Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Topic 2.1
Introduction to dynamics and mechanics 2

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics 2 Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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 Force and Mass

• Study of Motion = Kinematics

• Study of Forces = Dynamics.
• Combination of Force and Motion (Kinematics and
Dynamics) = Mechanics.

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 A force of 1 N gives a
mass of 1kg an
acceleration of 1 m/s2.

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More on this soon in A force of 1 N gives a
Newton's Second Law
mass of 1kg an
acceleration of 1 m/s2.

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 A force of 1 N gives a
mass of 1kg an
acceleration of 1 m/s2.

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 A force of 1 N gives a mass of
1kg an acceleration of 1 m/s2.

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 Force and Mass

• Study of Motion = Kinematics

• Study of Forces = Dynamics.
• Combination of Force and Motion (Kinematics and
Dynamics) = Mechanics.

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 Force and Mass
What is Force?
• Force can act by contact between two objects, as in a
push or pull, or it can act over a distance, as with gravity,
electricity, and magnetism.
• The application of force involves an interaction between
two objects.
• Force is a vector, with magnitude and direction.

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 Force and Mass
Examples of Forces

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Contact forces are those types of forces that result when the two interacting
objects are perceived to be physically contacting each other.

Action-at-a-distance forces are those types of forces that result even when
the two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other, yet are
able to exert a push or pull despite their physical separation

Contact Forces Action-at-a-Distance Forces

Frictional Force Gravitational Force
Tension Force Electrical Force
Normal Force Magnetic Force
Air Resistance Force
Applied Force
Spring Force

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 Force and Mass
Mass - Quantity of Matter and Resistance to Force

• Meaning of Mass:
– Measuring the amount of matter in an object.
– Resistance to change in motion.
• Resistance to change is called inertia.

Newton's first law of motion - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia.

Newton's first law of motion is often stated as
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

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 Force and Mass
Net Force and Force Diagrams

• The sum of multiple forces acting on an object is the net

force.
• The net force is responsible for the change in an object’s
motion.
• Symbolically, the net force is the vector sum of all forces
acting on an object:

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 Force and Mass
Net Force and Force Diagrams

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 Force and Mass
Net Force and Force Diagrams

• Force diagrams help visualize the forces acting on an

object.
• Consider a book at rest on a table.
• Two forces act on the book: gravity, pulling down, and
the table, pushing up.

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 Force and Mass
Net Force and Force Diagrams

• The forces of gravity and the table are labelled 𝑤 and 𝑛

respectively.
• The symbols stand for weight and for normal force,
meaning a force perpendicular to the table.
• The net force on the book is the vector
• The net force is zero in this case.

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics 2 Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Topic 2.2
Introduction to dynamics and mechanics 2

www.eit.edu.au
 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics 2 Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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 Newton’s First Law

Newton's first law of motion is often stated as

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in
motion stays in motion with the same speed
and in the same direction unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force.

Newton's first law of motion - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia.

More about inertia shortly

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 Newton’s First Law

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 Newton’s First Law

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 Newton’s First Law
Newton's first law of motion - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia.

Inertia and Mass

Newton's first law of motion states that "An object at rest stays at rest and an
object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force." Objects tend to "keep on doing
what they're doing." In fact, it is the natural tendency of objects to resist
changes in their state of motion.

This tendency to resist changes in their state of

motion is described as inertia.
Inertia: the resistance an object has to a change in
its state of motion.

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Mass as a Measure of the
Amount of Inertia

All objects resist changes in their state of motion. All objects

have this tendency - they have inertia. But do some objects
have more of a tendency to resist changes than others?
Absolutely yes! The tendency of an object to resist changes
in its state of motion varies with mass. Mass is that quantity
that is solely dependent upon the inertia of an object. The
more inertia that an object has, the more mass that it has. A
more massive object has a greater tendency to resist
changes in its state of motion http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Tutorial/Newton-s-Laws

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 Newton’s First Law

• Consider the book and table. (See next slide)

• With a brief push, the book slides over the table until friction
slows it down.
• There are three forces acting on the book: the normal force,
gravity, and friction.
• The sum of the forces is the net force on the book.
• The forces 𝑤 and 𝑛 are unchanged from when the book was
at rest, so their sum remains zero.
• In this case, therefore, the frictional force 𝑓Ԧ equals the net
force 𝐹Ԧ net.
• FRICTION FORCE COVERED MORE IN TOPIC 6

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 Newton’s First Law

• Consider the book and table.

• With a brief push, the book slides over the table until friction slows it down.
• There are three forces acting on the book: the normal force, gravity, and friction.
• The sum of the forces is the net force on the book.
• The forces 𝑤 and 𝑛 are unchanged from when the book was at rest, so their sum
remains zero.
• In this case, therefore, the frictional force 𝑓Ԧ equals the net force 𝐹Ԧ net.

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 Newton’s First Law

• Misconception that a force is required to sustain motion.

• Picture a small block sliding across an air table (bottom
illustration, previous slide).
• The only forces now acting on the block are the normal force
and gravity: 𝐹Ԧ net = 0.
• A net force causes changes in motion, not motion itself.
• Force is not required for motion, and an object subject to zero
net force has constant velocity that is, unchanging motion.

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics 2 Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Topic 2.3
Introduction to dynamics and mechanics

www.eit.edu.au
 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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 Newton’s Second Law

• An object’s acceleration is proportional to the net force

acting on it.
• An object’s acceleration is inversely proportional to its
mass.

• The newton (N) is the SI unit of force:

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 Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

• An object’s acceleration is proportional to the net force
acting on it.
• An object’s acceleration is inversely proportional to its
mass.

The Newton
Force is a quantity that is measured using the
standard metric unit known as the Newton. A
Newton is abbreviated by an "N." To say "10.0 N"
means 10.0 Newton of force. One Newton is the
amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an
acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit
equivalency can be stated:
1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s2

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 Newton’s Second Law
Weight and Gravitational Acceleration

• The force of gravity (also called weight} acts on all

objects.
• Near Earth’s surface, the weight of an object with mass m
is:

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 Newton’s Second Law
Weight and Gravitational Acceleration
• The force of gravity (also called weight} acts on all objects.

The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts
another object towards itself. By definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth
experience a force of gravity that is directed "downward" towards the centre of the earth. The force of
gravity on earth is always equal to the weight of the object as found by the equation:
Gravity Force
Fgrav = m * g
where g = 9.8 N/kg (on Earth)
(also known as Weight)

Fgrav
and m = mass (in kg)
(Caution: do not confuse weight with mass.)

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 Newton’s Second Law
Weight and Gravitational Acceleration

• Distinguish mass and weight.

• Mass, a scalar quantity measured in kilograms, is an
intrinsic property of an object, independent of its location.
• Weight, a vector with units of newtons, depends on the
object’s mass and its location.
• The magnitude (g) of the acceleration vector 𝑔Ԧ varies
over Earth’s surface and decreases with increasing
altitude.

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 Newton’s Second Law
Weight and Gravitational Acceleration

• Suppose you drop 5.0-kg and 1.0-kg rocks

simultaneously.
• The magnitudes of their weights are:

• In free fall, weight is the only force on each, therefore

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 Newton’s Second Law Inertial Reference Frames
Non inertial frames. In measurements made with respect to some other frames of reference, Newton's laws
appear to be violated. For example, when the bus goes round a corner, a standing passenger who is not
holding onto a rail seems to find himself accelerating sideways. If you try throwing and catching balls on a
merry-go-round, you'll also observe some apparent violations of Newton's laws

• Newton’s first and second laws only hold in reference frames moving with constant
velocity.
• Because Newton’s first law is about inertia, reference frames with constant velocity
(zero acceleration) are called inertial reference frames.
• Accelerated frames are no inertial.
The more inertia that an object has, the
more mass that it has. A more massive
object has a greater tendency to resist
changes in its state of motion.

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

www.eit.edu.au
 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Topic 2.4
Introduction to dynamics and mechanics

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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 Newton’s Third Law

• Forces require pairs of interacting objects.

• Newton’s third law illustrates an associated pairing of
forces.

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 Newton's Third Law
According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each
other, they exert forces upon each other. When you sit in your chair,
your body exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair exerts
an upward force on your body. There are two forces resulting from
this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These
two forces are called action and reaction forces and are the subject of
Newton's third law of motion.

Formally stated, Newton's third law is:

For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Tutorial/Newton-s-Laws

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. In the top picture (below), the man is pulling upon a rope that is attached to a wall.
In the bottom picture, he is pulling upon a rope that is attached to an elephant. In
each case, the force scale reads 500 Newton. He is pulling ...

a. with more force when the rope is attached to the wall.

b. with more force when the rope is attached to the elephant.
c. the same force in each case.

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 Identifying Action and Reaction Force Pairs
Forces always come in pairs - known as "action-reaction
force pairs." Identifying and describing action-reaction
force pairs is a simple matter of identifying the two
interacting objects and making two statements
describing who is pushing on whom and in what
direction. For example, consider the interaction
between a baseball bat and a baseball.

The baseball forces the bat to the left; the bat forces the ball to the
right. Together, these two forces exerted upon two different objects
form the action-reaction force pair.

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

www.eit.edu.au
 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Topic 2.5
Introduction to dynamics and mechanics

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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What is torque?
Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object
to rotate about an axis.
Just as force is what causes an object to accelerate in
linear kinematics, torque is what causes an object to
acquire angular acceleration.
Torque is a vector quantity. The direction of the torque
vector depends on the direction of the force on the axis.

Anyone who has ever opened a door has an intuitive understanding of torque.
When a person opens a door, they push on the side of the door farthest from
the hinges. Pushing on the side closest to the hinges requires considerably
more force https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/a/torque

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 The terminology used when describing
torque can be confusing. Engineers
sometimes use the term moment, or
moment of force interchangeably with
torque. The radius at which the force acts
is sometimes called the moment arm.

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How is torque calculated?
The magnitude of the torque vector τ for a torque
produced by a given force F is
τ=F⋅rsinθ
where r is the length of the moment arm and θ is the angle
between the force vector and the moment arm. In the
case of the door shown, the force is at right angles (90∘) to
the moment arm, so the sine term becomes 1 and
τ=F⋅r

The SI unit for torque is the Newton-meter.

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What role does torque play in rotational kinematics?

In rotational kinematics, torque takes the place of

force in linear kinematics. There is a direct
equivalent to Newton’s 2ⁿᵈ law of motion
F=ma

τ=Iα.
Here, α is the angular acceleration. I is the
rotational inertia, a property of a rotating system
which depends on the mass distribution of the
system. The larger I, the harder it is for an object to
acquire angular acceleration.

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 What is rotational equilibrium?
The concept of rotational equilibrium is an equivalent to
Newton’s 1ˢᵗ law for a rotational system.

An object which is not rotating remains not rotating unless

acted on by an external torque. Similarly, an object
rotating at constant angular velocity remains rotating
unless acted on by an external torque.

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 Centripetal Force

Uniform circular motion requires centripetal force

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 Centripetal Force

• An object moving at speed v in uniform circular

with radius R has acceleration ar = v2/R directed
toward the centre of the circle.
• According to Newton’s second law, 𝐹Ԧ net = m𝑎,
Ԧ ,
so there must be a net force of magnitude:

directed toward the centre of the circle .

• Because it is centre-directed, the force causing
uniform circular motion is called centripetal force.

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 Momentum
Net Force Revisited

• With this definition, Newton’s second law becomes:

• This is for constant acceleration, hence constant force.

• If force is not constant, then the instantaneous net force
is the limiting value of Δ𝑝/Δt
Ԧ as Δt approaches zero.

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 Momentum
Net Force Revisited
• Newton s second law can be expressed as:

• With mass m constant:

• The quantity m𝒗 is the object’s momentum 𝑝.

Ԧ
• The momentum of an object is the product of its mass
and velocity.

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 Introduction to Dynamics and
Mechanics Topics
• Force and mass
Laws of mechanics
• Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s Second Law
• Reaction Forces
• Newton’s Third Law
• Torque

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 End of Topic 2

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