1.

Definition of a Force:

• A force is any interaction that, when unopposed, changes the motion of an

object. It can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (to accelerate), i.e.,
to move or deform.

2. Units of Force:

• The standard unit of force in the International System of Units (SI) is the Newton
(N).

3. Types of Forces:

• Gravitational Force: Attraction between two masses. Its magnitude is

proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their centers.
• Electromagnetic Force: Includes electric forces (between charged objects) and
magnetic forces (between magnetic objects).
• Strong Nuclear Force: Acts between the protons and neutrons in an atom’s
nucleus.
• Weak Nuclear Force: Plays a key role in radioactive decay.
• Contact Forces: Include friction, tension, normal force, air resistance, and applied
force.

4. Newton's Laws of Motion:

• First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in
motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by a net external force.
• Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F
= ma).
• Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.

Page 2: Dynamics and Kinematics

5. Dynamics:
 • Dynamics is the study of the forces that cause objects and systems to move.
Understanding how forces influence motion is fundamental in studying dynamics.

6. Kinematics:

• Kinematics deals with the motion of objects without considering the forces that
cause the motion. Key concepts include displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

7. Velocity and Acceleration:

• Velocity: Describes the speed and direction of a moving object.

• Acceleration: The rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object
accelerates if it speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.

8. Equations of Motion (for Constant Acceleration):

𝑣2=𝑢2+2𝑎𝑠v2=u2+2as (Relates final velocity to initial velocity and displacement)

9. Free Body Diagrams:

10. Friction:

• Friction is the force that opposes the motion of an object. It is dependent on the
nature of the surface and the normal force:
• Static Friction: Prevents objects from starting to move.
• Kinetic Friction: Acts when an object is already moving.

11. Circular Motion:

• When an object moves in a circle, it experiences centripetal (towards the center)

acceleration. The centripetal force needed to maintain this motion is provided by
gravitational, tension, or other forces depending on the context of the motion.