https://www.theworldmaterial.

com/thermal-conductivity-of-stainless-steel/

Flow is regarded steady, turbulent, and three-dimensional. Gravity force, natural convection, and
radiation are ignored and water properties vary with temperature. Based on these assumptions, the
governing equations for continuity, momentum, and energy can be described as follows.
Data reduction

where Ti and To are inlet and outlet temperatures, respectively, and subscripts h and c represent hot and
cold, respectively. The hot side heat transfer rate (Q˙ h), cold side heat transfer rate (Q˙c), and average
heat transfer rate (Q˙ave) are calculated as follows.

where V is the average flow velocity in the maximum cross-sectional area. ρ, k, and μ are fluid density,
thermal conductivity, and viscosity, respectively, which are calculated at the water bulk temperature
(Tb). Dh is hydraulic diameter, which can be calculated from the following equation.

where Ac and q are the maximum cross-sectional area and its perimeter, respectively. h is heat transfer
coefficient, which can be obtained from the following correlations and used in Eq. (9) for calculation of
Nusselt number.
where A is heat transfer area and Tw and Tb are wall temperature and bulk temperature, respectively.

enlargement factor

The corrugations increase the flat or projected plate area, the extent depending on the corrugation pitch
and depth. To express the increase of the developed length, in relation to the projected length an
enlargement factor φ is used. The enlargement factor varies between 1.1 and 1.25, with 1.17 being a
typical average

developedlength
Φ¿
projectedlength
https://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/mel709/CHAPTER%205-total.pdf\

Experimental study of PHEs with developed correlations.

Kim & Park ¿ Nu=0.145 φ2.079 ℜ0.7640 ⁡Pr 1 /3 Heat exchanger Nu increased
¿ f =φ 4 ( 0.6796 φR e−0.0551 + 0.2 ) type: BPHE with rise of Re.
Corrugation f had opposite
type: sinusoidal trend and could
Fluid: water not be
1.16 < φ < 1.22 predicted
200 < Re < 1400 accurately by
β = 65◦ GPHE
correlation.
Yang et al ¿ Nu=¿ Heat exchanger The single-
¿ type: BPHE phase heat
Corrugation transfer
type: sinusoidal increased with
Fluid: ethylene rise of β.
glycol & water
1.16 < φ < 1.18
50 < Re < 8000
27◦ < β < 65◦
Longo & Nu=0.277 ⋅ R e
0.766
⋅P
0.333
Heat exchanger Re had positive
Gasparella type: BPHE effect on Nu.
Corrugation
type:
 herringbone
Fluid: water
350 < Re <1100
β = 65◦

boundary conditions

Water is considered as the working fluid with its properties changes with temperature. Water entered
the domain with constant mass flowrate and constant temperature, while the pressure at the outlet is
considered as atmospheric pressure. Constant heat flux is applied to the water from both plates, which
are made of stainless steel. Side surfaces as well as inlet and outlet pipes are considered insulated. For
validation of the numerical simulations, volumetric flowrate, inlet temperature, and constant heat flux
are maintained the same as the experimental data. However, for the investigation of thermal and
hydraulic characteristics of BPHE in a wide range of Reynolds numbers (50–10,000), the volumetric
flowrate is changing from 0.06 LPM to 30 LPM with constant temperature of 20 ◦C, while constant heat
flux of 5 kW/m2 is applied on plates of the channel for all flowrates.
Nusselt number:
1.0154 0.4 0.14
¿ ℜ< 300∧¿ Nu=0.0818 ℜ ⁡Pr ⁡( μ /μ w )
0.14
¿ ℜ> 300∧¿ Nu=1.3204 ℜ0.5388 ⁡Pr 0.4 ⁡( μ /μ w )

Friction factor:
−0.394 0.14
¿ ℜ< 300∧¿ f =15.252 ℜ ⁡e ( μ/ μw )
−0.144 0.14
¿ ℜ> 300∧¿ f =3.6509 ℜ ⁡e ( μ/ μw )
Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor have mean deviations of 5.1% and 3.4%, respectively,
and can predict 100% of data in the range of ±10%

These correlations are valid for this geometry in a wide range of Reynolds numbers from 50 to 10,000

Conclusions

The third approach (original geometry with brazing joints) represents the best agreement with the
experimental data with a mean deviation of 0.5% and 15% for temperature difference and pressure
drop, respectively. The first and second approaches yield considerably departure to the experimental
data, especially in predicting the actual pressure drop (43% and 22% for the first and second approaches,
respectively). The results suggest that the effect of brazing joints, which were often neglected in previous
studies, cannot be overlooked in the simulation

The existing correlations for gasketed plate heat exchangers fail to predict the thermofluids
characteristics of brazed plate heat exchangers. The departures result from the brazing joints of brazed
plate heat exchangers and lacking of database with large chevron angles (more than 60◦).

The proposed developed correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor of the simulated brazed
plate heat exchanger in a wider range of Reynolds number (50–10,000) can predict 100% of numerical
data within ±10% with mean deviations of 5.1% and 3.4%, respectively.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117694