NEWTON’S LAWS OF

MOTION
Enhancement Science
 LAWS OF MOTION
This is an introduction to Newton’s three laws of motion
and his law of gravity. The three laws are simple and
sensible. The first law states that a force must be applied
to an object in order to change its velocity.
Changing an object’s velocity means accelerating it,
which implies a relationship between force and
acceleration. This relationship, the second law, states that
the net force on an object equals the object’s mass times
its acceleration. Finally, the third law says that whenever
we push on something, it pushes back with equal force in
the opposite direction.
 FORCE
A force is commonly imagined as a push or a pull on
some object, this means that we can control the
magnitude of the applied force and also its direction, so
force is a vector quantity, just like velocity and
acceleration.
FORCE AND MASS
FORCE AND MASS
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
TYPES OF FORCES
TYPES OF FORCES
 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
• An object moves with a velocity that is
constant in magnitude and direction, unless
acted on by a nonzero net force.

• It is not the nature of an object to stop, once

set in motion, but rather to continue in its
original state of motion.
 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
• If you stop pushing an object, does it stop moving?
Only if there is friction! In the absence of any net
external force, an object will keep moving at a
constant speed in a straight line, or remain at rest.
This is also known as the law of inertia.
• In order to change the velocity of an object –
magnitude or direction – a net force is required. An
inertial reference frame is one in which the first law is
true. Accelerating reference frames are not inertial.
 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• Newton’s first law explains what happens to an object
that has no net force acting on it: The object either
remains at rest or continues moving in a straight line with
constant speed.
• Newton’s second law answers the question of what
happens to an object that does have a net force acting on
it? The acceleration ā of an object is directly proportional
to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to
its mass.
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
NET FORCE (SUMMATION OF FORCES)
NET FORCE (SUMMATION OF FORCES)
DIRECTION OF NET FORCE
NET FORCE
 UNITS OF FORCE AND MASS
• The SI unit of force is the newton. When 1 newton
of force acts on an object that has a mass of 1 kg, it
produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in the object.
From this definition and Newton’s second law, we
see that the newton can be expressed in terms of
the fundamental units of mass, length, and time
as
1 N = 1 kg x m/s2
UNITS OF FORCE AND MASS
 EXAMPLE 1
• An airboat with mass 3.50 x 102 kg, including
passengers, has an engine that produces a net
horizontal force of 7.70 x 102 N, after accounting for
forces of resistance.
• (a) Find the acceleration of the airboat.
• (b) Starting from rest, how long does it take the airboat
to reach a speed of 12.0 m/s?
• (c) After reaching this speed, the pilot turns off the
engine and drifts to a stop over a distance of 50.0 m.
Find the resistance force, assuming it’s constant.
EXAMPLE 1
 SOLUTION

• Net Force = Fprop – Fresist = 770 N

• Mass(boat + passengers) = 350 kg
 EXAMPLE 2

A sled is tied to a tree on a

frictionless, snow covered
hill, as shown in the figure. If
the sled weighs 77.0 N, find
the force exerted by the rope
on the sled and the
magnitude of the force n
exerted by the hill on the
sled.
SOLUTION 2
SOLUTION 2
 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION,
with FRICTION
The force resisting the
relative motion of solid
surfaces, fluid layers, and
material elements sliding
against each other. Force
of static friction and force
of kinetic friction.
 EXAMPLE 3
A block with mass m1 = 4.00 kg
and a ball with mass m2 = 7.00 kg
are connected by a light string
that passes over a frictionless
pulley, as shown in the figure.
The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and the surface
is 0.300. Find the acceleration of
the two objects and the tension in
the string.
SOLUTION 3
SOLUTION 3
SOLUTION 3
 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

If object 1 and object 2

interact, the force F12
exerted by object 1 on
object 2 is equal in
magnitude but
opposite in direction to
the force F21 exerted by
object 2 on object 1.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
WEIGHT
WEIGHT
NORMAL FORCES
NORMAL FORCES
NORMAL FORCE
 EXAMPLE 4
A traffic light weighing 100N
hangs from a vertical cable
tied to two other cables that
are fastened to a support, as
in the figure. The upper
cables make angles of 37.00
and 53.00 with the
horizontal. Find the tension
in each of the three cables.
SOLUTION 4
SOLUTION 4