Grammar and Writing Skill Topics-3 - 112339

Format of Activity Sheet
Subject: English Marks: 80

Time :Three hours Std. XII
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Section-I
(Reading skill, Vocabulary, Grammar, Note-making and Summary)
Q. 1.(A) Read the first activity, read the extract and then do all the activities 12
A1. Activity testing Complex Factual Global understanding 2
(A Seen Prose Extract from Units I to 4 between 250 and 300 words)
A2. Activity testing Inference/Interpretation 2
A3. Activity testing Conclusion/Guessing 2
A4. Activity testing Vocabulary 2
A5. Personal Response 2
A6. Contextual Grammar 2
(B) Grammar (Non-textual) 3
(Articles, prepositions and one item not covered in QI A6, Q2. A6 and Q3. A6)
Q.2. (A) Read the first activity, read the extract and then do all the activities. 12
Al. Activity testing Complex Factual/Global understanding 2
(A Seen Prose Extract from Units 5 to 8: between 250 and 300 words)
AS. Personal Response 2
(B) Note-making. 3
(An unseen prose extract selected to form the basis for note-making (around 200 words)
Q3. (A) Read the first activity, read the extract and then do all the activities. 12
Al. Activity testing Complex Factual/Global understanding
(Unseen Prose Extract: between 250 and 300 words)
A5. Personal Response 2
(B) Summary 3
(based on the extract in Q.3 (A))
Section-II Poetry
Q.4. Read the extract and do the activities that follow 8
(One seen poem extract 12 to 16 lines)
A1. Activity testing Factual understanding 2
A2. Activity testing Interpretation'/understanding of Poetic Device 2
A3. Activity testing Appreciation or Personal response 2
A 4. Poetic Creativity 2
Section III
(Rapid Reading and Composition)
Q.5(A) Read the extract and do the activities that follow: 4
(One seen extract 200 to 250 words)
A1.Activity testing global understanding based on (i) Plot (ii) Character (iii) Setting (iv) Theme
(v) Language 2
A2.Activity: (Activity Testing creativity) (i) Add your own imaginative paragraph either before or after
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the extract (ii) Convert dialogue into a story form / convert the extract into a dialogue form 2
(B) Read the extract and do the activities that follow: 4
(One seen extract 200 to 250 words)
A1.Activity testing global understanding based on (i) Plot (ii) Character (iii) Setting (iv) Theme
(v) Language 2
A2.Activity: (Activity Testing creativity) (i) Add your own imaginative paragraph either before or after
the extract (ii) Convert dialogue into a story form / convert the extract into a dialogue form 2
Section-IV
(Written Communication)
[Activities testing application/expression]
Q6. (A) Letter-Writing : Write any ONE of the following letters 4

i.Application-leave of absence, bona-fide certificate, scholarship, concessions, job, etc.
or
ii. Complaint-city planning, traffic, garbage, pollution, stray dogs, grievances etc.
(B) Write on any ONE of the following items: (Activity testing expression) 4
i. Leaflet: donation, tourism, yoga/computer class, summer camps, holiday camps, book club, etc.
or
ii. News drafting/ Report writing
(C) Write on any ONE of the following items: (Activity testing expression) 4
i. View--counter view
Or
ii. Information Transfer (Non-verbal to Verbal)
Q7. (A) Framing questions for an interview 4
( Set 8-10 questions to have an interview)
i. Introductory question 2. Content question 3. Probing questions 4. Closing question
(B) Drafting Speech ( Activity testing expression)
Preparing a speech about 100 words.
Que.1 B) Grammar( Que.1 A)- A6, Que. 2 A)-A6, Que 3.A)-A6 ) 3.
Subjects/ Personal Pronoun
Persons Singular Plural

1st person I We
2nd Person You You
He
3rd person She They
It
ईंग्रजीत आठ प्रकारची सर्ाांनामे आहे त. त्ाांच््ा पढ

ु े सहाय््ताकारी क्रि्ापद र्ापरुन मख्
ु ् क्रि्ापद र्ापरार्े.
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(1)Tenses
VERBS(क्रि्ापदे )
Infinitive Present Past Past Participle Present Participle
to go Go went gone going
to eat Eat ate eaten eating
to play Play played played playing
to do do, does did done doing

to be am, is, are was, were been being
to have have, has had had having
1.Present Tense
i. Simple Present Tense
Sentences Singular Plural

1 I eat a Mango We eat a Mango
Add Que. I eat a Mango,don’t I? We eat a Mango,don’t we?
Rhetorical Que. Don’t I eat a Mango? Don’t we eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What do I eat? What do we eat?
Change the voice A Mango is eaten by me. A Mango is eaten by us.
2 You eat a Mango You eat a Mango.

Add Que. You eat a Mango, don’t you? You eat a Mango, don’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Don’t you eat a Mango? Don’t you eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What do you eat? What do you eat?
Change the voice A Mango is eaten by you. A Mango is eaten by you
3. He eats a Mango.
Add Que. He eats a Mango, doesn’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Doesn’t he eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What does he eat?
Change the voice A Mango is eaten by him.
4. She eats a Mango. They eat a Mango.

Add Que. She eats a Mango, doesn’t she? They eat a Mango, don’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Doesn’t she eat a Mango? Don’t they eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What does she eat? What do they eat?
Change the voice A Mango is eaten by her. A Mango is eaten by them.
5. It eats a Mango.
Add Que. It eats a Mango, doesn’t It?
Rhetorical Que. Doesn’t It eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What does It eat?
Change the voice A Mango is eaten by It.
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ii. Present continuous Tense

1 I am eating a Mango We are eating a Mango.
Add Que. I am eating a Mango,aren’t I? We are eating a Mango, aren’t We?
Rhetorical Que. Aren’t I eating a Mango? Aren’t we eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What am I eating? What are we eating?
Change the voice A Mango is being eaten by me. A Mango is being eaten by us.
2 You are eating a Mango. You are eating a Mango.

Add Que. You are eating a Mango, aren’t you? You are eating a Mango, aren’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Aren’t you eating a Mango? Aren’t you eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What are you eating? What are you eating?
Change the voice A Mango is being eaten by you. A Mango is being eaten by you.
3. He is eating a Mango.
Add Que. He is eating a Mango, isn’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Isn’t he eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What is he eating?
Change the voice A Mango is being eaten by him.
4. She is eating a Mango. They are eating a Mango

Add Que. She is eating a Mango, isn’t she? They are eating a Mango, aren’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Isn’t she eating a Mango? Aren’t they eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What is she eating? What are they eating?
Change the voice A Mango is being eaten by her. A Mango is being eaten by them.
5. It is eating a Mango.
Add Que. It is eating a Mango, isn’t it?
Rhetorical Que. Isn’t it eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What is it eating?
Change the voice A Mango is being eaten by it.
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iii. Present perfect tense

1 I have eaten a Mango. We have eaten a Mango.
Add Que. I have eaten a Mango, haven’t I? We have eaten a Mango, haven’t We?
Rhetorical Que. Haven’t I eaten a Mango? Haven’t We eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What have I eaten? What have We eaten?
Change the voice A Mango has been eaten by me. A Mango has been eaten by us.
2 You have eaten a Mango. You have eaten a Mango.

Add Que. You have eaten a Mango, haven’t you? You have eaten a Mango, haven’t You?
Rhetorical Que. Haven’t you eaten a Mango? Haven’t you eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What have You eaten? What have you eaten?
Change the voice A Mango has been eaten by you. A Mango has been eaten by you.
3. He has eaten a Mango.

Add Que. He has eaten a Mango, hasn’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Hasn’t he eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What has he eaten?
Change the voice A Mango has been eaten by him.
4. She has eaten a Mango. They have eaten a Mango.

Add Que. She has eaten a Mango, hasn’t She? They have eaten a Mango, haven’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Hasn’t she eaten a Mango? Haven’t they eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What has she eaten? What have they eaten?
Change the voice A Mango has been eaten by her. A Mango has been eaten by them.
5. It has eaten a Mango.

Add Que. It has eaten a Mango, hasn’t it?
Rhetorical Que. Hasn’t it eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What has it eaten?
Change the voice A Mango has been eaten by it.
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iv. Present perfect continuous tense

1 I have been eating a Mango. We have been eating a Mango.
Add Que. I have been eating a Mango, haven’t I? We have been eating a Mango, haven’t
We?
Rhetorical Que. Haven’t I been eating a Mango? Haven’t We been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What have I been eating? What have We been eating?
Change the voice ………………….. …………………..
2 You have been eating a Mango. You have been eating a Mango.
Add Que You have been eating a Mango, haven’t You have been eating a Mango, haven’t
you? You?
Rhetorical Que. Haven’t you been eating a Mango? Haven’t you been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What have You been eating? What have you been eating?
Change the voice ………………….. …………………..
3. He has been eating a Mango.

Add Que. He has been eating a Mango, hasn’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Hasn’t he been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What has he been eating?
Change the voice …………………..
4. She has been eating a Mango. They have been eating a Mango.
Add Que. She has been eating a Mango, hasn’t They have been eating a Mango, haven’t
She? they?
Rhetorical Que. Hasn’t she been eating a Mango? Haven’t they been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What has she been eating? What have they been eating?
Change the voice ………………….. …………………..
5. It has been eating a Mango.

Add Que. It has been eating a Mango, hasn’t it?
Rhetorical Que. Hasn’t it been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What has it been eating?
Change the voice …………………..
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Past Tense
i. Simple Past

1 I ate a Mango We ate a Mango
Add Que. I ate a Mango, didn’t I? We ate a Mango, didn’t we?
Rhetorical Que. Didn’t I eat a Mango? Didn’t we eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What did I eat? What did we eat?
Change the voice A Mango was eaten by me. A Mango was eaten by us.
2 You ate a Mango You ate a Mango.

Add Que. You ate a Mango, didn’t you? You ate a Mango, didn’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Didn’t you eat a Mango? Didn’t you eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What did you eat? What did you eat?
Change the voice A Mango was eaten by you. A Mango was eaten by you
3. He ate a Mango.
Add Que. He ate a Mango, didn’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Didn’t he eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What did he eat?
Change the voice A Mango was eaten by him.
4. She ate a Mango. They ate a Mango.

Add Que. She ate a Mango, didn’t she? They ate a Mango, didn’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Didn’t she eat a Mango? Didn’t they eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What did she eat? What did they eat?
Change the voice A Mango was eaten by her. A Mango was eaten by them.
5. It ate a Mango.
Add Que. It ate a Mango, didn’t It?
Rhetorical Que. Didn’t It eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What did It eat?
Change the voice A Mango was eaten by It.
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ii.Past continuous Tense

1 I was eating a Mango We were eating a Mango
Add Que. I was eating a Mango, wasn’t I? We were eating a Mango, weren’t we?
Rhetorical Que. Wasn’t I eating a Mango? Weren’t we eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What was I eating? What were we eating?
Change the voice A Mango was being eaten by me. A Mango was being eaten by us.
2 You were eating a Mango You were eating a Mango.

Add Que. You were eating a Mango, weren’t you? You were eating a Mango, weren’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Weren’t you eating a Mango? Weren’t you eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What were you eating? What were you eating?
Change the voice A Mango was being eaten by you. A Mango was being eaten by you
3. He was eating a Mango.

Add Que. He was eating a Mango, wasn’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Wasn’t he eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What was he eating?
Change the voice A Mango was being eaten by him.
4. She was eating a Mango. They were eating a Mango.

Add Que. She was eating a Mango, wasn’t she? They were eating a Mango, weren’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Wasn’t she eating a Mango? Weren’t they eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What was she eating? What were they eating?
Change the voice A Mango was being eaten by her. A Mango was being eaten by them.
5. It was eating a Mango.

Add Que. It was eating a Mango, wasn’t It?
Rhetorical Que. Wasn’t It eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What was It eating?
Change the voice A Mango was being eaten by It.
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iii. Past Perfect Tense

1 I had eaten a Mango We had eaten a Mango
Add Que. I had eaten a Mango, hadn’t I? We had eaten a Mango, hadn’t we?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t I eaten a Mango? Hadn’t we eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had I eaten? What had we eaten?
Change the voice A Mango had been eaten by me. A Mango had been eaten by us.
2 You had eaten a Mango You had eaten a Mango.

Add Que. You had eaten a Mango, hadn’t you? You had eaten a Mango, hadn’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t you eaten a Mango? Hadn’t you eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had you eaten? What had you eaten?
Change the voice A Mango had been eaten by you. A Mango had been eaten by you
3. He had eaten a Mango.

Add Que. He had eaten a Mango, hadn’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t he eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had he eaten?
Change the voice A Mango had been eaten by him.
4. She had eaten a Mango. They had eaten a Mango.

Add Que. She had eaten a Mango, hadn’t she? They had eaten a Mango, hadn’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t she eaten a Mango? Hadn’t they eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had she eaten? What had they eaten?
Change the voice A Mango had been eaten by her. A Mango had been eaten by them.
5. It had eaten a Mango.

Add Que. It had eaten a Mango, hadn’t It?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t It eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had It eaten?
Change the voice A Mango had been eaten by It.
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iv. Past Perfect continuous Tense

1 I had been eating a Mango We had been eating a Mango
Add Que. I had been eating a Mango, hadn’t I? We had been eating a Mango, hadn’t we?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t I been eating a Mango? Hadn’t we been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had I been eating? What had we been eating?
Change the voice ……………………… ………………………
2 You had been eating a Mango You had been eating a Mango.
Add Que. You had been eating a Mango, hadn’t You had been eating a Mango, hadn’t
you? you?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t you been eating a Mango? Hadn’t you been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had you been eating? What had you been eating?
Change the voice ……………………… ………………………
3. He had been eating a Mango.

Add Que. He had been eating a Mango, hadn’t
Rhetorical Que. he?
Wh-Que. Hadn’t he been eating a Mango?
Change the voice What had he been eating?
……………………….
4. She had been eating a Mango. They had been eating a Mango.
Add Que. She had been eating a Mango, hadn’t They had been eating a Mango, hadn’t
Rhetorical Que. she? they?
Wh-Que. Hadn’t she been eating a Mango? Hadn’t they been eating a Mango?
Change the voice What had she been eating? What had they been eating?
……………………… ………………………
5. It had been eating a Mango.

Add Que. It had been eating a Mango, hadn’t It?
Rhetorical Que. Hadn’t It been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What had It been eating?
Change the voice ………………………
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Future Tense
i. Simple Future
1 I shall eat a Mango. We we will eat a Mango.
Add Que. I shall eat a Mango, shan’t I? We will eat a Mango ,won’t We?
Rhetorical Que. Shan’t I eat a Mango? Won’t we eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will you eat? What will we eat?
Change the voice A Mango will be eaten by me. A Mango will be eaten by us.
2 You will eat a Mango. You will eat a Mango

Add Que. You will eat a Mango, won’t you? You will eat a Mango, won’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t you eat a Mango? Won’t you eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will you eat? What will you eat?
Change the voice A Mango will be eaten by you. A Mango will be eaten by you.
3. He will eat a Mango.

Add Que. He will eat a Mango, won’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t he eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will he eat?
Change the voice A Mango will be eaten by him.
4. She will eat a Mango. They will eat a Mango.

Add Que. She will eat a Mango, won’t she? They will eat a Mango, won’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t she eat a Mango? Won’t they eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will she eat? What will they eat?
Change the voice A Mango will be eaten by her. A Mango will be eaten by them.
5. It will eat a Mango.

Add Que. It will eat a Mango, won’t it?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t it eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will it eat?
Change the voice A Mango will be eaten by it.
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ii. Future Continuous Tense
1 I shall be eating a Mango. We we will be eating a Mango.
Add Que. I shall be eating a Mango, shan’t I? We will be eating a Mango ,won’t We?
Rhetorical Que. Shan’t I eat a Mango? Won’t we eat a Mango?
Wh-Que. What shall I be eating? What will we be eating?
Change the voice ………………… …………………
2 You will be eating a Mango. You will be eating a Mango

Add Que. You will be eating a Mango, won’t you? You will be eating a Mango, won’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t you be eating a Mango? Won’t you be eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will you be eating? What will you be eating?
3. He will be eating a Mango.

Add Que. He will be eating a Mango, won’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t he be eating t a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will he be eating?
Change the voice …………………
4. She will be eating a Mango. They will be eating a Mango.

Add Que. She will be eating a Mango, won’t she? They will be eating a Mango, won’t they?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t she be eating a Mango? Won’t they be eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will she be eating? What will they be eating?
5. It will be eating a Mango.

Add Que. It will be eating a Mango, won’t it?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t it be eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will it be eating?
Change the voice . …………………
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iii. Future Perfect Tense
1 I shall have eaten a Mango. We we will have eaten a Mango.
Add Que. I shall have eaten a Mango, shan’t I? We will have eaten a Mango ,won’t We?
Rhetorical Que. Shan’t I have eaten a Mango? Won’t we have eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What shall I have eaten? What will we have eaten?
Change the voice A Mango shall have been eaten by me. A Mango will have been eaten by us.
2 You will have eaten a Mango. You will have eaten a Mango
Add Que. You will have eaten a Mango, won’t You will have eaten a Mango, won’t you?
you?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t you have eaten a Mango? Won’t you have eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will you have eaten? What will you have eaten?
Change the voice A Mango will have been eaten by you. A Mango will have been eaten by you.
3. He will have eaten a Mango.

Add Que. He will have eaten a Mango, won’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t he have eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will he have eaten?
Change the voice A Mango will have been eaten by him.
4. She will have eaten a Mango. They will have eaten a Mango.
Add Que. She will have eaten a Mango, won’t They will have eaten a Mango, won’t they?
she?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t she have eaten a Mango? Won’t they have eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will she have eaten? What will they have eaten?
Change the voice A Mango will have been eaten by her. A Mango will have been eaten by them.
5. It will have eaten a Mango.

Add Que. It will have eaten a Mango, won’t it?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t it have eaten a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will it have eaten?
Change the voice A Mango will have been eaten by it.
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iv. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
1 I shall have been eating a Mango. We we will have been eating a Mango.
Add Que. I shall have been eating a Mango, We will have been eating a Mango ,
shan’t I? won’t We?
Rhetorical Que. Shan’t I have been eating a Mango? Won’t we have been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What shall I have been eating? What will we have been eating?
Change the voice ……………………… ……………………….
2 You will have been eating a Mango. You will have been eating a Mango
Add Que. You will have been eating a Mango, You will have been eating a Mango,
won’t you? won’t you?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t you have been eating a Mango? Won’t you have been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will you have been eating? What will you have been eating?
Change the voice ……………………….. ………………………….
3. He will have been eating a Mango.

Add Que. He will have been eating a Mango,
won’t he?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t he have been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will he have been eating?
Change the voice ………………………………..
4. She will have been eating a Mango. They will have been eating a Mango.
Add Que. She will have been eating a Mango, They will have been eating a Mango, won’t
won’t she? they?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t she have been eating a Mango? Won’t they have been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will she have been eating? What will they have been eating?
Change the voice …………………………. ……………………………
5. It will have been eating a Mango.

Add Que. It will have been eating a Mango,
won’t it?
Rhetorical Que. Won’t it have been eating a Mango?
Wh-Que. What will it have been eating?
Change the voice ………………………
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(2)Degrees(Adjectives of comparison)
positive comparative superlative

Tall taller Tallest
Small smaller Smallest
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Rule 1:
Positive Comparative
as.... as not..... Than
not... So/as... as --- than
ex. Rajesh is as tall as Pankaj. (Positive)

---- Pankaj is not taller than Rajesh. (comparative)
ex. Usha is not as fat as Radha. (positive)

---- Radha is fatter than Usha. (Comparative)
र्रील र्ाक््ात दोन गोष्टीची तुलना केलेली आहे ,ज््ा र्ेळी दोन गोष्टीांची तुलना केलेली असते आणि ते र्ाक्् positive चे
असेल तर ते फक्त comparative मधेच बदलते, comparative चे असेल तर ते फक्त ् positive मधेच बदलतेत्ाची
superlative degree होत नाही.
Rule 2:
Types superlative comparative Positive

Absolute the (most) (more) than any other No other.... as...as
Non -Absolute one of the than many other very few as...as
Absolute: (नीरं कुशता)

Ex. Akbar was the greatest Moghal king.(Superlative)
→ Akbar was greater than any other Moghal king.(Comparative)
→ No other Moghal king was as great as Akbar.(Positive)
Non –Absolute: (अ-नीरं कुशता)

Ex. Akbar was one of the greatest Moghal King.(Superlative)
→Akbar was greater than many other Moghal King.(Comparative)
→Very few Moghal Kings were as great as Akbar.(Positive)
जर एका गोष्टीची तल
ु ना अनेकाांशी केलेलल असेल आणि ती comparative degree असेल, positive असेल,
superlative असेल, तर ती कोित्ाही डिग्री मध््े आपल््ाला बद्लता ्ेत.े
-----------------------------------------
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(3) Prepositions (शब्दद््ोगग अव्््)
Prepositions Functions Examples
1.In to show place— -He is in the room.
before Special place--- -Vinod lives in Goa.
to show year,time,month— -He born in 1975, Diwali is in winter season.
to mention about occupation-- -He is in Army.
2.At for perfect time— -Our school will be at 7:30 a.m.
to indicate place--- -My father is at home., Ramesh lived at Rampur.
to indicate special place---- -Our President lives at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
3.Into get inside— -Ajay went into the room.
to indicate translation--- -He translated his novel into English.
4.To to show direction— -I want to go to Aurangabad.
to indicate time--- -It is ten to five.
in Infinitive verb--- -I have to attend examination.
5.Toward to indicate direction-- -She is going towards the college.
6.On before day and date— -India became free on 15th Aug.1947.
to indicate above--- -She is sitting on the chair.
to speak about subject— - I am going to speak on Environment.
to indicate time--- -The will run on regular time.
7.Upon to indicate upside-- -The mango fall upon me
8.By to indicate place— -The writer is still standing by the window.
to indicate thing--- - Rajesh came by taxi.
in passive voice— - Hamlet is written by Shakespeare.
to indicate concluding time-- - He will finish his work by 5:30 p.m.
9.With to indicate association--- -Ramesh was with me.
to indicate special thing— -He remain present with his favourite bat.
to indicate quality--- -The soldiers fought with courage.
10.Of to indicate relations, -He is brother of Ramesh.,
professions— -He is principal of college.
to indicate quality-- -He is a man of High morality.
11.Off to indicate separation— -The button of my shirt came off.
to indicate upside down-- -He fall off the motor-cycle.
12.From to indicate place— -He is from Nashik.
to indicate time--- -He played from morning till evening.
to indicate source--- -Light came from Sun.
to mention reason-- -He suffers from malaria.
13.Since to indicate time span--- -I have been teaching since 2004.
14. For to indicate period of time— -He has been driving cars for last 2 years.
to indicate intention--- -I live in this house for my mom.
to indicate price--- -I bought this antique piece for 500 Rs.
15.Between to indicate middle place (in two)- -Ramesh slept between Prakash and Bharat.
16.Among to indicate place (more things) -Distribute sweet among all children
17. Within to indicate before time--- -I used to do my work within time.
18.Around to indicate time— -He came to me around 4 p.m.
to indicate place- -Enemy gathered around India.
19.Over to indicate above thing untouched -The sky is above our head.
20.Above to indicate above thing touched -The Mangoes are above our head.
---------------------------------------
16 |s p t
(4) Modal Auxiliary
Modal Attitude/Functions Examples

1.Can Ability xamata -I can do my job perfectly.
2.Could Capacity xamata -I could play till night.
3.May Permission prvaanagaI -May I come in sir?
4.May not Prohibition manaa[Z -You may not borrow notes in exam hall.
5.Might Possibility Sya@yata -It might rains today.
6.Should Advice sallaa--- -You should study regularly.
Probability saMBaavyata-- -The teacher should be in class.
7.Must Obligation/Compulsion -You must win tomorrows match.
baMQana
8.Will Certainty inaScaItta -We will face the fast bowlers.
9. Would Polite Request ivanayaSaIla -Would you please give me your note book.
ivanaMtI
10.Shall Determination inaQaaZr -The decision of umpire shall be final.
11.Need Necessity garja -I need to work for my family.
12.Ought to Moral Obligation naOitk -You ought to follow your words
baMQana
13.Used to Past habit which is not continue -I used to visit this place at my childhood.
--------------------------------------
(5) Direct- Indirect Speech (प्रत्क्ष-अप्रत्क्ष कथन)
प्रत्क्ष-अप्रत्क्ष कथन: िा्रे क्ट स्पीचचे इन िा्रे क्ट स्पीच मध््े रूपाांतर करताना दोन नन्म महत्त्र्ाचे आहे त
पहहला नन्म : ्ात जर ररपोहटां ग व्हबब र्तबमान काळात असताना ररपोटे ि स्पीच मधल््ा काळात कुठलाही बदल होत नाही,
ररपोहटां ग व्हबब भवर्ष््काळात असेल तरीही ररपोटे ि स्पीच मधल््ा काळात बदल होत नाही
दस
ु रा नन्म: ररपोहटां ग व्हबब भत
ू काळात असेल तरच ररपोटे ि स्पीच मधल््ा काळात बदल होतो.
Rule 1. (पहहला नन्म)

Subject Reporting verb Reported Speech
Gopal says, “It is true.”
Gopal says that it is true.

Gopal will say, “It is true.”
Gopal will say that it is true.
Rule 2.(दस
ु रा नन्म)
Gopal said “It is true.”
Gopal said that it was true.
Reporting verb is in Past tense (Said, asked, was asking, had asked, had been asking, told) at that time
the following changes took place in Reported speech.
17 |s p t
ररपोहटां ग स्पीच हे भूतकाळात असेल तर इांडिरे क्ट स्पीचमध््े बदल होताना ते पुढील प्रमािे र्ेगर्ेगळ््ा काळात बदलतात.
No Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1 Simple Present Tense Simple past Tense
Ex. I eat an apple. Ex. I ate an apple.
2 Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
Ex. I am eating an apple. Ex. I was eating an apple.
3 Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
Ex. I have eaten an apple. Ex. I had eaten an apple.
4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Ex. I have been eating an apple. Ex. I had been eating an apple.
5 Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
Ex. I ate an apple. Ex. I had eaten an apple.
6 Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Ex. I was eating an apple. Ex.I had been eating an apple.
7 Future Tense Past Tense
Will/shall/can/may Ex. Would/Should/Could/might
8 Must Had to/Must
9 Would/Should/Could/might No Change.
10 Past Perfect/ Past Perfect Continuous Tense No Change.
Ex. I had eaten an apple/ I had been eating an apple.
स्थल कालर्ाचक शब्ददात होिारे बदल.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
This That
These Those
Here There
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The day before
last night The night before
next week The following week
Now Then
Ago Before
Thus So
1.Assertive Sentences(विधानार्थी िाक्य)-

Ex. It said, “I am Yaksha”.
---It said that he was Yaksha.
Ex. I said, “I am saving this man’s life.”
---I said that I was saving that man’s life.
2.Imperative sentences(आज्ञार्थी िाक्य)

Ex. The teacher said to Sangita, “Stand up on the bench”.
---The teacher ordered Sangita to stand up on the bench.
18 |s p t
Ex. I said to my servant, “Do not sit in this room.”
---I ordered to my servant not to sit in that room.
3.Interrogative sentences(प्रश्नार्थथक िाक्य)

i) Wh-Que.-
Ex. She said to me, “Who teaches you English?”.
---She asked me who taught me English.
Ex. Mohan said to me, “Why do you laugh?”
---Mohan asked me why I laughed.
ii) Yes-No Que.-
Ex. Mary said, “Is it not a sin,Doctor?”
---Mary asked Doctor whether it was not a sin.
Ex. Mother asked, “Have you completed your homework?”
---Mother enquired me whether I had completed my homework.
4.Exclamatory sentences(उद्गारिाचक िाक्य)
Ex. I said, “How sweet the rose smells!”
---I exclaimed that the rose smell very sweet.
Ex. He said, “Sorry! I can not lend you money.”
---He exclaimed with regret that he could not lend you money.
Ah!, Alas! Exclaimed with Sorrow
Aha!, Ha! ,Hurrah! Exclaimed with joy
Sorry! Exclaimed with regret
Oh! ,What! ,How! Exclaimed with surprise
5. Let
Ex. Ravi told to the teacher, “Let me go home early”
---Ravi requested the teacher to let him go home early.
Ex. She said to me, “Let us go to Chakur for Picnic.”
---She proposed me to that we should go to Chakur for picnic.
No. Types 0f Reporting verb Conjuctions Examples

Sentences
1. Assertive Said- said that Ex. I said, “It is true”.
Said to-told --- I Said that it was true.
2. Imperative Ordered, Urged, to Ex. He roared, “Speak”.
commanded, --- He roared angrily to speak.
requested begged, not to Ex. He roared, “Don’t speak”.
advised, suggested --- He roared angrily not to speak.
3. Interrogative asked ,enquired,
demanded
Wh-Que- Wh- words Ex.I said, “What is truth?”
---I asked what truth was.
Yes-No Que- if/Whether Ex. I said, “Is it truth?
---I asked whether it was truth.
4. Exclamatory Exclaimed, cursed, that Ex. He said, “What a good news it is!”
cried, applauded ---He exclaimed that it was a very good news.
19 |s p t
5. Let Suggested, that… Ex. I Said to Ravi, “Let us enjoy the party.”
Proposed should/ ---I Suggested to Ravi that we should enjoy the party.
to let
----------------------------------------
(6) Sentences.
Verb
Finite verb Non-Finite verb

(Tense marker) (No Tense marker)
Ex. He sings a song.
(This is an example of simple present tense)
Infinitive past participle Present participle

to speak spoken speaking
Ex. I have to speak English. Ex. Spoken words can not Ex. Speaking fluently
be taken back. is a quality.
Finite verb ्ात आपल््ाला एखादे क्रि्ापद कोित्ा काळासाठी र्ापरले गेले आहे ्ाची पूिब कल्पना ्ेत.े आणि Non-
Finite verb ्ात क्रि्ापदार्रुि ते कोित्ा काळात र्ापरले आहे ्ाची परु े शी कल्पना ्ेत नाही.
Simple (साधे र्ाक््) Compound (सां्ुक्तर्ाक््) Complex (लमश्रर्ाक््)
Definition One Subject + One Two simple sentences joined with One main clause and one or
Finite Verb Co-ordinating conjunction more subordinate clauses
joined with conjunctions
Examples Mohan completed his Mohan completed his work and As Mohan completed his
(Subject) (Finite Verb) (Co-ordinating conjunction) (Conjunction) (Subordinate clause)
work. he went for movie. work, he went for movie.
(Main Clause)
साधे र्ाक्् हे सां्ुक्तर्ाक्् र् लमश्रर्ाक््ामध््े बदलताना खालील नन्म र्ापरार्ा.

No. Simple (साधे र्ाक््) Compound (सां्ुक्तर्ाक््) Complex (लमश्रर्ाक््)
1. After …ing (being) and As , As soon as, when
2. Inspite of…. but Though, Although
3. In the event of…. or If
Ex.1. He is a clever student and he loves reading(Compound)

---Being a clever student, he loves reading. (Simple)
---As he is a clever student, he loves reading.(Complex)
Ex.2. Gandhiji was only a simple man but he offered to fight the social evils.(Compound)
--- In spite of being only a simple man, Gandhiji offered to fight the social evils.(Simple)
--- Though Gandhiji was only a simple man, he offered to fight the social evils.(Complex)
Ex.3. You must work hard or you can not pass(Compound)

---In event of not working hard, you can not pass.(Simple)
---If you must not work hard, you can not pass.(Complex)
-----------------------------------------
(7) Assertive ,Interrogative and Exclamatory sentences
20 |s p t
1. Assertive Sentences(वर्धाांनाथी र्ाक््): a sentence that makes statement, it can be affirmative or
Negative.
Ex. He goes to college everyday.
Ex. I have never played cricket.
2.Interrogative Sentence(प्रश्नाथबक र्ाक््): a sentence that asks a question.
Ex. Where are you going?
Ex. Can Rome be built in one day?
3.Exclamatory Sentence(उदगरर्ाचक र्ाक््): a sentence which expresses any strong feelings.

Ex. What a fantastic game!
Ex. How cold the night is!
्ा र्ाक््ाांचे एकमेकाांमध््े रूपाांतर करताना मूळ अथाबत बदल व्हा्ला नको.
Rule 1.
Assertive Interrogative
Affirmative Negative
Negative Affirmative
Ex. He is wealthy.(Assertive-affirmative)
---Is he not poor?(Interrogative-negative)
Ex. India’s glory can never fade.(Assertive-negative)
---Can India’s glory ever fade?( Interrogative-affirmative)
Ex. It ended with no change.(Assertive-negative)
---Did it end with any change?(Interrogative-affirmative)
Rule 2.
Assertive Exclamatory
Very How
a very What
I wish If I were, oh that, would
Ex. The Kashmir valley is very beautiful.(Assertive)

---How beautiful the Kashmir valley is! (Exclamatory)
Ex. It was a very horrible dream.(Assertive)
---What a horrible dream it was! (Exclamatory)
Ex. I wish that I were a C.M.(Assertive)
---If I were a C.M.! (Exclamatory)
---------------------------------------
(8) Articles (उपपदे )
Indefinite Articles Definite Article

a, an the
a : is used before a common singular noun and number.
Ex. He is a boy.
Ex. He fights like a hero.
an : is used before a common singular noun Which starts with( a e i o u) ए इ आ् ओ ्ू sounds.

Ex. It is an Apple.( A)
Ex. It is an Elephant.(E)
21 |s p t
Ex. It is an Ice-cream.(I)
Ex. We eat an Orange.(O)
Ex. I like an Umbrella.(U)
the : is used before a particular person(proper noun) , the person or things which is already referred,
unique things, only one thing of its kind, in Superlative degree, before the name of metal,
Ex. I know the Kusumagraj -a great writer in Marathi.
Ex. The Himalaya is great mountain in India.
Ex. I read your article in the Times of India.
Ex. The sun shines every day.
Ex. The Taj Mahal is one of the beautiful building in India.
Ex. The Gold is precious metal.
Exceptions:
Ex. I Studied in a University.( U Pronounced as Yu)
Ex. It was a one sided match.( O Pronounced as won)
Ex. I met you after an hour.( H Pronounced as A)
Ex. I am an MLA.( M Pronounced as A)
Ex. Ramesh is an SP.( S Pronounced as A)
Que.2. B) Note Making 3

्ा प्रश्नाचे उत्तर ललहहताना नेहमी आपल््ाला का् करा्ला साांगीतले हे लक्षात घेऊन मगच उत्तर ललहार्े. कोित्ाही तीन
प्रकाराांपैकी एक ्ेत.े
In what strange dwellings do people live? On the lakes of Kashmir, there are people who live,
work and die in boats. These boats are large and heavy and are called house boats. In Africa, some
tribes live in houses on the top of trees or even in houses purchased on stilts. Far up in cold North, the
Eskimos build Igloos out of ice-blocks. They crawl in and out of them through a small opening which is
just big enough to let a man through. In the burning deserts the nomadic tribes live intents which they
can take down and put up. They are made from animal skin. And in the world’s big cities men live in tall
skyscrapers high above the noise of busy streets.
---i) Tree Diagram :
Peoples Dwellings
House boat Stilt/Tree Igloos Tents Skyscrapers

(Heavy,Large) Houses (Made of Ice-Blocks) (Easy to carry) ( High and Noise free)
Kashmiri African Eskimos Nomadic Big cities

People Tribes tribes People
---ii) Fill the vacant Places into the Box.
No. Dwellings People Making/ Size

1 House Boat Kashmiri Heavy and Large
2 Stilt/Tree African On trees
3 Igloos Eskimos Made of Ice-Blocks
22 |s p t
4 Tents Nomadic tribes Made of animal skin
---iii) Make Notes:

Peoples Dwellings-
1. Kashmiri:- Lives in House boats
- Heavy and Large
2. African :- Lives in Stilt or tree
- On top of big trees
3.Eskimos:- Lives in Igloos
- Made of Ice-Blocks
4. Nomadic Tribes:- Lives in Tents
- Carry easily and made of animal skin
5.City:- Lives in Skyscrapers
- Away from sound and dust.
Que. 3 B) Summary 3.
There is no doubt on the overall verdict: corruption is bad for growth. Standard measures of the
perception of corruption within countries correlate quite well with national Poverty. But within the
board brushstrokes of that overall picture there are some interesting fine details. In particular, a clutch
of countries in east Asia have done well despite a long history of corruption: The most astonishing
reduction of poverty in recent history has largely taken place in another east Asian country, China,
which achieves no more than, mid-table mediocrity in any international league of incorruptibility.
I heard a succinct explanation for this form a very senior official in the Indian government
several years age. Corruption, he said. I pointed out China’s regularly poor scores in the corruption
tables. ( In the 2007 version of the ‘corruption perceptions index’ compiled by the anti-bribery
campaign Transparency International, China and India are exactly as crooked as each other.) Yes, the
official said, but the thing with China is there is only one political party to bribe.
साराांश लेखन करताना नेहमी मुख्् मुद्दे अधोरे खीत करुन घ््ा,आणि मग ते ठळक मुद्दे तुमच््ा शब्ददात ललहा, आणि
साराांश वर्ष्ाशी ननगडित शीषबक द््ा.
Corruption
→ Corruption is bad for the growth of nation and leads to national poverty. But China ,where
poverty ration is less due to less corruption. Why such thing happened in China and Not in India, officer
said that China is led by only one Political party.
Que.4. Seen Poem Extract. 8.
1) The person I Am Looking For
23 |s p t
If you do not get lowered(झक ु िे) in your own eyes a Antithesis
While you raise(र्र करिे) yourself in those of others b
If you do not give in to gossips(टर्ाळी) and lies(खोटे पिा) a --- Alliteration
Rather heed(लक्ष दे िे) them not, saying, Who bothers?(तमा) b
You may be the person I am looking for. c
If you crave(इच्छा) not for praise(प्रशांसा) when you win a Antithesis

And look not for sympathy(द्ा) while you lose b
If cheers(वर्ज्) let not your head toss or spin(मस्ती) a
-And after a set-back(अप्श) you offer no excuse.(पस्तार्ा) b --- Inversion
If you accept counsel(मागबदशबन) without getting sore(गचििे) a

and re-assess(पनू ापरीक्षन) yourself in the light thereof b
If you pledge(वर्नांती ) not to be obstinate(हट्टी) any more a
And meet others without any frown or scoff(नाराजी,थट्टा) b
if you have the will(इच्छा) and courage(ध्ब)to die a

You are a beacon-light(मागबदशबक) for people far and wide b --- Metaphor
if you ignores(टाळिे) the jeers(टोमिे) and thus expose(दाखवर्िे)the lie a
that virtue(गुि) and success do not go side by side. b
you are the person I am loking for. c
…………………………………………………
2) I Ran Into a Stranger….
I ran into a stranger(आदळिे) as he passed by(जर्ळून जाने) a

"Oh,excuse me please" was my reply. b
He said, "Please excuse me too; wasn't even watching for you, c
We were very polite,(नम्र)this stranger(अनोळखी) and I. a
We went on our way and we said good-bye. b
But at home a different story is told, a

How we treat(र्ागिे) our loved ones, young and old. a --- Oxymoron
Later that day, cooking the evening meal,(जेर्ि) b
My daughter stood(उभी) beside me very still.(शाांत) b
When I turned, I nearly knocked(धक्का) her down. c
"Move out of the way,"'I said with a frown.(गचिून) c
She walked away, her little heart broken.(नारजजिे ) d
I didn't realize ³जािीर्´o how harshly(कठोरपिे) I'd spoken. d
24 |s p t
While I lay(पििेo) awake in bed, a
Gods still small voice(मनातील आर्ाज) came to me and said a ---- Metonymy
While dealing(हाताळिी) with a stranger, common courtesy(सौजन््) you use, b ---- Inversion
But the children you love seem to abuse(गैरर्तबन) b
God's still small voice came to me and said, c
Look on the kitchen floor, a

You'll find some flowers there by the door. a
Those are the flowers she brought for you. b
She picked them herself, pink, yellow and blue. b
She stood quietly not to spoil(नाश होिे) the surprise, c
And you never saw the tears in her eyes c ---- Irony
By this time, I felt very small a ----Pun

And now my tears began to fall. a
I quietly went and knelt(गुढग््ार्र) by her bed; b
"Wake up, little girl, wake up."I said. b ----Repetition
"Are these the flowers you picked for me?" c
She smiled, "I found'em, out by the tree. a Climax

I picked'em because they're pretty like you. b ----Simile
I knew you would like'em, especially the blue." b
I said, "Daughter, I'm sorry for the way I acted today; c
I shouldn't have yelled(ओरििेo) at you that way." c
She said, 'Oh, Mom, that's okay. I love you anyway." c
I said, "Daughter, I love you too, b
and I do like the flowers, especially the blue." b
………………………………………..
3. Suburbs
I celebrate the virtues(सद्गुि) and vices(दगु ि
ुब ) --- Alliteration, Irony, Paradox
of suburban(उपनगरे ) middle-class people
who overwhelm(भारार्िेo) the refrigerator
and position colourful umbrellas(-छत्री)
near the garden that longs for a pool:
for my middle-class brother
this principle(ततर्) of supreme luxury:
what are you and what am I, and we go on deciding
the real truth in this world.
The truth of that dream we buy on credit(उधारी) --- Inversion

of not going to the office on Saturday, at last,
and the merciless(िूर) bosses whom the worker
manufacturers in indivisible(न थाांबता) granaries(धान््ाचे कोठार)
25 |s p t
where executioners(फासार्र लटकावर्िारे ) were always born
and grow up and always multiply(दप्ु पट)
We, heroes and poor devils,(भूत) ----- Antithesis, Climax

the feeble,(दबु ल
ब ) the braggarts,(गजप्पष्ठ) the unfinished,(न थाांबता) -----
and capable of everything impossible
as long as it's not seen or heard
Don Juans, women and men, who come and go
with the fleeting(छोटासा) passage of a runner ------

or of a shy hotel for travelers. ------Transfer Epithet Metaphor,
And we with our small vanities,(बढा्ा)

our controlled hunger(म्ाबहदत भक ू ) for climbing
and getting as far as everybody else has gotten
because it seems that is the way of the world:
an endless track of champions
and in a corner we, forgotten
maybe because of everybody else,
since they seemed so much like us
until they were robbed(हहरार्िेo) of their laurels,(प्रशांसा) --- Climax
their medals,(बक्षीस) their titles,(नार्लोक्रकक)their names. ---
................................................
4. Old Women
Old women do not fly on magic wands(काठी)
nor make obscure(न समजिारी) prophecies(भाकीत)
from ominous(अमांगल) forests.
They just sit on vacant(ररकाम््ा) park benches
in the quiet evenings,
call doves(कबतु रे ) by their names
and charm(baaolaavanao) them with grains of maize.(मका)
Or, trembling(हादरिेo) like waves(लाटा) --- Simile, Onomatopoeia

they stand in endless queues(राांगा) in
government hospitals
or settle like sterile(पािी नसलेला) clouds --- Simile
in post offices awaiting mail(पत्र)
from their sons abroad (वर्दे शात ´
long ago dead.
They whisper(कुजबज ु िेo) like drizzles(ररमणझम) --- Simile, Onomatopoeia

as they roam(क्रफरिेo) the streets
with a lost gaze(चेहर््ाची लाली) as though
something they had thrown up
26 |s p t
never returned to earth.
They shiver(थरथरिे) like December nights --- Simile

in their dreamless sleep ---Transfer Epithet
on shop verandahs.
There are swings(झल ू ा-ऊभारी) still --- Alliteration

in their half-blind eyes,
lilies and Christmases
in their failing memory.
There is one folktale --- Metaphor

For each wrinkle on their skin. ---
All dawns(पहाट-र्ैभर्) pass --- Antithesis, Alliteration

leaving them in the dark. ---
They do not fear death --- Paradox
they died long ago. ---
Old women once --- Metaphor

were continents.(खांि –र्ैभर्) ---
They had deep woods(जांगल-गवु पते) in them,
lakes,(तलार्-शाांतता) mountains,(िोंगर-ध््े्) volcanoes(ज्र्लमुखी-राग) even,
even raging gulfs(तीव्र भार्ना)
When the earth was in heat
they melted,(वर्तळने) shrank,(सांकोच)
-leaving only their maps.(नकाशा-हिकुल््ा)
You can fold them --- Metaphor
and keep them handy(व््र्जस्थत ठे र्िे) ---
who knows, they might help you find
your way home.
……………………………………………..
5. The Felling of the Banyan Tree
My father told the tenants(गिी) to leave ---Alliteration

Who lived in the houses surrounding our house on the hill ---Alliteration, Repetition
One by one the structures were demolished(पाििेo) ---Repetition
Only our own house remained(राहिे) and the trees ---- Antihesis
Trees are sacred(पवर्त्र)my grandmother used to say --- Antithesis
Felling them is a crime(गुन्हा) but he massacred(कत्तल) them all ---
The Sheoga, the Oudumber, the Neem were all cut down
But the huge(मोठा) banyan tree(र्िाचे झाि) stood like a problem ---Simile
Whose roots lay deeper than all our lives
My father ordered it to be removed
27 |s p t
The banyan tree was three times as tall as our house
Its trunk(खोि) had a circumference(घेर) of fifty feet ---Alliteration
Its scraggly(ओबिधाबि ) aerial roots (पारां ब्द्ा) fell to the ground
From thirty feet or more so first they cut the branches
Sawing(कापिेo) them off for seven days and the heap(हढगारा) was huge(मोठा)
Insects and birds began to leave(सोििेo) the tree
And then they came to its massive(भव््) trunk

Fifty men with axe chopped and chopped(तुकिे) ---Repetition
The great tree revealed(उलगििे) its rings(र्तळ
ुब ) of two hundreds years
We watched in terror(भीतीनेo) and fascination(कुतुहलानेo) this slaughter(कत्तल)
As a raw mythology(परु ािकथा) revealed to us its age
Soon afterwards we left Baroda for Bombay ---Alliteration
Where there are no tree except the one
Which grows and seethes(जीर्ांत होिे) in ones dream ,its aerial roots ---- Metaphor
Looking for ground to strike.(रुजिे) ----
……………………………………………..
6. A Nation’s Strength
What makes a nation's pillars(खाभ-र्ैभर्) high a

And its foundations(पा्ा) strong? b
What makes it mighty(भक्कम) to defy(आव्हान) a
The foes(शत्र)ू that round it throng?.(जमिे) b
It is not gold. Its kingdoms grand(भव््) a--- Metonymy, Alliteration

Go down in battle shock;(हादरा) b
Its shafts(भ्ु ार) are laid(असने) on sinking(सरकिारी) sand, a Antithesis, Alliteration
Not on abiding rock(अभेद्् खिक) b
Is it the sword? Ask the red dust(धळ ू ) a

Of empires(साम्राज््) passed away;(ल्ाला जाने) b
The blood has turned their stones to rust,(गांजिेo) a
Their glory(र्ैभर्) to decay.(नाश पार्िे) b--- Antithesis
And is it pride?(अलभमान) Ah,that bright crown(र्ैभर्शाली राजे) a---Metonymy

Has seemed to nations sweet;(प्रगनत) b
But God has struck(हादरा) its luster(चमक) down a Antithesis
In ashes(धळू ) at his feet. b
Not gold but only men can make a

A people great and strong; b
Men who for truth and honor's sake(प्रामाणिकपिा) a
Stand fast and suffer(्ातना) long. B---Alliteration
Brave men who work while others sleep a--- Antithesis

Who dare(शूर) while others fly... b
28 |s p t
They build a nation's piller(खाांब-र्ैभर्) deep a
And lift them to the sky. b
……………………………………………..
7. Peace Is A Woman And A Mother
How do you know

Peace is a woman? ---Metaphor
I know, for
I met her yesterday
on my winding way(प्रापांगचक कामे) ---Alliteration
to the world's fare.(का्बZ)
She had such a wonderful(सुांदर) face --- Simile
just like a golden flower faded(कोमेजलेले) ---
before her prime(र्ेळ)
I asked her why

She was so sad?
She told me her baby
was killed in Auschwitz,
her daughter in Hiroshima
and her sons in Vietnam
Ireland, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon. ---Alliteration
Bosnia, Rwanda, Kosovo and Chechnya.
All the rest of her children, she said,

are on the nuclear
blacklist(अिबु ॉम्ब धाररत) of the dead,
all the rest, unless
the whole world understands-
that peace is a woman.
A thousand candles then lit(पेटिेo)

in her starry eyes, and I saw angelsदे र्दतू ) ----- Hyperbole
bearing(दे िे) a moonlit message: ----- Alliterature
Peace is indeed a pregnant(गभबर्ती) woman --- Alliteration Metaphor

Peace Is mother.
……………………………………………..
8.Concrete Jungle
We used to think seven generation(वपढी) ahead(पुढेo)

Now we have become selfish(स्र्ाथी)
Only thinking about me, myself and I ---- Repetition, Climax
29 |s p t
Only thinking in the present. not learning from the past ----- Antithesis
We used to stroll(रपेट) barefoot(अनर्ािी) through the overgrown(जास्त र्ाढलेले) grass.
Its morning dew(दर्बबन्द)ु tickling(स्पशब) our feet

Now we step outside onto the rugged concrete(टिक सीमेंट)
No more natural than the over processed food(अनतप्रक्रि्ा केलेले) we eat -----Antithesis
We used to walk down the snow sprinkled(बफाबचा लशिकार्) trail,(रस्ता)
Maybe catch a glimpse(झलक) of a bobcat(रानमाांजर), playing eye tricks(िोळे लमचकार्िे) ----
with its tail(शेपटी) ---- Alliteration
Now there is only one type of bobcat we see
The one that is fur free, clearing the pavement(फुटपाथ) of all debris(कचरा) ---- Alliteration
We used to walk through a footpath in a forest of pine ----Alliteration
The smell intoxicating(धुांद) our lungs(फुफ्फुसे) and mind
Now the only smell to be found comes from plastic trees
Swaying(हलिारा) on my rear-view(मागील नजारा) mirror, labelled pine breeze
We used to watch the valley play hide and seek ---- Oxymoron/personification
Shadowed by the mountain's immeasurable peak(न मोजता ्ेिारी सुळके)
Considered(र्ाटिे) the largest thing known to man
Now skyscrapers are the most extravagant(अम्ाबद) and titanic part(भव््) of the plan
We used to sit next to the stream.(झरा) the wind ----
caressing(स्पशन बू जािे) Our Crown(िोक््ाला) ---- Alliteration/personification
Watching the magnificent(आकषबक) untamed beasts(हहस्रपशू) roam(क्रफरिे) far far from town-- Repetition
Now they are just characters of folktales,(लोककथा) memories we pass dawn
An adjective to describe someone, no more a noun
This could be our reality
If we continue to live in impracticality(अव््र्हा्ब)
No more vast, endless oceans- ---- Tautology
Only littered swamps(अस्र्च्छ दलदल), the colour of a witch's potions.(चेटक्रकिीचे वर्ष)
No more soaring(उििारे ) birds overhead-
Only planes, so loud they rock you bed.
No more woods
No more natural goods
We have little time
To change our self centered, one track minds
Before we ate stuck with a great heap of jumble(र्ास्तूांचा ढीग)
Left only with an artificial concrete jungle.
……………………………………………….
Figures of Speech (अलंकार)
1. Alliteration-(अनुप्रास) Beginning sound of words get repeated.(शब्ददाांचे आद््ाक्षर र्ारां र्ार र्ापरले जाते.)
Ex. Life is Queer with its twists and turns.
Ex. Stars danced in the sky.
2. Repetition-(पुनरुक्ती) Same words get repeated (सारखे शब्दद र्ारां र्ार र्ापरले जातात.)
Ex. Small, Small moons of light.
Ex. Many times ,Many many times.
3. Simile- ( उपमा) Direct comparison of two things by using so, as and like- these words ( दोन लभन्न र्स्तांच
ू ी
तुलना so,as,like हे शब्दद र्ापरुन केलेली असते. )
Ex. Rajesh fought like a lion.
30 |s p t
Ex. She is as beautiful as rose.
4. Metaphor-(रूपक ) Indirect comparison of two things.( दोन लभन्न र्स्तांच

ू ी अप्रत्क्ष तल
ु ना केलेली असते, शेर्टी त्ा
दोन्ही एकच म्हिून गिल््ा जातात.)

Ex. Rajesh was Lion in fighing.
Ex. She is Rose.
5.Antithesis- (अर्थथविपयाथस)Opposite words ,ideas are used in the line.(वर्रुध्द्ध अथाबचे शब्दद,कल्पना,वर्चार माांिलेले
असतात.)
Ex. When the funds are low and the debts are high.
Ex. It may be near when it seems afar.
6.Oxymoron- Association of two opposite words.( वर्रुध्द अथाबचे शब्दद अगदी जर्ळ जर्ळ माांिलेले असतात.)
Ex. Soft and thick the snow lay
Ex. He worked Day and Night.
7. Metonymy- (शब्दविपयाथस) Substitute word is used (एखाद््ा शब्ददासाठी प्ाब्ी शब्दद र्ापरलेला असतो.)
Ex. We read Shakespeare.( Literature of Shakespeare)
Ex. The world won’t care about old deafeats.( Past failures.)
8. Synecdoche- A part stands for whole thing or whole thing point out a part.( ्ात एखाद््ा र्स्तूचा एक भाग
साांगून पूिब र्स्तु दशबवर्लेली असते. अथर्ा पूिब र्स्तु साांगून एक भाग दशबवर्लेला असतो.)
Ex. All brains can not solve this problem.(A part Brain-{intelligent people} stands for whole)
Ex. India won the world cup against west Indies ( Whole thing-{India }stands for a part- 11 players)
9.Paradox-³ विरोधाभास´ Outwardly the sentence looks meaningless and contradictory but it holds true
meanings. ³ ्ात र्ाक्् र्रर्र ननरथबक,गोंधळवर्िारे ,अथबहीन र्ाटते पि त्ात पि
ू (ब खरा)अथब असतो´
Ex. My slate remains blank in spite of writing.( I couldn’t get the knowledge instead of lot of
Experience)
Ex. We, heroes and poor devils.( We human beings are mixture of good and bad things)
10. Tautology – Two different words convey same meanings. ³ ्ात दोन लभन्न शब्दद एकाच अथब बोगधत करतात.´
Ex. I want to hear fairy tells and stories from him.(Tells and Stories are having same meanings)
Ex. She is smart, intelligent and brainy.( Smart, Intelligent and brainy are having same meanings)
11. Climax- (सारांलंकार) Ideas are arranged in ascending(123)order.( ्ात कल्पना ,वर्चार,चढत्ा(१,२,३) िमाने
माांिलेल््ा असतात.)
Ex. He came, he saw and he conquered.
Ex. We lost our umbrella, our roof and our Mother
12. Anti-climax-(प्रती- सारांलंकार) Ideas are arranged in descending(321)order. (्ात कल्पना वर्चार हे
उतरत्ा(३,२,१) िमाने माांिलेले असतात.)
Ex. We lost our Mother, our roof and our Umbrella.
Ex. He conquered , he saw and he came.
13. Inversion-(व्यत्क्रम) words are not in correct grammatical order. (्ात र्ाक्् उलटपालट करून र्ापरलेले असते.)
Ex. Rose I like most.( I like Rose most)
31 |s p t
Ex. Soft and thick the snow lay.(The snow lay soft and thick)
14. Personification- (चेतनागण ु ोक्क्त) Human qualities are given to inanimate object and other live
things.(्ात मानर्ी स्र्भार्गुि ननजीर्,माांनर्ाव््नतररक्त इतर सजीर्- जसे झािे,पाने,फुले,प्रािी ्ाांत टाकली जातात.)
Ex. Elephant was dancing.(To dance is human quality)
Ex. Table was smiling.( To smile is human quality)
15. Hyperbole-(अततशयोक्क्त) It is an overstatement.( ्ात एखादी गोष्ट,कल्पना फुगर्ून साांगीतलेली असते.)

Ex. I can hold elephant in my hand.
Ex. I can fight with tiger barehand.
16. Irony-(ऊपहास)Things are conveyed but the meanings are totally opposite.( ्ात जी गोष्ट साांगा्ची आहे
नेमकी नतच््ा ऊलट सांगीतलेली असते.)
Ex. You are very very intelligent.( Mad)
Ex. Do you think you are smart enough?( Not smart )
17. Transferred Epithet- Adjective(epithet) is transferred from its proper place-Noun.( ्ात ज््ा नामासाठी
जे वर्शेषि र्ापरलेले आहे ते त्ासाठी न र्ापरता दस
ु र््ा नामाशी ते जळ
ु ले जाते.)
Ex. He passed sleepless night.( Night is not sleepless but he himself)
Ex. She found eager ears.(Ears are not eager but the people who hears her were eager.)
18. Pun-(श्लेष ) one same word displays two different meanings.( ्ात एकच शब्दद दोन लभन्न अथब बोगधत करतो.)
Ex. She shifts in her flat and she became flat.( Flat- block in apartment, Flat- emotionless)
Ex. He had two pages but can not read the two pages of book.( Pages- boys, Pages- books pages)
19.Onomatopoeia-(ध्ितनअनुकरनात्क्मक) Words itself convey the real sound of the things.( ्ात शब्दद खर््ा
आर्ाजाची कल्पना दे तो.)
Ex. Rustling of leaves.
Ex. Ringing bell.
20. Exclamation- All types of emotions are expressed in it.( ्ात मानर्ी भार्ना तीव्रतेने माांिलेल््ा असतात.)
Ex. How beautiful this picture is! ( Happiness)
Ex. Oh! We lost the match.(Sadness)
21. Apostrophe-(परोक्षसंभोधन ) The inanimate object which is not present is addressed in it .( ्ात
मूत,अनुपजस्थत गोष्ठीन्ना त्ा समोर नसताांना साांभोधले जाते.)
Ex. Oh Death where are you?
Ex. O Moon give me a basketful of moonlight.
22. Refrain-(ध्रुपद ) In it a line is repeatedly used 2-3 times.( ्ात एकाच ओळ र्ारां र्ार र्ापरलेली असते.)
Ex. You may be the person I am looking for.
You may be the person I am looking for.
23. Litotes- (उपरोधधक) Negative sentence gives positive sense(्ात नकार दशबहून होकार दशबवर्लेला असतो.)
Ex. If you pledge not to be obstinate any more.
Que .5 A) Rapid Reading 3.

प्रश्न 5) ्ा प्रश्नाचे उत्तर ललहहताना आपल््ाला हदलेला उतारा र्ाचून त्ाची
32 |s p t
1.सरु र्ात क्रकां र्ा शेर्ट करार्ां्ाांस साांगगतलां जातो., 2. साराांश ् ललहा्ला साांगगतला जाते.
3 उतार््ाचा शेर्ट ललहा्ला साांगगतलेला असतो. , 4. सांभाषन दे ऊन उतारा ललहा्ला साांगगतला
जातो . 5. उतारा दे ऊन सांभाषन ललहा्ला साांगगतले जाते.
Ex.1. Read the below extract carefully and add your own imaginative paragraph either before or after
the extract.
The little daisy was as happy as if the day had been a great holiday, but it was only Monday. All
the children were at school, and while they were sitting on the forms and learning their lessons, it sat
on its thin green stalk and learnt from the sun and from its surroundings how king God is, and it
rejoiced that the song of the little lark expressed so sweetly and distinctly its own feelings. With a sort
of reverence the daisy looked up to the bird that could fly and sing, but it did not feel envious. “I can
see and hear,” it thought; “the sun shines upon me, and the forest kisses me. How rich I am!”
In the garden close by grew many large and magnificient flowers, and , strange to say, the less
fragrance they had the haughtier and prouder they were. The peonies puffed themselves up in order to
be larger than the roses, but size is not everything! The tulips had the finest colours, and they knew it
well, too, for they were standing bolt upright like candles, that one might see them the better. In their
pride they did not see the little daisy, which looked over to them and thought. “How rich and beautiful
they are! I am sure the pretty bird will fly down and call upon them. Thank God, that I stand so near
and can at least see all the splendor”.
→Before the Extract: The beautiful garden and bloomed flowers of various colors brought happiness
in the atmosphere. Birds feel happy as they saw colorful flowers ,they started expressing their joy
though their songs. Lark was one of the bird who sings sweetly. He was very happy and eagerly wanted
to kiss at least one flower of that garden. But he wanted a simple and kind flower. For an hour he was
searching at least humble flower. But he couldn’t find it.
→After the Extract: As the daisy opened her eyes she became very happy. All beautiful and colorful
flowers were near her. She felt as if she is in heaven, and heavenly beauty and humbleness is easily
observed in her action. She praised all the flowers without thinking about her smallness. She grew near
the garden, actually she was not a part of that garden. She started praising god and the life given to her
accompany with Tulips, Rose and Peonies.
Ex.2. Read the below extract carefully and write a Gist of this extract.
( Lines : The little daisy……. see all the splendor)
→Gist : The daisy was very happy. She was praising god for the life given to her in presence of all
beautiful flowers. The flowers in that garden were very arrogant and wanted to catch the attention of
the flying Lark. Daisy thought that bird will honor at least one flower in the garden, and she will be the
witness of that beautiful event.
Ex.3. Read the below extract carefully and Convert the extract into dialogue.
Daisy : Oh God thank you very much. You have given me such a beautiful life. I can see all
beautiful flowers near me.
Lark : What a beautiful garden is this! (sings)
Daisy : Wow! What a beautiful sound is this!
Lark : Let me search a humble and kind flower to honor.
Daisy : (herself) I think that Lark will select at least one flower in the garden.
Peony : (Puffed) Let me catch the attention of the Lark.
Rose : Oh god send Lark towards me instead of going to Peony.
Tulip : I think , I am more beautiful than peony and Rose, Lark will honor me.
Lark : These flowers are very arrogant. Where is my kind flower.
Daisy : Lark will kiss at least one flower and it will be one of the beautiful scene in my life.
33 |s p t
Lark : There is no simple and humble flower in the garden.,Oh yes…there is little Daisy.
Ex.4. Read the below extract carefully and Convert the dialogue into continuous write up.
Ginger : Listen ! What was that?(Screamed repeated loudly)
Alfie : I want to go home!
Tom : It sounds as though someone’s being murdered.(Grappling with the door). I am going
to force this door.
Ginger : (Crossing Left) It’s going to be a tough job, Tom.
Alfie : (More lustily) I want to go home!
George: (Up corner) shut up Alfie. You’ll rouse the house. Listen! There’s someone
coming .
Alfie : (very loudly) I want to go home!
George: (looking off right) there’s someone coming-and it’s someone in white.
Ginger : It’s a ghost.
Alfie : (rushing to door left) I’m going home!
George: (coming down left) Let me give you a hand with this door.
Tom : Buck up!
→ Ginger heard the loud scream and he asked Alfie about that voice. Alfie terrified by the scream and
eagerly wanted to go home. Tom informed them that it sounded like someone murdered someone.
And indicated them to help him to open the door. But Tom informed to open the door is tough
job. Alfie once again showed his eagerness to go home. George scolded Alfie and warned him not to
rouse the house and indicated him that somebody is coming from corner.George indicated them
that something white is coming from right side. Ginger considered it as ghost. Alfie once again
frightened and wanted to go home. George helped Tom to open the door.
Que. 6. A) Letter Writing. - 4.

प्रश्न 6A) पत्र लेखन (कोणतेही एक)
1. अर्थ :नोकरी साठी, बानाफइि- सहटब क्रफकेट, गैरहजर राहण््ाबद्दल, फी-कमी करण््ाबद्दल.
2. तरार : शहर नन्ोजन, अनन्लमत र्ाहतूक, कचरा-व््र्स्थापि, भटकी कुत्री, इतर तिारी. र्तबमान
पत्रात द््ा्च््ा तिारी .
1. Application Letters :
i. Job Application
Wanted
English Teachers to teach for 8th and 9th standards.
Candidates must have passed B.Ed.and ready to work in villages
Apply: The Chairman, Modern Education Society, Mumbai.
Resume
*Name : Prashant Popatrao Pawar
*Birth Date : 9th November 1988.
*Education : B.A. B.Ed.
*Address : 103, A Type Sukh-Shanti Nagar, Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
34 |s p t
Ex.1. Write a job application letter by using resume.
Prashant Popatrao Pawar
103, A Type Sukh-Shanti Nagar,
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
Date: 11th December,2018.
To,
The Chairman,
Modern Education Society, Mumbai.
*Reference : Your advertisement in daily newspaper ‘The Times of India’ Dated on 9 th Dec. 2018.
*Subject : Application for the post of Teacher.
Respected sir,
With reference to the above mentioned subject I wish to offer myself as a candidate for the
post of teacher.
I am graduated from pune university with English as my special subject. I secured 67% in graduation,
then I completed B.Ed. from same university with distinction. Teaching is my passion. I have completed
computer course . Reading is my hobby. Sir I am ready to work in village too.
If given me chance to serve you ,I will do my level best to satisfy your expections.
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
*Enclosures-
- Xerox copy of B.A.
-Xerox copy of B.Ed.
--------------------------------------
ii. Leave of Absence Application(Week’s Leave)

Ex.2. You are not able to attend the college due to your sisters marriage, Write a letter to your class
teacher requesting him/her to grant a week’s leave.

Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
The Class Teacher,
S.D.S.M. Junior College, Palagher.
*Subject : Application for Week’s Leave.
35 |s p t
Respected Sir,
With reference to the above mentioned subject ,I request you to grant me leave for one week.
I am a student of 12th A Division and my Roll No. is 1105. I will not be able to attend the lecture from
12th Dec. to 18th Dec. as I will be busy in my sister’s marriage. She is going to marry on 15th Dec.
I Promise you to complete my study in time. I hope that you will kindly sanction my leave.
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
…………………………………………………
iii. Application for Bonafide certificate
Ex.3. Write an application for Bonafide certificate to the principal of your college.
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
The Principal,
S.D.S.M. Junior College, Palghar.
*Subject : Bonafide Certificate.
Respected sir,
With reference to the above mentioned subject , I write this application letter for Bonafide
certificate. I, Prashant P. Pawar studding in class 12th Division A , Roll No. 1105. I have been selected
for District Cricket Competition at Nashik. A Bonafide certificate is mandatory to take part in the game.
I shall be highly obliged if you kindly issue me a bonafide certificate. I am attaching my personal
details and a passport size photograph of mine with the letter.
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
*Enclosure:
-Personal details
-Photograph
--------------------------------------
iv. Application for Fee concession

Ex. 4.Write an application for fee concession to the Principal of your college
36 |s p t
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
The Principal,
*Subject : Application for fee concession.
Respected Sir,
With reference to the above mentioned subject , I write this application letter for Fee
Concession. Most respectfully I request you that I am a student of 12th class of your college, My father
is a worker, his monthy income is Rs.1000,and 6 members are depended on him .So he can not pay my
college fee.
I am good in study, I stood first in my class every year. I am captain of Cricket team. I request
you humbly to grant me full fee concession this year too.
Thanking you,
Yours Faithfully,
V. Application for Scholarship
Ex.5.Write an application for Scholarship to the Principal of your college

Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
The Principal,
*Subject : Application for Scholarship.
Respected Sir,
With reference to the above mentioned subject , I write this application letter for Scholarship.
Most respectfully I beg you that I am a student of 12 th class of your college. My father is a worker, his
monthy income is Rs.1000,and 6 members are depended on him .So he can not pay my college fee.
I am good in study, I stood first in my class every year. I am captain of Cricket team. I request
you humbly to grant me full Scholarship this year too. It will be easy for me to continue my education.
Thanking you,
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Yours Faithfully,
--------------------------------------
OR
2. Complaint letters :
i. Complaint letter about city planning.
Ex. 1. Write a complaint letter to Municipal commissioner about city planning.
Mr.Popatrao Pawar
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
The Municipal Commissioner,
Palghar.
*Subject : Regarding city planning.
Respected Sir,
I am Prashant Popatrao Pawar, residence of palghar since 1988. I got the latest information
about city planning that the playground in our area ,which was reserved for society is now transferred
to private owner. We all residence of this area are opposing this decision. Where will our children play?
There is no playground available for young children to play. Municipality should provide this facility to
the residence of this city. so Its my humble request to you ,kindly solve this matter and avail us a
proper solution.
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
Popatrao Pawar
---------------------------------------
ii. Complaint about Traffic problem.
Ex. 2. Write a complaint letter to RTO about Traffic problem.
Mr. Popatrao Pawar
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
The Regional Transport Officer,
Palghar.
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*Subject : Complaint about Traffic problem
Respected Sir,
I am Prashant Popatrao Pawar, residence of palghar since 1988. I live near Ganesh Kund area.
Now a days we are facing terrible traffic Problems. It is actually a Square -four roads meet there.
Every day there is an accident in average. Even old people, Children can not walk freely on footpath
also. People drive roughly because there is no signal in the Square. Even no Traffic police is present
there. With intention to bypass outside passengers directly to Kelva-this road is sanctioned. But it
became headache for the residence. My solution is to form a signal system there, and appoint a traffic
police .
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
Popatrao Pawar
---------------------------------------
iii. Complaint about Garbage Disposal.

Ex.3. Write a complaint letter to Municipal Commissioner about Garbage Disposal
Mr. Popatrao Pawar
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
Palghar.
*Subject : Garbage Disposal
Respected Sir,
Now a days we are facing terrible Garbage Problem. No proper management is ever seen from
Municipality. It is your duty to lift all garbage from every nook and corner of the city, Unless we will
face terrible epidemics. We palgharkars are always ready to support good cause. If it is not possible by
Municipality to lift garbage ,we are ready to support your efforts. I kindly request you to do further
positive action and make this city clean and beautiful one.
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
Popatrao Pawar
---------------------------------------
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iv. Complaint about Water Pollution.
Ex. 4. Write a complaint letter to Municipal Commissioner about Water Pollution.
Mr. Popatrao Pawar
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
Palghar.
*Subject : Water Pollution
Respected Sir,
Now a days we are facing terrible Water Problems. No proper management is ever seen from
Municipality. Sometime ago Municipality had started expanding roads and maintained footpaths. But
they let this work half finished. At that time our water lines were damaged. And Municipality assured
us that they will repair all drinking water lines. Most of the lines were yet not repaired by Municipality.
And whatever lines repaired are not in good condition. People are not even getting pure drinking
water. It smells badly.There is possibility that citizens will be the victims of waterborne diseases.
This is our kind request to you to provide pure water by repairing the water lines.
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
Popatrao Pawar
---------------------------------------
V. Complaint about Stray Dogs.
Ex. 4. Write a complaint letter to Municipal Commissioner about Stray Dogs.
Mr. Popatrao Pawar
Near Ganesh Kund,
Palghar 401404.
To,
Palghar.
*Subject : Complaint about Stray Dogs
Respected Sir,
Now a days we are facing terrible Problems of Stray dogs. No proper management is ever seen from
Municipality. Garbage is not lifted time to time, and stray dogs became the headache in most of the
areas of this city. Last month 6 accidents took place and 2 people died in it. The reasons of these
accidents are Stray dogs. Purposelessly they chase the bike on road and thus the accident took place.
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My humble request to Municipality to arrange vasectomy programe for dogs to control their
population. Their is possibility of dog bite and rabies. Do proper action and relieve us from this
problem.
Thanking you.
Yours Faithfully,
Popatrao Pawar
Que. 6. B) Write any ONE of the following. 4.

प्रश्न 6 B) (कोणतेही एक )
1. हस्तपत्रक: रक्तदान, नेत्रदान, प्बटन केंद्र, उन्हाळी र्गब, सुट्टीतले र्गब, पुस्तक बँक
2. बातमी तयार करणे, अहिाल तयार करणे: ्ापैकी कोितेही एक ्ेत.े बातमी त्ार करण््ासाठी दोनपैकी एक ललहा्ची
असते. आणि अहर्ाल ललहहताना भूतकाळात ललहार्ा.
i) Leaflet:
Ex.1. Prepare a hand-out leaflet on Blood Donation camp
Blood Donation Camp
All students are informed that our college has organized Blood Donation Camp in
collaboration with Lions Club of Palghar.
Lots of people died of blood. We can not make blood in laboratory, It’s a gift to us. So
It’s our moral duty to help the needy . Let’s encash this opportunity.
Be a Kind Human, and Donate Blood
_____________________________________
Venue: S.D.S.M. College Auditorium
Sunday, 15th December 2018, 8 a.m. onwards.
______________________________________
Don’t miss the opportunity to act for a good cause.
Ex. 2.Prepare a hand-out leaflet for Yoga class that is arranged in your college.
Yoga Classes organized by Ambika Yog Kutir, Palghar

Friend today’s lifestyle is very fast. No one has spare time to look after his/her health.
If you are victims of same lifestyle pay attention here.
Our college has Permitted Ambika Yog Kutir to conduct Yoga Classes in college.
Lets come one and all and fit your body and soul. Join this Class.
Life is precious gift to us. We should not spoil it
Be healthy and Be happy
_____________________________________
Venue: S.D.S.M. College ,Youth Centre.
15th December 2018 to 15th March 2019.
Time: 7 a.m. to 9 a.m.( Every Sunday)
_____________________________________
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________________________
Ex. 3.Prepare a hand-out leaflet of Summer Camp that is arranged by your college.
Summer Camp
Students Pay attention here , Our college is going to arrange summer camp this year.
Horse Riding, Swimming and Personality Development are some of the events of this camp.
Lets come and register your name.
Famous personalities are going to visit this camp, and will enlighten us with their experience
and knowledge.
Come and register your place.
___________________________________
Venue: S.D.S.M. College.
15th May 2019 to 30th May 2019.
Time: 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.( Everyday)
Fee: 2500/- Per Student
____________________________________
________________________
Ex. 4.Prepare a hand-out leaflet of Book Club that is arranged by your college.
Book Club
Students are informed that our college has started Book Club, With intention to increase the reading
ability of our students. Reading different authors is a kind of fun. Each and every student must be a
part of this fun. Reading makes you confident one and enlightened.
Lets come and be a part of this club.
One book is actually the gist of author’s own experience.
Read books and expand your knowledge. Facebook chatting and Whatsapp chatting won’t increase
your true Knowledge.
_______________________________________
Contact : Mrs. Sheela G. Godbole, Librarian
Fee: 100/- Per month.
________________________________________
________________________
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Ex. 5. Prepare a Tourist leaflet of i) Hill –Station.
Mahabaleshwar –The paradise on Earth

Mahabaleshwar is famous hill station situated in the Sahyadri ranges in Maharashtra in Satara
district.
*How to go there?-
It is well connected to the major cities of Maharashtra.
-By Road: Regular MSRTC buses are available from every major city of Maharashtra.
-By Rail : Nearest railway station is Pune, From Pune you may travel by bus or private vehicle.
-By Air : Nearest Airport is Pune. Pune to Mahabaleshwar there is only roadway available.
*Where to Stay?(Accomaodation)-
Number of Hotels are available to you here.
-MTDC Hotels : 02168-2399138.
- Taj Mahabaleshwar : 02168-2300111
-Hotel Heena : 02168-2300123
*What to See?-
-View Points : This is number one attraction of the place. More than 50 view points are available here,
in which Arthur point, Tiger point, Wilson Point, Sunset Point, Elephant Point are worth visiting.
-Waterfalls : Lingmala, Dhobi and Chinoman’s
-Temples : -Mahabaleshwar-It is an ancient and religious place.
-Panchaganga- In this temple 5 rivers have their source here.
-Pratapgad : It is one of the famous fort in the history of Maharashtra and Shivaji Maharaj.
-Venna Lake : It is famous place for boating.
-Holy Cross Church : Old Roman Catholic Church.
Morarji Castle : Once Mahatma Gandhi Stayed here in 1945.
*When to Visit?-
After Monsoon season it best time to visit this place.
*Other Attractions-
-Wai : A famous historical place is near Mahabaleshwar- Mahaganapati, Phadanvis Wada etc.
-Panchagani : A Famous Education Hub
-Shoppings : Strawberry Fruit is famous , Jelly and Natural Honey is also available here.
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Really this place is Paradise on Earth. You Must visit it once in your life. Till
Mahabaleshwar is waiting for you.
---------------
ii) Historical Place
Aurangabad – Where history comes alive.

*How to go there?-
-By Road: Regular MSRTC buses are available from every major city of Maharashtra to Aurangabad
-By Rail : Aurangabad is on Manmad-Kachiguda section. Regular trains are available from Mumbai.
-By Air : Regular Plains are available from Mumbai, Nagapur, Nashik and Pune.
Number of Hotels are available to you here.
-MTDC Hotels : 0240-2399138
-Taj Hotel : 0240- 2399101
-Hotel Green Olive : 0240-2399100
*What to See?-
-Aurangabad Caves : Carved between 2nd and 6th century, it includes 10 hillside caves of Buddhist
architectural form.
-Ajanta : It includes Chaityas(Shrines)dedicated to Lord Buddha and Viharas(Monasteries) used by
Buddhist Monks for meditation.
-Ellora : 34 caves Known for Buddhist ,Jain and Hindu cultural Influence.
-Daulatabad : It is famous place for Devgiri Fort.
-Bibi-Ka-Maqbara : A replica of Taj Mahal built by Aurangzeb’s son to tribute his mother, Begum Rabia-
ud-Durani.
-Ghrishneshwar : It is one of the famous ‘Jotirlinga’ in India.
-Paithan : It is birth place of three great saints of Maharashtra-Eknath, Bhanudas and Mukteshwar.
-Khultabad : Famous place where Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb was buried.
-Jama Masjid : Biggest mosque in this region.
-Panchakki : Hazrat Baba Shah Musafir built Panchakki, a water mill, in 1734. It is essentially a grinding
mill that works on water mechanism.
*When to Visit?-
After Monsoon season it is best time to visit this Historical place.
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*Other Attractions -
-Shopping : Himru and Mushru Silk Shawls. Paithani sarees.
Really this place hold history, you must experience it by visiting this place.
----------------------
iii) Religious Place
Nashik- A Famous religious place

*How to go there?-
-By Road: Regular MSRTC buses are available from every major city of Maharashtra to Nashik.
-By Rail : Regular trains are available from Mumbai.
-By Air : Ozar is the Airport in Nashik, Regular Plains are available from Mumbai, Nagapur, and Pune.
It one of the important religious and tourist place and it is situated on golden trangle of Nashik
Mumbai and Pune. Number of hotels are available to you here.
-MTDC Hotel : 0253-2399177
-Taj Hotel : 0253-2340999
-Hotel Avenue: 02532-2399150
*What to See?-
-Kalaram Mandir : It is famous temple of Rama. Statue of Rama is black.
-Godavari Temple : Once at the time of Kumbh Mela it is opened.
-Ram Kund : Where Kumbh Mela took Place every 14 Years.
-Sita Guffa : It is religious cave
-Tapovan : Rama lived here.
-Renuka Devi Temple : It is one of the Deity of Nashik. A big fair is arranged every year.
-Trimbakeshwar Temple : One of the 12 ‘ Jyotirlinga’ in India.
-Saptshrungi Temple : One of the ‘Shaktipith’ in Maharshtra.
*When to Visit?-
After Monsoon season it is best time to visit this place.
*Other Attractions –
-Dadasaheb Phalke Smarak : One of the beautiful garden worth visiting place.
-Gangapur Dam : One of the big dam.
-Botanical Garden :
-Baktidham and Muktidam temples:
-Someshwar Waterfall :
Really this place is holy . Let’s come and be pilgrim for some time.
45 |s p t
---------------------------------------
OR
Ex. Write a News on given headline including Dateline, Intro,and main body.
12 KILLED IN BUS ACCIDENT Headline

Mumbai , December,11 Dateline
Near about 12 passengers killed in a strange accident when a bus struck to a huge
Tamrind tree, yesterday at 4 a.m. on Pune - Solapur high way near Degaon due to Intro
break problem of bus.
The super express bus coming from Chiplun and bound to Solapur came near Degaon
At 4 a.m. It suddenly struck to a huge tamrind tree. The accident was very horrible. All
Seats of the driver side were completely damaged. The driver escaped unhurt claims to
have lost control as the break failed. The bus was carrying 60 passengers. Out of 12 Main
seriously injured, 5 died on the spot. All injured are admitted in the civil hospital of body
Solapur.The government has declared Rs. 50000/-each for the families of the dead.
The police department is ordered for further investigation.
्ा प्रश्नात दोन ठळक बातम््ा हदलेल््ा असतात.त्ातन
ु एक ननर्िुन ती तीन भागामधे ललहार्ी लागते.
-----------------------------------------------
Ex. Write a Report on Independence Day Celebration in your college.
Independence Day Celebration

Palghar, 16th August,2018.
S.D.S.M. College celebrated Independence Day on 15th of August in a grand manner. All students
gathered on college ground at 7:00 a.m. The atmosphere was filled with patriotic songs. We were in
our regular uniform. The flag hoisted by Adv. G.D.Tiwari, the President of college committee. He
delivered encouraging speech. He said, “It our first duty to think about our nation. We must recall all
freedom fighter. Because of their sacrifice we are enjoying this peaceful atmosphere. Lets take oath to
maintain this peaceful atmosphere and achieve our goals.”
We were given breakfast by our college. We enjoyed it. With new vision to rebuild our nation
we left college .
्ा प्रश्नात आपन एखाद््ा स्थळास भेट दे लेली असल््ास ् नतचा र्त्त
ु ाांत ललहार््ास साांगगतला जातो.
---------------------------------------
Que. 6.C) Write any ONE of the following. 4.
प्रश्न 6 C) (कोणतेही एक)
1. मत - मतांतरे : ्ात ललखानाच््ा माध््मातन
ू र्ादवर्र्ाद केला जातो. मत क्रकां र्ा मतातरे ्ा पैकी
कोितेही एक हदलेले असते. जे हदलेले असेल त्ाला वर्रोध करुन आपले मत
46 |s p t
भक्कमपिे माांिार्े लागते.
2, माहहती हस्तांतरण: ्ात आपल््ाला pie chart, bar diagram, tree diagram चे रूपाांतर उतार््ात
करार्े लागते (कोनतेही एक)
i) View-Counterview
View section
Real India lives in the villages
-India is an agricultural country and 70 % of the population live in the Villages.
-Judging India’s progress based on the growth of a few cities could prove wrong.
- Unless the farmers in the villages prosper, the country cannot prosper.
Counterview section
A large part of population live in poverty in villages
-India is an agricultural country and Poor population live in villages.
-The progress of India is based on Industrialization also.
-Both villages and cities should prosper.
Our country is agriculture country. But unfortunately the large part who live in villages
are not in good condition. They are living in poverty. Less rainfall, wrong government policies may be
the reason behind in it. Unless their condition improve we could not improve the condition of our
nation. They are the backbone of our nation. But for the progress of nation Industrialization is also
important. As Industrialization improves, cities improve rapidly and thus education,health facilities
improve. So both Agriculture and Industrialization is important. Both villages and cities should prosper.
Its depend on government policy.
------------------------------------------
OR
ii)Information Transfer(Non-verbal to verbal)
Ex. 1.Tree Diagram :
Human Occupations
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Agricultural Small Scale Large Scale Trade and Transport

Lumbring Banking and Leasing
Fishery Cottage Village Teaching,Civil,Medical
Mining Industries Industries Judicial, Administration
Animal Husbandry
This is the tree diagram of human occupations. Actually Human occupations are divided into three
sections. 1 Primary, 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary. Primary occupations includes Agriculture, Lumbring,
Fighery , Mining, and Animal Husbandry. Secondary Occupation is divided in two groups i. Small Scale-
it includes Cottage industries and ii. Large Scale- it includes Village industries. Tertiary occupations
Occupation includes Trade and Transport, Banking and Leasing, Teaching, Civil, Medical, Judicial and
Administration.
Ex. 2. Pie-Chart : Various Vegetable Production in India.
47 |s p t
Cabbage Potatoes
10%
25%
Others 30%
10% 25% Onions
Leafy Vegetables
This is a Pie- Chart of Various vegetable Production in India. In it Indian farmers grow 25% of
Potatoes and 25 % of Onion. Out of 100% only 10% cabbage grow in India. And 10% Other
vegetables. 10 % leafy vegetables are grown in India by Farmers.
Ex. 3. Graph ( Bar) : Organ Donation (vertical line shows figures in Lackhs and Horizontal Organs)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Eyes Kidney Heart lungs Liver
The above Bar graph gives the information about Organ Donation ratio per year in India.
5 Lakh of eyes are donated in average per year, Kidney donation ratio is 4 lakh , Heart
donation ratio is 3.5 lakh, Lungs donation ratio is 4.5 lakh and Liver is 3.5.
Que 7 A) Interview Questions. 4.

प्रश्न 7 अ ्ा प्रश्नामध््े तुम्हाला एखाद््ा मान््र्र व््क्तीची मुलाखत घ््ा्ला लार्लेली असते ती घेताना आपि पुढील
गोष्टी लक्षात घ््ाव््ात मुलाखत साधारि अशा भागाांमध््े घ््ार्ी व््क्तीचे बालपि, तरुिपि, सामाजजक भान त्ाांनी केलेले
का्ब त्ाचे वर्चार त्ाांचा तरुिाांना सांदेश. ्ा बाबत प्रश्न असार्ेत.
Ex. Suppose Shri. Amitabha Bachchan is Chief Guest of our annual function and as a head boy you are
given the responsibility to take his interview. Frame 10 questions.
1. How long have you been in this Profession?
2. What were your parents reaction when you join this film line?
3. Who is your favourite actor/actress?
4. What is the definition of success?
5.What challenges have you faced in your early stage?
6. What is the most memorable event in your life?
7. Which is your favourite movie in which you played lead role?
8. What message would you like to give to the aspiring actors in this line?
9. What are your reactions on today’s movies?
10.”Unless you fail you won’t understand success” ,What do you think about this?
48 |s p t
--------------------------------------
Que 7 B) Speech: 3.
प्रश्न 7 ब).्ा प्रश्नाांमध््े तम्
ु हाला एक वर्ष्ी हदलेला असतो आणि त्ा वर्ष्ाच््ा अनष
ु ांगाने तम्
ु हाला भाषि ललहा्ला
लार्लेले असते भाषि ललहहताांना त्ाची सरु
ु र्ात ही नेहमीप्रमािे करून त्ा वर्ष्ाशी ननगडित असार्े.
Ex. Write a speech on the topic of Education:
Respected Chief Guest, my teachers and all my friends, today I am going to speak on the topic
of Education. Today we can see our Mother, sister live prosperous life, its only because of
education and this is the power of education. Education makes you confident, fearless. It changes your
mentality totally.
It stops darkness of your life. Let me give one easy example of this : At the time of freedom struggle in
early stage we were harassed by British, the reason was our illiteracy. When our leader gets educated
British could not resist them.
Education is now compulsory. Every body should get at least primary education. Government is
doing lot of efforts to give education to all. Unless we all get educated our country will not achieve the
target of being super power. Education opens wide the doors of Knowledge.
*******************
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Format of Activity Sheet

Subject: English Marks: 80

Q6. (A) Letter-Writing : Write any ONE of the following letters 4

Que.1 B) Grammar( Que.1 A)- A6, Que. 2 A)-A6, Que 3.A)-A6 ) 3.

Subjects/ Personal Pronoun

Persons Singular Plural

ईंग्रजीत आठ प्रकारची सर्ाांनामे आहे त. त्ाांच््ा पढ

to do do, does did done doing

Sentences Singular Plural

2 You eat a Mango You eat a Mango.

4. She eats a Mango. They eat a Mango.

Sentences Singular Plural

2 You are eating a Mango. You are eating a Mango.

4. She is eating a Mango. They are eating a Mango

Sentences Singular Plural

2 You have eaten a Mango. You have eaten a Mango.

3. He has eaten a Mango.

4. She has eaten a Mango. They have eaten a Mango.

5. It has eaten a Mango.

Sentences Singular Plural

3. He has been eating a Mango.

5. It has been eating a Mango.

Sentences Singular Plural

2 You ate a Mango You ate a Mango.

4. She ate a Mango. They ate a Mango.

Sentences Singular Plural

2 You were eating a Mango You were eating a Mango.

3. He was eating a Mango.

4. She was eating a Mango. They were eating a Mango.

5. It was eating a Mango.

Sentences Singular Plural

2 You had eaten a Mango You had eaten a Mango.

3. He had eaten a Mango.

4. She had eaten a Mango. They had eaten a Mango.

5. It had eaten a Mango.

Sentences Singular Plural

3. He had been eating a Mango.

5. It had been eating a Mango.

2 You will eat a Mango. You will eat a Mango

3. He will eat a Mango.

4. She will eat a Mango. They will eat a Mango.

5. It will eat a Mango.

2 You will be eating a Mango. You will be eating a Mango

3. He will be eating a Mango.

4. She will be eating a Mango. They will be eating a Mango.

5. It will be eating a Mango.

3. He will have eaten a Mango.

5. It will have eaten a Mango.

3. He will have been eating a Mango.

5. It will have been eating a Mango.

positive comparative superlative

ex. Rajesh is as tall as Pankaj. (Positive)

ex. Usha is not as fat as Radha. (positive)

Types superlative comparative Positive

Absolute: (नीरं कुशता)

Non –Absolute: (अ-नीरं कुशता)

Modal Attitude/Functions Examples

Rule 1. (पहहला नन्म)

Subject Reporting verb Reported Speech

1.Assertive Sentences(विधानार्थी िाक्य)-

2.Imperative sentences(आज्ञार्थी िाक्य)

3.Interrogative sentences(प्रश्नार्थथक िाक्य)

No. Types 0f Reporting verb Conjuctions Examples