colonial influences
• Spanish colonial period
• American Commonwealth period
• Contemporary times
- While it includes remembrance of the past and frames this in
terms of significance today, as it makes full use of modern
technology
The Philippine architectural landscape is evident among the small

traditional huts made of wood, bamboo, nipa, grass and other
native materials.
- The Philippine architectural

landscape is also evident among
the massive Spanish churches,
convents and fortifications with
their heavy style and the
American mission style
architecture
- It is also seen today in the
contemporary modern concrete
structure of the cities
- The Philippine architectural

landscape is also evident among
the massive Spanish churches,
convents and fortifications with
their heavy style and the
American mission style
architecture
- It is also seen today in the
contemporary modern concrete
structure of the cities
The Bahay Kubo

- typical traditional house
found in the Philippines
- during the 19th century,
wealthy Filipinos built homes
with solid stone foundations
or brick walls
- bahay na bato, a developed
bahay kubo, used sturdier
materials
Bahay na Bato

- Other areas in the country show different forms of tribal
architecture which is influenced by culture and in some cases by
the climate and environment
- In the Cordillera mountains, the houses are more secured
- Maranao houses designed for royalty are built with more
ornamentation and elaborate details
- Houses in Batanes are built solidly on all sides and covered with
thick thatch roofing to withstand the typhoons that frequently
affect the area
Cordillera Mountain house

Bontoc village
Batanes house
Maranao house

- The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought Antillean Architecture
- Christianization of the islands created the need of religious
structures
- Some of the best colonial churches are in the Ilocos Region,
Laguna, Batangas, Panay, Cebu, and Bohol
- Convents, belfries, and walled forecourts are built near the churches
- Structure built during the Spanish period include schools and
hospitals like the Ateneo Municipal, UST, Colegio de San Juan de
Letran, and the Hospital de San Juan de Dios
Antillean Architecture
Santo Tomas de Villanueva Parish,

also known as Miagao Church
Colegio de San Juan de Letran


- Americans came in 1898 and introduced new structures, such
as government houses built during the period that resembled
Greek or Roman temples
- By the mid 1920s, Philippine architecture showed Art Deco (e.g.
the Metropolitan Theatre along Plaza Arroceros)
- In the 1970s, a new form of Philippine architecture emerged with
the filipinization of architecture, and today continues to be
vibrant
Malacañang Palace
National Museum of Anthropology

in Manila
Japanese Architecture
- like the Egyptians, the religious rites of Japanese are merely
traditional and traits are reproduced in architecture, both in
tombs and temples
- A Juto, also known as the “longevity tower”, is a kind of
mausoleum in ancient times built during one’s lifetime to
celebrate his own or another’s longevity
- In 1452, Hideyoshi Toyotomi built the Tensuiji Temple in the
courtyard of Daitokuji Temple in Kyoto to pray for his mother
while she was seriously ill
Juto or longevity tower

Tensuiji Temple in the courtyard

of Daitokuji Temple in Kyoto

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HUMANITIES 3 ART APPRECIATION

Greek Architecture // Doric

Greek Architecture // Doric

Greek Architecture // Ionic

Greek Architecture // Ionic

Roman architecture is also

Western Architecture in the Middle Ages

The Western styles follow

Western Architecture in the Middle Ages

Early Christian Architecture

Early Christian Architecture

Early Christian churches were

Notre Dame la Grande at

Notre Dame la Grande at

Abbaye aux Dames

Early Christian Romanesque

Romanesque has very

In the Romanesque In the Gothic, they

The facade sometimes has

In Gothic style, the human figure became the

St. Peter’s Basillica

St. Peter’s Basillica

S. Carlo alle Quattro

S. Carlo alle Quattro

19th Century Architecture

19th Century Architecture

Keble College, Oxford

19th Century Architecture

19th Century Architecture

Van Nelle tobacco factory

St. Augustine Church

University of Santo Tomas

San Sebastian Church

Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte

Morong Church, Rizal

Cultural Center of the

The Cultural Center of the Philippines

The Cultural Center of the Philippines

History of Philippine Architecture

The Philippine architectural landscape is evident among the small

- The Philippine architectural

- The Philippine architectural

The Bahay Kubo

History of Philippine Architecture

Cordillera Mountain house

History of Philippine Architecture

Santo Tomas de Villanueva Parish,

Colegio de San Juan de Letran

History of Philippine Architecture

National Museum of Anthropology

Juto or longevity tower

Tensuiji Temple in the courtyard

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