CHAPTER 1: FLUID MECHANICS

- Fluids: gas & liquid

Density (a scalar
property)

Pressure (scalar) o SI: N/m2 = Pa (Pascal)

o Non-SI: atm = 1.01 x
105 Pa

- Gases: compressible_liquids NOT, eg:

o Air: dens sign changes w p
o Water: dens not considerably vary w p

A. FLUIDS AT REST
Non-moving (static) => hydrostatic pressure (áp suất thủy tĩnh)

Gauge pressure &

Absolute pressure

Mercury barometers
(atmospheric pressure)

An open-tube
manometer (gauge
pressure)
PASCAL’S
PRINCIPLE

Since incompressible fluids

ARCHIMEDES’S
PRINCIPLE
(buoyant force)
Apparent weight in a fluid

B. IDEAL FLUIDS IN MOTION

- Ideal fluids:
o Steady flow: velocity not change in time
o Incompressible flow: density = const
o Non-viscous flow
o Irrotational flow

Equation of continuity

Volume flow rate

Mass flow rate

C. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
 CHAPTER 2: HEAT, TEMPERATURE, & THE FIRST
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer

Bulb in a triple-point cell

The triple point of water: o T: (K)
o p3: pressures of the gas at 273.16 K
o Liquid water, solid ice & water vapor →
o p: ….measured temperature
coexist in thermal equilibrium, at only 1
set of values of pressure & temperature.
o triple point → assigned value = 273.16 K.

K → oC

C→F
o
 2. Thermal Expansion
- Define:
o change Volume => change Temperature
o Tem ↑ => particles jiggle fast => expansion

Linear
expansion: Solids

Area
expansion: Solids

Volume
expansion: Solids
& Liquids

3. Heat and the Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids

A. Temperature & Heat
- Thermal energy: internal ener include
o Kinetic & Potential: random motions of particles
- Heat (Q): energy transferred → system  environment (since tem difference of them)

TS > TE : sys  envir Q<0

TS < TE : sys  envir Q> 0
TS = TE : NO transfer ener Q=0

B. The Absorption of Heat by Solids & Liquids

Heat capacity:
- Unit: J/K or J/C0 ; or cal/K or cal/C0
Specific Heat: