A Capstone Project Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of the

Information and Communications Technology Program
STI College General Santos City

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
 ENDORSEMENT FORM FOR PROPOSAL DEFENSE

TITLE OF RESEARCH:

NAME OF PROPONENTS:

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
has been examined and is recommended for Oral Defense.

ENDORSED BY:

Ivy Grace Laurinte

Capstone Project Adviser

APPROVED FOR PROPOSAL DEFENSE:

Ivy Grace Laurente

Capstone Project Coordinator

NOTED BY:

Kristel Joy Tulagan

Program Head

MARCH 1, 2024

APPROVAL SHEET

STI College <School Name>

This capstone project proposal titled: prepared and submitted by and in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, has
been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval.

Ma’am Ivy Grace Laurente

Capstone Project Adviser

Accepted and approved by the Capstone Project Review Panel

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

<Panelist's Given Name MI. Family Name> <Panelist's Given Name MI. Family Name>
Panel Member Panel Member

<Panelist's Given Name MI. Family Name>

Lead Panelist

Noted:

Ivy Grace Laurente Kristel Joy Tulagan

Capstone Project Coordinator Program Head

MARCH 1, 2024

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page i
Endorsement form for Proposal Defense ii
Approval Sheet iii
Table of Contents iv
Introduction 1
Project Context
Purpose and Description
Objectives
Scope and Limitations

The AMS is doing an awesome job in helping farmers improve their farming
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 INTRODUCTION

Project Context

Over the years, the technology has greatly changed the way people use computer
and communicate today. By the turn of the century, information including access
to the internet will be the basis for personal, economic and political advancement.
Every business is using technology today to speed up their business profit and gives
a quality service to meet the customer expectations. In this dynamic world,
traditional property management approaches are being tested by changing
expectations, and technological improvements. As the need for efficiency,
transparency, and tenant satisfaction, there is an urgent need for innovative
solutions to transform the way residential properties are handled.

Residential rental property management includes a wide range of obligations

beyond simple maintenance and rent collecting. Tenant screening, lease
negotiations, maintenance coordination, financial administration, regulatory
compliance, and tenant relations are just a few of the many activities that property
managers must complete. Each of these dimensions has unique obstacles, which are
typically increased by the need for excellent collaboration and communication.
Furthermore, traditional techniques of residential rental property management are
inefficient and limited. Manual processes and paper-based paper works are not only
waste time and resources, but also increase the likelihood of errors,
miscommunication, and compliance lapses. Traditional apartments manage the
aforementioned categories manually, including the use of paper and pen for client
transactions. The existing approach, however, is prone to human mistakes, which
may explain why we lack incredibly precise and trustworthy records and reports.
Aside from the issues, the operation will be hampered by the manual recording of
the rooms, facilities, and tenant data, which will influence the visitors' experience
while staying in their rooms and beds. As a result, Residential property

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 management system innovation is required for the property owner to be more
efficient. The utilization of electronic devices will be more effective and efficient.

The Residential rental property operations will be improved by eliminating manual

processes and errors. This implementation will make Residential property
management simple, quick, convenient, accurate, and dependable which will
improve the information processing, system control, and overall experience of the
tenants. This capstone project sets out to address the multiple issues that come with
residential property management by developing a full digital solution. By utilizing
technology, this project aims to redefine the standards of excellence in property
management, establishing an innovative approach for property owner and tenants.

Purpose and Description

The purpose of a Residential Rental Property Management System is to provide

property owners, and tenants with a comprehensive digital platform to streamline
and enhance the management of residential rental properties to efficiently automate
the processes such as utility billing, tenants profiling, payment, room vacancy, and
Invoicing. Once the proposed system is implemented, it will give the following
significance, particularly to the following;

Rental Owners. The Boarding House Management System offers several features
that are needed for operations with optimal efficiency. Therefore, implementing the
proposed Boarding House Management System makes all the tasks easier for the
owner. The system will enable them to track and monitor tenant payments, the state
of rooms and beds (available or occupied), water and power bills, and the creation
of reports simply and effectively. They can handle the entire boarding house
operation conveniently and effectively.

Tenants. The system will improve their overall renting experience. They can
personally access their payment records, Invoice as well as their utility bills.

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 Researchers. The developed system will enhance and deepen the knowledge of the
proponents in programming and system development, and this will also improve
their skills in analyzing, critical thinking, decision making, and solving problems.

Objectives

General Objectives
The main objectives of this system are to design and construct a Residential
Property Management System that would turn the manual method of
managing Renting property and operations into a web-based approach.

Specific Objectives

• To significantly improve the overall operation of Residential Rental

Property Management.
• To improve operational efficiency and the tenant experience while staying
in the rental property.
• To assess the system's usability, effectiveness, quality, productivity, and
reliability.
• To reduce and lessen the Residential Rental Property management's
workload.
• To design and develop a user-friendly system for the end-users.
• To keep records of the daily transactions in an electronical manner which
saves lot of energy and time.
• To generate payment reports such as electric billing, water billing, room
maintenance, and rental billing
• To view room information

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 Scope and Limitations

Scope

The scope of this study is only in gathering all the data of the tenants such
as tenants id, name, contact, rooms, address, and payments. Monthly tally
of reports it summarizes the payments of all boarders every month. User
and Admin based Management the user is for the tenant’s access and Admin
is for the owner to access the system. Print receipt function the system can
generate a receipt for the boarder’s validation of payment. The System can
notify the boarders through SMS due to the expiration of renting. And it
can process online inquiry the client can inquire if there is an available
room. This study will help the boarders notified and for the business benefits
of the owner to be more efficient. The system can only be used to manage
Residential rental property. The study's respondents will only include rental
owner, landladies/landlords, and boarding house tenants.
Limitations

• This study is limited only to the personal information of the boarders.

Records of payment of every individual boarder.
• Rental cost of the rooms and its availability.
• Only the Owner or Admin and the User Employee can access the system.
• The admin is the only one that can edit the scheduling of payments is not
included in our system, Notification of cleaners, Announcement of
activities and events, Miscellaneous reports.
• The system can only access through web browsers only the admin or
Owner can generate users to access the system.
• Also, this study will not only for this dormitory but for more dorms that
needed the system.

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 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/SYSTEMS

This chapter includes various literary works related to the topic of study and is
used as one of the foundations for the research. It includes Related literature and
Studies that the proponent uses to determine how the studies work and construct
the research statement.

Related Literature

Management System for an Apartment

According to (Srihari 2022). In the current system, finding a house for rent is
difficult for a tenant, but managing the home by the owner is also a complicated
issue. Keeping in mind about the issues of the tenant and owner, a new application
is developed which is known as Management system for Apartment. This
application will be having the users like tenant, owner, and the administrator. If a
tenant wants to find a house or apartment on rent, then he needs to go to the
application and he should register with it. This information will help the tenant to
view the home without going there, they can know the rent of the house, they can
contact the owner directly. If both parties are agreed for the house, then they will
be entering the house, owner will be having the right to enter the tenant details. A
user name will be created for the tenant and then he can contact to the owner related
to the issues of the homes, bills, payments etc. All this information will be stored
in the database and whenever the owner, and the tenant is having any issue and they
can make use of these details to clarify the issue.

Apartment Management System

According to (Sangeetha 2019). As these sorts of companies working on a large

scale are often involved in many apartments management works simultaneously.
Organizing all the details of these tasks is not easy if done manually. The manual
approach is very tedious, time-taking, and requires large number of workers.
Apartment management system software is very useful for constructions companies

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 and other similar enterprises to handle maintenance, renovation and service of
apartments in a city. it is designed to overcome all the limitations and drawbacks
of the manual system. The systems feature includes pay bills, complaint
submissions, and update the user’s information online, making it more effective,
efficient, interactive and successfully solves the problems faced compared to using
the current system.

Apartment Management

According to (Suresh 2021). Apartment management system is a newly

development software that helps to gather the information of people who leaves in
an apartment. The system that is newly developed which helps the users to get rid
of all paper works and could able to handle the things easier and quicker. In
apartment management system it uses to collect all the data of the people who
leaves at that particular area. This system helps to keep all necessary information
about flats. The project is being planned to provide all the features which will
support the needs of the concern party. Apartment management controls all back-
end functionalities like, owner details, contact number, address and other details
related to that particular apartment saved in a database, etc. Admin manages
the report details like maintenance, payments, user creation etc.

According to (Aditya & Tushar 2019). Apartment Management System is

developed for the complete management of the details about the apartments and
resident’s data. This project helps to keep track of daily transaction in electronic
manner which saves lot of resources like energy, time and money. This application
software is meant for easy and quick processing of resident details and the payments
that are done by them. In the system, the details of the individual records of the
residents are entered separately and the expenses that are to be paid by residents are
calculated automatically within fraction of a second. The monthly expenses are
calculated automatically for each resident which can save time and less employees
needed for working.

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Property Rental Management System

According to (Kartik, B. 2022). Rent and tenant administration is being done

online. Customers will be able to communicate directly with store owners and
purchase groceries as a result. Customers will find it more convenient to shop for
groceries with this app. The shopkeeper's portal can be customized so they can
control their finances. Customers of this app will also have a delivery option. This
programmed serves as a platform where you can manage renters and rent your
property with ease. It enables you to monitor the status of your tenant's payments
and much more! Register without any reservations and give it a shot. To manage
your current tenants, you can add a hostel, a housing society, or any other type of
property. The system is designed to allow administrators to view, edit, delete and
add data in the database. Each time a customer comes in, it is registered in the tenant
registration table in the database along with other relevant information about the
tenant. System design involved transforming software requirements into an
architecture that describes the top-level structure, identifies software components,
and creates a detailed design for each software component. For each requirement,
a set of one or more design elements was produced.

Related Studies

House Rental Management System

The Rental Management System is Searching in Based on the Apartment Paying

Guest, Office, House in metropolitan cities. The Rental Management System is
Based on the Owners and the Customers. The Owner is updated on the Apartment,
Office details, House, Paying Guest details. The Customer is details about the
Room space, Room rent and the Address Details also. The Rental Management
System is best Suitable the owners because time save and the only contact and the
eligible person and there is no need to explain the room details on the speak. The
Rental Management System is best application in the city place the customer
contact and the easily search and the suitable place of Apartment, Office, PG,
House and based the Money, Limit Person is based on the suitable house. The

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 Rental Management System is saving the time also. The Rental Management
System is used to easily identify the suitable place in Save time, cost also. The
Rental Management System is best way to search the house, Apartment office,
Paying Guest. Hence this system is best applicable for the above reasons making
House rental an easy process through an online system.

Residential Building Management System

According to (Iveta and Ineta 2015). For the implementation of real estate
management, in accordance with the legislative framework of good practice and
quality management, a system is required that helps the processes to be arranged
according to their fundamental values, criteria and functions. The study sets
residential property management elements and factors influencing them. The
significance of the topic is set by the developing industry and the requirement for
quality and sustainable management model that includes all interested parties -
owners, lessees, tenants, users on the one side, housing managers on the other and
the state, local government and non-governmental organizations on the third side.
The development of this sector as a whole depends on the quality of residential
housing management process.

According to (Gohmans 2015). Housing sector remains vigilant to face the

challenges of change by employing a new strategy that facilitates easy management
of rental houses. The focus of this research project is basically managing housing
for low income, medium and high incomes households or what is commonly known
as affordable housing. Affordable is a term used to describe individuals’ capability
to pay for certain products or services because their income is enough to do so.
Although the term affordable housing is often applied to rental housing, that is
within the financial means of those in the lower income ranges of a geographical
area, the concept is applicable to both middle- and high-income individuals.

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Synthesis

This project is Residential Property Management System which allows tenants to

book their room, this is an automated system where the tenants can search the
availability of rooms. The rooms that available come with the status available, it
will display all the rooms available as of that particular. A review of related
literature and studies is reviewing material that is closely related to a specific
system and emphasizes the importance of the Residential Property Management
System. It stated that a computerized system for management is preferable
compared to traditional processes. It provides the proponent with the idea of how
to improve the system by using multiple related studies.

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 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Overview of Current Technologies to be Used in the System

Nowadays Current technology has profoundly impacted the development of

management systems across various industries, revolutionizing traditional
approaches and significantly enhancing efficiency, productivity, and decision-
making capabilities. These systems integrate intuitive interfaces with powerful
functionalities such as task management, progress tracking, and communication
tools, making it easier for managers to organize and oversee projects effectively.
Additionally, advancements in cloud computing have simplified data storage and
access, enabling managers to retrieve important information anytime, anywhere.

Current technologies play a pivotal role in the development of residential

management systems, offering a range of tools and solutions that streamline
operations, enhance efficiency, and improve resident experiences. Firstly,
technology revolutionizes residential management by providing scalable and
flexible platforms for data storage, processing, and management. It enables real-
time access to information from anywhere, and enhancing collaboration among
property managers, residents, and other stakeholders. Increasingly, web-based
interfaces are employed to grant residents convenient access to residential
management services. Through web-based portals, residents can effortlessly check
room availability, make rent payments, view utility bills, and engage in seamless
communication with property management. This chapter explains the technology
used to developed the Residential Management System. The development of a
residential management system incorporates a variety of technologies to create a
robust and efficient platform for managing residential properties. Firstly, database
management systems play a crucial role in storing and organizing vast amounts of
data related to tenants, leases, maintenance records, and financial transactions. This
ensures quick and reliable access to information for property managers and
residents alike. Additionally, web-based technologies like visual studio are utilized

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 to create user-friendly interfaces for both property managers and residents to
interact with the system. These interfaces provide functionalities such as submitting
requests, paying rent, and accessing important documents. A residential
management system is a comprehensive software solution designed to streamline
and automate various aspects of managing residential properties such as apartment
complexes, condominiums, or rental units. Its primary purpose is to simplify the
administrative tasks associated with property management while enhancing the
overall efficiency of operations and improving the experience for both property
managers and residents. These systems typically offer a range of functionalities
including tenant and lease management, rent collection, accounting, and reporting
capabilities. For property managers, the system provides centralized access to
important data such as tenant information, and maintenance requests, billing and
invoice, allowing for better organization and decision-making. It also automates
routine tasks like rent reminders and lease renewals, reducing manual workload and
minimizing errors.

Overall, current technologies used in developing residential management systems

offer a comprehensive suite of tools and solutions that modernize operations,
enhance resident experiences, and drive efficiency and innovation in the
management of residential properties. By leveraging these technologies effectively,
residential management systems can adapt to evolving needs and deliver value to
both property managers and residents alike.

Calendar of Activities

The current members of the group for this project have already been chosen. Each
group member of this project was evaluated with great consideration of their skills,
expertise, and knowledge to ensure that every member would be able to make
meaningful contributions to the completion of the project. The current member
come up with the idea of Residential Property Management System due to the

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 absence of a management system in an apartment complex, which poses significant
challenges across various aspects of operation and resident satisfaction. One of the
primary issues revolves around communication difficulties. Without a centralized
platform, communication between tenants, landlords, and property managers
becomes fragmented and unreliable. Important updates, notices, or announcements
may fail to reach all residents promptly, leading to confusion and
misunderstandings. Furthermore, operational inefficiencies arise from manual
management of owner such as lease agreements, tenant screenings, and
documentation. This results in wasted time and resources that could be better
utilized for improving the living experience and maintaining the property. In
addressing these challenges, implementing an effective apartment management
system is essential. Such a system streamlines communication, automates
processes, and enhances overall operational efficiency, thereby improving tenant
satisfaction and maintaining a more organized and secure living environment for
residents. Additionally, apartments operating without a management system often
struggle with limited scalability and growth opportunities. As the complexity of
managing operations increases with the size of the apartment complex, manual
processes become overwhelmed, leading to greater inefficiencies, and reduced
service quality. By the help of conducting this project Implementing a
comprehensive management system is essential to address these challenges,
streamline operations, and enhance the living experience for residents while
ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. By investing in a
management system, landlords and property managers can unlock opportunities for
growth, improve performance, and ensure the long-term success of their apartment
complexes.

After the proposed system and title for the capstone project were finalized, the
developers started to conduct interview and site visit in the selected client and also
to gather and collect information to the chosen client. And based on the gathered
information, the client is having a hard time especially in collecting utility bills.
After collecting information, the group members started to create a prototype

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 website for the Residential Property Management System. In this prototype the
group members include the modules which are the dashboard, Room availabilities,
Tenant Information, Invoice and payment. After the creation of prototype, the
group members began writing Chapters 1–3 of the project documentation. At the
same time, the developers report their research progress to their adviser during their
weekly meeting with the adviser for documentation review and revision purposes.
The Gantt chart under this section shows the summary of the overall activities that
the developers of this project have done throughout the given duration.

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Gantt Chart of Activities
MONTH
FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER
ACTIVITY
Formation of the
Group
Brainstorming with the
final group members &
formulating title
proposals
Selection of Capstone
Project Adviser
Finding the right client
for the proposed
project/s
Creation of the
PowerPoint
presentation for the
requirements of title
proposals
Title Proposal Day
Acceptance of the title
proposal
Creation of interview
questions and needed
requirements to
proceed with the
interview

Completed Activities On-Going

Gantt Chart of Activities

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 MONTH
FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER
ACTIVITY
Day of the interview
with the client and site
visit to the client’s
stores
Planning – (Diagrams
making)
Documentation
Writing
System Development
Review to the Product
Owner
Testing to the School
Deployment

Completed Activities On-Going

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Resources

To acquire the most out of the system, the client should run it on a desktop PC or laptop
that meets the following requirements:

Hardware

Operating System – The system is only compatible with Windows operating system
preferably Windows 10 or Windows 10 Pro
Processor – Intel Core i5 – 2nd Generation or higher
Memory – Minimum of 4GB RAM with the recommendation of 8GB RAM for a faster
and smooth experience
Storage – The system will require storage with the minimum usage of 50 MB therefore
having a 64GB HDD/SSD will do

Software
MySQL – MySQL is an open-source database management system that will be used to
create web databases for the system.
Microsoft Visual Studio -
 <METHODOLOGY>

Requirements Analysis

The Residential Management System involves a thorough examination of the needs,

objectives, and constraints to ensure the system effectively meets the requirements of
property managers, residents, and other stakeholders. Owner and tenants’ interview and
survey are conducted to understand their needs, preferences, and pain points, ensuring that
the system's requirements accurately reflect the diverse needs of the user community. A
thorough investigation of how the current or existing system works using the facts gathered
at the preliminary investigation leads to focusing on the possibility of replacing the existing
system or improving upon the existing system, which plays an important role in developing
a satisfactory requirement. The user of the said system will be the owner and tenants. The
business activities of residential management system are, tenants’ profile, payment, utility
bills, room availability, Invoice, and submission of tenant’s concern. By conducting a
thorough analysis of requirements, property managers can ensure the successful
implementation and adoption of an apartment management system that meets the needs of
all stakeholders and contributes to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of property
management operations.

Functional Requirements

• Resident Management:
➢ Ability to maintain resident profiles with details such as contact information, lease
terms, and rental history.
➢ Capability to handle resident inquiries, complaints, and requests efficiently.
➢ Functionality to manage move-ins, move-outs, and lease renewals seamlessly.
• Lease Administration:
➢ Ability to create and manage lease agreements, including lease terms, rent
amounts, and payment schedules.
➢ Functionality to track lease expirations, rent payments, and late fees.

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 ➢ Capability to generate lease-related documents such as rental agreements,
addendums, and notices.
• Financial Management:
➢ Capability to manage rent collection, including invoicing, payment processing,
and late fee calculations.
➢ Functionality to track expenses, such as utilities, repairs, and maintenance costs.
➢ Ability to generate financial reports, including income statements, balance sheets,
and cash flow statements.
Non-Functional Requirements

• Performance:
➢ The system should respond promptly to user interactions and process transactions
efficiently.
➢ Response times for critical functions such as rent collection and maintenance
requests should be minimal.
• Scalability:
➢ The system should be able to handle an increasing number of residents,
properties, and transactions over time.
➢ It should scale seamlessly to accommodate growth without compromising
performance.
• Usability:
➢ The user interface should be intuitive, user-friendly, and accessible across
different devices and platforms.
➢ Residents and property managers should be able to navigate the system easily and
perform tasks efficiently.
• Reliability:
➢ The system should be reliable and available whenever needed, with minimal
downtime or disruptions.
➢ It should have mechanisms in place to prevent data loss and ensure data integrity
in case of failures.

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Requirements Documentation

The Residential Management System has requested a Management System that can
automate the various tasks such as financial management, amenities management, and
communication. The group had proposed a residential management system that can help to
manage operations by leveraging technology and automation, enhance efficiency, and to
improve the overall performance of the organization. The group members define the
system's objectives and scope, outlining the primary goals such as optimizing operations,
enhancing efficiency, and improving overall performance within the residential.
Additionally, it outlines the essential features, functionalities, and constraints that guide
the development and implementation of the system. It encompasses both functional and
non-functional requirements to ensure that the system effectively meets the needs of
property managers, residents, and other stakeholders. It also includes input from key
stakeholders, including property managers, and tenants. Tenants and owner feedback,
gathered through interviews and surveys, helps to ensure that the system's requirements
accurately reflect the diverse needs and preferences of the user community. By
documenting and prioritizing these requirements, the Requirements Documentation serves
as a roadmap for the development and implementation of a residential management system
that effectively meets the needs of all residential owner and contributes to the overall
efficiency and effectiveness of property management operations.

System Flowchart
A system flowchart is a diagram that depicts an algorithm or process by depicting the steps
as various types of boxes and linking them with arrows to demonstrate their order. A step-
by-step solution to a problem can be provided using this graphical presentation. These
boxes represent process operations, with arrows connecting them to show control flow.

Flowcharts are used in a variety of industries to analyze, create, document, and manage a
process or program. In the flowchart, several symbols are used to indicate input, output,
decision, connectors, and process.

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Admin/Owner login

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User/Tenant Login

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Design of Software, System, Product, and/or Processes

On this part, the proponents shall describe in detail how they will design the proposed
system in accordance with standards.

In this phase, the design of the proposed system Transportation Management System for
Fatima airport transportation Cooperation is critical to ensure it aligns with industry
standards, leading to an effective, and efficient product.

Entity Relationship Diagram

Primary Keys: Admin Bed Room Payments Submit Ticket Tenant

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 References
https://opus.govst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1534&context=capstones
https://www.academia.edu/38679819/Apartment_Management_Print
https://www.scribd.com/document/440402869/Apartment-Management-System
https://researchgate.net/publication/365875447_Property_Rental_Management_System
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297658847_Residential_Building_Management_
System_Features_and_Underlying_Factors
https://www.scribd.com/document/428244636/House-Rental-Management-System-Report-
1-pdf

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 REFERENCES

The reference list provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources
cited in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list;
likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Your references should begin
on a new page separate from the text of the manuscript; label this page REFERENCES centered
at the top of the page (bold, but do not underline or use quotation marks). All text should be double-
spaced just like the rest of the text.

Basic Rules

•All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch
from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

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particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors,
list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the
authors.

•Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

•If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author
references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of
publication, starting with the earliest.

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only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in
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or essays in edited collections.

The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all
references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource,
etc.)

Single Author: Last name first, followed by author initials. 8

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Example:

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in

Psychological Science, 11, 7-10

Two Authors: List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand (&) instead of "and."

Example:
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic
contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

Three to Six Authors: List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the
last author name is preceded again by ampersand.

Example:

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-
esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

More Than Six Authors: If there are more than six authors, list the first six as above and then "et
al.," which stands for "and others." Remember not to place a period after "et" in "et al."

Example:

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs
and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245. Organization as
Author: Name of Organization. (year)

Example:

American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author:

Example:

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a
shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics

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as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as
follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug," 1993).

Two or More Works by the Same Author: Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries
by the year (earliest comes first).

Example:

Berndt, T.J. (1981).; Berndt, T.J. (1999).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group,
list the one-author entries first.

Example:

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school. Educational

Psychologist, 34, 15-28. Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents'
adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged
alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and
second authors are the same.

Example:

Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror
judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude
change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24,
25-43.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you are using more than one
reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in
the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter.
Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your
reference list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims..."

Example:

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior
between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

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Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child
Development, 52, 636-643.

Article in Journal Paginated by Volume: Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page
one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.

Example:

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of

Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Article in Journal Paginated by Issue: Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue;
therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and
issue number are not italicized or underlined.

Example:

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

Article in a Magazine

Example:

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Article in a Newspaper: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper
reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4
or pp. C1, C3-C4.

Example:

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country
Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

Note: Because of issues with HTML coding, the listings below using brackets contain spaces that
are not to be used with your listings. Use a space as normal before the brackets, but do not include
a space following the bracket.

A Translation

Example:

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Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory,
Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

Note: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, work in your text, it should appear
with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).

Edition Other Than the First

Example:

Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses
after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not
appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers.

Example:

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing,
transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-
123). New York: Springer.

Government Document

Example:

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS
Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Report From a Private Organization

Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with
eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.

Conference Proceedings

Example:

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Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The First
International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum.

Electronic Sources- Article From an Online Periodical: Online articles follow the same guidelines
for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue
number in parentheses.

Example:

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make
Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Newspaper Article

Example:

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York
Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides: When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide
the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).

Example:

Roberts, K. F. (1998). Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment [PowerPoint

slides]. Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hrenv/index.html

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 APPENDICES

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 APPENDIX A. RESOURCE PERSONS

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 APPENDIX B. PERSONAL TECHNICAL VITAE

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 Curriculum Vitae of
<GIVEN NAME MI. FAMILY NAME>
<complete address>
<email address>
contact number either cellular phone or landline or both

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Level Inclusive Dates Name of school/ Institution
Tertiary month year
Vocational/Technical month year
High School month year
Elementary month year

PROFESSIONAL OR VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE

Nature of Experience/ Name and Address of Company or
Inclusive Dates
Job Title Organization
month year
month year
month year
month year
Listed in reverse chronological order (most recent first).

AFFILIATIONS
Inclusive Dates Name of Organization Position
month year
month year
month year
month year
Listed in reverse chronological order (most recent first).

SKILLS
SKILLS Level of Competency Date Acquired
month year
month year
month year

TRAININGS, SEMINARS, OR WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

Inclusive Dates Title of Training, Seminar, or Workshop
month year
month year
month year
month year
Listed in reverse chronological order (most recent first).

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